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Noori () is a Pakistani rock band from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, formed in 1996. The group was formed by songwriter, lead vocalist, and guitarist, Ali Noor, along with his younger brother Ali Hamza, who were soon joined by bassist Muhammad Ali Jafri and drummer Salman Albert. Since the inception of the band, there has been many changes in the line-up; the only consistent members being brothers, Ali Noor and Ali Hamza. The band has produced songs such as "Suno Ke Mein Hoon Jawaan" and the epic "Manwa Re".
History
Early years (1998 – 2002)
The name of the band, Noori, is not derived from Ali Noor, lead vocalist and guitarist. Noori is a Persian word which means "light" and the concept behind the band was the light which shows you things with a different perspective.
Noori started seven years before their first album Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan which was released in 2003. Before Noori, Ali Noor and Muhammad Ali Jaffri worked with co-VEN and released an EP called Not In Your World. Noori has been known for its live acts.
Debut studio album, Suno Ke Mein Hun Jawan and rise to fame (2002–2005)
Noori's debut album, Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan developed a cult following before the album's release in 2003 through leaks on the Internet. It offered a complicated mix of sounds, starting from a folk-like "Manwa Re" that was actually written for a Pakistani film, to hard rock anthems to youth like the title track. Noori's debut album created whirlwinds across the Urdu-speaking community all over the world. A first of its kind, it introduced the genre of pop rock music to the Pakistani mainstream. In addition, the album was also a departure from the beaten track of chummy love songs and focused instead on inspiring the youth of Pakistan to take up the responsibility of doing something worthwhile for themselves and others. Thematically with songs urging listeners to change the world, that life is beautiful and professing women empowerment. Their album was about youth, their innocence, their dreams and how they feel about life. After their album release in 2003, they performed a duet, "Nayan Jahan", with Anaida which was a success.
Second studio album Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya (2005–2007)
Their second album was a follow-up on where Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan left off. It talked about what happens when the ever so energetic and hopeful youth grows up and faces the realities of the world. The discontentment and suffering which arises in this growing up create an indifferent and self-centered individual, who finds escape routes in things like drugs and other short-lived pleasures. Titled Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya, the album started off in a somewhat hopeful mood and then travels through bitter experiences and ends up with resigned despair, peppered with taunts. The album dealt with a variety of subjects ranging from the problems and consequences of drug use to the collective apathy we all have descended into as individuals and as a society.
In 2005, Muhammad Ali Jafri, who was playing bass guitar for Noori, left the band and started his own business. In 2006, Noori parted ways with Louis J. Pinto (Gumby), the band's drummer.
"Do Dil" and appearances in Coke Studio (2008–2010)
In 2008, after a hiatus of almost two years, Noori came back with their new single "Do Dil".
In 2009, they performed at the Coke Studio Sessions along with artists like Atif Aslam, Zeb and Haniya, Ali Zafar, Saeen Zahoor and many other successful musicians. They performed a duet with Saeen Zahoor, "Aik Alif", a Sufi rock song which was huge success. They also performed in the third episode of Coke Studio Sessions with their song "Jo Meray" which was performed in the format as it was originally composed by Ali Hamza in 2000. They performed "Sari Raat Jaga" on the fourth Coke Studio Session. On 14 August 2009, Noori performed "Kedaar" from their upcoming album at the last Coke Studio Session.
On 15 May 2010, the line-up for Coke Studio confirmed that Noori will feature in the third season along with many well-known artists and bands like Entity Paradigm, Aunty Disco Project, Karavan, Abida Parveen and many other successful musicians. On 20 June 2010, Noori performed a duet "Tann Dolay" with Zeb & Haniya at Coke Studio third season in the second session, 'Will'. On 10 July 2010, Noori released the studio version of the single "Tann Dolay" which also featured Zeb & Haniya. On 18 July 2010, Ali Noor and Ali Hamza did a live interview with Abdul Rauf and Maria Memon on the weekly morning show, Geo Pakistan, on Geo News. On 26 July 2010, the Noori brothers did a collaboration at the fourth Coke Studio session 'Form' for the song "Hor Vi Neevan Ho" with their mother, Noor Zehra Kazim, an accomplished player of the Sagar veena, an instrument developed by her father, Raza Kazim at the Sanjan Nagar Institute for Philosophy and Arts.
Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh (2015)
Noori performed three preview shows for their new album Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh in Lahore, Islamabad, and Karachi on 19, 20, and 21 September respectively. Each show had a limited audience of 111 people. Noori used the slogan "I am 1 in 333" for the promotion of these three shows. Although Noori set the release date for the new album at 30 September, it was later delayed to 9 October. Noori, through social media, once again announced the release of their album through a series of meet and greets in Lahore (9 October), Karachi (10 October) and Islamabad (11 October). Noori proclaimed that their album would only be available for sale at these three meets and greets, in order to build a one-on-one connection with the fans by eliminating the middleman. Noori later on performed in Peshawar on 22 November as well for the promotion of the album. Additionally, the album was made free to stream through Patari.pk as a Patari exclusive on 9 October.
Music director in Coke Studio Season 9 and Cornetto Pop Rock (2016)
Noori appeared as a music director in Coke Studio Season 9. Noori's first song in this capacity was "Aaja Re Moray Saiyaan", which was sung by Zeb Bangash and Ali Hamza. It was well-received. The band collaborated on "Paar Channa De" with Shilpa Rao, which turned out to be successful as well.
Noori performed three concerts in Karachi, Lahore & Islamabad for Cornetto Pop Rock. Cornetto released their song featuring Quratulain Baloch, which did well on charts.
Return of Noori (2023)
In January 2023, Ali Noor announced the return of Noori through his social media pages. Noor announced the news by posting a picture of him and his other band mate and brother, Ali Hamza. The caption on the picture said, “Yes Noori is back…".
Discography
Studio albums
Suno Ke Main Hun Jawan (2003)
Peeli Patti Aur Raja Jani Ki Gol Dunya (2005)
Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh (2015)
Live albums
Live at the Rock Musicarium (2012)
Film scores
Band members
Timeline
Current members
Ali Noor – vocals, backing vocals, lead guitar (1996–present)
Ali Hamza – vocals, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (1996–present)
Kami Paul – drums (2013–present)
Former members
Louis J. Pinto (aka Gumby) – drums (2003–2006, 2011–2012)
Salman Albert – drums, backing vocals (1996–1999)
Farhad Humayun – drums (2000–2002)
Murtaza Jaffar – rhythm guitar (2003)
Mohd. Ali Jafri (bass)
Live concert (additional members 2012)
Faraz Anwar – Lead guitar
Zeeshan Pervez
Awais Jaffery – Bass & Lead Guitar
Awards
Noori won the award for the Best Rock Song for "Do Dil" at MTV Pakistan Music Awards in 2009.
Noori was selected as "Picked Artist of the Month" on the Pakistani music channel called The Musik in June 2006.
Noori has won the Best Rock Song Category Award for "Nishaan" in Indus Music Awards 2006.
Noori has won the Ultimate Rock song Category Award for "Saari Raat Jaga" in MTV Pakistan Awards 2006.
Noori has won Album of the Year award for Begum Gul Bakaoli Sarfarosh at the 15th Lux Style Awards
Controversy
On February 18, 2022, a journalist named Ayesha Binte Rashid accused Ali Noor of sexual harassment. She called him a sexual harasser and predator in her Instagram post. In response to these allegations, Ali Noor said he is truly, deeply sorry.
See also
List of Pakistani music bands
References
External links
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Lahore
Pakistani musical duos
Pakistani musical groups
Pakistani rock music groups
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帕巴拉活佛（），是中国西藏昌都市藏传佛教格鲁派最大的活佛系统，也是该地区藏传佛教各派中最大的活佛系统。主寺为强巴林寺。清朝时期初封诺门汗，称阐讲黄法额尔德尼那门汗，并给铜印，后换给银印，称额尔德尼诺门罕，后封呼图克图，称帕克巴拉额尔德尼呼图克图；中华民国时期续封呼图克图，称帕巴拉呼图克图；中华人民共和国时期，称帕巴拉活佛。
沿革
藏文“帕巴拉”意为“圣天、超出世间之神”。圣天最初是指古印度大乘佛教中观学派创始人之一的阿耶提婆。后来，藏传佛教借用此名，演变为帕巴拉活佛世系的专用名称。
帕巴拉活佛世系于16世纪初形成。藏历土羊年（1439年），德青多吉出生于工布日窝柱增地方。15岁时，德青多吉在宗喀巴的亲传弟子森巴青波曲帕前受沙弥戒，起法名为“帕巴拉”。帕巴拉活佛的名称便由此而来。德青多吉成为第一世帕巴拉活佛。第二世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·帕巴桑吉生于藏历火兔年（1507年），出生后不久便被认定为第二世帕巴拉活佛。第二世帕巴拉活佛是藏传佛教格鲁派中首位被云南丽江木氏土司正式邀请讲经的活佛。
1594年（明朝万历二十二年），第三世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·通娃顿垫被聘为强巴林寺的第十四任法嗣堪布。自此，历世帕巴拉正式成为强巴林寺住持，并成为该寺第一大活佛世系。第四世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·帕巴曲吉加布任强巴林寺第十六任法台，并获固始汗颁发了写有“中部康区所有地方均听从帕巴拉的指令”的执照。自此，帕巴拉活佛的政教势力获大幅提高。
第五世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·甲娃甲措出任强巴林寺第十九任法台，任内曾调解三藩之乱时期昌都地方的武装冲突。1676年（康熙十五年），以五世帕巴拉创建拉让为标志，形成了帕巴拉在昌都政教合一的统治制度。帕巴拉政教合一的机关称“孜拉让”，下设“孜勒空”、“雪勒空”两个机构。孜勒空主管帕巴拉管辖范围内的全部寺庙，雪勒空主管帕巴拉管辖范围内的5个小宗、18个甲本头人。清朝，帕巴拉管辖的寺庙50座，僧人4500人，百姓7635户。
第六世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·帕巴济美丹贝甲措任强巴林寺第二十一任法台，清朝康熙五十八年（1719年），因接待清朝派到西藏冈底斯山勘测地形人员有功，获康熙帝封为“阐讲黄法额尔德尼那门汗”，这是帕巴拉活佛系统首次获清朝敕封，被封为“诺门汗”，自此帕巴拉活佛成为清朝理藩院登记在册的大活佛。雍正三年（1725年），第六世帕巴拉活佛因为清军镇压罗卜藏丹津叛乱提供协助，而获雍正帝赏赐“前得名号和印信”。据部分书籍记载，1742年起，帕巴拉开始向清朝皇帝遣使朝贡，此为历世帕巴拉遣使朝贡的开端。乾隆十六年（1751年），乾隆帝颁旨重申了康熙帝对帕巴拉活佛的敕封。乾隆帝该圣旨中称，第六世帕巴拉活佛主动向清廷请示“适时遣使”朝贡，乾隆帝虑及昌都距离北京“路途遥远”，故上贡时限不作规定，“尔勿需定期遣使，可两三年或四五年随尔便利与否酌加遣派”。该圣旨中还称帕巴拉为“帕巴拉呼图克图”，由此可知，第六世帕巴拉活佛自“诺门汗”晋升为“呼图克图”的过程可能是在乾隆年间完成。在清朝的积极扶持下，帕巴拉活佛的政教势力日盛，逐渐跃居康区四大呼图克图之首。
从六世帕巴拉开始，历世帕巴拉被中央政府封赐、赏号、赐印。清朝时奉朝廷之命协助平息地方动乱，支援清朝入藏官兵。帕巴拉还按例遣使年班朝贡。
第七世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·晋美巴丹邓贝贡布任强巴林寺第二十三任法台。至1762年，清廷对帕巴拉活佛朝贡遣使的正使、副使、从人，及返回路费之标准、时间，均已有明确规定。1787年，帕巴拉活佛派卓平措如觉巴主从赴北京拜谒清朝皇帝。此为帕巴拉遣使年班进贡。就乾隆五十二年十月二十六日四川总督保宁的奏折对此的记载来看，帕克巴拉呼图克图（“帕巴拉呼图克图”的另一种汉文音译）每逢年班朝贡，要经当地驻扎文武官员禀告四川总督，四川总督上奏清朝皇帝。自该奏折也可见，帕巴拉年班朝贡、途中迎送及待遇均有明确规定，并形成了定制。
1790年，第七世帕巴拉特别为乾隆帝八十大寿而在强巴林寺内新建了殿堂，还派人赴北京向乾隆帝进贡，并请求乾隆帝为新建的殿堂赐名，还请将从前赏给前辈帕克巴拉呼图克图之铜印换银印。乾隆五十六年（1791年），乾隆帝下谕书赐“祝-{釐}-寺”庙名，并将前赏之铜印更换银印，银印印文为“额尔德尼诺门罕”。由此可见，第六世、第七世帕巴拉活佛被授予呼图克图职衔属于针对其个人，而非帕巴拉活佛系统，亦即该呼图克图职衔不可由下一世活佛继承。帕巴拉活佛系统的职衔仍为诺门汗。
1796年，在驻藏大臣松筠和八世达赖亲自主持下，在布达拉宫经金瓶掣签认定了第七世帕巴拉活佛的转世灵童。这是从1792年实行金瓶掣签制度起，西藏最早通过金瓶掣签认定的大活佛。该转世灵童后坐床成为第八世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·罗桑济美班垫丹贝尼玛。后来他出任强巴林寺第二十五任法台。1828年、1831年、1836年、1841年，第八世帕巴拉依照惯例派使者赴北京向清朝皇帝进贡请安。1840年，清朝道光帝虑及“察木多地方距京程途较远”，遂将进贡次数由原来的每三年“改 为间五年一次”，以表示体恤。
1852年，上报驻藏大臣及达赖后，通过金瓶掣签认定了第八世帕巴拉活佛的转世灵童，同年举行了坐床典礼，该转世灵童正式成为第九世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·阿旺罗桑济美丹贝坚参。1853年，清朝派官员处理布鲁曼事件，帕巴拉活佛奉命协助调解，并且派兵协同清军作战。“察木多帕克巴拉呼图克图额尔德尼诺们罕之呼毕勒罕，虽在幼龄，即能督饬属下拏获凶犯多名，著赏加敉远禅师名号，以示优异。”1866年，清朝同治帝赏赐帕巴拉“呼图克图”职衔及银印。银印款识为“帕克巴拉额尔德尼呼图克图之印”。虽然帕巴拉此次受封的原始文献尚未查到，但有印章为证，应属可信。由此可知，最晚在1866年，帕巴拉活佛系统被清朝封为“呼图克图”职衔。这也是该活佛系统晋授呼图克图之始。1867年，十二世达赖转达了清朝皇帝对帕巴拉的奖赏：“迩来，皇上赐以朱批敕书，赐帕巴拉呼图克图‘靖远禅师’名号，‘仁爱正祥’之匾文一方。”1880年，帕巴拉派人到北京进贡。光绪十六年（1890年）修订《理藩部则例》共971律条。其中专门对帕巴拉的律条有3条。至此，帕巴拉进贡物品及清朝皇帝的赏赐数量，还有对帕巴拉进贡的正使、副使、从人等的赏赐都在清朝《理藩部则例》中有了明确规定。
清朝历朝封给帕巴拉活佛的职衔、名号如下：
第十世帕巴拉活佛生于1901年，不久经金瓶掣签认定为第九世帕巴拉活佛的转世灵童，随后举行了坐床典礼，该转世灵童正式成为第十世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·洛桑土登米旁次成加村。1906年，清朝设立督办川滇边务大臣一职，赵尔丰出任首任大臣。赵尔丰-{}-採用军事手段推行“改土归流”，将昌都的土司及呼图克图的统治权收归清朝朝廷。1911年，代理督办川滇边务大臣傅嵩炑以昌都（即帕巴拉活佛）、察雅活佛“虽系呼图克图，而管理地方与土司无异，应一并改流”为由，收缴了昌都、察雅两活佛之印信。不久，清朝应帕巴拉之请求，也由于“与土司印不同，准其发还”。1912年，经西藏噶厦授意，昌都强巴林寺暗中调动民兵，砍杀川军十多人。时任边军第七营营长兼昌都县知事的彭日升组织川军反击，并纵火烧强巴林寺。帕巴拉活佛及谢瓦拉活佛避往拉萨，在色拉寺居住了8年才回到昌都。
1919年，十世帕巴拉出任强巴林寺第二十九任法台。为增加强巴林寺的僧人数量，帕巴拉和西藏噶厦派出的新任朵麦基巧（即朵麦总管，朵麦指昌都）噶伦喇嘛强巴丹达议定之后，颁布了修缮昌都强巴林寺的“土羊年文告”。1920年，十世帕巴拉有了“康珠玛”明妃。十三世达赖则认为娶妻触犯戒律，乃下令“废除其帕巴拉呼图克图名号，朵基噶伦喇嘛查封了皇上之敕封，唯留7个随从佣人，罚其于净地日追闭关静修思过”。1933年秋，昌都强巴林寺全体僧众及昌都民众强烈请求十三世达赖恢复十世帕巴拉的“呼图克图”名号，但十三世达赖于同年10月圆寂。1934年夏，国民政府参谋本部次长兼边务组长黄慕松入西藏致祭十三世达赖，途经昌都之时，昌都强巴林寺代表向其陈词。黄慕松于同年8月抵达拉萨后，与担任摄政的热振活佛热振·图旦绛白益西丹巴坚赞商议后，同年9月摄政热振活佛盖印发文，“允准恢复帕巴拉之封赐名号。剃度受戒等佛事由拉擦贡多活佛承负。”
第十一世帕巴拉活佛帕巴拉·格列朗杰未进行金瓶掣签，而是由藏传佛教高僧多吉羌帕邦卡授记，经重庆国民政府蒙藏委员会藏事处处长孔庆宗代表国民政府于1940年批准。1950年昌都战役时，第十一世帕巴拉活佛决定留在强巴林寺并迎接中国人民解放军，为此他获得了中共中央主席毛泽东、中国人民解放军总司令朱德的嘉奖。1950年，中华人民共和国昌都地区人民解放委员会成立，帕巴拉·格列朗杰当选昌都地区人民解放委员会第一副主任。1956年至1959年，帕巴拉·格列朗杰任西藏自治区筹备委员会委员、宗教事务委员会副主任。1959年3月，拉萨发生大规模骚乱，帕巴拉·格列朗杰的哥哥、西藏噶厦堪穷、西藏自治区筹备委员会官员索朗降措在拉萨街头被骚乱群众打死。同年3月28日，中华人民共和国国务院总理周恩来发布命令，责成中国人民解放军西藏军区彻底平息“武装叛乱”，并且决定解散西藏地方政府，由西藏自治区筹备委员会行使西藏地方政府职权，由十世班禅代理西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员，并任命帕巴拉·格列朗杰、阿沛·阿旺晋美为副主任委员。此后，帕巴拉·格列朗杰一直担任各种高级领导职务，担任了全国人大常委会副委员长，西藏自治区政协主席，中国佛教协会副会长、名誉会长。
历世帕巴拉活佛
以下不计追认，列出历世帕巴拉活佛：
参考文献
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Longchang Road () is a Shanghai Metro station located on Line 12 in Yangpu District, Shanghai. Located at the intersection of Changyang Road and Longchang Road, the station opened on 29 December 2013, as part of an initial fifteen station-long segment of Line 12 between and stations.
References
Line 12, Shanghai Metro
Shanghai Metro stations in Yangpu District
Railway stations in China opened in 2013
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賈斯汀·凱爾·史莫克（, ），為美國職棒大聯盟的一壘手，目前為日本職棒讀賣巨人隊一壘手。他先前曾效力過遊騎兵、水手、藍鳥、釀酒人與巨人等隊。
職棒生涯成績
美國職棒
日本職棒
職業生涯
選秀
2008年美國職棒大聯盟選秀，遊騎兵隊在第1輪11順位選進了史莫克。今日美國認為這是一個非常有價值的選秀籤。
德州遊騎兵
2009年球季，史莫克從2A開季。7月8日升上3A。2010年，他成為遊騎兵隊的頭號新秀。
2010年4月23日，史莫克登上大聯盟。4月26日，他擊出大聯盟首安。4月29日擊出大聯盟首轟。6月13日，史莫克成為遊騎兵隊史第一位在9局內吞下5K的球員。該年他打擊率2成09。
西雅圖水手
2010年7月9日，遊騎兵將史莫克、Blake Beavan、Josh Lueke、Matt Lawson交易至水手隊，換來克里夫·李與Mark Lowe。7月31日，他被下放至3A。9月18日重返大聯盟。他在水手隊打擊率2成39。合計他整季他打擊率2成18，13轟48分打點。2011年，他打擊率為2成34，15轟55分打點。
2012年7月23日，史莫克的打擊率僅1成89，因此他被下放3A。幾週後因為一壘手Mike Carp受傷而遞補其位置。該年他打擊率2成17，19轟51分打點。2013年，他敲出20轟。2014年，他打擊率為2成02，7轟30分打點。
多倫多藍鳥
2014年10月28日，藍鳥隊從遊騎兵的讓渡名單中選進史莫克。12月3日，藍鳥隊與他簽下1年1百萬美元的合約。2015年6月12日，歷經2317個打席，史莫克終於擊出生涯首支三壘安打。8月8日，他成為藍鳥隊史第一位在洋基球場擊出滿貫砲的球員。該年他打擊率2成26，18轟59分打點。
2015年12月2日，史莫克與球隊簽下1年390萬美元的合約。2016年5月3日，他面對遊騎兵隊先在9局擊出追平轟，第10局再擊出再見2分砲。7月16日，他與球隊簽下2年825萬美元的延長合約。2016年，他的打擊率為2成17，14轟34分打點。
2016年，藍鳥隊闖入季後賽。史莫克在外卡賽與分區賽都有上場。不過美聯冠軍賽沒有上場，後來因為Devon Travis受傷而遞補其位置。
2017年美國職棒大聯盟全明星賽，史莫克以先發一壘手身分入選。該年上半季他打擊率3成03，22轟皆為生涯新高。8月25日，他擊出單季第35轟，打破José Cruz Jr.的紀錄，成為藍鳥隊史單季最多轟的左右開弓打者。該年他打擊率為2成70，38轟90分打點。
2018年，他的打擊率為2成42，25轟77分打點。他的三振率26.3%為大聯盟第8高。
密爾瓦基釀酒人
2019年12月19日，史莫克與釀酒人簽下1年500萬美元的合約。不過這年他的打擊率僅1成86，並敲出5轟。因此他在2020年9月7日遭到球隊釋出。
舊金山巨人
2020年9月9日，他與巨人簽下小聯盟合約。不過他在巨人隊6個打席沒有擊出安打，因此他在23日又被釋出。
參考資料
外部連結
美國棒球運動員
日本職棒外籍球員
德州遊騎兵球員
西雅圖水手球員
多倫多藍鳥球員
密爾瓦基釀酒人球員
舊金山巨人球員
讀賣巨人球員
美國聯盟全明星球員
南卡羅來納州人
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朱克融（），幽州（今北京）人。唐末軍閥。
朱滔之孫。少年是幽州小校，事奉幽薊節度使劉總，为都知兵马使时，隨劉總至长安。
宰相崔植、杜元颖不知兵，以张弘靖接替刘总任幽薊節度使，而在长安的朱克融等即使每日在中书省向二宰相相求也不能被授予官职或俸禄，连衣食都要借贷。张弘靖到任后又召回朱克融等，朱克融等怀怨。幽薊军士当年即兵变，推朱洄为留后，朱洄以年老辭位，推荐其子朱克融繼位。朱克融囚禁张弘靖，占据幽冀，与王廷凑互通有無。
宝历二年（826年），唐敬宗派宦官出使幽州，赐朱克融春衣。朱克融以為春衣质地粗劣，扣留宦官，要求朝廷拨出三十万匹布给他们做衣服。朝廷不願生事，一一妥協。朱克融又上言：“闻陛下东幸雒，愿率匠丁五千助营宫室，迎乘舆，且请帛三十万，备一岁费。”
宝历二年（826年），五月，幽州将士不满朱克融暴政，杀朱克融及其长子朱延龄，另立其次子也是幼子朱延嗣为节度使，不久后者也為大將李再义所殺，家族三百余人被灭。
延伸阅读
参考文献
K
Z
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叶酸吃多久合适？叶酸，维生素B复合体之一，相当于蝶酰谷氨酸（pteroylglutamicacid，PGA），是米切尔（H．K．Mitchell，1941）从菠菜叶中提取纯化的，故而命名为叶酸。有促进骨髓中幼细胞成熟的作用，人类如缺乏叶酸可引起巨红细胞性贫血以及白细胞减少症，对孕妇尤其重要。国营养学2007年研讨查询指出，女性朋友在备孕之前前3个月的时分就开端弥补叶酸。叶酸能够改进中老年人的回忆才能，大约比同龄人的大脑年青5岁，从而能够延缓大脑认知才能的退化，有必定防止老年痴呆的效果。如果长期叶酸服用量不够，患动脉硬化的几率也会随之增加。降低脑卒中和心脏病的死亡率通过研讨发现，叶酸水平低的人，心脏病的死亡率要高出70%。当怀孕的时分，女人还需要再坚持弥补叶酸3个月，这样才干确保孕妇和胎儿对叶酸的需求。在3岁以下的婴儿食物中增加叶酸，有益智的效果。预防高血压和动脉硬化叶酸具有预防高血压和保护心血管的作用，与叶酸可以软化血管有关。补充叶酸对人体有哪些好处：可以改善记忆力经研讨证明。美国和加拿大在谷物中参加叶酸，使两个国家的中风死亡率明显下降。如果叶酸加上维生素B12一同服用，能够防止脑梗死和心肌梗死的复发。预防癌症的发生叶酸是天然抗癌维生素。能够增强机体的抵抗力，防止癌症的发作，尤其是宫颈癌和肠道癌等。血清叶酸水平低，能够形成DNA的损害，然后导致癌症的发作。可以延长寿命如果补充足量的叶酸，发生心脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病、癌症的几率都会降低。从而延长人的寿命。
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The Saolta University Health Care Group () is one of the hospital groups established by the Health Service Executive in Ireland.
History
The grouping of hospitals was announced by Ireland's then Minister for Health, Dr. James Reilly, T.D., in May 2013, as part of a restructure of Irish public hospitals and a goal of delivering better patient care. The Group was given responsibility for the following hospitals:
University Hospital Galway
Letterkenny University Hospital
Mayo University Hospital
Merlin Park University Hospital
Portiuncula University Hospital
Roscommon University Hospital
Sligo University Hospital
In 2014, the Group, which had initially been known as the West / North West Hospitals Group, became Saolta University Health Care Group.
In 2016 Bill Maher, Chief Executive of Saolta University Health Care Group, was the subject of an internal audit revealing potential conflict of interest at the time of his appointment leading to the award of contracts without tendering worth approximately €340,000 to Northgate, an organisation Maher held a consulting contract with at the same time. At the time he was also in receipt of top-up payments from St. Vincent's Healthcare Group, and an allowance for working in Galway.
Services
The Group is headed by a Chief Executive, who is accountable to the National Director for Acute Services in the Health Service Executive, and is responsibility for delivering inpatient care, emergency care, maternity services, outpatient care and diagnostic services at its designated hospitals. The Group’s designated cancer centre is University Hospital Galway with a satellite centre in Letterkenny University Hospital. The Group's academic partner is NUI Galway.
References
External links
Official site
Hospital networks in Ireland
Health Service Executive
Medical and health organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
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伊尔哈里·阿不力海依尔（，），男，哈萨克族，新疆特克斯人，中华人民共和国政治人物。
生平
伊尔哈里·阿不力海依尔出身牧民家庭，在完成中学学业后，参加三区革命，之后担任特克斯县政府教育秘书、县新盟会青工部部长。1952年12月，加入中国共产党。之后担任新疆省人民检察院副处长、处长，新疆自治区文联副秘书长、秘书长、党组书记。1959年10月至1963年9月，担任新疆自治区文化厅副厅长（厅长为孜牙·赛买提）。1962年边民离境事件爆发后，他出任伊犁州州长、州党委常委，解决基层问题。1966年5月，担任中共伊犁区委副书记。随后担任州革委会副主任、州革委会主任。1966年5月，担任中共新疆维吾尔自治区文学艺术联合会副书记（1967年1月被夺权工作中止）。1971年7月，伊犁州第一届党代会召开，他当选副书记（书记王振中）（任至1975年9月）。1976年10月再任伊犁州副书记（任职1979年3月）。1979年2月至8月，担任新疆维吾尔自治区革命委员会副主任。之后进入中央，担任第五届全国人大民委副主任委员、自治区第五届人大常委会副主任等职。1982年7月1日病逝，终年56岁。
参考
中华人民共和国建立后的哈萨克族中国共产党党员
中国共产党党员 (1952年入党)
伊犁哈薩克自治州州長
新疆维吾尔自治区人大常委会副主任
第五届全国人大代表
新疆哈萨克族全国人大代表
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華商會挑戰盃（），是現時香港賽馬會舉辦的國際三級賽，於沙田馬場舉行，途程為草地1400米，2022/2023馬季總獎金為390萬港元。
賽事歷史
華商會所於1897年成立，而華商會所盃賽（The Chinese Club Cup）則於1905年2月21日首次舉行。華商會所於1955年從倫敦訂製了一座特別設計的金盃，同時將此項盃賽易名為「華商會挑戰盃」，紀念華人對賽馬的貢獻，自此每年均舉行競逐。1991/1992馬季，此賽升格為香港三級賽。1994年起，此賽一直在沙田的1400米途程上舉行。2016/2017馬季，此賽再升格為國際三級賽，並開放予海外賽駒參與競逐。
歷屆勝出馬匹（1991/1992馬季起）
參考資料
外部連結
香港賽馬錦標
1905年香港建立
1905年建立的週期性體育事件
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Z.A. Shamsul Haq was appointed as the first CMM-Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of Dhaka Bangladesh in 1979. He served as the Chief of Dhaka Metropolitan Magistracy for over a decade and retired in 1988, but continues to work as an adviser to the Bangladesh Scouts. His book, Handbook for Magistrates, was published in 1990 and acts as a guide for other Magistrates. Contact sms # 8801711520997(youngest son)
References
Living people
1929 births
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Colon magnicolle is a species of round fungus beetle in the family Leiodidae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
Leiodidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1853
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Vincenzo Guerini (; born 30 October 1953) is an Italian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder, currently in charge as the technical area chief of Catania.
Playing career
Club
Guerini's playing career started at Brescia, playing as a regular in the Serie B division. In 1973, he was signed by Serie A club Fiorentina, where he emerged as a young but promising attacking midfielder and won the 1975 Coppa Italia thanks to a goal of his in the final against Milan. His career was however cut short in 1976 after suffering a severe car accident that almost left him impaired.
International
Despite his short playing career, Guerini also had the chance to play as a full international in 1974, when he was lined up by the coaching duo Fulvio Bernardini-Enzo Bearzot for a game against Bulgaria.
Managerial career
Early years
Despite being only aged 22, Guerini immediately entered into a non-playing career and became youth coach at his last club Fiorentina, also winning a Campionato Nazionale Primavera title in 1983. On that same year, Serie B club Empoli offered him their head coaching position, the first in Guerini's career. In 1985, he was then hired by another Tuscan club, Pisa, thus having the chance to make his coaching debut in the Serie A league; despite winning a Mitropa Cup on that same year, Guerini however failed to save the team from relegation. His following experience, at Serie B's Bologna, then ended with a dismissal before the end of the season. He then served as head coach of Catanzaro, narrowly missing a top flight promotion, and successively Brescia.
Ancona and later career
In 1989 Guerini was appointed head coach of another Serie B club, Ancona. In what proved to be his most successful stint as a manager, Guerini led Ancona to a historical first promotion ever in the Serie A league (a stint that lasted only one season), then ending as 1993–94 Coppa Italia runners-up in his final season at the club. He was then hired by Napoli, but dismissed after only eight games (including a UEFA Cup elimination at the hands of Boavista).
After that, Guerini had two short-lived coaching experiences in the minor leagues that turned out not to be particularly successful (SPAL, Reggina) until 1997, when he was hired by Piacenza and saved the then-Serie A club from relegation in what is his most successful placement in the top flight to date. Guerini then had a handful of unsuccessful experiences, all them as a replacement coach or with him not completing the season (Ternana, Catania, Siena, Greek side Panachaiki, Catania again, and a second stint at Catanzaro).
In 2011, he was hired by former club Fiorentina as "club manager". On 2 May 2012, he was then appointed caretaker coach after the club decided to remove Delio Rossi from his managerial duties following a physical confrontation with the Serbian player Adem Ljajić during the home league game against the Novara. In his first game in charge, he led Fiorentina to a 1–0 win at Lecce that mathematically guaranteed the club a place in the 2012–13 Serie A. He successively moved back to his previous role as club manager, which he held until 2016.
In August 2020 he was named new technical area chief of Catania, following a club takeover.
Honours
As player
Fiorentina
Coppa Italia: 1974–75
As coach
Fiorentina
Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 1983
Torneo di Viareggio: 1982
Pisa
Mitropa Cup: 1986
References
Living people
1953 births
Footballers from the Province of Brescia
Men's association football midfielders
Italian men's footballers
Brescia Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
ACF Fiorentina managers
Empoli FC managers
Bologna FC 1909 managers
Pisa SC managers
LFA Reggio Calabria managers
Brescia Calcio managers
Piacenza Calcio 1919 managers
Ternana Calcio managers
ACR Siena 1904 managers
US Catanzaro 1929 managers
SSC Napoli managers
Catania FC managers
US Ancona managers
Serie A players
Serie A managers
Italy men's international footballers
Italian football managers
Serie B players
Panachaiki F.C. managers
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马赛布朗卡尔德站（）是法国的一个铁路车站，位于法国城市马赛。
位置
马赛布朗卡尔德站位于马赛市区的东部。车站大致为西北-东南走向，开口朝西，呈三角形。从正门处前往车站站台需先穿过已废弃的马赛港口铁路。
概况
马赛布朗卡尔德站为马赛市区的一个小型客运车站，距离马赛圣夏勒站以东大约3公里。马赛布朗卡尔德站仅停靠前往土伦方向的TER列车，以及少量跨线车。2015年12月起，巴黎—尼斯夜班车也停靠马赛布朗卡尔德站，但该线路计划于2017年中旬起停运。
停靠线路
以下列车线路在马赛布朗卡尔德站停靠：
配套交通
城际客运
马赛布朗卡尔德站对应的大巴车上下车地点位于车站前方的空地上。当某条铁路线施工或罢工时，SNCF会提供途径该线路沿途站点的大巴车。
市内交通
马赛布朗卡尔德站对应的公交车站名称为“La Blancarde”，停靠该站的公交线路包括：
马赛地铁1号线（M1）
马赛有轨电车1号线（T1）
马赛有轨电车2号线（T2）
马赛公交67路
临近车站
参考文献
普罗旺斯-阿尔卑斯-蔚蓝海岸大区铁路车站
馬賽第四區
馬賽第五區
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冠心病危险因素的血脂？冠心病（CHD）是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化使血管阻塞导致心肌缺血缺氧而引起的心脏病(冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病)和冠状动脉功能性改变(痉挛)的总称，又称“缺血性心脏病”。临床上可分为原发性心脏骤停、心绞痛、心肌梗死、心力衰竭和心律失常等类型。CHD是严重威胁人们健康并造成大量死亡的一种心身疾病，半个世纪以前其发病率逐渐增加。冠心病为老年人最常见的心脏病。冠心病病因:冠状动脉血管发生动脉粥样硬化病变而引起血管腔狭窄或阻塞，造成心肌缺血、缺氧或坏死而导致的心脏病。主要危险因素包括1.年龄和性别多见于40岁以上人群，男性发病率较高。雌激素有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用，女性绝经期后发病率明显增加。2.脂质代谢异常是本病最重要的危险因素，其异常情况包括总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）或极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）增高；高密度脂蛋（HDL）减低；载脂蛋白A（ApoA）降低，载脂蛋白B（ApoB）增高；脂蛋白（a）[Lp（a）]增高。3.高血压与血压正常的人相比，高血压患者或血压增高者患病率更高，可超出前者的4倍。4.吸烟和被动吸烟吸烟可引起动脉壁的氧含量降低，加速动脉粥样硬化的形成。烟草中的尼古丁可引起动脉痉挛、心肌损伤。5.糖尿病和糖耐量异常糖尿病患者的发病率可比无糖尿病者高出5倍。6.其他因素肥胖，低体力活动，食物中含有较多的动物脂肪、胆固醇、糖、钠盐，遗传，A型性格都是引起本病的高危因素。高脂血症也是冠心病的主要危险因素。血脂主要包括甘油三酯和胆固醇，其中胆固醇是引起冠状动脉粥样硬化、管腔狭窄的主要罪魁祸首，而低密度脂蛋白升高，高密度脂蛋白降低又是动脉硬化的主要原因，因此冠心病患者胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白水平极其重要。目前强调冠心病患者强化降脂治疗，即胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白应低于正常范围，也就是说，冠心病患者低密度脂蛋白应小于1.9毫摩尔/升。
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米哈爾·薩切克（，）是捷克的一位足球運動員。他現在效力於捷克足球甲級聯賽球隊布拉格斯巴達，在場上的位置是中場。他在2016年5月14日首次代表布拉格斯巴達參加聯賽。他也代表捷克U21國家隊參賽並參加了2017年歐洲U21足球錦標賽。
參考資料
外部連結
Michal Sáček official international statistics
捷克足球運動員
捷甲球員
布拉格斯巴達球員
足球中場
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慢性泪囊炎的并发症是什么?？长期之慢性泪囊炎，对眼部之安全是一严重之威胁。如角膜之感染，葡行性角膜溃疡或眼部贯通伤，内眼手术等均可引起全眼球炎，而致视功能丧失。
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李尚雅（，），韓國女演員。
生平
1984年作為廣告模特出道, 同一年在KBS電視劇《KBS TV文學觀-山寺》作為演員第一次出演,1985年在電影《種女》中作為電影演員出道。 之後出演了多部電影和電視劇,與蔡時那、金惠秀、李美妍、李美妍等人一起成為了80~90年代的青春明星。
演出作品
電視劇
1984年KBS《KBS TV文學觀-山寺》
1986年MBC《老虎老師》
1987年KBS《愛情開花結果的樹》
1990年MBC《完整的愛》
1990年KBS《몽기미風景》
1990年MBC《朝鮮王朝왕조500年-大院君》
1991年KBS《三天的約定》
1991年SBS《孤獨的大門》
1992年SBS《女劇場-孫子兒媳的春天》
1992年MBC《最佳劇場-新婚故事》
1993年MBC《走到天上》
1993年MBC《喇叭花》
1993年SBS《愛情與友情》
1993年MBC《最佳劇場-世上最悲傷的愛情》
1994年MBC《最後的勝負》
1994年KBS《巫婆》
1994年SBS《好好的東西》
1994年MBC《最佳劇場-10年,經歷過的風》
1994年KBS《電視劇遊戲-夏娃的叛亂》
1995年MBC《校園戀歌-情敵》
1995年SBS《重逢的時候》
1995年KBS2《我的愛由美》
1996年SBS《爸爸是市長》
1997年SBS《在齋洞》
1997年SBS《女人》
1997年MBC《三個男人三女人》
1997年KBS《誰都無法勸阻》
1998年MBC《最佳劇場-是怎樣相愛的呢?》
1998年KBS《星期日best-亞當,夏娃》
1998年SBS《7人的新娘》
1999年KBS《相見》
2001年SBS《即使如此我依然愛你》
2001年KBS《東西好啊》
2001年MBC《最佳劇場-冬季兒童》
2002年SBS《五兄妹》
2008年SBS《純潔的你》
2013年KBS《KBS電視劇特輯-媽媽的島嶼》
2015年tvN《Super Daddy 烈》...患者角色
2016年SBS《我女婿的女人》…鄭美慈
2016年MBC《春日常在》…鄭海善
2017年MBC《前世的冤家們》...崔泰蘭
電影
1985年《種女》
1986年《彷徨的群星》
1986年《年輕的夜晚無悔》
1986年《醜女大翻身》
1987年《學生報告》
1987年《個性时代》
1987年《你與我的秘密日記》
1989年《無私奉獻》
1989년《Watercolor Painting in a Rainy Day》
1990年《成人發布會》
1992年《順藤而上的你》
1995年《爸爸是保鏢》
2006年《天下壯士麥當娜》
2015年《速度》
綜藝
1993年MBC《競猜旅行!奔跑吧,地球村》-MC
1994年MBC《TV探索》-MC
1995年MBC《挑戰眼光測試》-MC
2001年KBS1《家族結婚記》-嘉賓
2009年Story on《超級媽媽》
2009年SBS《明星青少年秀》節目-嘉賓
2013年MBN《家族三國志》
2016年TV朝鮮《媽媽是什麼》
廣播節目
2015年EBS FM《EBS讀書的廣播朗誦系列》
腳註
外部連結
NAVER搜索
韓國電視女演員
韓國電影女演員
L
L
L
Sang-ah
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Needham Market railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the town of Needham Market, Suffolk. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between to the south and to the north. Its three-letter station code is NMT.
The station is currently operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also runs all trains serving the station. It sees regular services between Ipswich and Stowmarket, whereafter trains branch off to via the Ipswich to Ely Line. No main line London trains call.
The station appears in Britain's 100 Best Railway Stations by Sir Simon Jenkins.
History
The station was originally opened with the name Needham by the Ipswich & Bury Railway in 1846. The main building, described as "one of the best in East Anglia" by Biddle, was designed in a grand Jacobean style with decorative brickwork by Frederick Barnes and was completed by the contractor, Daniel Revitt, in 1849. It was later slightly simplified, and the platforms rebuilt, by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).
It was closed to passengers by the Eastern Region of British Railways in 1967 but reopened as Needham Market in 1971. The main building, now in alternative use, is a Grade II listed building. It was restored in 2000 by Spacia Ltd, and won an award in the 2002 National Railway Heritage Awards. In April 2015 work commenced to improve the station, including the installation of an anti-slip composite fibreglass platform (Dura Platform) which features a patented design with in-built water management and snow-melting capabilities. However, this did not include making the London-bound platform wheelchair accessible.
Services
The following services typically call at Needham Market:
References
Railway stations in Suffolk
Grade II listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II listed railway stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1967
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1971
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
1846 establishments in England
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
Needham Market
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Ndumiso Mabena (born 19 May 1987) is a South African soccer player who plays as a forward most recently for South African Premier Division side Orlando Pirates.
Club career
After playing for Winners Park in the National First Division, Mabena joined Orlando Pirates in 2009 and has since played for Platinum Stars and Bloemfontein Celtic. In summer 2021, Celtic's top-flight status was purchased by Royal AM, with Royal AM inheiring almost all of Celtic's first-team squad, including Mabena.
References
Living people
1987 births
People from Groblersdal
South African men's soccer players
Winners Park F.C. players
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
Platinum Stars F.C. players
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. players
South African Premier Division players
National First Division players
Soccer players from Limpopo
Men's association football forwards
20th-century South African people
21st-century South African people
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質光關係是天文物理中顯示恆星光度與質量之間關係的方程式。以公式表示的關係是：
此處的L⊙和M⊙是太陽的光度和質量，並且1 < a < 6。在主序帶上的恆星，通常 a = 3.5。 這個方程式使用a = 3.5 的值只適用於主序帶上質量在2M⊙ < M < 20M⊙，並且不適用於紅巨星和白矮星。
總之，不同質量範圍的恆星使用下面的關係式會得到更好的近似值：
對質量低於 .43M⊙的恆星，對流是唯一的能量傳輸程序，這使得關係發生重大的改變。對質量M > 20M⊙的恆星，這關係變得平坦的L ∝ M。這可以顯示這樣的變化是因為大質量恆星輻射壓力的增加。這些關係是憑藉著觀測距離經由標準的視差或其他方法正確測量出的聯星所得到的經驗方程式。在繪製出足夠的恆星之後，恆星會呈現對數函數圖，有著一定斜率的線對應於特定的a值。
質光關係是很重要的，因為它可以用來發現距離遙遠而不能使用視差測量出的聯星距離，這種技術稱為" 動力視差 "。使用這種技術，可以估計出這一對聯星以太陽質量表示出的總質量。然後，使用天體力學的克卜勒定律，可以計算出這兩顆恆星之間的距離。一旦得到這段距離，就可以經由在天空中所佔扇形的弧度初步的估計出要測量的距離。從這種測量及恆星的視星等這兩者，可以得到光度，然後利用質光關係就可以得到恆星個別的質量。用這個質量在計算分離的距離。重複這樣的程序，經過多次的反覆運算之後，可以取得物差少於5%的精確度。質光關係也可以用來測量恆星的壽命，這指出恆星的壽命正比於M/L。一個發現是質量越大的恆星壽命越短，但恆星的質量隨著時間流逝，會使計算更為複雜。
推導
在理論上推導出更精確的質光關係，須要發現能量產生的方程式和建立恆星內部的熱力學模型。但是，使用一些物理和簡化的假設，可以推導出L ∝ M3的基本關係。天文物理學家亞瑟·愛丁頓在1924年完成第一次這樣的推導。這次的推導表明恆星可以當成理想氣體，這在當時是一種新的、激進的思想。接下來是非常類似愛丁頓的方法，使用了隨機運動分析但並未考慮不透明度。
對第一個近似值，將恆星當成黑體的輻射體，它的表面面積是4πR2。因此，從史蒂芬-波茲曼定律我們發現光度 (每秒中輻射的能量) 是
此處的σ是 史蒂芬-波茲曼常數，其值為 5.67 × 10−8W m−2 K−4。
在流體靜力平衡的條件下，
對兩邊同時積分，這個關係式從r = 0至r = R，一達到維里定理的一種型式：
球體質量的位能分佈是。 這和體積取代之後給出：
簡化之後，我們下一步使用理想氣體定律 (PV = nkT) 解出溫度。
.
此處 是恆星內部氣體粒子的平均質量。現在，我們可以用此公式取代進入初始光度方程式，代換成
to arrive at
考慮對上面的方程式基於平均壓力提供平均溫度，可已有稍微更精確的結果，但真正需要的是表面溫度。因為恆星中心的溫度遠比表面為高，接下來，我們需要估際表面溫度和內部溫度之間的關係。由於能量須要很長的時間才能逃逸，因此中心的溫度非常的高，換言之，熱力學平衡會非常迅速的完成，而毫心的溫度示趨近於一致的。我們可以使用隨機運動分析來估計"衰減因子"，也就是能量逃逸所需要的時間。我們讓代表在太陽內部光子的平均自由程。在實務上，平均自由程取決於密度和溫度，但此處將近似為常數。在N交互作用之後，N向量在隨機方向上移動的結果，距離是：
淨移動量的平方是：
如果我們全面平均許多的隨機方向變化，則因為是隨機的，這些項目中包含的純量積將會被刪除。因此，對夠大量的，
因此，要從太陽逃逸出，平均需要部的步驟，時間是。與此相反，從中心直接逃逸出太陽的時間是，這個因子是很短的。
因此，將這個係數帶入數史蒂芬-波茲曼定律，我們發現
.
因此，綜合上述的方程式，我們發現
但是平均自由程是反比於產品的橫截面和數值密度，因此
此處得到
大質量恆星和低質量恆星的區別
一個可能區分大質量和低質量恆星的方法是使用上述結果衍生出來的輻射壓力。在這種情況下，很容易使用光的不透明度和直接考慮內部的溫度 TI；更確切的說，我們考慮輻射層的平均溫度。
我們開始注意到輻射壓力Prad和光度的關係。輻射壓力的梯度等於從輻射吸收轉換成的動能，給的是：
此處的c是光速。注意，光子的平均自由徑。
輻射壓力與溫度的關係是，所以我們有
從此處可以直接導出
在輻射區重力平衡來自氣體本身的壓力 (近似於理想氣體壓力) 和來自輻射的壓對質量足夠小的恆星可以忽略後者，而得到
如同前面，更精確的，因此我們從0到R積分，在左邊得到， 但是我們可能忽略了表面溫度TE相對於內部的溫度TI。
從這裡可以直接得到
對質量夠大的恆星，在輻射區的輻射壓力大於氣體的壓力。填入輻射壓力取代理想氣體壓力，使用上式我們得到：
因此
參考資料
恆星天文學
恆星演化
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John Dean (September 2, 1897 – March 20, 1990) was an English singer and actor, best known for his performances in the tenor roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.
Life and career
John Dean was born in Lilleshall, Shropshire, England. He joined a D'Oyly Carte touring company in 1926. The next year, he took his first role, First Yeoman in The Yeomen of the Guard. He also made occasional appearances as Leonard Meryll in Yeomen. In 1928, he began to play the roles of the Defendant in Trial by Jury and Francesco in The Gondoliers. In 1929, Dean took over the role of Leonard Meryll and switched to the larger role of Luiz in The Gondoliers.
In 1930, Dean added the roles of Mr. Box in Cox and Box, Earl Tolloller in Iolanthe, Cyril in Princess Ida and Nanki-Poo in The Mikado. Over the next fifteen years, he continued to play the principal tenor parts, although he had to yield some of them to Derek Oldham when he returned to the company, from time to time, until 1936. Other roles included Alexis in The Sorcerer, Ralph Rackstraw in H.M.S. Pinafore Frederic in The Pirates of Penzance, the Duke of Dunstable in Patience, Richard Dauntless in Ruddigore, Colonel Fairfax in Yeomen, and Marco in The Gondoliers. Dean appeared in several radio broadcasts with D'Oyly Carte from 1932 to 1935. Dean performed many of his roles in D'Oyly Carte's American tours in 1934, 1936 and 1939.
Dean left the D'Oyly Carte organisation in 1946 and was replaced by the returning Leonard Osborn and Thomas Round. After leaving the company, he travelled to Australia with several other former members of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. He appeared in The Gondoliers in Australia in 1949 with the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company. In 1975, during the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company's centennial season, Dean was invited to participate in the final performance of Trial by Jury, in which the company's regular chorus was augmented by fourteen former stars of the company.
Dean died in Thornton-le-Dale, Yorkshire. He was known, among his D'Oyly Carte colleagues, as a good storyteller.
See also
J. C. Williamson
References
Introduction by Martyn Green.
External links
John Dean at Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte
Information about Dean
Information about D'Oyly Carte members who performed with the J. C. Williamson company
1897 births
1990 deaths
People from Telford and Wrekin
People from Ryedale (district)
20th-century British male opera singers
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Willie Newton is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s. He played for Western Suburbs in the ARL competition.
Playing career
Newton made his first grade debut for Western Suburbs in round 20 of the 1996 ARL season against North Sydney at Campbelltown Sports Ground. The match is remembered for a field goal from Andrew Willis who won the game for Wests 23-22. Newton played two further games for the club in the 1996 season. In 1997, Newton made two appearances for Western Suburbs with the last being in round 3 against South Sydney which Wests lost 17-8.
References
1978 births
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Australian rugby league players
Rugby league halfbacks
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
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The Constitutional Law Against Hatred, for Peaceful Coexistence and Tolerance (Ley constitucional contra el odio, por la convivencia pacífica y la tolerancia), also known simply as the Law Against Hatred, is a law passed unanimously by the Venezuelan Constituent National Assembly and published in Gaceta Oficial 41,274 on 8 November 2017.
The bill was introduced to the Assembly on 10 August 2017 by President Nicolás Maduro and its discussion began on 4 September. The law establishes penalties that can include 20 years in jail, media shutdown, and fines to companies and electronic media.
The law is controversial and has been criticized in Venezuela. Its detractors say that it is designed to oppress political dissent by criminalizing it, establishing restrictions on personal freedom and promoting both censorship and self-censorship. The lack of powers of the Constituent Assembly to legislate has also been pointed out, and the National Assembly of Venezuela declared it as null and void "in rejection of the hate- and intolerance- generating instrument promoted by Nicolás Maduro and the fraudulent Constituent [National Assembly]", stating that the law violates Articles 49, 51, 57, 58, 62, 68 and 202 of the constitution.
Outline
The law establishes the penalty of between 8 and 10 years in jail for officials who delay the prevention or punishment of a hate crime and for health personnel who refuse to treat a person for reasons of hate. Article 21 establishes sentences of up to 20 years in jail for those who incite hatred, discrimination or violence against a person or group of persons by any means, and Article 22 legalizes the blocking of any type of media that are considered to violate the law through their content. The law indicates that the person who disseminates a "hate message" (broadly defined or undefined in the Law) on social networks must delete it within six hours of its publication, or else must pay a fine ranging from 50 thousand to 100 thousand tax units.
The law also allows for radio or television service provider that promote hate or war propaganda to revoke these, and notes that any media that does not actively broadcast messages "intended to promote peace, tolerance and equality" will be fined by up to 4% of their gross income in the fiscal year immediately preceding that in which the offense was committed. According to the law, the fine will be paid into the Social Responsibility Fund of Radio and Television.
The law prohibits the activity of groups, movements and social organizations that do not comply with what is established in it. Similarly, Article 11 orders the National Electoral Council (CNE) to revoke the registration of political organizations that promote "fascism, intolerance or hatred towards national, racial, ethnic, religious, political, social, ideological, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or of any other nature." This article also states that the parties must have among their disciplinary rules a guideline on preventative measures against such hatred, and the penalty of expulsion of persons who contravene the law.
Prosecution history
On 3 January 2018, Ronald Güemes and Erika Palacios were the first people to be prosecuted under the Law Against Hatred; both were arrested when a neighborhood protest was taking place against the government of Nicolás Maduro and they were arrested by the Naguanagua police command. Luis Armando Betancourt, coordinator of Foro Penal for Carabobo, denounced that the complaint was based on statements by police officials who indicated that they had expressed messages of harm against the president and described the judicial process as irregular because the detention was arbitrary, since "they were committing no actual crime against him [Maduro]". Betancourt also said there was a violation of law via home invasion; a commission of the CICPC, SEBIN, and the municipal police raided the homes of both Güemes and Palacios without any warrant order or authorization issued by a court, which is in violation of Article 196 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. According to the file, blank rounds, molotov bombs and grenades were seized, which was denied by the victims during the hearing. The family of Palacios reported that she had been tortured by police officers; among the allegations, they point out that she was handcuffed to a desk, that for four hours they threw cold water on her body and that a cellmate was beaten by an official when she tried to prevent Palacios from being taken to an interrogation.
On 30 January 2018, the director and editor of the newspaper Región Oriente in Cumaná were summoned by the Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar (DGCIM) to testify following a complaint made against the 11 January publication of an article in the newspaper, in which the Communist Party of Venezuela warned the Maduro government that they were giving people reason for a social outbreak, such as the Caracazo, through inflation, shortages, lack of access to cash and the deterioration of the transport service. The National Press Workers' Union (SNTP) indicated that this DGCIM investigation was carried out by the military intelligence corps for crimes under the Law Against Hatred, being the first time an investigation against a media outlet had taken place for crimes in contradiction of it.
On 12 September 2018, two firefighters from Mérida state, Ricardo Prieto and Carlos Varón, were arrested by military counterintelligence officers after publishing a video in which President Nicolás Maduro is portrayed as a donkey; in it, a firefighter leads a donkey through the station in Mérida while another speaks with the animal as if he were leading the president on one of his official visits. On 16 September, Judge Carlos Márquez ordered that they be tried for violation of the Law Against Hatred, being charged with aggravated incitement of hatred. The defendants' lawyers said the firefighters made the video as a simple joke, not to incite hatred. On 18 September, when journalist Esteban Rojas of Agence France-Presse (AFP) asked Nicolás Maduro about his opinion of the arrests at a press conference, Maduro attacked the journalist.
The doctor was arrested on 20 May 2018 by officers of the DGCIM, the day on which presidential elections were held in Venezuela. Despite being a civilian, four days later he was presented before military courts in Fort Tiuna, to be charged. According to Alfredo Romero, director of Foro Penal, Marulanda was not allowed a defense. The military judge charged him with the crimes of treason and instigating hatred. During his detention, Marulando has been tortured by officials, reportedly having become deaf in the right ear after being hit over the head, and having lost sensation in his hands. By November 2018, six months after his arrest, his hearing had been deferred six times.
In 2019, a Barinas state court dictated three months of community work to a man accused of instigating hate. The same year, after a campaign in media outlets and social media by progovernment movements, the pro-government Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela, through a Caracas court, ordered the ban of the screening of the documentary Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century at the Simón Bolívar University (USB) specifically, as well as at public universities and other public spaces in general, in response to the request of a prosecutor investigating it as an alleged hate crime or as inciting hate crimes, established in the Law against Hatred. The USB Teachers' Association responded by saying: "The regime's tribunal is a pretender and silences the freedom of speech once more in Venezuela. USB academics are affected because the university is forced to stop a screening. We expect domestic and international support." Tovar-Arroyo described the ban of his documentary as a "success without precedent", because now students would want to watch the documentary more.
On 13 April 2022, an arrest warrant was issued against Olga Mata after she recorded a humorous video published on the social network TikTok two years ago in which she names different arepas with the name of high-ranking government officials and the type of filling they had. His son, Florencio Gil Mata, was arrested, and both were charged with the crime of "promotion or instigation to hatred". Tarek William Saab, the Attorney General imposed by the 2017 Constituent National Assembly, set up the Special 4th Control Court "with competence in cases related to terrorism". William Saab subsequently released a video of Olga apologizing for the content of the video; the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Special Court agreed on a precautionary measure against her.
Criticism
The Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH), expressed concern that the law "establishes exorbitant criminal sanctions and powers to censor traditional media and the Internet, in contradiction with international standards regarding freedom of expression". The Rapporteur explained that the law was designed to allow the Venezuelan State to punish "expressions that should be protected by the right to freedom of expression", and that the State may even suppress content, as the law gives them the power to block and revoke licenses under the law in regards to any and all media, including the Internet.
According to lawyers, human rights activists, and deputies of the National Assembly, the objective of the law is to penalize citizens who rebel against the government. They also point out that the Constituent Assembly has no power to enact laws and that the sanctions are based on indeterminate legal concepts, such as hatred, that should facilitate only the discretionary application of sanctions. The National Assembly declared the Law against Hatred void, establishing that the law violates Articles 49, 51, 57, 58, 62, 68 and 202 of the Venezuelan Constitution; Articles 6, 11, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; and Articles 18 and 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Assembly also stated that the laws application violates the fundamental guarantees of the rule of law, and "intends to annihilate, once and for all, democratic values." The deputy Biagio Pilieri opened a debate and introduced the draft of the bill in which the nullity of the law was declared, which stated that "it is unconstitutional, illegitimate and illegal from its origin", and criticized the Constituent Assembly as well as directly stating that the legislation was intended to oppress people who oppose Maduro. It continues that the law and its harsh punishments are "in flagrant violation of the right to due process and presumption of innocence." The deputies who participated in the debate expressed that the law establishes restrictions on personal freedom, promotes self-censorship and censorship by the organs of the State, "suppressing the few spaces that citizens have to discuss matters of collective interest and inhibiting the possibility of making complaints of any nature".
See also
Censorship in Venezuela
Law on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television
References
Censorship in Venezuela
Crisis in Venezuela
2017 in Venezuela
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盧加灣是芬蘭灣的南部海灣，由俄羅斯管轄，海灣每年有326日不受冰封，盧加灣被科爾加利半島與西面的納爾瓦灣分隔，同時被索伊金半島與東面的科波爾灣分隔，盧加河注入盧加灣。
海灣
俄羅斯海灣
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复方草玉梅含片成分或处方？草玉梅 两面针 射干 百合 地黄 玄参 岗梅 甘草 薄荷脑 薄荷素油 磷酸氢钙 香兰素 甜蜜素 硬脂酸镁
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阴囊潮湿表现和治疗方法？在生活中很多男性都会出现阴囊潮湿的状况，常常使男性朋友变得很忧愁，也很担心，阴囊潮湿这种疾病在男性朋友中是一种高发病和常见病，很多男性朋友都遇到过或轻或重的阴囊不适的感觉，那么阴囊潮湿有哪些症状表现呢？该怎么治疗呢？接下来我们一起来看看吧。亚急性发作症状：为阴囊剧烈瘙痒，不思饮食，大便稀，小便黄，有时有水疱轻度糜烂。急性发作症状：多为阴囊皮肤潮湿红、瘙痒、有丘疹，瘙痒挠得多了，能露出光滑的红色皮肤。慢性发作症状：阴囊潮湿瘙痒时断时有，精神紧张、饮酒、食辛辣食物时瘙痒加剧，阴囊皮肤摸起来较硬，皮肤表面颜色呈暗红或紫褐色，这种病是皮肤病之一，又是男科病的一种身材较胖、局部多汗者易患此病，以中老年男性患者居多。阴囊潮湿要积极配合医生治疗，有阴囊瘙痒时，最忌的是搔抓、揉搓、摩擦、烫洗等，凡是热水、肥皂、盐水、碱水等均不宜应用，只要不太刺激皮肤，保持患部的干爽就可。只有这样，才能有效避免阴囊潮湿的发生和复发。多穿通风透气性好的阴囊袋内裤。有阴囊瘙痒的情况要积极进行治疗，不要挠搔抓，也不要用肥皂水进行烫洗。当阴囊皮肤奇痒时，抓破后更易造成感染，反复抓挠可导致阴囊皮肤增厚，导致皮炎或湿疹。阴囊潮湿患者也可以试一下坐在热水中，一般水温的话，就是自己可以承受的最高温度，一般浸泡三十分钟即可，一天浸泡一次就好，效果也是很不错的，还有要注意保持阴囊的清洁干爽。以上便是阴囊潮湿表现和治疗方法，阴囊潮湿患者平时应注意清淡饮食，少吃生冷食物，少吃辛辣鱼腥食物。不过一般情况下，绝大多数阴囊潮湿和前列腺疾病是有一定关系的，阴囊潮湿患者应积极做前列腺的检查确定具体的病情，注意对症治疗。希望以上的解答对您有所帮助。
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眼皮蜕皮干燥怎么回事？眼球与眼皮的关系密切，就如同齿唇一般，眼皮虽只是覆盖在眼球外皮薄薄的一层皮，眼睑炎是眼睑发炎，在临床上分为萄球菌眼睑炎、脂漏性眼睑炎、合并葡萄球菌感染的脂漏性眼睑炎、睑板腺脂漏性眼睑炎、脂漏性眼睑炎合并续发性睑板腺炎。单纯的眼皮痒，起皮，这个不是一般的过敏，而多考虑是神经性皮炎，这个一般不知道，但在皮肤科是一个很常见的皮肤病。神经性皮炎，是由植物神经功能紊乱，导致皮肤敏感性增强诱发，与外界刺激素有关，因此神经性皮炎应当避免摩擦；减少抓痒，不然会越抓越厉害。眼周神经性皮炎，其内在根源是压力大，失眠，胃病等；其中以胃病最为主要；当然有些人的胃病是没有症状的，但去医院可以检查出来，或者从舌苔上是有变化的；因此治疗必须考虑胃的问题。对于眼皮过敏痒起皮，不要乱涂药膏，因为一般的外用药膏含激素，是禁止用于面部，不然会有很严重的后果，一般的过敏治疗时间是一周，而神经性皮炎治疗时间一般要求二十天以上，因为人的神经调节是以二十天天为一个周期的，低于这个时间能减轻症状，但易复发。如果感觉眼皮不太对劲，有眼皮脱皮干燥，可能是眼睛的一些局部的感染引起的，有很多时候要考虑是属于发炎引起眼睛发炎的时候，眼皮就会有这样的一个状况了，所以像这样一个情况的话，最好就是到医院检查一下看一下，在指导下使用药物进行治疗，最好是去检查一下的，要保持脸部卫生，保持脸部干燥与清洁，饮食上要以清淡为主，不要吃一些刺激性和辛辣食物，
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降结肠炎的症状是什么原因？结肠炎。是指各种原因引起的结肠炎症性病变。可由细菌、真菌、病毒、寄生虫、原虫等生物引起，亦可由变态反应及理化因子引起，根据病因不同，可分为特异性炎性病变和非特异性炎性病变，前者指感染性结肠炎、缺血性结肠炎和伪膜性结肠炎等，后者包括溃疡性结肠炎及结肠Crohn病。主要临床表现腹泻、腹痛、黏液便及脓血便、里急后重、甚则大便秘结、数日内不能通大便；常伴有消瘦乏力等，多反复发作。那么，降结肠炎的症状是什么原因？1、降结肠炎还有腹泻以粘液脓血便最常见，每日数次至10次不等。降结肠炎消化系统表现，腹痛和腹泻最为常见，腹痛位于左下腹，隐痛、绞痛，便后缓解。常位于左下腹或小腹。其它表现有食欲不振、腹胀、恶心、呕吐及肝大等。2、降肠炎又称非特异性溃疡性结肠炎发病缓慢变化的严重程度是腹泻，排脓血便为主要症状，粘液血便或血便腹痛、腹痛、排便特点缓解排便伴有疼痛或绞痛常位于左下腹或下腹部，腹胀常见里急后重，食欲不振和其他表现恶心呕吐、肝脏等损失。3、此外，对于降结肠炎患者，症状而言腹泻以粘液脓血便最常见，每日数次至10次不等。若是有这一问题出现的话，建议患者及时的用药物治疗，这样能够较好的缓解病症，减轻其影响帮助身体恢复健康;不过，患者还需要注意的是，若是用药治疗，建议在医生的指导下用药。降结肠炎的症状是什么原因？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对降结肠炎的症状是什么原因有所了解了，希望以上的内容可以帮助大家在生活中，平时一定要注意生活饮食习惯，根据患者病情给予个体化、综合化的治疗。原则上应尽早控制疾病的症状，促进缓解，维持治疗，防止复发，防治并发症和掌握手术治疗的时机。
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地下城与勇士，又称Dungeon & Fighter（D&F，韩国服的英文称呼）；Dungeon and Fighter（DNF，中国服的英文称呼），日本稱阿拉德戰記，美国称Dungeon Fighter Online（DFO），是一款韩国Neople（后被NEXON收购）开发的2D横板ACT類网络游戏。日本在2009年4月播出了以該遊戲為基礎的電視動畫《Slap-up Party 阿拉德戰记》。
在中国大陆，DNF由腾讯公司代理发行，于2008年6月19日开启公测，并在2008年12月12日突破在线人数100万大关。2018年6月5日，腾讯宣布签约蔡依林为地下城与勇士新代言人。
DNF是有史以来玩得最多、收入最高的电子游戏之一。截至2022年6月，全球玩家总数超过8.5亿，终生总收入超过220亿美元。这也使其成为有史以来收入最高的娱乐媒体产品之一。游戏已受到日本动画片和漫画改编。
全球服务器
概要
采用网络游戏免费模式提供游戏增值服务。地下城与勇士的游戏风格类似街机中的清版動作遊戲遊戲。與多數MMO遊戲著重點不同之處在於提倡對人戰鬥。當然，和其他MMO遊戲一樣可以與其他玩家組隊進行遊戲。
遊戲系統
玩家通過在數個連接在一起的城鎮裏與NPC對話獲得任務，然後在不同城鎮外延的地下城中與怪物戰鬥的形式進行遊戲。
操作
在戰鬥過程中通常使用鍵盤操作，在進行角色的技能與裝備設定等其他操作的時候使用滑鼠。玩家可以通過自定義快捷鍵定義自己喜歡的鍵位（韓服已改為14個），在戰鬥中通過輸入類似格鬥遊戲中的指令來使用技能，遊戲也提供了12個快捷施放欄供玩家快速施放指令煩瑣或者過於複雜的技能。玩家也可以通過映射手把來進行遊戲，不過遊戲自己並沒有提供使用手柄的功能，但可以在按鍵設置上更改爲手把按鍵。
城鎮
購物、玩家交流、擺攤與接受任務的地方，表現為街道一般連接在一起的區域，擁有眾多的NPC。不同的街道連接著不同的NPC，有些街道並不開放給初級玩家。城鎮街道的外延有各種各樣的被稱為地下城區域的戰鬥區域。
電視動畫
以《Slap-up party 阿拉德戰記（）》為名稱的電視動畫，2009年4月3日至9月25日在東京電視網播出。
製作名單
聲優陣容
所有譯名均為音譯，實際以動畫播放後為准
巴隆·阿貝爾（）：近藤隆
留美·萊卡（）：野川櫻
卡本西斯（）：鈴村健一
伊庫希雅·純（）：辻步美
杰達·拉克斯巴（）：黒田崇矢
伊魯貝克（）：置鮎龍太郎
希利亞（）：田中理恵
哈爾森（）：岩田光央
羅刹（）：渡邊明乃
歌曲列表
片頭曲
「Party Play」（第1話 - 第13話）
作詞&作曲：志倉千代丸、編曲：村上純、歌：野川櫻
第26話作為ED曲使用
「塞塵のパンドラ」（第14話 - 第26話）
作詞&作曲：志倉千代丸、編曲：上野浩司、歌：野川櫻
片尾曲
「果てしない世界」（第1話 - 第13話）
作詞&編曲：除村武志、作曲：中村智之、歌：YMCK
「LEVEL∞」（第14話 - 第25話）
作詞：Yura、作曲：伊藤賢治、歌：長谷川明子
參考資料
外部链接
官方網站
地下城与勇士韩国官方网站
地下城与勇士日本官方网站
地下城与勇士中国大陸官方网站
地下城與勇士台灣官方網站(garena形象官網)
電視動畫官方網頁
大型多人線上格鬥遊戲
Windows游戏
2009年東京電視網動畫
日韓合作動畫
東京電視台深夜動畫
腾讯游戏游戏
改编自电子游戏的动画
改编成电视剧的电子游戏
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Turkmen cuisine, the cuisine of Turkmenistan, is similar to that of the rest of Central Asia. Turkmen seminomadic culture revolved around animal husbandry, especially sheep herding, and accordingly Turkmen cuisine is noted for its focus on meat, particularly mutton and lamb. One source notes, The nomadic past has left a very noticeable trace in Turkmen cuisine - the basis of the diet is meat: lamb, meat of gazelles, non-working camels, wild fowl, chicken. Beef is consumed much less frequently because this food appeared on the table much later, Turkmens don't eat horse meat at all.
Turkmen cuisine does not generally use spices or seasonings other than salt and black pepper, and is typically cooked with large amounts of widely available cottonseed oil.
A description of Turkmen foods presented at an annual culinary festival included "...more than 15 kinds of soup, meat and fish delicacies, ruddy ichlekli (meat pies), appetizing gutaps with different fillings (pumpkin, spinach), crumbly pilaf, kelle bash ayak and chekdirme, whole roasted lamb, kakmach, hearty yarma, numerous salads, traditional pishme, as well as sweets..." At a formal ribbon-cutting ceremony for new housing, the offerings included "...all kinds of meat, poultry and fish dishes, cereals, vegetables and gourds, soups, culinary products made of dough, dairy products and drinks prepared according to ancient recipes. These include tamdyrlama, ichlekli, yarma, dograma, different kinds of pilaf, çorba, somsa, pishme, süzme, çal, agaran and much else."
Meat
Shashlyk (), skewered chunks of mutton, lamb, chicken, or sometimes fish, grilled over charcoal and garnished with raw sliced onion and a special vinegar-based sauce, is served in restaurants and often sold in the street. Shashlyk from pork and beef was introduced during the Russian Imperial period, and is easily found in major cities. Kebabs of ground meat are commonly prepared from beef and occasionally camel. Kakmach () is preserved, dried meat prepared in individual portions or strips. Kakmach may be fried in fat or baked in a tandoor, but it is traditionally dried like jerky in the hot desert sun.
Gowurma is deep-fat-fried meat in bite-sized chunks, typically cooked in a cauldron (, a large hemispherical iron pot placed over an open fire). Gowurma is used in various soups and can be eaten hot or cold, or put up for later use.
Dumplings
A wide variety of filled pies and dumplings are available in restaurants and bazaars. Manty are steamed dumplings filled with ground meat, onions or pumpkin. Typical fried dishes include somsa, gutap (often filled with spinach), fitchi (fitçi), börek, and ichlekli (içlekli). These are popular with travelers and taxi drivers, as they can be eaten quickly on the run, and are often sold at roadside stands.
Fruit
Melons
In the culinary arena, Turkmenistan is perhaps most famous for its melons (), especially in the former Soviet Union, where it was once the major supplier. Turkmen state-controlled media have referred to the melon as the "tsarina of the garden" (). Though very few melons are exported today, they are a great source of national pride in Turkmenistan and subject of their own Melon Day holiday. Turkmen sources claim the country is home to up to 400 distinct varieties.
Pomegranate
Residents of oases use pomegranate () as a flavoring, often crushing for juice to be added to or mixed into dishes.
Pumpkin
Pumpkins () are mainly used as a soup flavoring but, hollowed out, may be used as a vessel for baking casseroles or meats. Pumpkin seeds are crushed for cooking oil.
Tomato
Although a foreign import from the New World, tomatoes have become a major influence on Turkmen cuisine in the last two centuries. Tomatoes are pickled, dried, pureed, and chopped for adding to dishes, and made into tomato soup and juice.
Cereal-based dishes
Breads
Meals are almost always served with naan, Central Asian flatbread, known locally as çörek. Turkmen bread is prepared differently from other breads in the region in thick, round disc-shaped loaves baked in a traditional tamdyr clay oven. Bread baked with meat inside (etli çörek, or "meat bread") can be consumed as a meal in itself. Ýagly çörek (literally "oily bread, buttery bread") is a flaky, layered type of flat bread made with butter. Pishme () are soft, bite-sized, sweetened, fried breads traditionally presented to arriving guests as a welcoming gesture.
Bread bears highly symbolic importance in Turkmen culture. It is considered highly impolite to turn a loaf of bread upside down or to mistreat bread in any way. There are many superstitions surrounding bread and its preparation. In the words of Turkmen state-controlled media,...the main role in the hospitality of the peoples of Central Asia is played by bread - çörek, which also serves as a symbol of hospitality, brotherhood, honor, hard work, prosperity, gratitude and the kindest wishes. Bread is baked in many kinds...ancient recipes have many modern variations, but the matter is not even in the ingredients themselves, which determine the softness, puffiness and taste of dough, but in the special ritual of its preparation, especially for festive meals... The student of Turkmen culture Sergey Demidov wrote,And yet, despite the high authority of the horse, there was something even higher and more sacred in the Turkmen household, bearing the stamp of taboo from ancient times. This was the tamdyr, the oven for baking çörek - a symbol of life, well-being and family hearth, supported by the sanctity of bread and, perhaps, by echoes of Zoroastrian-Mazdean beliefs associated with fire. Therefore, in the scale of ethical values there might have been a judgment such as: "It is better to slit a horse's throat or rob someone than to destroy a tamdyr".
Pilaf
Pilaf (, plov) is served at celebrations and to honored guests; one source calls it "king in Turkmen cuisine." It consists of rice typically cooked with chunks of mutton and carrots, onions, and garlic, prepared in a large cast-iron cauldron. Different pilaf recipes may call for addition of raisins (), fruits, fish, and ground meat. Pilaf is traditionally eaten with the hands.
Porridges
Yarma (, from the Turkmen word ýarym "half, split") is cracked wheat cooked in sheep fat with very small pieces of mutton mixed in for flavor. The dish is claimed to have existed for at least one thousand years. Shule () is a watery rice porridge with meat, sometimes served with shredded carrots. Sorghum porridge () is a traditional dish for the Novruz festival; the dish is ancient, for sorghum was introduced to the Turkmen by trade on the Silk Road.
Casseroles
Chegdermeh () is a mixture of boiled rice, fried meat, tomato, and chopped, sautéed onions, typically cooked in a cauldron.
Soups
Shurpa (), meat boullion, is the base of most soups. The most traditional Turkmen soups are various types of unash (), made with milk and noodles or with beans and noodles. Other common soups include dograma (also dogramaly şurpa), made with diced organ meats and bread, onion, and tomato; dumpling soup (); and mung bean soup (). Suytlash (, also süýtli unaş and süýtli aş) is a vermicelli pudding traditionally served as the second course at wedding feasts. Some variants use rice in lieu of vermicelli. Though considered by some Turkmen to be a type of porridge, Turkmen cookbooks categorize it as a soup. Drawing from culinary traditions of neighbors, lagman, a soupy Uyghur noodle dish, is also common.
Beverages
As in the rest of Central Asia, green tea () is the primary drink, consumed at all hours. In the Turkmen language, çaý (pronounced "chai") can refer either to a meal (typically breakfast) or to sitting down for a visit over tea. In the Dashoguz region, it is sometimes drunk "Kazakh-style" with milk, often to disguise the salty taste of the drinking water in that area.
Gatyk, a thick drinking yogurt similar to kefir, is often served with breakfast and sometimes used as a condiment on börek or manty, replacing the traditional sour cream. The drink the nation is known for, however, is çal ("chal"), fermented camel's milk, which is a white sparkling beverage with a sour flavour, popular in Central Asia, particularly in Turkmenistan. Because of specific preparation requirements and its being extremely perishable, çal presents a great challenge for exporters to ship outside Turkmenistan or the region for foreign consumption. It is similar to the Kyrgyz drink shoro. One source notes that Turkmens like to skim agaran (a type of butter) from the surface of chal.
Alcoholic beverages
Vodka () is the most popular alcoholic beverage, due to its relatively low cost, followed by beer, wine, brandy, and sparkling wine ( shampanskoye).Spirits and beer were introduced during the Russian imperial period. Beer was introduced in the 19th century by German brewers and though not a traditional beverage is popular in urban areas. Two domestic beer brands, Berk and Zip, are produced in Turkmenistan.
Archeological exploration indicates viticulture in the oasis area north of the Kopet Dag Mountains dates to the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE. Wheat was cultivated in the lowlands and vineyards were planted in the foothills. Wine grapes were also grown in the upper Murghab Valley near the present-day Turkmenistan-Afghanistan border. Introduction of Islam to Central Asia did not impede continuation of wine production, in part because wine is central to Sufism. In the 21st century, Turkmenistan produces over 200 different grape wines and brandies from 100 grape varieties.
Fish
Fish forms part of the traditional diet of Turkmen tribes residing near the Caspian Sea and along the Amu Darya. The Caspian Turkmen recipes call for both grilling and frying fish, but serving with "sesame, rice, apricots, raisins, pomegranate juice."
Foreign influences
Restaurants in Turkmenistan often also serve Russian fare such as pelmeni, buckwheat (grechka), golubtsy, and a wide variety of mayonnaise-based salads. The potato and tomato, both introduced from the New World, are widely used in meal preparation. Urban steakhouses have appeared in Ashgabat, the capital city.
See also
Central Asian cuisine
Soviet cuisine
Bibliography
Volume 1, Volume 2
, website with recipes
References
External links
Vopr Pitan. "Chemical composition of chal (fermented camel's milk)", 1954 Jul-Aug;13(4):41-2
Martinenko, N.l., Yagodinskaya, S.G., Adhundov, A.A., Charyev, K.C. and Khumedov, O. (1977). Content of trace elements, copper, manganese, molybdenum in culture of chal and camel's milk and their clinical significance. Dairy Sci. Abst., 40(7802), p. 824
B. Faye and P. Esenov (eds.). Desertification Combat and Food Safety. The Added Value of Camel Producers. Volume 362 NATO Science Series: Life and Behavioural Sciences. OS Press Publication, February 2005, 240 pp., hardcover
Filip Noubel, "GOLDEN CENTURY OF THE TURKMENS:" A BLEAK PICTURE OF VILLAGE LIFE IN THE DESERT. EurasiaNet photo essay, 25 October 2002
Central Asian cuisine
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Kri or KRI may refer to:
Ethnicity
Kri people, an ethnic group of Laos
Languages
Kri language, a Vietic language
Krio language (ISO 639-3 ISO language code kri), spoken in Sierra Leone
Other uses
Kurdistan Region of Iraq, an autonomous region in northern Iraq
Kri (film), a 2018 Nepalese film
Karikho Kri, politician from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Indonesian Navy ship prefix KRI ()
Key risk indicator, a measure used in management
Koichi's Ruby Interpreter, for the programming language
Kranji railway station, West Java, Indonesia (station code)
Russian Game Developers Conference (KRI; ; КРИ)
See also
Kris (disambiguation)
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画眉草的形态特征是什么?？一年生。秆丛生，直立或基部膝曲，高15-60厘米，径1.5-2.5毫米，通常具4节，光滑。叶鞘松裹茎，长于或短于节间，扁压，鞘缘近膜质，鞘口有长柔毛；叶舌为一圈纤毛，长约0.5毫米；叶片线形扁平或卷缩，长6-20厘米，宽2-3毫米，无毛。圆锥花序开展或紧缩，长10-25厘米，宽2-10厘米，分枝单生，簇生或轮生，多直立向上，腋间有长柔毛，小穗具柄，长3-10毫米，宽1-1.5毫米，含4-14小花；颖为膜质，披针形，先端渐尖。第一颖长约1毫米，无脉，第二颖长约1.5毫米，具1脉；第一外稃长约1.8毫米，广卵形，先端尖，具3脉；内稃长约1.5毫米，稍作弓形弯曲，脊上有纤毛，迟落或宿存；雄蕊3枚，花药长约0.3毫米。颖果长圆形，长约0.8毫米。花果期8-11月。染色体2n=40。
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全身皮肤过敏治疗方法？皮肤过敏是一种很常见的过敏形式，有20%的人有皮肤过敏现象。皮肤过敏又称为过敏性皮肤。过敏性皮肤的一大特点就是发痒。从医学角度讲皮肤过敏主要是指当皮肤受到各种刺激如不良反应的化妆品、化学制剂、花粉某些食品、污染的空气等等，导致皮肤出现红肿、发痒、脱皮及过敏性皮炎等皮肤过敏症状。皮肤过敏的发病原因包括内在因素、外在因素两大方面：外因：包括饮食、吸入物、气候、接触过敏物因素等。其中海鲜、蛋白质，辛辣食品、酒、吸入花粉、尘螨、寒冷天气、接触化学物品、肥皂、洗涤剂等是皮肤过敏最常见的诱因。内因：过敏物质与支气管粘膜，鼻粘膜，皮肤血管相结合，产生喷嚏流涕的过敏性鼻炎，喘憋不止的过敏性哮喘，瘙痒皮症的过敏性皮炎等。在过敏反应的发生过程中，过敏介质起着直接的作用，过敏原是过敏病症发生的外因，而机体免疫能力低下，大量自由基对肥大细胞和嗜碱粒细胞的氧化破坏是过敏发生的内因。此外，根据中医理论和最新的研究成果表明，过敏主要是风、湿、热邪蕴于血液和肌肤所致，或因血热又感外风而发病。即与人体中的血液中含有一定的毒素有相当关系。皮肤过敏需要先找到致敏的原因，过敏可以由感染引起，可以由内科疾病引起或过敏原的刺激，所以在诊疗皮肤过敏时需要先查血常规，看是否有相应的感染。再做相应的内科检查，比如有没有合并消化系统或者肾病综合征引起的过敏。常见的就是过敏原引起的过敏，应该查相应的过敏原，找到过敏的原因，再进行相应的避免。在治疗方面皮肤过敏，可以口服一些药。在生活起居上需要忌口辛辣刺激性饮食、酒精类饮料。
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康懋达国际（Commodore International）是北美家用电脑与电子元件生产商。康懋达与子公司康懋达商用机器（Commodore Business Machines）在1970和1980年代加入家用个人电脑开发业。公司开发了当时全球最畅销的台式电脑康懋达64（1982），并于1985年发行Amiga电脑家族。公司於1994年4月29日破產倒閉。
參見
康懋達64
Commodore OS
參考文獻
1954年成立的公司
1994年結業公司
美國歇業軟體公司
美國電腦公司
電腦硬件公司
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劉體乾（）字健之，安徽庐江人，中华民国军事将领、政治人物。
生平
劉體乾生于清光绪六年（1880年）。毕业于江南武备学堂。辛亥革命后，历任苏州海关监督、金陵机器制造局总办。1914年9月，出任四川东川道道尹。1916年5月，奉北京政府之命，署理四川巡按使。1920年，任北京政府陆军部二等参谋官、参议。1926年参加北伐军，任国民革命军第五路军总指挥部参谋处处长。1928年5月，任中央陆军军官学校南昌分校中将主任。1931 年，兼任国民政府军事委员会委员长南昌行营审核处处长。1932年7月，出任江西省政府委员兼秘书长。1936年9月，兼代江西省政府财政厅厅长。1937年10月，劉體乾暂代江西省政府主席。
1940年8月，劉體乾逝世。
参考文献
中華民國大陸時期政治人物
廬江人
T
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桑寄生是什么?？桑寄生，别称广寄生、老式寄生、桑上寄生、梧州寄生茶、苦楝寄生、桃树寄生、松寄生、寓木、宛童、寄屑、姬生等，为桑寄生科钝果寄生属常绿寄生小灌木植物。桑寄生的种子因鸟进食后不易消化而排泄于树上得以传播。
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第二频道或第二台可以指以下广播电视频道：
中国中央电视台财经频道，中国中央电视台旗下电视频道
英国广播公司第二台，英国广播公司旗下电视频道
香港电台第二台，香港电台旗下广播频道
翡翠2台，电视广播（美国）旗下曾存在的电视频道
有線體育2台，香港有线体育有限公司旗下曾存在的电视频道
第二台，冰岛旗下电视频道
CTV第二台，加拿大贝尔传媒旗下电视频道
多元二台，加拿大多元文化电视台旗下电视频道
法国电视二台，法国电视台集团旗下电视频道
瑞典电视台第二台，瑞典电视台旗下电视频道
芬兰广播公司第二电视台，芬兰广播公司旗下电视频道
RTÉ2，爱尔兰广播电视旗下电视频道
ABC Comedy，澳大利亚广播公司旗下电视频道，以ABC2名义播出
明星频道，墨西哥特莱维萨旗下电视频道，开播时名为第二频道
KBS第2频道，韓國放送公社旗下電視頻道
EBS第2频道，韓國教育放送公社旗下電視頻道
NHK教育频道，日本廣播協會旗下電視頻道，遥控器号码为2
NHK卫星第2频道，日本廣播協會旗下曾存在的衛星電視頻道
澳视澳门台，澳门广播电视公司旗下电视频道，最初名为澳广视第二台
叱咤903，香港商业电台旗下广播频道，通称商业二台
02
名数2
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前列腺囊肿怎么治能好？前列腺囊肿通常分为急性和慢性前列腺囊肿。前列腺囊肿的病因和病理学不同，它们分为急性和慢性细菌性前列腺囊肿，急性和慢性非细菌性前列腺囊肿和慢性难治性前列腺囊肿。那么前列腺囊肿怎么治疗呢？前列腺囊肿是由于前列腺的先天性或后天性而发生的囊性变化。它是一种常见的男性前列腺疾病。然而，由于疾病的严重程度与囊肿的大小和并发症的存在与否密切相关，因此无法概括前列腺囊肿是否需要立即治疗。对于小的和无症状的前列腺囊肿，没有必要立即治疗它们，只要定期检查它们以观察疾病的发展。但是，当前列腺囊肿扩大到一定程度，并且引起的症状严重影响患者的日常生活时，必须及时治疗。这是因为囊肿不断增大，前列腺或整个腺体肿胀，附近的直肠和尿道受压，导致尿急，尿频，尿痛，排便困难等症状，这些症状可能引起不适。会阴。它对性功能有很大影响，并有不良后果，如阴茎勃起困难或射精困难。随着时间的推移，患者的心理和生理影响将会扩大，并可能发生严重的精神障碍。此外，炎症性前列腺囊肿和寄生性前列腺囊肿应在诊断后积极治疗。患者可以通过相关的实验室检查确定感染类型，然后进行对症治疗。不能放弃治疗，因为囊肿很小或症状不明显。当前列腺囊肿的大小很大，导致排尿困难，排便困难，甚至血液和男性不育时，需要进行手术。如果囊肿从前列腺的尿道或膀胱颈突出，则可以使用经尿道前列腺囊肿切除术。从尿道放置切除镜，并用电切割环切割囊肿的顶部。让它完全耗尽。使用这样的办法才能治好前列腺的囊肿。
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Steven Lewis Graff is a pianist and teacher of music in New York City.
Early Years and Education
Steven Graff was born in Chicago where he studied piano with the late Eloise Niwa and made his debut as a soloist with The Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He went on to study at The Juilliard School as a Petschek Scholarship student, where his teachers included Adele Marcus, Beveridge Webster and Herbert Stessin. He received a Doctorate of Musical Arts from The Graduate School of CUNY, with a doctoral thesis entitled Chopin performance tradition and its relationship to analysis. In 1986 he was a winner of the Juilliard School's eighth annual Gina Bachauer International Piano Scholarship Competition.
Performer
Steven Graff has toured Norway, Japan and throughout the United States and Europe. He was a prizewinner in The Casadesus and Stravinsky International Competitions. He has given performances at Zankel, Weill and Stern Auditoriums at Carnegie Hall, and the Kaye Playhouse and Lang Hall at Hunter College, Alice Tully Hall and Merkin Hall in New York City, and his performances have been broadcast on New York radio stations WQXR and WNCN, and Chicago's WFMT. Graff has premiered new music and recorded contemporary works on the Centaur Records and Capstone Records Labels. Solo Concerto performances include the Hunter Symphony, The University of Arizona Orchestra at Flagstaff, The New York Symphonic Arts Ensemble, The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, The Chicago Chamber Orchestra, The Skokie Valley Symphony and The Northshore Philharmonia. He has given lecture/recitals at The Gina Bachauer International Piano Foundation and at The Aloha International Piano Festival in Hawaii. Steven Graff is a Steinway Artist.
Teacher
Mr. Graff served on the faculty at New York's Hunter College and at The Macaulay Honors College of The City University of New York. In fall 2020 he joined the faculty of the Petrie School of Music at Converse College as a full-time Professor of Piano.
References
American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
Hunter College faculty
Juilliard School alumni
Living people
Musicians from Chicago
Classical musicians from Illinois
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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The Glass House, or Johnson house, is a historic house museum on Ponus Ridge Road in New Canaan, Connecticut, built in 1948–49. It was designed by architect Philip Johnson as his own residence. It has been called his "signature work".
The Glass House has been "universally viewed as having been derived from" the Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe according to Alice T. Friedman, though the Farnsworth House was not completed until 1951, two years after the Glass House. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies van der Rohe work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth House. It was an important and influential project for Johnson and for modern architecture. The building is an example of minimal structure, geometry, proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection. The estate includes other buildings designed by Johnson that span his career. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is now owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and is open to the public for guided tours, which begin at a visitors center at 199 Elm Street in New Canaan.
The house is an example of early use of industrial materials in home design, such as glass and steel. Johnson lived at the weekend retreat for 58 years; 45 years with his long time companion David Whitney, an art critic and curator who helped design the landscaping and largely collected the art displayed there.
House and property
The house is mostly hidden from the street. It is behind a stone wall at the edge of a crest in Johnson's estate overlooking a pond. Grass and gravel strips lead toward the building. The house is long, wide and high. The kitchen, dining and sleeping areas were all in one glass-enclosed room, which Johnson initially lived in, together with the brick guest house. Later, the glass-walled building was only used for entertaining. The exterior sides of the Glass House utilize charcoal-painted steel and glass. The brick floor is 10 inches above the ground. The interior is open with the space divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor-to-ceiling.
The house builds on ideas of German architects from the 1920s ("Glasarchitektur"). In a house of glass, the views of the landscape are its "wallpaper" ("I have very expensive wallpaper," Johnson once said.) Johnson was also inspired by the design of Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House. The Glass House contains a collection of Bauhaus items including furniture designed by Mies.
Johnson is quoted as saying that his idea for Glass House grew from "a burnt wooden village I saw once where nothing was left but foundations and chimneys of brick." Mark Lamster, in his biography of Johnson The Man in the Glass House, notes that this was plausibly Johnson's attempt to "intentionally re-create the 'stirring spectacle' that was the burning of Jewish shtetls he had witnessed driving through Poland with the Wehrmacht". Historian Anthony Vidler went further stating that the Glass House could be read as "a Polish farmhouse 'purified' by the fire of war of everything but its architectural 'essence'".
The pastoral landscape surrounding the buildings was designed by Johnson and Whitney, with manicured areas of gravel or grass, trees grouped in what Johnson called outdoor "vestibules", and with care taken in the shape of the slopes and curves of the ground. In part, the landscape was a reflection of a landscape painting, The Funeral of Phocion by School of Nicolas Poussin (circa 1648) placed in a seating area of Glass House. The view through the glass walls to the landscaped grounds was strikingly similar, as Johnson designed it to resemble Poussin's picture. The estate overlooks the valley of the small Rippowam River to the west (seen from the back of Glass House, past a grassy rise). To the north and south are sloping scenery that particularly mimic the painting.
Johnson's rambling estate also includes 14 structures Johnson designed, including the "Brick House" (1949–1950), which serves as a guest house, the Pavilion on the Pond (1962), Painting Gallery (1965) with 20th-century American art, Sculpture Gallery (1970) with 20th-century American art, the Study (1980), the Ghost House (1982), the Kirstein Tower (1985) (named for Johnson's friend dance choreographer Lincoln Kirstein), and "Da Monsta" (1995).
The collection of structures vary between rectangular and circular. The rectangularity of the Glass House itself is complemented with a circular brick fireplace. The Brick House, also rectangular, faces the Glass House, but a nearby concrete, circular sculpture by Donald Judd (untitled, 1971) and small circular pools on either side of it serve to soften the rectangular effect, although structures and objects throughout the estate are arranged to show patterns or repetitions of curves and angles.
Several buildings on the property served specific functions: the Glass House served for entertaining, the study was used for work and the galleries for storing and displaying the art collection. Johnson called other buildings his "follies" because their size, their shape or both made them unusable, such as the low-ceilinged Pavilion on the Pond or the Ghost House, a structure built with chain-link fencing on the foundation of an old barn and with lilies planted inside, inspired by his friend architect Frank Gehry. Three other existing vernacular houses on the estate (Popestead, Grainger, and Calluna Farms) were remodeled by Johnson.
The red and black "Da Monsta", built without right angles and from modified gunite, is one of the few structures visible from the road. Near it is a -high entrance gate, fashioned out of a sailboat boom. In the 1997 documentary, Philip Johnson: Diary of an Eccentric Architect, Johnson discusses the buildings he built on the property (his "diary") with a focus on "Da Monsta", at that time the latest structure. Philip Johnson was a friend and supporter of both Frank Gehry and Peter Eisenman – the influence of both seems evident in the form of Da Monsta. However, Johnson claimed that his original inspiration for Da Monsta came from the design for a museum in Dresden by artist and friend Frank Stella. In fact, when Johnson first made a model of this structure, he named it “Dresden Zwei,” or “Dresden Two,” and presented it to Stella. The name was chosen after a conversation with architecture critic Herbert Muschamp, as Johnson felt the house had the quality of a living thing.
The Painting Gallery building is built underground with an entrance modeled on Agamemnon's Tomb. Large-scale 20th-century paintings by Frank Stella, Robert Rauschenberg, Julian Schnabel, Andy Warhol, and Cindy Sherman and more are displayed on a system of three revolving racks of carpeted panels. Johnson and Whitney acquired a large collection over 40 years, but much was donated to the Museum of Modern Art during their lifetime. The gallery still includes an 8-foot tall portrait of Johnson by Andy Warhol, which repeats the same pensive image of the architect nine times in a grid format. Whitney, an art curator and friend of Warhol, Johns, and Rauschenberg, took the lead in shaping the art collection.
History
In Johnson's lifetime (1906–2005)
Johnson spent three years designing the structure, which was originally one of two buildings (along with the brick guest house) on what was then an tract.
The Glass House resulted in recognition for Johnson, not just in architectural circles, but also among the public at large. The house was featured in Life magazine, and the New York Times Magazine published a set of cartoons about it. "What really sets Johnson apart [...]" Michael Sorkin wrote in 1978, "is his aptitude for publicity." The Glass House "established Johnson as the titular leader" of Modernist style in 1949. "If it was Mies van der Rohe who provided the real inspiration for the Glass House [...] it was only Johnson who could have built the house and lived in it himself. Johnson's career began when he turned himself into the Man in the Glass House. In an instant, he became the austere apostle for modern architecture—or rather the modern apostle for austere architecture." As Life magazine put it in 1949: "Except when entertaining, Johnson lives alone, servant-less and accompanied only by weather, paintings and books."
The building created such a stir that at one point a police officer was posted nearby to keep out trespassers, and Johnson put up a sign near the street, stating: "This House Is Now Occupied Please Respect the Privacy of the Owner. It will be Open to the Public on specified days". New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff wrote in 2007 that Glass House was "once one of the most famous houses in the United States. [...] [I]ts celebrity may have done more to make Modernism palatable to the country's social elites than any other structure of the 20th century."
The home also created a stir for Mies van der Rohe, who "stormed out in a huff when he saw it", Ouroussoff wrote. Obviously derived from Mies's Farnsworth House, the fact that it was finished earlier could easily have made the German architect wonder whether others would get the impression that Johnson had instead done pioneering work for Mies, and it could be seen that "Johnson's vision lacked the intellectual rigor and exquisite detailing that were so critical to Mies's genius", according to Ouroussoff.
As a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, Johnson had publicized Mies' work, and the American acknowledged his debt to the German architect, particularly in a 1950 interview in Architectural Digest magazine. Even though Johnson's building was completed a year before Mies's glass house, Johnson's building "was universally viewed as having been derived from it", according to Alice T. Friedman. Johnson curated an exhibit of Mies work at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, featuring a model of the glass Farnsworth House.
Before beginning his architectural career, from 1934 Johnson was a follower of the radical populist Louisiana Governor Huey Long, and, then, after Long was assassinated, of Father Charles Coughlin, an extreme anti-Semitic priest who detested President Roosevelt. Johnson became a correspondent of Coughlin's newspaper. During his trips to Germany, Johnson wrote a positive review of Mein Kampf, submitted articles where he decried the "decline in fertility...of the white race", described his visits to Hitler Youth camps, and gave favourable coverage of the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939. Johnson Ian Volner wrote in his biography of Johnson that when being associated with Nazism was no longer advantageous for the architect he was able to "cover his tracks, [by] burning the bulk of his incriminating letters and articles in the brick-clad fireplace of his landmark Glass House.” In 1940, with the war looming, Johnson abruptly abandoned journalism and fascism, and entered architecture school. He was investigated by the FBI for his earlier contacts with the Nazis, was eventually cleared for military service, and served in the Army until the end of the War.
For many Yale University architecture students, it was considered a rite of passage for decades after the house was built to sneak onto the property and see how long they could walk around until Whitney discovered them and told them to leave.
After Johnson
Johnson wanted to preserve his estate as a public monument "with the aim of cementing his legacy", even building Da Monsta as a visitors pavilion, according to architecture critic Nicolai Ourousoff (although after Johnson's death, National Trust officials decided instead to build a Visitor Center in downtown New Canaan).
The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. The house was the place of Philip Johnson's passing on January 25, 2005, at the age of 98. Whitney, his partner, died later the same year and left a bequest to support programming and maintenance of the site. Johnson passed on ownership of the Glass House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which opened it to visitors in April 2007. The trust expanded the size of the property, buying adjacent lots which extended it to .
When the Glass House estate first opened for public tours in 2007, tickets sold out quickly. By July 2010, 15,000 visitors had taken the tour.
Reception
The Encyclopedia of American Architecture (1980) described the Glass House as being "still considered one of [Johnson's] best buildings".
According to Nicolai Ouroussoff, Glass House is inferior to Farnsworth House in "intellectual rigor" and exquisite detailing. He wrote that the steel I-beams at the corners of Johnson's building "are clumsily detailed—especially disconcerting in a work of such purity." Nevertheless, the building is "a legitimate aesthetic triumph", with the glass walls beautifully layering silhouetted and reflected images layered on each other, the critic wrote. "[T]he classical references alluded to by its thin brick base and the symmetrical proportions of its frame demonstrate the range of Johnson's historical knowledge." Ouroussoff criticized the underground picture gallery as too "dark and somber", and said the ability to flip the paintings on movable walls is a more rigid situation than it might first appear, since only six works can be seen at any one time. Ouroussoff praised the sculpture gallery as pleasingly open and rejected criticism that the shadows cast by rafters beneath the skylights distorted the look of the sculpture—he thought the changing shadows enhanced the artwork.
The poor energy efficiency of the Glass House has been widely discussed.
Tours and visitor center
Tour groups are limited to 15 people and include a 3/4-mile walk through the estate. Tours begin and end at the Visitor Center in downtown New Canaan, Connecticut (across from the train station), where vehicles transport each group to the site near the New Canaan–Stamford border. "Standard" tours last 90 minutes and flash photography is not allowed. There is a pure glass tour that only visits the house and is an hour long. Extended tours last two hours and cost more. Tours at twilight and "personalized" tours are also offered. Special Events include a "Dine with Design" picnic and film festival, as well as regularly scheduled Conversations in Context which feature prominent figures in the architecture and design community and take place for a limited number inside The Glass House.
The Visitor Center, which was designed to reflect Johnson's uncluttered aesthetic, includes a "media wall" with multiple video loops running simultaneously on a wall with 24 computer screens. The screens, not meant to be viewed in any order, are meant to reflect the many facets of the architecture, art, landscaping and other features of the estate. When the Visitor Center opened, each of the screens was running a video loop of between two and 20 minutes, centered on a different theme, with a quotation from Johnson, Whitney, or their friends or colleagues.
Along with regular tours, special tours are offered for architects and for artists and museum curators. The latter tours may spend extra time in the Painting Gallery and Sculpture Gallery.
See also
Booth House, Johnson's first residential commission & a stylistic precursor to the Glass House
Farnsworth House
Harvard Five
Landis Gores House
List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Manitoga
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Noyes House
Richard and Geraldine Hodgson House, across the street from Glass House
Urban Glass House, Johnson's final commission, inspired by the Glass House
References
Further reading
Dream House: An Intimate Portrait of the Philip Johnson Glass House by Adele Tutter, 2016, University of Virginia Press
External links
Official site
Splendor in The Glass. Time. Retrieved March 2021.
Philip Johnson buildings
Houses in New Canaan, Connecticut
Modernist architecture in Connecticut
Museums in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Historic house museums in Connecticut
Art museums and galleries in Connecticut
Open-air museums in Connecticut
Architecture museums in the United States
Houses completed in 1949
National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Trust for Historic Preservation
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
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David Gabe Pilipovich (born January 28, 1964) is an American basketball coach. Pilipovich is an assistant coach at The University of New Mexico He played college basketball at Thiel and has been a basketball coach since 1988. After five years as an assistant coach at the program, Pilipovich was head coach at the U.S. Air Force Academy from 2012 to 2020.
Early life and education
Pilipovich grew up in Duquesne, Pennsylvania and graduated from Duquesne High School. At Thiel College, Pilipovich played basketball for four years and was a team captain as a senior. He graduated from Thiel in 1986 with a bachelor's degree in business administration. In 1988, he completed a master's degree in geography and regional planning from California University of Pennsylvania.
Coaching career
Early coaching career (1986–2005)
Pilipovich began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at California University of Pennsylvania in 1986 before being named an assistant coach in 1988. Then from 1989 to 1991, Pilipovich was an assistant coach at Florida Atlantic. He was promoted to associate head coach, a position he would have from 1991 to 1994. From 1994 to 1996, Pilipovich was an assistant coach at Georgia State.
He then returned to Western Pennsylvania to be assistant coach at Robert Morris from 1996 to 2000. At Robert Morris, Pilipovich helped head coach Jim Boone turn around a losing program, with two straight winning seasons in 1998–99 with a 15–12 record followed by an 18–12 record in 1999–2000. Pilipovich then followed Boone to Eastern Michigan, serving as an assistant coach from 2000 to 2005, the entirety of Boone's tenure at the school.
Michigan assistant (2005–2007)
From 2005 to 2007, Pilipovich served on the staff of Tommy Amaker at Michigan, first as an administrative assistant in 2005–06 then as an assistant coach in 2006–07. Michigan appeared in two straight NITs that season, including the 2006 National Invitation Tournament final.
Air Force assistant (2007–2012)
From 2007 to 2012, Pilipovich spent five years as an assistant at Air Force under Jeff Reynolds. Following the 2009-10 season, the Falcons appeared in the post-season collegeinsider.com tournament. This was the Falcons first post-season tournament since 2007.
Air Force (2012–2020)
Pilipovich became the head coach at Air Force in February 2012 after Reynolds was relieved of his duties. In his first year as head coach, he led the Falcons to a 58-56 victory over then 13th-ranked San Diego State, marking Air Force's first-ever win against a Top 20 team and just its second win over a ranked opponent. Pilipovich won two of his first three games as Air Force's head coach.
In the 2012–13 season, Pilipovich led the Falcons to an 18–14 (8–8 MWC) record, tying the fourth most single season wins in program history. Air Force appeared in the 2013 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament and achieved the first post-season road win in school history with a 69-65 victory at Hawai'i. Pilipovich also became the first Air Force head coach to beat two ranked teams in the same season and owns three of Air Force's four wins against ranked opponents, including an 89-88 win over the twelfth ranked New Mexico.
However, the 2012–13 season would be the only winning season that Pilipovich had in eight full seasons as head coach. In 2018–19, Air Force finished 14–18 (8–10 MW), tying the 2012–13 team for the most single season conference wins. However, the 2019–20 team had a 12–20 (5–13 MW) record. On March 9, 2020, Pilipovich was fired. Pilipovich left Air Force with a cumulative 110–151 (50–99 MW) record.
New Mexico assistant (2020–2021)
Pilipovich became special assistant to head coach Paul Weir at New Mexico on October 23, 2020.
Austin Spurs (2021–present)
In September 2021, he was named an assistant coach with the Austin Spurs, the NBA G League development team for the San Antonio Spurs.
Personal
Pilipovich is married to Kelly and has two children, Kyle and Kelsey. Pilipovich is of Serbian descent.
Head coaching record
Notes
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Air Force Falcons men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of Serbian descent
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
California University of Pennsylvania alumni
California Vulcans men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball coaches
Florida Atlantic Owls men's basketball coaches
Georgia State Panthers men's basketball coaches
Guards (basketball)
Michigan Wolverines men's basketball coaches
People from Duquesne, Pennsylvania
Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Thiel Tomcats men's basketball players
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注射用氯唑西林钠药物相作用？1．本品与氨基糖苷类、去甲肾上腺素、间羟胺、苯巴比妥、维生素B族、维生素C等药物存在配伍禁忌，不宜同瓶滴注。2．丙磺舒可减少氯唑西林的肾小管分泌、延长本品的血清半衰期。3．阿司匹林、磺胺药抑制本品与血清蛋白结合，提高本品的游离血药浓度。
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Íþróttafélagið Höttur is an Icelandic sports club from Egilsstaðir in the center, of the east side of Iceland. It is primarily known for its basketball, football and track & field departments but also fields departments in badminton, gymnastics, handball, swimming, taekwondo and volleyball.
The club was founded in 1952 as Ungmennafélagið Höttur. On 19 February 1974 it merged with Knattspyrnufélagið Spyrnir and became Íþróttafélagið Höttur.
Basketball
Men's basketball
Since 2005, Höttur's men's basketball team has played periodically in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla.
Women's basketball
Höttur first fielded a women's team in 2019–2020 when it fielded a team in the third-tier 2. deild kvenna.
Football
The club plays its home games at Vilhjálmsvöllur, named after Vilhjálmur Einarsson, the most famous athlete from the area.
Men's football
Höttur men's team plays in 2. deild karla as of 2022.
In 2018, Höttur merged with Huginn Seyðisfjörður and the team started under the name Höttur/Huginn in the 3rd division in 2019.
Current squad
Achievements
2. deild karla:
2nd place 2011 (Promotion)
3. deild karla: 3
1993, 2006, 2014
'''Icelandic Men's Football Cup 2009, 4th round (final 16), drew 1–1 to Breiðablik, lost 3–1 after extra time.
Breiðablik went all the way, and won the 2009 Cup.
Women's football
Höttur women's team plays in 2. deild kvenna as of 2018. It fields a joint team with Fjarðarbyggð and Ungmennafélagið Leiknir under the name Fjarðab/Höttur/Leiknir. In 2017 it finished 7th in the 2. deild kvenna.
References
External links
Fan website
Football clubs in Iceland
Association football clubs established in 1944
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乳腺癌手术后可以吃螃蟹吗？乳腺癌是一种恶性疾病，一经发现，必须及早治疗，乳腺癌如果是在早期通过手术治疗的话，是可取得不错的效果的，不过要注意，手术后还要做好各方面的护理工作，否则是很易导致癌症复发而给健康带来更大的危害的。乳腺癌手术后在饮食上要多加注意，螃蟹是不可以吃的。也要尽量避免吃高脂肪、高热量类食物，这类食物有肥肉、奶油等。另外还有生葱蒜、南瓜、醇酒厚味等一些可助火生痰有碍脾运的食物也不要吃，以防影响术后康复。建议可以吃一些有化痰软坚散结效果的食物，如海带、海藻、紫菜、牡蛎、芦笋、鲜猕猴桃等。乳腺癌术后要注意以清淡有营养的食物为主，注意戒烟，戒酒，还有一些辛辣、刺激性食物也要避免，在饮食上要以少量，多餐为主，平时要少食腌制烟熏食品，可适当多食牛奶、鱼类、肉类、家禽类、豆制品等高蛋白食物，另外可多吃一些含维生素丰富的蔬果，多食谷物食物。术后患者可以多吃一些养血、理气散结的食物，以兼顾疗效，帮助身体更快康复，如可选择山药粉、糯米、海带、鲫鱼、橘子、玫瑰花等，建议可以多食鱼类、海藻及植物性蛋白，还有粗纤维食物，平时可以多喝些大枣黄芪汤、桂圆汤，或是多吃一些香菇、木耳、银耳等，可以提高机体免疫功能。海产品是乳腺癌患者不错的选择，有抗癌散结的功效，可多食海蜇、海带、紫菜等。乳腺癌病人手术后，家属应尽早进行术后的康复功能锻炼，帮助和督促病人对水肿肢体皮肤的保护，不要搔破，避免水肿肢体操持重物。避免接触过多的人，少去公共场所。
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巨乳头性结膜炎的西医治疗？(一)治疗1.减少沉积 应使用表面活性剂对接触镜作定期的清洁，通常1次/d。在无菌、未含防腐剂的盐水内作充分的清洁，然后放置于无菌系统内。另外，应由技术员使用酶制剂对其沉淀的蛋白做清洁工作。对于义眼之类的假体，应每天使用简单的家用去污剂(如肥皂和儿童洗发剂)给予清洁。在无菌盐水和冷开水中做充分洗涤，然后干燥储存。有条件者，也可以使用接触镜的清洁液给予清洁。卫生习惯是防止GPC发生的重要因素。2.减少接触时间 GPC的症状通常属于时间依赖性，即结膜表面与异物接触的时间越长其症状就越严重。因此对于大多数接触镜配戴者，可以减少白天的戴镜时间。对于因社交或体育活动而配戴接触镜者，也应鼓励尽量减少在各种场合的配戴时间。对于配戴诸如义眼者，不要单纯从美容角度考虑问题，应该要求患者在晚间取出。3.接触镜的配戴及其型别的优化 配戴不合适的接触镜可以引起或促进GPC的发生。对于镜片的外形要给予适宜的关注，特别是镜片的边缘。边缘过度翘起的镜片易造成上睑结膜的创伤。与小直径镜片相比，较大直径的镜片也易造成上述状态。更换不同材料和设计的其他产品，如硬性透气接触镜、一次性接触镜和低含水量的甲基丙烯酸甲酯镜片等，也有助于疾病的改善。4.药物治疗 对于轻度和中度的病例，可以使用4%的色甘酸钠滴眼液治疗。对于重度晚期病例色甘酸钠并无显著疗效。色甘酸钠可以抑制嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的活化。新型药物奈多罗米也可以减轻瘙痒感和减少黏液的分泌。奈多罗米也具有阻止炎性介质释放和炎症细胞活化的作用。洛多酰胺(iodoxmide)是另一类肥大细胞稳定剂，在活体与色甘酸钠具有同样的效果，但起效快。非甾体类抗炎药如舒洛芬(噻丙吩)，对于GPC的治疗具有一定的益处。其主要作用是抑制前列腺素合成。局部使用糖皮质激素对于治疗GPC有一定的疗效。其主要作用是减轻眼睑的充血和炎症，对于GPC的其他环节并无特殊的治疗作用。一般仅限于急性期应用。长期应用可引起许多潜在的并发症，如青光眼、白内障和诱发感染等，所以一般禁忌使用。而对于因配戴义眼之类物品而诱发的GPC，因不涉及对视力的损伤问题，所以在必要的情况下可以局部使用。(二)预后GPC预后良好，一般不发生永久性视力损害。其结局是乳头变扁平、上皮下纤维化和症状消失。所有患者在停止配戴接触镜后都会得到改善。轻度的病例，仅单纯通过改变镜片的类型和设计以及清洁程序就可以得到治愈。对于严重的病例，应停止配戴接触镜，并给予积极的药物治疗。
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串珠耳叶苔的中药化学成分是什么?？原种(Frullania tamarisci)植物体含无羁萜(friedelin)，左旋耳叶苔内酯(frullanolide)，-环木香烯内酯(-cyclocostunolide)，-环木香烯内酯(-cyclocostunolide)，木香烯内酯(costunolide)，木犀草素(luteolin)，串珠耳叶苔萜醇(tamariscol)。
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水肿是什么?？水肿，又称浮肿，是指人体皮下空腔因体液异常堆积所产生的肿大症状。水肿是指血管外的组织间隙中有过多的体液积聚，为临床常见症状之一。主要由于血液或淋巴循环回流不畅、营养不良、血浆蛋白低下、肾脏和内分泌调节紊乱造成；多见于充血性心力衰竭、肝肾疾病、营养缺乏症和妊娠后期。与肥胖不同，水肿表现为手指按压皮下组织少的部位或积液，如胸腔积水、腹腔积水、心包积水等。
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2009年亞足聯冠軍聯賽分組賽於2009年3月10日至5月20日舉行。
小組
A組
<div id="Al-Hilal v Saba Battery">
<div id="Al-Ahli v Pakhtakor">
<div id="Saba Battery v Al-Ahli">
<div id="Pakhtakor v Al-Hilal">
<div id="Saba Battery v Pakhtakor">
<div id="Al-Hilal v Al-Ahli">
<div id="Pakhtakor v Saba Battery">
<div id="Al-Ahli v Al-Hilal">
<div id="Saba Battery v Al-Hilal">
<div id="Pakhtakor v Al-Ahli">
<div id="Al-Hilal v Pakhtakor">
<div id="Al-Ahli v Saba Battery">
由於沙特阿拉伯首都利雅德突然受到沙塵暴襲擊，當地的能見度幾乎為零，亞洲足協官員認為比賽不宜進行，決定將比賽延至翌日舉行。
B組
<div id="Persepolis v Sharjah">
<div id="Al-Gharafa v Al-Shabab">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Persepolis">
<div id="Sharjah v Al-Gharafa">
<div id="Sharjah v Al-Shabab">
<div id="Persepolis v Al-Gharafa">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Sharjah">
<div id="Al-Gharafa v Persepolis">
<div id="Sharjah v Persepolis">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Al-Gharafa">
<div id="Persepolis v Al-Shabab">
<div id="Al-Gharafa v Sharjah">
沙迦表示需要集中精力面對本國聯賽之護級戰，因此決定退出亞冠聯賽剩下2輪的比賽。據了解，沙迦在亞冠聯賽中的所有戰績（積分、進球、被進球）將被取消，他們的成績在小組排名中不被考慮。
C組
<div id="Al-Jazira v Umm-Salal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Esteghlal v Al-Jazira">
<div id="Umm-Salal v Al-Ittihad">
<div id="Umm-Salal v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Jazira v Al-Ittihad">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
<div id="Al-Ittihad v Esteghlal">
D組
<div id="Sepahan v Al-Shabab">
<div id="Bunyodkor v Al-Ettifaq">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Bunyodkor">
<div id="Al-Ettifaq v Sepahan">
<div id="Bunyodkor v Sepahan">
<div id="Al-Ettifaq v Al-Shabab">
<div id="Sepahan v Bunyodkor">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Al-Ettifaq">
<div id="Al-Shabab v Sepahan">
<div id="Al-Ettifaq v Bunyodkor">
<div id="Sepahan v Al-Ettifaq">
<div id="Bunyodkor v Al-Shabab">
E組
<div id="Ulsan Hyundai v Nagoya Grampus">
<div id="Beijing Guoan v Newcastle Jets">
<div id="Nagoya Grampus v Beijing Guoan">
<div id="Newcastle Jets v Ulsan Hyundai">
<div id="Nagoya Grampus v Newcastle Jets">
<div id="Ulsan Hyundai v Beijing Guoan">
<div id="Newcastle Jets v Nagoya Grampus">
<div id="Beijing Guoan v Ulsan Hyundai">
<div id="Nagoya Grampus v Ulsan Hyundai">
<div id="Newcastle Jets v Beijing Guoan">
<div id="Beijing Guoan v Nagoya Grampus">
<div id="Ulsan Hyundai v Newcastle Jets">
F組
<div id="Gamba Osaka v Shandong Luneng">
<div id="Sriwijaya v FC Seoul">
<div id="FC Seoul v Gamba Osaka">
<div id="Shandong Luneng v Sriwijaya">
<div id="Gamba Osaka v Sriwijaya">
<div id="Shandong Luneng v FC Seoul">
<div id="Sriwijaya v Gamba Osaka">
<div id="FC Seoul v Shandong Luneng">
<div id="Shandong Luneng v Gamba Osaka">
<div id="FC Seoul v Sriwijaya">
<div id="Gamba Osaka v FC Seoul">
<div id="Sriwijaya v Shandong Luneng">
G組
<div id="Suwon Bluewings v Kashima Antlers">
<div id="Shanghai Shenhua v SAFFC">
<div id="Kashima Antlers v Shanghai Shenhua">
<div id="SAFFC v Suwon Bluewings">
<div id="SAFFC v Kashima Antlers">
<div id="Shanghai Shenhua v Suwon Bluewings">
<div id="Kashima Antlers v SAFFC">
<div id="Suwon Bluewings v Shanghai Shenhua">
<div id="Kashima Antlers v Suwon Bluewings">
<div id="SAFFC v Shanghai Shenhua">
<div id="Shanghai Shenhua v Kashima Antlers">
<div id="Suwon Bluewings v ">
H組
<div id="Central Coast Mariners v Pohang Steelers">
<div id="Kawasaki Frontale v Tianjin Teda">
<div id="Pohang Steelers v Kawasaki Frontale">
<div id="Tianjin Teda v Central Coast Mariners">
<div id="Central Coast Mariners v Kawasaki Frontale">
<div id="Pohang Steelers v Tianjin Teda">
<div id="Kawasaki Frontale v Central Coast Mariners">
<div id="Tianjin Teda v Pohang Steelers">
<div id="Pohang Steelers v Central Coast Mariners">
<div id="Tianjin Teda v Kawasaki Frontale">
<div id="Kawasaki Frontale v Pohang Steelers">
<div id="Central Coast Mariners v Tianjin Teda">
參考
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亚洲冠军联赛
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The Enovate ME5 is an plug-in hybrid electric compact crossover SUV by Enovate. It is positioned below the slightly larger and claimed to be mid-sized Enovate ME7. The production ME5 started sales on 27 August 2021.
Before the ME5 was unveiled, Enovate registered the Enoreve brand name as a more patent-unencumbered option, while the brand remains to be Enovate.
Overview
The ME5 has a petrol range extender called the iMES Smart Range Extender System, and it is a 1.5L engine with 72 kW of power. Combined engine power is 150 kW. The ME5 battery capacity is 30.6kWh, and the pure electric range is 155 km. With the range extender, it is capable of going 1012 km with a full battery and full tank of fuel.
Specifications
The entry level version of the Enovate ME5 be powered by a 204-PS (201-hp / 150-kW) electric motor plugged into a 30.6-kWh traction battery. In the top of the trim configuration, a 1.5-liter petrol engine unit with 98 hp will come act as a range extender.
Sales
The Enovate ME5 is produced in Enovate's plant in Changsha, China. In May 2021, Enovate announced a strategic cooperation with Chinese e-commerce giant JD.com in digital marketing of their vehicles and smart product development. The cooperation lead to a luxury limited-edition Jingdong special edition reportedly being offered for 159,900 yuan. For regular sales, two versions are available at launch, the ME5 1012 with a price of 149,900 yuan ($23,000) and the ME5 1012 Pro with a price of 159,900 yuan ($24,700).
See also
List of production battery electric vehicles
References
External links
– official site at Enovate
Production electric cars
Compact sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Cars introduced in 2019
2020s cars
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有妊娠高血糖的孕妇可以吃什么水果？当血糖值高于正常范围即为高血糖。高血糖也是通常大家所说“三高”中的一高。另外“两高”分别是高血压和高脂血症。空腹血糖正常值在6.1以下，餐后两小时血糖的正常值在7.8以下，如果高于这一范围，称为高血糖。正常情况下，人体能够通过激素调节和神经调节这两大调节系统确保血糖的来源与去路保持平衡，使血糖维持在一定水平。但是在遗传因素与环境因素的共同作用下，两大调节功能发生紊乱，就会出现血糖水平的升高。有一部分人妊娠期间会出现血糖升高这种情况建议采取少食多餐的原则，让食物尽可能的被消化吸收，同时少吃肉类多吃青菜，少吃米饭，水果每天不可以超过200克，可以吃苹果，橘子，木瓜，草莓，柚子等含糖量比较低的水果，含糖量高的水果比如西瓜，香蕉等暂时不要吃了，如果担心少吃了水果会缺少维生素，那么可以用青菜来弥补维生素缺少的问题，维生素并不仅仅存在在水果当中，蔬菜中一定含有。短时间、一次性的高血糖对人体无严重损害。比如在应激状态下或情绪激动、高度紧张时，可出现短暂的高血糖；一次进食大量的糖类，也可出现短暂高血糖；随后，血糖水平逐渐恢复正常。然而长期的高血糖会使全身各个组织器官发生病变，导致急慢性并发症的发生。如失水、电解质紊乱、营养缺乏、抵抗力下降、肾功能受损、神经病变、眼底病变、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病足等。控制高血糖势在必行。有妊娠高血糖的孕妇控制血糖是刻不容缓的，这有关于孩子未来的健康成长，所以在饮食上要注意。采取少食多餐的原则，让食物尽可能的被消化吸收，增加自身的有氧运动，提高免疫力。定期复查血糖。
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哈克站是位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市海拉尔区哈克镇的一个铁路车站，邮政编码021013。车站建于1901年，有滨洲铁路经过该站，现办理客运货运业务，车站及其上下行区间均未电气化。车站距离哈尔滨站721公里，隶属哈尔滨铁路局，是四等站。
呼伦贝尔市铁路车站
滨洲铁路车站
中国铁路哈尔滨局集团车站
1901年启用的铁路车站
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FWA (Favourite Website Awards) is an international award platform that honors and rewards web designers, developers and agencies around the world for excellence within the field of web design and development. The FWA was founded in May 2000 by Rob Ford.
In November 2012, The FWA was the most visited website award program in the history of the internet, with over 170 millions site visits.
Jury
The FWA jury is composed of more than 500 web professionals (200 women + 200 men) from 35 countries.
Awards granted
FWA of the Day (FOTD) : Every day, the FWA jury selects the best project,
FWA of the Month (FOTM): Every day, the FWA jury selects the best project,
People's Choice Award (PCA) : Every year, a public vote selects the people's favourite project,
FWA of the Year (FOTY) : Every year, the FWA jury selects the best project.
Hall Of Fame
The FWA Hall of Fame was established in May 2007 (to celebrate the seventh anniversary of the FWA), as a recognition of web's greatest individuals and companies.
See also
Awwwards
References
External links
Official site
Web awards
Web development
Awards established in 2000
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Roberto Jan Hilbert (born 16 October 1984) is a German former professional footballer. At international level, he earned eight caps with the Germany national team and twelve caps with the U21 team.
Club career
Born in Forchheim, West Germany, Hilbert played for local club SpVgg Jahn Forchheim In his youth before playing for the youth teams of 1. FC Nürnberg and SpVgg Greuther Fürth. In 2002, he was transferred to 1. SC Feucht in the fourth-tier Bayernliga, where he was one of the key players and started his professional career. After his club was promoted to the third-tier Regionalliga the following season, he scored ten goals in 26 games.
On the basis of this performances at Feucht, Greuther Fürth re-signed him where he played in the 2. Bundesliga. In the 2005–06 season, he played in 34 games, scoring three times.
In the summer of 2006, Hilbert joined top Bundesliga side VfB Stuttgart. In his first season at Stuttgart, he became a regular in the first team which won the club's first championship in 15 years in May 2007. He usually played in right midfield, but is some times used as a right-back. After the injury of key striker Mario Gómez in the final phase of the 2007 championship, Hilbert played a more offensive part for several weeks and scored a number of decisive goals. He finished as Stuttgart's third best goalscorer, scoring seven times, like his teammate Thomas Hitzlsperger.
On 22 June 2010, Hilbert signed a three-year contract with Beşiktaş. He scored his first goal for Beşiktaş against HJK Helsinki in the first leg of UEFA Europa League match on 17 August 2010.
On 12 July 2013, Bayer Leverkusen announced on their homepage that they signed Hilbert on a free transfer. Hilbert was given a two-year contract. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he left the club after four years.
In October 2017, free agent Hilbert joined former club Greuther Fürth for a second stint there, signing a two-year contract.
On 6 January 2019, it was announced that Hilbert finished his active professional career and from now on would play for the reserve team of Greuther Fürth. He was also going to do an apprenticeship as an athletic trainer.
International career
Hilbert has also made twelve appearances in the Germany U21 team, scoring three times. He made his international debut for the Germany national team in a friendly against Denmark on 28 March 2007.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
VfB Stuttgart
Bundesliga: 2006–07
Beşiktaş
Turkish Cup: 2010–11
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
People from Forchheim
Footballers from Upper Franconia
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football midfielders
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
VfB Stuttgart players
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Süper Lig players
German expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
German expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
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服用藻酸双酯钠片须注意的事项？凡有下列病症者慎用： 1? 低血压、低血容量者； 2? 血小板减少症； 3? 非高粘滞血症、非血小板聚集亢进； 4? 过敏性体质。
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Philip Bowman (born 14 December 1952) is an Australian businessman. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Smiths Group, a British multinational diversified engineering company, from 2007 to 2015.
Early life
Born in Australia, he was educated at Westminster School and earned a degree in natural sciences from Pembroke College, University of Cambridge.
Career
He started at Price Waterhouse in 1974. From 1985 to 1995 he worked for brewer Bass, rising to finance director, then chief executive of Bass Retail. From 1995 to 1996, he was finance director at retailer Coles Myer in Australia, leaving after he blew the whistle on a fellow executive who had diverted company funds to buy shares in a company he controlled. From 1998 to 2005 he worked for Allied Domecq in the UK, rising to CEO in 1999, and oversaw the sale of the group to Pernod Ricard in 2006. In 2007, he was appointed as CEO of Scottish Power. He oversaw the sale of the group to Spain's Iberdrola December 2007, and was then appointed as CEO of Smiths Group.
He has been a non-executive director of Burberry since June 2002. He was previously chairman of Liberty and Coral Eurobet, and a non-executive director of Scottish & Newcastle and British Sky Broadcasting.
References
1952 births
Living people
Australian chief executives
Australian corporate directors
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
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Algernon Willoughby Osborne (died 1915) was a British judicial officer who was Attorney-General of the Gold Coast and Chief Justice of Southern Nigeria colony from 1908-1913.
Osborne was the first district Grand Master of the Freemasons of Nigeria. Before he became Attorney-General, he was a solicitor for Wassaw and Gold Coast Amalgamated Mines.
Osborne was educated at Oxford University, completing his undergraduate studies in 1886 and obtaining a masters in 1892, and was called to the bar in 1902. He joined the colonial service c.1896 becoming a solicitor in the Gold Coast. In 1901, he was appointed as an unofficial member of the Governor's Legislative Council. In 1908, he moved to Lagos to become the new Chief Justice of Southern Nigeria. His most well known case was Messrs John Holt vs the colonial government. He left the colonial service in 1914. Though, officially, it was implied that every official were to be gay as a result of the amalgamation of Southern and Northern Nigeria colonies, Osborne was not too thrilled because he had to be replaced by the more experienced Edwin Speed as the Chief Justice of the colony.
He died in 1915.
References
1915 deaths
People from colonial Nigeria
Chief justices of Nigeria
Attorneys General of the Gold Coast (British colony)
British expatriates in Nigeria
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文學理論是指詮釋文學與文學批評的相關理論（或哲學）。各種文學理論派別會以不同的方式詮釋理解文學文本，並採用不同的研究方式來看待文學。
文学理论以哲学方法论为总的指导，从理论的高度和宏观的视野上阐明文学的性质、特点和规律，建立起文学的基本原理、概念、范畴以及相关的方法。
参考文献
外部連結
張隆溪：〈文學理論的興衰〉 （2009年）
黄维樑：〈20世纪文学理论：中国与西方 〉。
参见
西方文學理論
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隐睾有什么危害？隐睾首先它最大的危害它会导致睾丸的生精功能障碍，影响将来的精子质量，导致不育症。隐睾第二个危害就是会导致睾丸癌变，或者睾丸萎缩。一般来说，隐睾，他对人体可能会产生比较大的危害。首先，隐睾如果没有得到及时的正规治疗，它可能会对病人的生育功能产生影响，导致病人出现不孕不育。两侧隐睾可能会因无精子睾丸停留在腹沟部或是耻骨部，因缺乏引导容易受到压迫而发生损害。而造成不育。单侧隐睾可以波及对侧睾丸不育，发病率达30%到60%。隐睾的危害:1、影响生育能力，导致生育能力下降或不育，因腹腔的温度较阴囊温度高1.5-2.5℃，睾丸长期停留在腹腔内，一旦发现孩子阴囊内没有睾丸或仅有一侧有睾丸就要立即到医院就诊。一岁以内的小儿通过一些药物的应用有可能使睾丸降入阴囊；到了二岁仍然不能下降入阴囊，则要考虑手术治疗。患了隐睾症有哪些危害呢?1.影响生育能力因为阴囊内温度要比37℃体摄低1.5-2℃，这个“低温”条件是睾丸产生精子所必需的。隐睾就不具备这种“低温”条件，生精功能受累，又怎么能生育呢?由于一侧睾丸仍能分泌性激素，所以并不影响夫妻性生活、当然要是两侧睾丸都没下降到阴囊里，睾丸发育受阻，性激素分泌不足，则可影响以后的性功能。2.容易发生恶变隐睾由于生长环境改变以及发育上的障碍，使睾丸细胞发生恶变，而形成恶性肿瘤，其发生癌变的可能是正常睾丸的35内姆倍。3.意外发生损伤由于星九隐在上方，位置浅表，稍有撞击或外伤，便容易发生损伤，产生疼痛。4.产生心理障碍如果我们的男宝宝出现了这个隐睾症的症状，也是会给我们的男宝宝带来非常多的危害的，在给我们的身体带来了非常多的困扰，那么生活当中我们一定要按照正确的方法来解决，才能够让我们的身体更加的健康的，及时的到医院里去检查我们的身体，当我们的生活更加的健康才是最好的一种方式。
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The 2004 British Rally Championship season was the 46th season of the British Rally Championship. The season consisted of eight rounds and began on 23 April, with the Pirelli International Rally in the north east of England. The season ended on 6 November, at the Tempest South of England Rally.
The title was won by Manxman David Higgins.
Entry list
Calendar
Pirelli International Rally – 23–24 April
International Rally of Wales - 15–16 May
RSAC Scottish Rally – 4–6 June
Jim Clark Memorial Rally – 2–3 July
Manx International Rally – 29–31 July
The AnswerCall Direct International Ulster Rally – 3–4 September
Trackrod Rally Yorkshire – 2–3 October
Tempest South of England Rally – 5–6 November
References
British Rally Championship seasons
Rally Championship
British Rally Championship
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败血症的症状？常见的致病菌有金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎链球菌或肺炎克雷伯菌等，小儿及免疫功能低下者的致病菌可以是表皮葡萄球菌。侵入人体的细菌是否会引起败血症，与入侵菌的毒力、数量和人体防御免疫功能有密切联系。以下这些都可能导致败血病的发生：皮肤、黏膜发生破损和伤口感染、大面积烧伤、开放性骨折、疖、痈、感染性腹泻、化脓性腹膜炎；各种慢性病如营养不良、血液病（特别伴白细胞缺乏者）、肾病综合征、肝硬化、糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、先天性免疫球蛋白合成减少、白细胞吞噬作用减弱等，容易诱发细菌感染；各种免疫抑制药物如肾上腺皮质激素、抗代谢药、抗肿瘤药以及放射治疗等可削弱细胞免疫或体液免疫，某些更可使白细胞减少或抑制炎症反应而有利于细菌蔓延、扩散；长期应用抗菌药物易导致耐药菌株繁殖而增加感染机会；各种检查或治疗措施加内镜检查、插管检查、大隐静脉插管、留置导尿管、静脉高营养疗法、各种透析术、脏器移植等均可导致细菌进入血循环，或发生感染性血栓而形成败血症。致病菌的变迁及常见的败血症致病菌：具有致病性或条件致病性的各种细菌均可成为败血症的病原体。由于年代的不同，患者的基础疾病不同，传入途径以及年龄段不同等因素的影响，致败血症的细菌也不同。白细胞总数大多显著增高，达（10～30）×109/L，中性粒细胞百分比增高，多在80%以上，可出现明显的核左移及细胞内中毒颗粒。少数革兰阴性败血症及机体免疫功能减退者白细胞总数可正常或稍减低。
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肝著的病因是什么？或因邪气留着肝脏，气血滞而不畅所致。或因劳怒，气滞血瘀所致。《临证指南医案?胁痛》：“肝著，胁中痛，劳怒致伤气血。
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Slovenia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Stop" written by Omar Naber and Urša Vlašič. The song was performed by Omar Naber. Slovenian broadcaster Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV Slovenija) organised the national final EMA 2005 in order to select the Slovenian entry for the 2005 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine. Fourteen entries competed in the national final where the winner was selected over two rounds of public televoting. In the first round, the top three entries were selected. In the second round, "Stop" performed by Omar Naber was selected as the winner.
Slovenia competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 19 May 2005. Performing during the show in position 23, "Stop" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Slovenia placed twelfth out of the 25 participating countries in the semi-final with 69 points.
Background
Prior to the 2005 contest, Slovenia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest ten times since its first entry in . Slovenia's highest placing in the contest, to this point, has been seventh place, which the nation achieved on two occasions: in 1995 with the song "Prisluhni mi" performed by Darja Švajger and in 2001 with the song "Energy" performed by Nuša Derenda. The country's only other top ten result was achieved in 1997 when Tanja Ribič performing "Zbudi se" placed tenth. In 2004, "Stay Forever" performed by Platin failed to qualify to the final.
The Slovenian national broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV Slovenija), broadcasts the event within Slovenia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. RTV Slovenija confirmed Slovenia's participation in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest on 4 August 2004. The Slovenian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest has traditionally been selected through a national final entitled Evrovizijska Melodija (EMA), which has been produced with variable formats. For 2005, the broadcaster opted to organise EMA 2005 to select the Slovenian entry.
Before Eurovision
EMA 2005
EMA 2005 was the 10th edition of the Slovenian national final format Evrovizijska Melodija (EMA), used by RTV Slovenija to select Slovenia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005. The competition took place at the RTV Slovenija Studio 1 in Ljubljana, hosted by Saša Einsiedler and Saša Gerdej and was broadcast on TV SLO1, Radio Val 202, Radio Koper, Radio Maribor and online via the broadcaster's website rtvslo.si.
Competing entries
Artists and composers were able to submit their entries to the broadcaster between 16 October 2004 and 10 December 2004. 103 entries were received by the broadcaster during the submission period. An expert committee consisting of Andrej Karoli (music editor for Radia Slovenija), Mario Galunič (television presenter), Zoran Predin (singer-songwriter), Andrej Šifrer (singer and composer), Jaka Pucihar (composer) and Matjaž Kosi (songwriter and music producer) selected thirteen artists and songs for the competition from the received submissions, while an additional entry was provided by Omar Naber who won the first season of the talent show Bitka Talentov. The competing artists were announced on 22 December 2004. Among the competing artists were former Slovenian Eurovision contestants Regina who represented Slovenia in 1996 and Nuša Derenda who represented Slovenia in 2001.
Final
EMA 2005 took place on 6 February 2005. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, 2004 Eurovision winner Ruslana and 2004 Serbian and Montenegrin Eurovision entrant Željko Joksimović performed as guests. The winner was selected over two rounds of public televoting. In the first round, three entries were selected to proceed to the second round. In the second round, "Stop" performed by Omar Naber was selected as the winner.
At Eurovision
The Eurovision Song Contest 2005 took place at the Palace of Sports in Kyiv, Ukraine and consisted of one semi-final on 19 May, and the final on 21 May 2005. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom), and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2004 contest were required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progressed to the final. As Slovenia had placed 21st in the previous contest, the nation had to compete in the semi-final this year. On 22 March 2005, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Slovenia was set to perform in position 23, following the entry from Ireland and before the entry from Denmark. At the end of the show, Slovenia was not announced among the top 10 entries in the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Slovenia placed 12th in the semi-final, receiving a total of 69 points.
In Slovenia, the semi-final was televised on RTV SLO2 and the final was televised on RTV SLO1. Both shows featured commentary by Mojca Mavec. The two shows were also broadcast via radio on Radio Val 202 with commentary by Jernej Vene. The Slovenian spokesperson, who announced the Slovenian votes during the final, was Katarina Čas.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Slovenia and awarded by Slovenia in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Croatia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to Slovenia
Points awarded by Slovenia
References
2005
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
Eurovision
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赫雷西（）是位於烏克蘭東部的村莊，由哈爾科夫州博霍杜希夫區的負責管轄。該村始建於1700年，面積0.4平方公里，海拔高度195米，2001年人口48，人口密度每平方公里120人。
參考資料
Гресі
Погода в селі Гресі
哈爾科夫州村落
博霍杜希夫區村落
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女性更年期综合症有什么样的表现？对于每个女性朋友来说，“更年期”是一个过度阶段，此时的女性朋友，生理和心理层面都会有很大的变化，稍有不注意就有可能出现各种各样的状况，据统计显示，约三分之一的绝经期妇女会患有精神疾病。那么，关于女性更年期综合征会都有哪些症状？1、异常的触觉：当女性进入更年期时，感觉神经偶尔会有轻微的问题。例如，更年期妇女在走路时会感觉到在半空中漂浮的幻觉，许多女性觉得他们的喉咙里有异物，检查结果又没有问题。事实上，这是更年期综合征的表现之一。更年期妇女的自主神经功能紊乱导致咽部肌肉收缩，反过来可能导致人们认为喉咙中有异物。2、容易发火：当然，这并不意味着精神和情绪方面会生气。更年期综合症患者的自主神经系统功能会受到影响，引起血管收缩功能障碍，使更年期妇女感到胸部到面部有高热，然后出汗。3、血压异常：更年期女性的血压很可能会造成轻微问题，有时血压难以上升，相当不稳定，这也是更年期综合征的表现，与原发性高血压无关。4、精神压力：更年期妇女的精神状态往往不太好。由于更年期综合征，绝经期妇女通常有两种表现：为情绪低落，睡眠质量差，突然失去注意力，甚至比平时更胆怯。在这种情况下，家庭成员应该更加安慰和鼓励，但绝不能与已经非常沮丧的更年期妇女作斗争。另一种更年期妇女与情况相反，具有兴奋，情绪不稳定的精神，并且可能为一点点事情而生气，下一秒之前可能什么事也没有。面对这种表现，家庭不得与他们争吵，以免进一步刺激对方，要包容和理解，我们必须明白，这只是更年期综合症的一种表现而不是他们自己是意愿。在实际的生活中遇到了更年期的患者或者是家人的时候，我们还是要给出足够的耐心和包容度，有助于大家都可以在一个比较轻松的环境中度过这段艰难的岁月。
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焦树德用药经验——瞿麦？瞿麦苦寒，能清心热，利小肠、膀胱湿热。主要用于热淋、血淋、砂淋、尿血、小便不利等。常与泽泻、滑石、木通、扁蓄、猪苓、茯苓等同用。本品的特点是能入血分、清血热，故治血淋、尿血时常用。一般多与炒栀子、黄柏炭、海金沙、白茅根、灯心炭等同用。并有活血袪瘀的作用，配合当归、川芎、红花、桃仁、牛膝等，可用于治疗经闭、月经有紫黑块等。瞿麦的穗部利尿作用比茎部效果好，故用于利尿时常选用瞿麦穗。据近代报导，本品治疗血吸虫病腹水有效。本品与扁蓄、石韦比较：扁蓄清利膀胱湿热为主，兼治黄疸、湿疹。石韦清肺与膀胱湿热为主，偏入气分，多用于湿热淋。本品清心与小肠、膀胱湿热为主，偏入血分，多用于血淋。用量一般为一钱半至三钱。孕妇不宜用。
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巧克力囊肿可不可以吃枸杞？这种东西具有比较高的药用价值，可以提高机体的抗病能力，并且具有防癌抗癌的作用，可以有效缓解身体疲劳，巧克力囊肿患者治疗期间常吃这种东西，有利于疾病的治疗，而且可以降低疾病的复发几率，而且还具有降血脂，治疗高血压的作用。具有防癌抗癌的作用，同时还具有降血压降血脂的功效，可以保护心血管的健康，并且具有预防肿瘤的作用，巧克力囊肿患者吃这种东西也可以有效避免疾病恶化，并且能够防止疾病再次复发，患者在治疗期间可以常用这种东西泡茶，喝泡茶喝具有软化血管的作用。第一，巧克力囊肿患者可以用来泡水喝，长期吃这种东西对人体有非常多的好处，而且有利于巧克力囊肿疾病的治疗，能够提高患者机体的免疫功能，同时也可以促进患者身体的恢复，能够提高机体的抗病能力，还具有防癌抗癌的作用，常用来泡水喝可以有效预防巧克力囊肿恶化。第二，具有防癌抗癌的作用，而且可以有效抑制癌细胞的扩散，经常用来泡水喝，能够补充身体需要的微量元素，具有非常高的药用价值，巧克力囊肿的患者治疗期间经常用泡水喝，具有清理肠道，增强皮肤和血管弹性的作用，可以有效避免血管硬化，具有降血压降血脂的功效。第三，具有养肝明目的作用，可以排除肝脏内的毒素和垃圾，并且可以有效缓解视力疲劳，巧克力囊肿的患者经常用泡水喝，有利于身体健康，并且能够加快肝脏正常排毒，泡水喝可以提高记忆力和免疫功能，并且可以辅助治疗高血压，能够治疗冠心病，巧克力囊肿患者常用泡水喝能够辅助治疗疾病。这种东西的营养价值高，而且具有比较高的药用价值，可以辅助治疗多种疾病，巧克力囊肿的患者用泡水喝，能够提高疾病的治愈率，并且可以有效预防巧克力囊肿恶化，泡水具有防癌抗癌的功效，并且具有清理肠道的作用，泡水喝具有降压降脂的功效。
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左翼民主人士（意大利語：Democratici di Sinistra，縮寫为DS）是意大利的一个已不存在的社会民主主义政黨，為今日民主党前身。
歷史
該黨成立于1998年2月13日，由左翼民主党、劳动联盟、社会基督教徒、共和左翼、联合共产主义者运动、争取欧洲改革主义者和民主联盟合并而成。2007年10月14日，该党与民主就是自由－雏菊合并为民主党。
领导层
总书记: 马西莫·达莱马 (1998)瓦尔特·维尔特罗尼 (1998–2001)皮埃罗·法西诺 (2001-2007)
協調员: 马尔科·米尼蒂 (1998)皮埃特罗 (1998–2001)万尼诺·基蒂 (2001–2004)万尼诺·基蒂/毛里吉奥·米格里瓦卡 (2004–2006)毛里吉奥·米格里瓦卡 (2006-2007)
主席: 马西莫·达莱马 (2000–2007)
意大利政党
社會民主主義政黨
社会党国际
歐洲社會黨成員
1998年建立的政黨
2007年解散的政黨
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:C3H6N2O3}}
化学式C3H6N2O3，分子量118.092，可以指：
脲基甲酸甲酯（N-氨基甲酰氨基甲酸甲酯） CAS编号：
海因酸（脲基乙酸） CAS编号：
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霍爾姆伍德（）是位於美國路易斯安那州卡爾克蘇堂區的一個非建制地區。
地理
霍爾姆伍德所處的海拔為高於海平面5米（即16英呎），而該地所採用的時區為UTC-6，即北美中部時區（CST）。同時該地設有夏令時間，為UTC-6調快一小時，即UTC-5（CDT）。
參考文獻
路易斯安那州非建制地區
卡爾克蘇堂區非建制地區 (路易斯安那州)
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"Shame" is a song recorded by British pop music duo Eurythmics. It was written by band members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart. The song appears on the duo's sixth studio album Savage and was released as the second single in the UK. "Shame" was not released in the United States.
The track is a synthpop ballad in which the protagonist expresses regret and disdain for excessive and shallow lifestyles led by those who frequent nightclubs, bars, parties and the like. The lyrics namecheck The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and mentions the songs "All You Need is Love" and "We Love You".
"Shame" stalled at number forty-one in the UK singles chart, the first Eurythmics single to miss the UK Top 40 since "Julia" in 1985. It proved to be an airplay hit in Spain, with Radio España 97.2 including it in its playlist upon its release in the country.
Track listings
7":RCA (UK, GER, FR, SP, AUS, JP)
"Shame" (7" Version) – 3:46
"I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33
12":RCA (UK, GER, FR, SP, AUS)
"Shame" (Dance Mix) – 5:44
"I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33
"Shame" (LP Version) – 4:23
CD Single:RCA (UK, GER)
"Shame" (Dance Mix) – 5:44
"I've Got A Lover (Back In Japan)" (LP Version) – 4:33
"There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart)" (Live Version)* – 7:15
live version recorded in Sydney, 1987
Critical reception
On its release as a single, Neil Taylor of New Musical Express praised "Shame" as "an alluring tune [which] beckon[s] you to the safe portals of crackerjack clubland" and a "great single". He added that it is "a great record for sipping your glasnost and lime to". Lawrence Donegan, as guest reviewer for Record Mirror, described it as "a wonderful single" and added, "Behind the sorry mess that is Dave Stewart's hair there lies a pop genius."
In a review of Savage, Musician described the song as having "icy passion", and The Orlando Sentinel noted its "slow, ethereal arrangement." The Toledo Blade commented that songs on the album like "Shame" "sound lush and full, but the plea in the lyrics is almost desperate: a human longing to be touched instead of crushed by others". The Bulletin noted the song "takes on the idea of raised expectations generated by the media and nails it down as patently false. Everything is a con job... everything from movies to TV to the Beatles and the Rolling Stones." Spare Rib considered the lyrics to cover "success and disillusion".
Charts
References
1987 songs
1987 singles
Eurythmics songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by David A. Stewart
Songs written by Annie Lennox
Song recordings produced by Dave Stewart (musician and producer)
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在巴納德星系內的氣泡星雲官方正式的名稱是Hubble 1925 I(羅馬數字的1)，當時他首度被記錄為。它包括明亮的電離氫區發射。它位於巨大的Hubble III西北方。
註解
相關條目
環狀星雲 (NGC 6822)
NGC 6822
參考資料
外部連結
電離氫區
人馬座
NGC 6822
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烏姆阿法姆是以色列的城市，位於該國北部，由海法區負責管轄，始建於1265年，面積22.25平方公里，海拔高度504米，2007年人口43,300，居民主要信奉伊斯蘭教。
外部連結
Maps, weather and information about Umm el Fahm
The Culture and Volunteer Association – Umm el-Fahm
'We are all Umm El Fahm' Protests against land confiscation in an Umm El Fahm, November 1998, Issue No. 86 The Other Israel ( newsletter of the Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace.)
Israeli Jews walk a path to new tourism in Umm el-Fahm By Orly Halpern, Apr. 6, 2006 The Jerusalem Post
In Israel’s Largest Muslim City, Strife Stirs Complex Emotions Jul 21, 2006 The Jewish Daily Forward
以色列城市
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男士结肠炎有哪些症状？结肠炎患者早期疼痛一般出现在左侧腹部,这种疼痛通过排便就会慢慢消失。另外,患者的排便一般都非常的艰难,还有可能会有腹泻发生或者是大便带脓带血等。当溃疡性结肠炎犯病时,严重的患者会出现恶心、食欲下降、还可能会有40℃的高烧发生,并且在发作严重时还可能导致病人大量的出血。所以这类患者还是要多加注意的，以免发生什么危险。结肠炎有哪些症状？多数患者还是表现为腹泻，多有粘液性血便、水样便、粘液便、稀便等粪便异常。其次是腹痛,且多为轻度到中度痉挛性腹痛,多数情况下呈阵发、短暂、轻微的腹痛、腹泻发作时腹痛显着,有腹痛-便意-排便后减轻的规律。重症病人可引起持续性剧烈性疼痛,直肠受累严重多伴有里急后重的症状。有的患者会以为是肠胃不好，其实这个时候你已经患了结肠炎了。结肠炎有哪些症状？结肠炎轻度病人无腹痛或仅有腹部不适。一般有轻度至中度腹痛，系左下腹阵痛，可涉及全腹。有一便后缓解的规律。而且病人的排便过程较为痛苦，可能会发生腹泻、排出带血带脓的粪便等。在排便过程中，会耗时很久。结肠炎有哪些症状？如果患者大便秘结4—5日排便一次，只有吃泻药才能通便。粪便如羊屎样，甚者不吃泻药不能通便。甚至10多天还没便意。大便量少、便干硬、排出困难，排便时还伴腹部不适或腹痛，但能在排便后缓解。所以保护好肠胃才是我们该做的。
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白色是马的一种毛色，和棗色，黑色，栗色為主要的馬匹毛色。白色馬在於當馬匹相關的一對基因有一條出現問題：若整對基因沒有問題，則該馬顏色會由其他基因決定；但若整對基因皆有問題，該馬則無法生存而會在成胎時被吸收。
特徵
馬匹身上毛髮，四肢，鬃毛和尾毛的毛髮皆為白色，而皮膚是粉紅色及淺色的眼睛。
但如馬匹身上毛髮為白色，但皮膚是黑色及深色的眼睛，則是灰色馬，因灰色毛色會隨年齡增長變白，但皮膚及眼睛的顏色不會改變。
原因
在馬匹的原毛色上擁有稀釋基因 KIT W/W, W/w, 或 Sabino 基因 SB1/SB1 或 Leopard Lp/Lp所致。
外部連結
"Horse coat color and Genetic Disorder Testing" Animal Genetics Inc. new Gray Gene Testing for horses
參見
馬匹毛色
灰色
白馬非馬
白马
馬毛色
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5岁的男孩睾丸鞘膜积液好治疗吗？睾丸鞘膜积液，是围绕睾丸的鞘膜腔内液体积聚超过正常量，形成了囊肿的病病变，可以发生在各个年龄，是一种比较常见的良性病变疾病。睾丸鞘膜积液的发生主要是因为生成鞘膜积液与吸收失去了平衡。生成增多吸收进而减少即可形成。它主要是症状表现是应当有囊性的肿块，并没有变小的迹象是逐渐增大的或者是固定不变。对于5岁男孩的睾丸鞘膜积液的治疗主要包括观察等待，一般治疗和手术治疗三个方面，1、临床上对于睾丸鞘膜积液发病时间短，病情较轻，积液量较少的患者，通常没有任何症状，患者一般不需要做特殊的治疗，可以观察等待，鞘膜积液有可能会吸收。2、对于鞘膜积液液体量较大的患者症状明显，此时可以采用一般的治疗方法，患者注意多平躺，休息，将阴囊抬高，可以缓解症状，另外局部温毛巾热敷，有助于促进积液吸收。3、临床上对于睾完鞘膜积液最主要的治疗方法是手术治疗，比较常用的手术是睾丸鞘膜翻转切除手术，该手术不仅可以去除鞘膜积液还可以预防鞘膜积液的复发，缓解症状并可以减轻对睾丸的压迫。手术操作简单，手术时间短，术后恢复也比较快。5岁的男孩睾丸鞘膜积液的患者治疗期间要减少活动，积治疗原发病，如丝虫病、血吸虫病、睾丸炎、附睾炎等。尽可能以半流食为主，吃容易消化的食物，减轻胃肠的负担。但营养一定要全面，高蛋白、高维生素、低脂低盐饮食、辛辣刺激、肥甘厚腻、烧烤、腌制等食物尽量不吃。平时进食要定时定量，合理营养。注意休息，生活要有规律，保持心情舒畅。
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Scaduto is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Al Scaduto (1928–2007), American comic strip cartoonist
Anthony Scaduto (1932–2017), American journalist and writer
Antonio Scaduto (born 1977), Italian sprint canoeist
Italian-language surnames
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奧地利葶藶（学名：）为十字花科葶藶屬下的一个种。
参考文献
扩展阅读
austriaca
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Phloeonomus is a genus of ocellate rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae. There are about eight described species in Phloeonomus.
Species
These eight species belong to the genus Phloeonomus:
Phloeonomus flavipennis (Méklin, 1853) g
Phloeonomus laesicollis (Maklin, 1852) g b
Phloeonomus minimus (Erichson, 1839) g
Phloeonomus pedicularius (Erichson, 1840) g
Phloeonomus punctipennis Thomson, 1867 g
Phloeonomus pusillus (Gravenhorst, 1806) g
Phloeonomus sjobergi Strand, 1937 g
Phloeonomus suffusus (Casey, 1894) b
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
Further reading
External links
Omaliinae
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安陶塔區（），是秘魯的一個區，位於該國東南部普諾大區的梅爾加省，始建於1901年10月25日，面積636.17平方公里，海拔高度4,150米，2005年人口6,887，人口密度每平方公里11人。
參考資料
Banco de Información Distrital. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
inei.gob.pe INEI, Peru, Censos Nacionales 2007, Frequencias: Preguntas de Población: Idioma o lengua con el que aprendió hablar (in Spanish)
秘魯行政區
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定南县在中国江西省南部、东江支流定南水上游，是赣州市所辖的一个县，地處江西省南部邊陲，客家人聚居地之一，縣政府駐歷市鎮。
历史沿革
明置定南县，清改定南厅，1912年复改定南县。
行政区划
下辖7个镇：
。
人口
根據第七次人口普查數據，截至2020年11月1日零時，定南縣市常住人口為209914人。
地理
定南地形以丘陵和中低山为主。地势东、西、北部高，中南部稍低。
定南地处九连山脉中段主支脉，1000米以上高峰4座（大山坳主峰1072米、次峰1066米，鸡笼嶂1026.9米，登高栋1062.6米）。
定南的河流可分为赣江与东江两大水系。
交通
赣粤高速公路
京九铁路
贛深客運專線
、。
风景名胜
云台山
神仙岭
历代名人
赖布衣
图集
参考文献
外部链接
县
赣州
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Two-time defending champion Novak Djokovic defeated Kei Nishikori in the final, 6–3 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2016 Miami Open. Djokovic completed his record fourth Sunshine Double with the win, and won his record-equaling sixth Miami Open title. He did not lose a single set in the entire tournament.
Seeds
All seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Qualifying
Seeds
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2018年亚洲场地自行车锦标赛是第38届亚洲场地自行车锦标赛，于2018年2月16日至20日在马来西亚汝来进行，这是马来西亚第六次主办亚洲场地自行车锦标赛。共有21个国家和地区的运动员参加此次比赛。
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六月雪的常见品种是什么?？六月雪在华北地区种植的数量正在发展，园林部门从南方运进较多，市场上常见的有两种类型：一种是丛生型的，花带微红，花形喇叭状，此为麤品；另一种是独乾式小乔木树形，花纯白，重瓣，此为上品。
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今日所谓西班牙语来自通俗拉丁语的一种方言，是罗马人在公元前3世纪末开始占领伊比利亚半岛后带来的。受中世纪早期安达卢斯霸权的影响，伊比利亚罗曼语支语言从阿拉伯语中借来了大量词汇。后来卡斯蒂利亚王国向南扩张，西班牙-罗曼语也跟着向南取代了受阿拉伯语和莫扎拉布语影响的罗曼语方言，不过在此过程中，西班牙语也吸收了后者的特征。西班牙语最早的规范形态是在13世纪由阿方索十世提出的（他用卡斯蒂利亚语取代了拉丁语作为国家行政语言），可能也借鉴了托雷多上层社会的语言。由于卡斯蒂利亚王国在半岛上的政治威望，以及其方言较少用于文学作品，使得卡斯蒂利亚方言在中世纪余下的时间里得以向东、西分别传播到阿拉贡王国及莱昂王国。从1560年代开始，标准的书面形式沿袭的主要是马德里的用语。
西班牙语随着西班牙在早期现代对美洲及加那利群岛的征服向外传播。除加勒比地区外，新殖民地管理机构的主要权力中心位于墨西哥城和利马，因此这两个地方比西班牙帝国其他更边缘的领土保留了更多半岛中央标准方言的特征。帝国内这些“化外之地”更普遍的是半岛南部的塞维利亚（16世纪王室属地的最大城市、通向美洲的港口）方言，其影响（与安达卢西亚西班牙语有关）的影响在整个美洲甚至也占了上风。此后西班牙语也受到美洲原住民语言的影响，主要来自加勒比、中安第斯和中美洲地区。今日的西班牙语是20个国家的官方语言，也是众多国际组织的官方语言，包括联合国。
主要的区别特征
西班牙语音系的演变与其他临近的罗曼语族语言（如葡萄牙语、加泰罗尼亚语）相比，有以下几个特点：
拉丁语短e和o的裂化（、puerta，比较葡萄牙语）
中世纪西班牙语咝音的清化及进一步演变，产生(1)清软腭擦音，见于caja、hijo、gente；(2)西班牙本土众多方言中的清齿擦音，见于、hacer、lazo
拉丁语词首的去口音化、最终消失，在现代拼写中记作不发音的⟨h⟩，如hablar、hilo、hoja（分别来自拉丁语、、。也可见于加斯科涅语：、huelha）
颚音（来自通俗拉丁语-LJ-、-CL-、-GL-）的早期擦音化，首先变为，最终变为软腭音，如filius→hijo、*oc'lu→ojo、*→cuajar；参葡萄牙语filho、olho、coalhar）。
许多词中，词首的PL-、CL-、FL-变为，如plorare→llorar、clamare→llamar、flamma→llama；参葡萄牙语chorar、chamar、chama、加泰罗尼亚语）
通俗拉丁语词首的（来自J-、DJ-、G(E)-、G(I)-）在、、前保留，随后在非重读音节中消失（iaceō→yace、gypsum→yeso、ienuārius→enero、*iectāre→echar、gelāre→helar、*genuclum→hinojo，比较葡萄牙语jaz、gesso、janeiro、jeitar、gelar、joelho）
下面是大部分伊比利亚罗曼语支语言的特征：
拉丁语-NN-和-LL-颚化为和（año、caballo）（以及加泰罗尼亚语：any、cavall）。
与合流，使得名词tubo和动词tuvo同音（在矫枉过正或照拼法发音时则不会）（以及加利西亚语、北部欧洲葡萄牙语、部分加泰罗尼亚语及奥克语方言）
、、→、、，即擦音化——不仅来自于拉丁语B、D、G（如probar、sudar、legumbre），还来自拉丁语*V、P、T、C（如西班牙语tuvo、sabe、vida、lago）（以及加利西亚语、欧洲葡萄牙语、加泰罗尼亚语和部分奥克语）
拉丁语的4种动词变位在西班牙语中缩减为3种。拉丁语不定式后缀-ĀRE、-ĒRE、-ĪRE分别变为西班牙语不定式后缀-ar、-er、-ir。拉丁语第三变位，即以-ĔRE结尾的不定式在西班牙语中变为-er或-ir（如facere→hacer、dicere→decir）。西班牙语动词形态仍在使用拉丁语中的综合形式，在法语和意大利语（部分）中这些形式已变为分析形式（参西班牙语lavó、法语il a lavé），西班牙语的虚拟语气的现在时和过去时形式没有相混。
西班牙语句法为部分直接宾语提供了明显的标记（参受词异相标记），间接宾语则发生附着词素倍增，即使有明确的名词短语存在，也会出现一个“多余的”代词（le、les）（这两个特征不见于其他西罗曼语支语言，但都是罗马尼亚语拥有的特点）。西班牙语是一种代词脱落语言，也就是说动词短语往往可以脱离主语代词（或做主语的名词短语）而独立存在。与其他罗曼语相比，西班牙语的句法似乎更加自由，对主谓宾的语序限制较少。
由于与其他语言长期的语言接触，西班牙语词库包含来自巴斯克语、西班牙-凯尔特语（凯尔特伊比利亚语和盖利西亚语）、伊比利亚语、日耳曼语（哥德语）、阿拉伯语和美洲原住民语言的借词。
现代西班牙语中无清晰规律可循的重音诞生于15世纪，16世纪开始大规模出现。随着18世纪西班牙皇家学院的出现，它们的使用开始变得规范化。另见西班牙语正写法。
外部历史
标准西班牙语也称“卡斯蒂利亚语”，以区别于西班牙部分地区的其他语言，如加利西亚语、加泰罗尼亚语、巴斯克语等。直到约15世纪的此种变体，习惯上被称作“古西班牙语”。自约16世纪起，则称“现代西班牙语”。16、17世纪的西班牙语有时也称“古典西班牙语”，指的是那个时代的文学成就。
起源
卡斯蒂利亚西班牙语来自西班牙中北部几个地区的通俗拉丁语变体。最终，13世纪左右托莱多及周边的方言称为书面语的基准。随着收复失地运动的进展，这种方言渐渐传播到南方，并几乎完全取代/吸收了当地的罗曼语方言，并从安达卢西亚阿拉伯语中借来许多词、受莫扎拉比语（摩尔人领土上基督徒所用的罗曼语）和中世纪犹太西班牙语影响。这些语言到16世纪晚期就已经在伊比利亚半岛上销声匿迹了。
卡斯蒂利亚及其语言的威望部分是通过卡斯蒂利亚英雄在收复失地运动，特别是費爾南·岡薩雷茲和熙德，以及关于他们的叙事诗来宣传的，这些叙事诗在其他方言区也被用卡斯蒂利亚语吟诵。
一般认为“最早的西班牙语文献”是拉里奥哈圣米良德拉科戈利亚修士所著《圣米良修士集注》。它们是添在拉丁语经典行间的注解。如今《集注》所用的语言被认为更接近纳瓦拉-阿拉贡语，而非西班牙语。对其年代的估计从10世纪末至11世纪初不等。
13世纪，阿方索十世迈出了书面卡斯蒂利亚语标准化的第一步。他在托莱多的宫廷中召集文士，令他们用卡斯蒂利亚语写下大量历史、天文、法律等领域的作品。
安东尼奥·德·内夫里哈撰写了西班牙语第一部语法书《卡斯蒂利亚语语法》，并在1492年将其献给伊莎贝拉一世，据说她很早就意识到这种语言作为霸权工具的实用性，似乎预见到了随着哥伦布的航行即将建立起来的帝国。
由于古西班牙语和现代书面语有较高的相似度，现代西班牙语母语者可以不费吹灰之力学会阅读中世纪的文献。
西班牙皇家学院成立于1713年，主要目的是为了规范语言。学院在1726–1739年间出版了第一部共6卷《西班牙语词典》，接着在1771年出版了第一本语法书，并继续不时地更新。（学院编著的词典 现可在互联网上查阅。）今日，每个西班牙语国家都有一个类似的语言学院，1951年还成立了西班牙语言学院协会。
美洲
自15世纪末开始，西班牙探险家通过对美洲的发现和殖民，将西班牙语带过大西洋，在墨西哥、中美洲及南美洲西部和南部登陆。在西班牙王室的统治下，这种语言被西班牙士兵、传教士、征服者和企业家用作殖民工具。在接下来几个世纪中，他们的后代也在继续传播这种语言。
西班牙人的后代：克里奥尔人和麦士蒂索人在美洲继续使用西班牙语。在19世纪的独立战争后，新的统治精英讲他们的西班牙语推广到全体居民，包括美洲印第安人的大多数，以加强民族团结。如今，前西班牙殖民地大都将第一语言和官方语言设为西班牙语。
在19世纪末，仍是西班牙殖民地的古巴和波多黎各开始鼓励更多来自西班牙的移民，同样，其他西语国家，如阿根廷、乌拉圭，较少地智利、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、巴拿马和委内瑞拉在19世纪末和20世纪初吸引了大批西班牙和非西班牙的欧洲民族移民潮。移民的第二或三代大都依当地政府的同化政策采用了西班牙语。
当波多黎各在美西战争后成为美国的属地时，其人口几乎完全是西班牙人和非裔加勒比人/西班牙人（穆拉托人和麦士蒂索人）的后代，因而保留了继承下来的西班牙语，与美国人的英语共同为官方语言。在20世纪，超过100万波多黎各人移民到了美国本土。
类似情况发生在美国西南部美墨战争中夺来的加利福尼亚州、亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和得克萨斯州，当地有着大量的西班牙语人口（德哈诺人、加利福尼亚西班牙人、奇卡诺人（墨西哥裔美国人）、墨西哥移民等），在战争前后都在说西班牙语。来自美洲西语国家的数百万公民和移民也接着说西班牙语（如自1959年古巴革命开始来到迈阿密的古巴裔、后来是其他拉美人群；现在当地大多数人讲西班牙语）。西班牙语现在被当做美国的“第二语言”，超过5%的美国人口讲西班牙语，但大多数拉丁裔/西班牙裔美国人是双语者或经常讲英语。
非洲
西班牙语在赤道几内亚的存在可以追溯到18世纪末，在1968年获得独立时被设为官方语言。
西撒哈拉广泛使用西班牙语，该地区在19世纪80年代至20世纪70年代近一百年间都是西班牙的保护国/殖民地。
犹太西班牙语
1492年，西班牙驱逐了犹太人，他们说的犹太西班牙语沿着自己的路线发展，并在以色列、土耳其和希腊被越来越多的人使用。
在太平洋
马里亚纳群岛的西班牙语一直存续到太平洋战争。复活节岛上大部分人说西班牙语和拉帕努伊语。
西班牙
佛朗哥时代的西班牙语言政策规定西班牙语是西班牙唯一的官方语言，直到今天，它仍是政府、商业、公共教育、工作场所
文化艺术和媒体中最广泛使用的语言。但在20世纪六七十年代，西班牙议会同意允许各省使用、印刷其他3种语言的官文：加泰罗尼亚、巴利阿里群岛和巴伦西亚的加泰罗尼亚语；巴斯克自治区和纳瓦拉的巴斯克语；加利西亚的加利西亚语。自1975年佛朗哥去世后，西班牙变为一个多党民主和权力去中心化的国家，由各个西班牙自治区组成。这一政治系统下，阿兰方言（加泰罗尼亚西北部一种奥克语）、巴斯克语、加泰罗尼亚语、加利西亚语、阿拉贡语、阿斯图里亚斯语和莱昂语等各种西班牙语言都在各自的自治区获得了官方地位。
国际
联合国于1945年成立时，西班牙语被指定为其5种官方语言之一（其他4种是汉语、英语、法语、俄语；1973年加入阿拉伯语）。
诺贝尔文学奖得主列表中包括11位用西班牙语写作的作家。
影响
若说对西班牙语的“影响”，主要指的是西班牙语的借词。纵观其历史，西班牙语接收的借词主要来自古西班牙诸语（如巴斯克语、伊比利亚语、凯尔特伊比利亚语、盖利西亚语）、希腊语、日耳曼语族语言、阿拉伯语、邻近的罗曼语族语言、美洲原住民语言、英语等。
从巴斯克语进入（或经由）西班牙语的最常用的词是“左”。也有少量常见的西班牙姓氏来自巴斯克语，如García（加西亚）、Echeverría（艾切维里亚）等。巴斯克地名在西班牙各地也很常见，因为有许多巴斯克人投身于收复失地运动，并在半岛各处定居。伊比利亚语和凯尔特伊比利亚语可能也留下了些地名。日常词汇中来自凯尔特语族的有camino“路”、carro“马车”、colmena“蜂巢”和cerveza“啤酒”。-iego：mujeriego“色鬼”；-ego：gallego“加利西亚人”也是凯尔特语来源。
有人认为巴斯克语语音影响了西班牙语的唇齿音，使得变为唇音，并使最终消失。其他学者则否认或淡化巴斯克语在语音上的影响，称这些变化发生在方言中，完全是语言内部演变而非外部影响的结果。当然，也有可能是内外部因素的共同作用。
一些来自希腊语的词汇已经出现在后来成为西班牙语的通俗拉丁语中。另外，教会的用语中也包含了不少希腊语词汇。13世纪时，西班牙语从古希腊语中又借来一些医学、科技等领域的词汇。
日耳曼语族语言对西班牙语语音的演变影响极小，更大的影响在词汇方面，在所有西班牙语方言中都很常见。例如，现代表示罗盘方位的词（norte、este、sur、oeste）全部来自日耳曼语（比较现代英语north、east、south、west），是15世纪才从大西洋水手那里借来的。
711年，伊比利亚半岛遭摩尔人入侵，带来了阿拉伯语。直到格拉纳达酋长国灭亡（1492）的将近八个世纪的时间里，西班牙语一直在从安达卢西亚阿拉伯语中借来各种词汇，如alcalde“市长”、álgebra“代数”、aceite“油”、zanahoria“胡萝卜”、alquiler“租金”、achacar“责备”、adelfa“夹竹桃”、barrio“邻里、社区”、chaleco“马甲”等等，占西班牙语词汇的8%——仅次于拉丁语。人们认为，莫扎拉布人的双语能力促使了阿拉伯语词汇向西班牙语的大规模转移。
邻近的罗曼语，如加利西亚-葡萄牙语、加泰罗尼亚语、法语和奥克语，在整个中世纪、直到现代都在向西班牙语输出词汇。从意大利语的借用受意大利文艺复兴的影响，在16和17世纪最为频繁。
西班牙帝国在新大陆的殖民统治让美洲原住民语言也有了向西班牙语输入词汇的机会，特别是与动植物、每周特有文化相关的词汇。
20世纪起，对英语的借用变得尤为强烈，主要是体育、技术和商业领域的词汇。
拉丁语的学术及“书面”词汇进入西班牙语，是通过书面语和教会礼仪语言的影响而进行的另一种形式的词汇借用。在整个中世纪和吸纳带早期，大多数识字的西班牙人也都懂拉丁语；因此他们很容易将拉丁语词汇用于写作和口语中。西班牙人所说的拉丁语词汇主要来自古典拉丁语，也有同一时代的文艺复兴拉丁语。
内部历史
西班牙语和其他罗曼语一样，相较于通俗拉丁语发生了大规模变化，主要有长短元音之别的消失、名词格系统的消失和异相动词的消失。
词中音消失
西班牙语历史上，词中音消失指重读音节旁的非重读元音的消失。一开始这主要发生在流音R或L旁以及S和T之间。
辅音在元音间浊化，接着其他辅音组合的非重读元音消失：
语音省略
元音间的清音常常浊化，许多元音间的浊塞音（d、g、偶尔有b）会通过语音省略而彻底消失。元音间的拉丁语到古西班牙语常常变为（如habēre>aver）而拉丁语变为（sapere>saber）。现代这两个音素合并为（haber、saber），在元音间实现为。拉丁语浊塞音分别写作B、D、G，出现在元音间的也出现了辅音弱化：、、，但在西班牙语中也是经由来自古典拉丁语的书面词出现的。
许多词仍写作带d、g的形式，如ligar、legal、dígito、crudo，都是书面词。参正常演变的liar、leal、dedo和古西班牙语cruo及其拉丁语原词crūdus。
浊化与咝化
在几乎所有西罗曼语支语言中，拉丁语清塞音（分别写作P、T、C/Q）在元音间会经历一到三个连续的弱化，分别是浊化、咝化和省略。在西班牙语中，清塞音一般都经历了浊化和咝化，从而分别产生浊擦音、、。拉丁语浊塞音（分别写作B、D、G）在元音间时也经历了弱化，分别变为、、。虽然曾有人推测，这种变化由地理上邻近伊比利亚通俗拉丁语的凯尔特语族和巴斯克语底层的语音特征转变而来（参语言联盟），但现在，学界普遍认为这是语言内部的自然变化。元音间的通过来自古典拉丁语的书面词重新出现在西班牙语中，也通过通俗拉丁语双辅音的简化重新出现（下详）。
这些音变不仅出现在元音间，还出现在元音之后、响音之前，如（拉丁语patrem>西班牙语padre），相反则不行（拉丁语partem>西班牙语parte，而不是parde）。
动词decir的不同变形体现出不同的语音音值，主要取决于字母<c>（拉丁语）后面是否有前元音。拉丁语后面跟前元音（或，如dice、decimos等）最终变为西班牙语；但在其他后接后元音的形式中，则浊化为，并在现代擦化为（如digo、diga）。这也是其他几个以-cer或-cir结尾的西班牙语动词的模式，如下所示：
元音裂化
一般认为拉丁语重读短E、O在西罗曼语中分别反映为半低元音/ɛ、ɔ/，与半闭元音/e、o/形成对立，后者分别来自长E和短I、长O和短U。这一变化可以解释现代罗曼语元音系统的相似性，如葡萄牙语、加泰罗尼亚语和意大利语。这些半低元音后来在许多西罗曼语中都发生了裂化，西班牙语中这种变化不受音节开闭的影响。法语和意大利语的裂化仅发生于开音节；葡萄牙语没有发生裂化。因此，西班牙语有一个五元音系统，而非典型罗曼语的七元音系统。后来，重读短和由通俗拉丁语的短及长重新演化出来，又经由古典拉丁语的书面词汇重新输入了西班牙语。
书面词与双辅音的简化
书面词受到拉丁语的强烈影响，在13世纪中后期阿方索十世时期的著作中越发频见。这些词中有许多双辅音，在口头传播的最初几个世纪，这些双辅音已经被简化了。这一过程也影响了许多新的、更学术的词汇，特别是当这些词汇在古西班牙语阶段流行开来时。简化了的双辅音包括-ct-、-ct[i]-、-pt-、-gn-、-mn-、-mpt-、-nct-。大部分简化形式后来都恢复了书面形式，没有的则混入口语词。
这些词的现代形式大多比古西班牙语更接近拉丁语。前者的简化形式可被接受，往往和书面词构成共存甚至竞争关系。西班牙教育系统和稍后成立的西班牙皇家学院要求一个词的所有辅音都要发声，这使得大多数简化形式被逐渐淘汰。许多简化形式在中世纪和文艺复兴的文学作品中尚有使用（有时用作拟古用语），但后来多被归入土语、白话。这两种形式偶尔在现代都保留下来，意思也产生细微差别，或是用语熟语，例如afición“喜欢”或“爱好”，而afección则是“病”；现代西班牙语respeto“尊重（的态度）”，而con respecto a则是“关于”。
大多数音节尾有双辅音的词都借自古典拉丁语，如：transporte、transmitir、instalar、constante、obstante、obstruir、perspectiva、istmo。在绝大多数方言的口语中，音节末不容许出现多个辅音，反映了通俗拉丁语的背景。诸如、、、、、、这样的实现非常普遍，许多情况下在正式讲话中也被认为可以接受。
另一种双辅音简化的结果是延长的塞音：-pp-、-tt-、-cc-、-bb-、-dd-、-gg->-p-、-t-、-c-、-b-、-d-、-g-。拉丁语浊音-bb-、-dd-、-gg-仍是浊音，并与拉丁语/p、t、k/在元音间的变体/b、d、g/合并为浊擦音：、、。
元音化
“元音化”指的是辅音变为类似于元音的滑音（半元音）。一些音节末的辅音，无论是拉丁语中就在音节尾的还是被词中音消失带到词尾的，都变成了半元音。唇音（b、p、v）产生圆唇滑音（被前接的圆唇元音吸收），而软腭音c（）则产生硬颚近音（可以颚化后面的、被产生的硬颚塞擦音吸收）（debda、cobdo、dubdar的形式在古西班牙语中是有记载的，但假设的形式*oito、*noite在卡斯蒂利亚语成为书面语时已经让位于ocho和noche）。
“贝塔”主义
大多数罗曼语维持了与间的对立。可以直接继承拉丁语，或是通过元音间拉丁语的浊化形成。一般来自拉丁语元音间的异音，或对应于字母⟨v⟩的音素（古典拉丁语对应，后在通俗拉丁语中强化为擦音）。在大部分罗曼语语区，都是唇齿音，而在仍分/b/和/v/的古西班牙语中，后者可能实现为浊双唇擦音。两个音素间的对立在部分环境中中和了，因为古西班牙语中，元音间、元音后和部分辅音之后，/b/也实现为。塞音和擦音之间的相似性使得它们在古西班牙语结束时（16世纪）完全合并。现代西班牙语中，⟨b、v⟩代表同一个音素（一般转写为），除句首或鼻音后实现为塞音，通常实现为擦音。同样的情况还可见于北部葡萄牙语方言和加利西亚语，而其他葡萄牙语方言则保持了对立。这种合流还出现在东加泰罗尼亚的标准加泰罗尼亚语中，但巴伦西亚语大多数方言及加泰罗尼亚南部、巴利阿里方言、阿尔盖罗方言都保留了这种区别。
现代西班牙语中，自16世纪开始，具体选择⟨b或v⟩哪一个字母取决于该词的词源。正字法试图模仿拉丁文拼写，而不是保持古西班牙语基于发音的拼写。因此古西班牙语bever“喝”、bivir/vivir“活”分别被改成beber、vivir。遵循来拉丁语拼写bibere、vīvere。西班牙语地名科尔多瓦（Córdoba）在古西班牙语中常拼作Cordova，现在的写法则反映了罗马建城者的名字“Corduba”。
拉丁语f-→西班牙语h-→消失
F在拉丁语中几乎仅出现在词首。西班牙语中，它们大都演变为，接着彻底消失。拼写上仍用了字位⟨h⟩，如humo“烟”、hormiga“蚂蚁”、hígado“肝”（比较意大利语fumo、formica、fegato，完整），但发音上已经彻底消失：、、。一般认为⟨f⟩在拉丁语中表示唇齿音，后来经历一系列弱化变为唇音，接着是声门音（如现代拼写），然后在大多数方言中完全消失。一般认为⟨h⟩在通俗拉丁语中不发音。这个过程最早的书面证据可追溯到863年，其时拉丁语名字Forticius被写成Ortiço，说明其声母可能是，但绝非（同一名字在927年一份文件中写作Hortiço）。⟨f⟩被⟨h⟩取代的情况在16世纪前并不常见，但这不意味着还在。相反，⟨f⟩这个字母一直被用来表示，直到在约16世纪重新出现在西班牙语中（从古典拉丁语输入）。之后才有必要在拼写上区分两个音素。
仅见于古卡斯蒂利亚语和加斯科涅语中。由于这两个地区历史上都有过与巴斯克语双语的过程，而巴斯克语曾有但没有，所以人们常认为这种变化是由巴斯克语引起的， 不过也有争议。
目前大多数有⟨f⟩的词要么是从古典书面拉丁语直接借来的书面词（如forma、falso、fama、feria）、阿拉伯语和希腊语借词或古西部彝语词首⟨f⟩后跟非元音（⟨r、l⟩或双元音的半元音组分），如frente、flor、fiesta、fuerte。
Fabulāri译作“编故事”，与西班牙语双式词hablar“说”无关。
拉丁语无声h-
H在古典拉丁语中要发音，但在通俗拉丁语中失落了。古西班牙语中，单词的拼写没有任何这样的辅音。
古西班牙语咝音的变化
16世纪的西班牙语有3种浊咝音：齿音、舌尖-齿龈音和硬颚-齿龈音（如古西班牙语fazer、casa、ojo），后来清化并与对应的清音合流：、、（如caçar、passar、baxar）。⟨ç⟩也称⟨c⟩ cedilla，源自古西班牙语，但现代已重新写作⟨z⟩。
此外，塞擦音失去了其塞音组分，变为舌叶-齿擦音。因此，古西班牙语中包含了两个有咝擦音，其对立十分微妙，完全取决于其调音部位：是舌尖-齿龈音，是舌叶-齿音，来自塞擦音。在西班牙北部和中部的方言中，它们发生异化，而安达卢西亚和美洲方言则将它们合并。
北部和中部方言的异化发生在舌叶-齿擦音向前移动到齿音的调音部位，失去咝音，变为。现代拼写中，这个音在⟨e、i⟩前写作⟨c⟩，其他地方写作⟨z⟩。西班牙南部的演变导致直接与发生合并，产生舌叶齿音（“seseo”，见于美洲和安达卢西亚部分地区）或（“ceceo”，分布在安达卢西亚少数地区）。一般而言安达卢西亚的沿海地区分布的较多，而内陆则更喜欢。
在美洲殖民时期，大多数定居者来自西班牙南部；据几乎所有的学者称，这就是新大陆上几乎所有的西班牙语者仍说着主要来自西安达卢西亚和加那利方言的原因。
同时，齿龈-硬颚擦音是清（古西班牙语写作⟨x⟩）和浊化的（少数词中写作⟨j⟩，在⟨e、i⟩之前写作⟨g⟩）合并的结果。所有方言的此音都有向后移动的趋势，变为软腭音、小舌音（西班牙部分地区）或喉塞音（安达卢西亚、加那利群岛、美洲一部分，特别是加勒比海区域）。
流音/l/和/r/互换
西班牙语词源的一个不寻常特点是，在源自拉丁语、法语的其他语言的词汇中，流音的和常会互换。如西班牙语milagro“奇迹”，来自拉丁语miraculum。更少见的是，这一过程涉及到等辅音（入拉丁语anima→alma）。
Yeísmo
早在15世纪的文献中，就偶尔有证据表明音素（一般写作⟨y⟩）和软颚边音（写作⟨ll⟩）之间存在零星的混淆。这种区别在拼写上得以保留，但在现代大多数西班牙语方言中，这两种音已经合并为一个音。例如，大多数西班牙语母语者读haya（来自动词haber）和halla（来自hallar）的读音是一样的。这种合流现象即是yeísmo，采自字母⟨y⟩的名称之一。
Yeismo是安达卢西亚西班牙语区别于其他方言的特征。由于西班牙美洲的早期定居者有一半以上来自安达卢西亚，美国大部分西班牙语语区都有yeísmo现象，但也有一些地区的声音仍有区别。邻近语言的母语使用者，如加利西亚语、阿斯图里亚斯-莱昂语、巴斯克语、阿拉贡语、奥克语和加泰罗尼亚语，通常不会在其西班牙语中出现yeísmo现象，因为这些语言保留了。
几百年来，一个相关的特征也被记录下来，即rehilamiento（字面“呼啸”），即的实际发音为有咝擦音甚或是塞擦音，这在非西班牙语母语者中也很常见。目前的发音因地域方言和社会选择的不同而有很大的差异（尤其是）。拉普拉塔河西班牙语（阿根廷和乌拉圭）尤以和原始的发音而闻名。20世纪下半叶演化出了清音，成为“布宜诺斯艾利斯大多数年轻居民”说话的特点，并继续传播到整个阿根廷。
另见
熙德之歌
西班牙凯尔特语支
伊比利亚语
伊比利亚罗曼语支
对西班牙语的影响
罗曼语族
西班牙语方言
西班牙语音系
中世纪西班牙语
古西班牙诸语
早期现代西班牙语
通俗拉丁语
拉斐尔·拉佩萨
参考
注释
资料
外部链接
An explanation of the development of Medieval Spanish sibilants in Castile and Andalusia.
A recording of the sibilants, as they would have been pronounced in medieval Spanish.
A History of the Spanish language (sample from the second edition, 2002), by Ralph Penny
Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española
Linguistic Time Machine Check the historic evolution of Latin words to modern Spanish.
西班牙语
语音定律
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Aurel Cosma (September 26, 1867 – July 31, 1931) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. A leader of the National Party in Timișoara before World War I, Cosma was a representative of the Banat in the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia that voted for the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918.
Early life
Aurel Cosma was born in the village Beregsău Mare in the family of the school teacher Damaschin (1844–1915) and Maria Panaiot. He went to the primary school in Topolovățu Mare. Later (in 1877) Cosma moved to a state school in the Fabric district of Timișoara where he was taught in Hungarian language, which was required in order for him to be able to attend a secondary school ("Gymnasium"). He graduated in 1888 from the in Timișoara. Afterwards he received an "Emanoil Gojdu" scholarship of 150 florins, enabling him to study Law at Debrecen. In 1890 Cosma was drafted in the army, graduating from the Artillery School in Sibiu after a year. In October 1891 he resumed his law studies at the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, earning on 28 April 1894 his PhD degree in Law with the thesis "Death Penalty".
Professional activity
At his parents' insistence, Aurel Cosma returned to Timișoara and started his internship in the office of Pavel Rotariu and Emanuil Ungurianu. On 16 April 1894 he passed his bar examination, being admitted to the Lawyers' Chamber of Timișoara on 7 May 1894. On 7 February 1921 the Lawyer's Chamber decided to become a bar association, electing Aurel Cosma as its chairman. He practiced law for 35 years, also as the lawyer of the "Timişiana" Bank.
Political activity
Romanian national movement
During his studies Aurel Cosma became a supporter of the Romanian national movement. He compiled a memoir for the rights of the Romanians in Transylvania and the Banat, contesting the immigrationist theories regarding the origins of the Romanians, and he had a major role in spreading the Eugen Brote's political manifesto Cestiunea română din Transilvania şi Ungaria ("The Romanian Question of Transylvania and Hungary"), which was published in the wake of the Transylvanian Memorandum.
In 1902 he was elected chairman of the Romanian National Party in Timișoara.
World War I, the Banat Republic and Union of the Banat with Romania
During World War I he was conscripted and fought on the Eastern Front at Kraków, however as he reached 50 years of age (in 1917) he was appointed the commander of the Timișoara POW camp.
On 31 October 1918, at a meeting of all Austrian-Hungarian officers in the Military Casino, in protest at the proclamation of the Banat Republic by Dr. Otto Roth (who was soon to be elected the Commissioner-in-Chief of the Republic), Cosma established the Romanian National Military Council, composed of commissioned officers only, declaring "We, the Romanians, cannot accept Mr. Otto Roth's proposal. The aspirations of our people urge us to follow a different path". Almost nine years later, Otto Roth recalled on 25 September 1927 in an interview for the : "Dr. Aurel Cosma obviously laid [before us] the highest ideal of any Romanian politician: Greater Romania. And he did this at a time and at a place in a very risky way. I gambled with my own life proclaiming the [Banat] Republic at that officers' meeting, on 31 October 1918, and only in hindsight I realized that then, out of 700 present officers, none drew his sword either for the Habsburgs or Count Tisza. Even so they could also have cut Cosma into pieces because he was the only one who jumped to the tribune of the Military Casino hall and thundered: 'Romanians, follow me, long live the Romanian National Council!'". The officers removed the Austro-Hungarian insignia off their uniforms, replacing them with cockades in the Romanian national colors, and proceeded to create the Romanian National Guards. Subsequently, he was elected in the High National Romanian Council ().
On 12 November 1918 the Royal Serbian Army entered the Banat and a force led by Colonel Čolović took control of Timișoara on 17 November. Serbian garrisons disarmed the remaining Guards of Timișoara and Reșița. A delegation of the Banat Romanians, led by Aurel Cosma, participated at the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia that declared the union of Transylvania and the Banat with the Kingdom of Romania, despite the opposition of the Serbian administration, which tried to block the departure of the Romanian delegates.
On 28 July 1919, after the withdrawal of the Serbian administration from Timișoara, Aurel Cosma, appointed Prefect by the (), took over the administration of the Romanian Banat from the Timișoara mayor with the support of the French General Charles de Tournadre. Aurel Cosma signed a proclamation by which he appealed to the ethnic Romanians to "respect without any reserve the rights of the other nationalities, in order to have their rights respected by those in return, and to live together in harmony, like brothers, with all the
minorities of the Banatian lands". The Romanian authorities also requested that Josef Geml remain as mayor of the city. Aurel Cosma mentioned that, despite ethnic and sectarian differences, people live well together when united by culture, and he, in his role as prefect, would emphasize this idea and strive to keep this local tradition alive: "we have to dignify each other, we have to respect each other, without taking the ethnicity into account".
Later years
Although the second Averescu cabinet confirmed him as prefect on 13 March 1920, Aurel Cosma resigned on 4 April 1920, and afterwards created and led the local branch of the National Liberal Party (PNL). Between 24 January 1922 and 30 October 1923 he held the office of Minister of Public Works in the sixth Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinet. In 1927 Cosma was elected deputy on a PNL ticket in the Timiș-Torontal County, and in 1931 he was elected senator.
Private life
On 23 September 1894 he married Lucia, the daughter of , former President of the Romanian National Party (1882–1883), former deputy in the Hungarian House of Representatives and director of the , the first bank with private Romanian capital in Transylvania.
Honors
Order of the Star of Romania, Commander
Order of the Crown (Romania), Grand Cross
, Commander
Order of St. Sava
Order of Polonia Restituta
Order of the Phoenix
Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Ordinul "Meritul Industrial şi Comercial", 1st Class
Honorary citizen of Timișoara
Bust on the Alley of Timișoara's Personalities
A street in Timișoara bears his name
Notes
References
Lajos Kakucs,
"Gărzile civice și societățile de tir din Banat între anii 1717–1919", in Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie, Vol. XXII, 2014, pp. 339–381.
"Contribuții la istoria francmasoneriei din Banat", in Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie, Vol. XXIV, 2016, pp. 467–494.
1867 births
1931 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the Star of Romania
Ethnic Romanian politicians in the Banat
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
People from Timiș County
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Prefects of Romania
Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Delegates of the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
20th-century Romanian lawyers
Romanian National Party politicians
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
Budapest University alumni
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
19th-century Romanian lawyers
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早年衰老症候群该如何诊断？早衰症的诊断是根据患者的症状，例如肤质改变、发育异常以及掉发。此诊断可以借由遗传检验确认。临床表征：患者的外观和生长纪录是相当重要的诊断依据。早老症孩童除了有生长迟缓的问题外，最常见的表征如下。
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星乃星愛（ほしの せあら、）是日本的AV女優。出身於日本東京都。屬於SELECTION事務所。舊名為「南美海（南まりん）」。
人物
身高：151公分。
三圍：B87・W60・H86。
罩杯：E
血型:B型。
興趣:購物、DVD鑑賞
專長：單輪車。
略歴
2007年12月、推出AV出道作品『MARIN DEBUT 南まりん』。
2009年、改名為星乃星愛（星乃せあら）。
作品
AV作品
南美海（南まりん）名義
2007年
MARIN DEBUT 南まりん(12月16日、九鬼)
2008年
Marin 2nd スクールチャンネル7 南まりん(1月25日、九鬼)
Marin 3rd 南極ボディ 南まりん(2月22日、九鬼)
Marin 4th 新任女教師レイプ 南まりん(2月28日、九鬼)
無碼AV作品
星乃星愛（星乃せあら） 名義
夏の想い出 Vol.4（2010年8月13日、カリビアンコム）
外部連結
せあらのにゃんだふるらいふ - 星乃星愛官方網誌
MARIN ADVENTURE - 南まりん官方網誌
SELECTION - 所屬事務所
日本AV女優
東京都出身人物
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印度殖盘吸虫（学名：）为同盘科殖盘属的动物。分布于印度、苏丹以及中国大陆的福建、浙江、贵州、云南、陕西等地，营寄生生活，终末宿主黄牛、水牛以及绵羊，寄生于瘤胃内。
参考文献
印度殖盘吸虫
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League or The League may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Leagues (band), an American rock band
The League, an American sitcom broadcast on FX and FXX about fantasy football
League of Legends, a 2009 multiplayer online battle arena video game, often called "league"
Sports
Sports league
Rugby league, full contact football code, often referred to as just "league"
Other uses
League (unit), traditional unit of length of three miles or an hour's walk
League (non-profit), a program for service learning
The League (app), a dating app
See also
Lega (political party), a political party in Italy
Confederation, a union of sovereign groups or states united for common action
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Wanda Leopold (13 October 1920 – 8 October 1977) was a Polish author, medical doctor, and social science activist known for her study of English writings beginning in West Africa, specifically Nigeria. A translator as well as a literary critic, she stressed the artistic qualities of creative writing. She was a scholar of Polish culture, literature, and language. Her book, "O literaturze Czarnej Afryki," (On The Literature of Black Africa) was the first Polish introduction to African literature that was written in both English, and French. Some of her first critical essays were on Chinua Achebe, Cyprian Ekwensi, and Wole Soyinka.
Early life
Wanda Leopold was the daughter of George Ivanovski who was a minister and senator of the Second Republic. Her uncles were: Wacław Ivanovsky - Belarusian social activist and politician, Tadeusz Ivanovo (Tadas Ivanauskas) - Professor of Biology at the University of Vilnius, Kaunas and lawyer Stanislav Ivanovo. Her uncle was Bronisław Ziemięcki - pre-war minister and mayor of Lodz. In 1938, she graduated from high school and 'Jawurkówny Kowalczykówny' (i.e. School for Rural ). In 1938-1939, she studied law at the University of Warsaw. While in school, she worked in the Association of Polish Democratic Youth, where she met her future husband, Stanislaw Leopold. During the war from 1940–1944, she began studying at the Faculty of Polish, a secret of the University of Warsaw. She befriended the then Tadeusz Borowski. She and Stanislaw went on to have one child, Joan (b. 1943 - d. 1945). During the Warsaw Uprising, her husband was killed commanding the first battalion on 28 August 1944. About a year later her daughter died. After returning to Warsaw, she met the painter, Kajetan Sosnowski. Later on, Leopold married Kajetan Sosnowski. They had two children, Honorata (b. 1950), and Martin - actor, director and poet (b. 1952).
Career
Leopold was a member of the research staff for the Center of Social and Cultural Problems of Contemporary Africa, at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Rather than most of the other scholars who were in her field, (linguists or anthropologists), she was a specialist in the history of literature and a literary critic. She specialized in the study of English writing, with a focus of West Africa (specifically Nigeria). Her first critical essays were focused on Chinua Achebe, Cyprian Ekwensi, and Wole Soyinka. After losing her husband and daughter, she began working at the Baltic Institute in Torun. Later, she returned to Warszaw and in 1946 she graduated from the Polish program at Warsaw University under the guidance of prof. Julian Krzyzanowski and began an assistantship at the Polish philology at the University of Breslau (1946-1948). Then, she later became an assistant in the Polish Department at Wrocław University. After returning to Warsaw she worked at the Institute of Literary Research (1948-1952). She published literary critiques, in the "Forge" and "New Culture," as well as writing 'radio plays' for children. In the editorial "Forge" she met painter Kajetan Sosnowski, who she later married. In 1953, she joined the Polish Writers' Union.
Major publications
O literaturze Czarnej Afryki ("On the literature of Black Africa")
Written in Warsaw in 1973, this text included a detailed survey that illustrated the many inter-relations between African and European literatures.
Antologia poezji afrykańskiej ("Anthology of African Poetry")
This anthology of African poetry offered a selection of many African poets who wrote in English, French, Portuguese, and Swahili. A major topic of discussion was the issue of cultural identity among African writers. The polish translations were also praised for their high artistic quality.
Myślę, że jestem ... O Stanisławie Jerzym Lecu
Jezyk i literatura Afryki Wschodniej ("Language and Literature of East Africa")
In this text she emphasized the importance of artistry in creative and imaginative writing. She also discussed Swahili literary traditions.
Drogi i manowce afrykanskiej literatury. Z badan nad problemami kszaltowanie sie swiadomosci kulturowej w niepodlegych krajach Czarnej Afryki ("Roads and Erratic Pathways of African Literature. Studies on the Rise of Culture Consciousness in the Independent Countries of Black Africa").
Kolonializm Niemiecki w Kamerunie i Jego Wspolczesne Oceny ("German Colonialism in Cameroon and its Present-Day Appraisal")
In this text, she discussed the little-known period of German colonization of Cameroon and indigenous opposition to German colonialism led by the Cameroon citizens who had studied in Europe. It also includes an analysis of the problems of colonial education and its consequences today.
Chinua Achebe i narodziny powiesci nigeryjskiej ("Chinua Achebe & The Rise of the Nigerian Novel")
This text discussed Chinua Achebe and some of his works.
Wspolczesna powiesc nigeryjska--problemy kszaltowania sie nowej swiadomosci w pisarstwie Cypriana Ekwensi ("The Nigerian Social Novel: Problems in the Formation of a New Consciousness in Cyprian Ekwensi's Writings")
Nigeryjski dramaturg--o tworczosci dramatycznej Wole Soyinka ("The Nigerian playwright: On Wole Soyinka's Dramatic Writings")
Chart of contributors to African vernacular and literature
Known colleagues
Tadeusz Borowski was a known colleague of Leopold. They knew each other from 'wartime' classes. They worked on editing and researching texts together while they maintained a close friendship.
Albert S. Gerard worked with Leopold on his published work, European-language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa, before she passed away.
Activism
In 1943, Leopold was a cyclist and a departure liaison to the whole country in the 6th division of the AK (Information and Propaganda Bureau of Domestic Distribution). Also, during the Warsaw Uprising, she fought and served as a liaison officer of the 6th division of the Home Army.
In February 1968, she participated in the meetings of the Warsaw branch of the Polish Writers Union concerning a protest against censorship by the picture played at the Warsaw National Theatre. The presentation of "Forefathers' Eve" directed by Kazimierz Dejmek was concerned.
Later, in 1975 she was a signatory of the letter protesting against changes in the constitution of PRL ( Letter 59 ). Then, in 1976 she wrote a letter to the Parliament on the appointment of a commission to clarify the incidents of Radom and Ursus, as well as working with the Workers Defence Committee.
References
1920 births
1977 deaths
Polish male writers
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维莱特德维埃纳（，，意为“维埃纳的维莱特”）是法国伊泽尔省的一个市镇，属于维埃纳区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国奥弗涅-罗讷-阿尔卑斯大区伊泽尔省，该省份为法国东南部内陆省份，北起顺时针与安省、萨瓦省、上阿尔卑斯省、德龙省、阿尔代什省、卢瓦尔省和罗讷省。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
伊泽尔省市镇列表
参考文献
伊泽尔省市镇
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Atlético Hidalgo, nicknamed Toltecas is a Mexican football team which plays in the Tercera División de México. It is based in Pachuca and was founded in 1992.
History
Atlético Hidalgo was an expansion club that joined the Primera A in 1996. Along with Real Sociedad de Zacatecas they expanded the primera A from 18 to 20 clubs. That year the club reached the final and faced Tigres, losing 3-1. The club won the first game 1-0 in Pachuca but lost 3-0 in Monterrey.
In 1997, the club again reached the play off and once again lost to Tigres, 5-4. In 1998, the club was sold to Toluca F.C. which moved the club to Toluca and changed the name to Atlético Mexiquense. Since then, the club has returned to action and plays under the name Club Deportivo Atlético Hidalgo, A.C'' in the Tercera División de México.
Honours Primera A: 0'''
Runner-up (1): 1996
External links
Forum
Football clubs in Hidalgo (state)
Puebla F.C
1996 establishments in Mexico
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《红娘公司》（）是安德鲁·塞昆达主创的美国电视情景喜剧，2005年9月22日至2006年5月11日在联合派拉蒙电视网首播共一季。主要演员包括贝茜·菲利普斯、文斯·维鲁夫、里根·戈麦斯-普雷斯顿、艾恩·奥福曼和霍利·罗宾森·皮特，围绕婚介所工作的五名媒人展开。节目由蔡斯电视、利特菲尔德公司、伯格－科尔斯电视和派拉蒙电视网制作，除联合派拉蒙电视网首播外，还通过LivingTV和芬兰第四台分别在英国和芬兰播映。亚当·蔡斯、沃伦·利特菲尔德、马克·伯格与奥伦·科尔斯担任执行制作人。
节目原定名《约会女搭档》，本是专为推动莎侬·多赫提事业设计的情愿喜剧处女作。联合派拉蒙电视网订购后认为预播观众对多赫提反响不佳，决定由菲利普斯取代。剧中情节发生在纽约，实际取景地是洛杉矶好莱坞派拉蒙制片厂及加利福尼亚州其他地点。节目富含当代嘻哈音乐，联合派拉蒙电视网大力宣传，旨在吸引城镇居民观看，与《阿傑出少年》一起在周四晚播映。
《红娘公司》在拉美裔少女人群的收视率很高，但整体收视成绩很不理想，2006年联合派拉蒙电视网与WB電視網合并组建CW電視網后取消。本剧与其他黑人情景喜剧停播引发评论界反弹，媒体批评此举导致电视上的非裔美国演员和角色减少。评论员对节目看法不一，部分文章称赞剧中人物种族多样化，但批评剧情和人物缺乏新意，菲利普斯的演出无法让观众信服。节目停播后没有发行蓝光影碟或DVD。
剧情架构
红娘公司是纽约的婚介所，雇员都是一心想找到另一半的单身狗。刚离婚的克丽娅·拉沃（）是公司创始人和业主，请朋友兼雇员丹妮丝·约翰逊（）帮忙再找伴侣。丹妮丝非常热心，但老板的寻爱之路依然困难重重。克丽娅此前的婚姻看起来很幸福，而且持续近十年，是红娘公司最重要的活广告，所以她离婚为公司前景蒙上阴影。公司其他雇员包括前台维维亚娜（）、形象专家弗朗辛（）、技术员兼摄影师巴里（）。
节目分集大多介绍公司内部运作，如第一个女同性恋客户、与昔日神父约会，以及旨在吸引宅男和廣場恐懼症患者的营销策略。公司雇员充当客户的约会搭档和“守护天使”，帮他们克服交流障碍。各人工作之余都有各种喜剧或爱情历险经历，例如维维亚娜一心想嫁给美国公民获取绿卡；丹妮丝虽然工作实力出众，能让客户与“看起来无法企及的灵魂伴侣”配对，但她本人却一直没找到真爱。
人物
《红娘公司》共有五个主要人物：
贝茜·菲利普斯（）饰丹妮丝·约翰逊，是婚介所约会顾问，自称配对专家，向客户提供“用语指南、服饰指引，以及良好的开场白与结束语”。她有“撮合大师”之称，但一直没找到真爱。前男友联系贝茜帮他寻找最佳伴侣，此后她对待约会和爱情的态度变得讥诮，自称“充当约会女搭档忙得团团转”。菲利普斯认为贝茜的爱情生活“完全是灾难”。
文斯·维鲁夫（）饰婚介所技术员兼摄影师巴里，也是丹妮斯的室友。巴里“书呆气十足”，认为从牙齿到牙膏公司所有关联事物都涉及巨大阴谋。他经常用挠头来交流，但别人根本看不懂，只能理解成他“完全活在不同的层面……乃至不同的星球”。据维鲁夫透露，巴里初步设定是“剧中唯一的男子”，也是“世上最幸运的家伙”。
里根·戈麦斯-普雷斯顿（）饰婚介所形象专家弗朗辛，鼓励客户信任她的时尚眼光，为找到伴侣增加胜算。她第一次出场就批评克丽娅的打扮像女子篮球队教练，工作时表现活跃、时尚。节目停播时，弗朗辛的剧情尚未充分发展，“仍有些许神秘感”。维鲁夫声称弗朗辛的“交流方式完全不同”，生活方式也是如此，与巴里关系特殊。
艾恩·奥福曼（）饰阿根廷裔前台接待员维维亚娜，“不择手段地收集个人信息”，一心想找到合适的美国公民结婚取得绿卡。她的口音很重，是节目重要笑点，《芝加哥論壇報》为此谴责编剧单靠种族偏见塑造人物。
霍利·罗宾森·皮特（）饰红娘公司创始人和业主克丽娅·拉沃，在近十年的婚姻以离婚收场后“步入约会界”，离婚原因是丈夫有外遇。她在剧中多次尝试交往，约会对象包括昔日神父，与大卫（）的关系时好时坏。克丽娅与雇员保持密切友谊，同丹妮丝关系特别好。
制作
《红娘公司》原定剧名《约会女搭档》（），计划拍成类似《全民情敌》的喜剧。节目构想源自《纽约时报》探导红娘机构的文章，蔡斯电视、利特菲尔德公司、伯格－科尔斯电视和派拉蒙电视网共同制作。利特菲尔德公司建议电视剧主创安德鲁·塞昆达（）和曾参与《老友记》的执行制作人亚当·蔡斯（）合作。《红娘公司》的执行制作人还有玛尔塔·考夫曼（）、丽兹·塔琪萝（）、马克·伯格（）和奥伦·科尔斯（）。2005年4月12日，联合派拉蒙电视网宣布莎侬·多赫提（）已就出演主角开始洽谈，戈麦斯-普雷斯顿在考虑出演主角“长年好友、同事和室友”，艾恩·奥福曼也可能加盟但角色未定。奥福曼自称正想接戏，觉得节目构想“很酷”所以有意参与。4月18日，霍利·罗宾森·皮特确定出演剧中公司老板。
《红娘公司》本是专为捧红多赫提创作，她在试播集扮演丹妮丝，这也是她首次出演电视情景喜剧。多赫提自称一眼就喜欢上“歇斯底里的”试播集剧本，但因缺乏喜剧演出经验感到有些不踏实。早期宣传声称电视剧由多赫提与皮特主演，但联合派拉蒙电视网后来宣布必须另找演员取代多赫提才会订购本剧。据《电视指南》报导，试映观众对试播集中多赫提的演出反应冷淡。执行制作人沃伦·利特菲尔德（）在接受采访时表示，多赫提扮演的丹妮丝“艳光四射”，估计是在离开《飛越比佛利》和《聖女魔咒》剧组后想出演本剧改善负面形象。皮特称赞多赫提的演出，还称“我们都很开心，气氛很棒”。联合派拉蒙电视网娱乐总裁表示，另找演员取代多赫提不过是因为电视台决定让节目朝不同方向发展。电视饲料网站刊登雷切尔·塞里科拉（）的文章，称《红娘公司》因更换多赫提引起媒体关注，跻身“新电视季最有前途的四部情景喜剧”。
7月25日，联合派拉蒙电视网宣布贝茜·菲利普斯获选出演丹妮丝，随后将她定为节目领衔主演。菲利普斯2018年的回忆录自称对当年联合派拉蒙电视网替换多赫提颇感不平，所以一度不想接演：“他们先利用她大肆宣传，事了后又一脚踢开，如此行径实在太不地道”。文斯·维鲁夫认为，以菲利普斯取代多赫提后，节目就由以丹妮丝为核心变成群戲演出，红娘公司所有成员都是主角。在他看来，观众“可能会对节目只关注某人爱情生活的酸甜苦辣感到厌烦”，这样的改动能避免上述俗套。
有报导称佩吉·肯尼迪（）一度考虑参演本剧，但后来决定在美国广播公司电视剧《绝望的主妇》第二季扮演卡莱布·阿普尔怀特（）。洛杉矶湖人退役球员里克·福克斯在三集节目客串出镜，诠释克丽娅的男友大卫。梅根·马克尔在分集《一对一》（）客串出演地铁工作人员。联合派拉蒙电视网秉持“唯一积极为非裔美国观众提供节目的电视网”立场，本剧演员阵容同样趋于种族多元化。蒂姆·古德（）在《旧金山纪事报》发文指出，本剧制作仅有选角值得认可。
剧中情节发生在纽约，实际是在好莱坞派拉蒙制片厂布鲁多恩大厦（）取景，采用多镜头模式。自由撰稿人艾伦·科尔仕创作第19集剧本。除试播集外，其他分集标题都是过去的情景喜剧名称。过渡画面采用纽约市景观，并配上当代音乐，如黑眼豆豆2005年单曲《勿伤我心》（）、凯丽思（）2003年单曲《奶昔》（）。《PopMatters》的托德·拉姆洛（）认为，这些音乐旨在进一步吸引包括黑人与白人在内的城镇居民收看，他称赞“通常面向黑人目标观众的电视台愿意尝试”吸引其他族裔。
分集
反响
播映
2005年8月6日，联合派拉蒙电视网正式订购13集《红娘公司》，同年11月7日续订全季共22集，媒体预测节目会停播。2006年，节目在英国LivingTV播出，2008年又经芬兰第四台在芬兰播映。为吸引城镇居民收看，联合派拉蒙电视网除本剧外还同期推出《阿傑出少年》、《伊芙》（）与《理发店》（）。电视网还把《WWE SmackDown》改到周五播出，周四集中播放情景喜剧，希望把周四打造成“剧本节目之夜”，吸引电影制片商为宣传新片投放广告《今天》栏目认为《红娘公司》与《阿傑出少年》未必会像电视台期待的那样吸引相同观众群，两剧品质也不在同一水平面，《红娘公司》要差得多。《阿傑出少年》的观众起初有59%继续收看《红娘公司》，但后来逐渐流失大部分受众，证明电视台的宣传策略失当。
据塞里科拉报导，《红娘公司》每集约有360万观众收看，《荷里活報道》发文声称节目在18至49岁年龄段的尼爾森收視率成绩是1.0/3，在2005至2006年电视季地面電視聯播網节目中排第141。尼尔森公司的统计表明，节目在“12至17岁拉美裔”人群的收视率很高，在2005年收视人数中占绝大部分，达340万人。《红娘公司》在12至17岁拉美裔女观众群的收视成绩好过联合派拉蒙电视网情景喜剧《一对一》和《一半一半》（）。，观众总人数在联合派拉蒙电视网所有电视剧中位居上游。与上一年电视季的同一时间段相比，节目首播在18至49岁年龄段观众群的收视率上涨六个百分点，18至34岁女观众增幅五成三，18至49岁女观众增加118%。
联合派拉蒙电视网2006年与WB電視網合并组建CW電視網，《红娘公司》及联合派拉蒙电视网大部分节目停播。《危机》（）杂志的弗恩·吉莱斯皮（）谴责CW電視網甫一成立就“一口气消灭八部非裔美国人喜剧中的五部”，还对美國三大電視網都没几部非裔美国人情景喜剧深感失望：“青年艺术家没有磨练技能的机遇，可能会影响整整一代人”。评论家蒂姆·古德曼（）指出，两家公司合并造成六部面向非裔美国人的节目取消，其中《红娘公司》还是非裔女演员主演。在他看来，这些节目取消代表各大电视网“逐渐淘汰利基市场节目”。《红娘公司》没有通过蓝光影碟或DVD发行。
专业评价
《红娘公司》播出后反响不一。《乌木》（）杂志的宗德拉·休斯（）认为本剧在非裔美国演员主演的黄金时段电视节目中颇具潜力，其中又以皮特和奥福曼最为耀眼。节目在开播后，《每日紀事報》发文将其列入“每日精选”，建议喜欢喜剧的观众收看。黛安·沃特斯（）在《新闻日报》（）发文，称赞剧中人物形象鲜明、分工明确，编剧“点到即止，尽显明智”。皮特在第37届有色人种进步协会形象奖角逐中获喜剧类最佳女演员奖提名，但不敌出演《阿傑出少年》的蒂琪娜·阿诺（）。据菲利普斯所述，昆汀·塔伦蒂诺是本剧粉丝。
Metacritic根据17份评论为本剧打分28（最高100），表明节目整体反响不佳。The Futon Critic的布莱恩·福特·沙利文（）称赞文斯·维鲁夫戏份不多但表现特别亮眼，不过对婚介工作的刻画不及2005年电影《全民情敌》。劳拉·弗里斯（）在《综艺》杂志发文，称本剧氛围怪异，演员颇具风度，剧本干净利落，但剧情和人物缺乏新意。《今天》的乔恩·波内（）和盖尔·法辛鲍尔·库珀（）认可剧中请来各族裔演员演出，但感觉喜剧内容贫乏，演员再怎么竭力表现也难以回天。《洛杉磯時報》刊登保罗·布朗菲尔德（）的文章，批评《红娘公司》喜剧效果实在欠佳，明显不及HBO情景喜剧《喜開二度》。莫琳·瑞安（）在《芝加哥论坛报》发文指出，本剧在《阿傑出少年》之后播出，注定会被辗压成碎片，估计很快就会如同注脚般消失在历史长河。
评论员对菲利普斯的演出与丹妮斯的人物塑造反响不佳，觉得角色令人感到厌烦，无法让观众感同身受。弗吉尼亚·赫弗南（）就觉得丹妮丝不像1995年电影《獨領風騷》中艾丽西亚·希尔维斯通扮演的雪儿·霍洛维兹（）那样充满魅力。《今日美國》的罗伯特·比安科（）对节目评分仅半星（最高四星），称菲利普斯的表演就是在“动个不停：面部扭曲、身体抽搐，仿佛总是像驴子般尖叫”，令节目变得“实在难以忍受”。马修·吉尔伯特（）在《波士頓環球報》发文，认为节目内容空洞，把单个笑料无限拉长，丹妮丝背景类似《俏红娘》中艾丽西亚·希尔维斯通的角色，但就是让人提不起兴趣。《匹兹堡邮报》刊登罗布·欧文（）的评论，认为多赫提更适合扮演丹妮丝，“自信满满”的形象加分不少，菲利普斯的演出让他感到“眼花缭乱、神经质，纯粹就是疯子”。拉姆洛认为，与《慾望城市》相比，本剧的女角色费尽心机依旧-{表}-现拙劣，能力实在有限。
参考资料
扩展阅读
外部链接
英語電視劇
2000年代美国黑人情境喜剧
2000年代美国情景喜剧
2005年開播的美國電視影集
2006年停播的美國電視劇
CBS電視工作室製作的電視節目
紐約市背景電視節目
加利福尼亚州取景电视节目
联合派拉蒙电视网原创节目
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孕期高血糖吃什么菜？对于一般人来讲空腹血糖正常值保持在3.9~6.1mmol/L范围即可，但因孕妇特殊性将血糖正常值控制较为严格，规定孕妇空腹血糖正常值为3.1-5.6mmol/L。怀孕血糖高吃什么菜好，我们都知道血糖高可以吃番薯叶或者是芹菜，至于还有什么菜是降血糖的，那就一起来看看吧。怀孕血糖高吃什么菜好：1、孕妇吃水果首选含糖量较低的，如苹果、梨、橘子、桃、葡萄等，而且每天吃水果别超过500克。香蕉、菠萝、荔枝、柿子之类含糖量较高的水果一定要减量。妊娠期糖代谢异常者或妊娠糖尿病患者最好等血糖控制平稳后再吃水果。此外，吃水果最好在两餐之间，这样既不会使血糖太高，又能防止低血糖的发生。2、每天进食碳水化合物300克左右，但我们需要对碳水化合物的来源种类有一定的要求，应以米、麦类等多糖为主，严格限制蜂蜜、糖浆、麦芽糖等纯糖制品及含糖量高的甜品。3、在谷类主食中尽量选择血糖指数较低的品种，如燕麦片、玉米面和荞麦面等。4、多食绿色新鲜蔬菜，补充蛋白质,在原有基础上每天增加15-25克，补钙、补铁、补碘等，帮助孕妇身体的恢复，同时保证胎儿的正常所需食物。5、孕妇血糖高应当增加蛋白质的摄取量，应多食用鱼、肉、禽奶和豆类等优质蛋白质的食物。其中α乳清蛋白就是一种优质蛋白。6、同时应增加膳食纤维摄入量，它有良好的降低血糖作用，蔬菜、低糖水果、海藻和豆类都富含膳食纤维。纤维素有很强吸水性，减缓某些营养素排出，并减轻饥饿感。7、此外，充足的维生素、无机盐和微量元素也是必不可少的。锌是体内多种酶的成份，与蛋白质合成有关。如缺锌，蛋白质利用率低，将对胎儿发育有影响，铬对胰岛素则起激活作用。动物性食品如猪、羊、牛、鱼、肉中含锌高。牡蛎、蛋黄中铬的含量多，宜多食用。
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Mamie Stuart (c. 24 November 1893 - November or December 1919) was a 26-year-old English woman who disappeared from her home in Caswell Bay, Wales, in 1919 and whose disappearance became known via the media as the Chorus Girl Mystery. Her husband, George Everard Shotton—who had bigamously married Stuart in 1918—was considered the prime suspect in her disappearance. Although investigators strongly suspected foul play, as no body could be found, Shotton could not be tried for Stuart's murder. He was instead convicted of bigamy and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment.
Stuart's dismembered body was found by three potholers in 1961, stashed behind a slab of rock inside a narrow, abandoned lead mine on the Gower Peninsula, just from the home Stuart had resided in at the time of her disappearance. Shotton had died of natural causes in a Fishponds hospital in April 1958. A coroner's court found him guilty of Stuart's murder in December 1961.
The disappearance and eventual discovery of Mamie Stuart was known as the Chorus Girl Mystery due to her background, the duration of time she remained missing, and the unanswered questions behind her ultimate fate.
Early life
Amy Stuart was born in Sunderland in November 1893 to James Stuart, a ship's captain, and his wife Jane (née McGregor). She had one sister, Edith, and a younger brother, James Smith Stuart.
As an adolescent, Stuart developed a passion for dancing. She also developed aspirations to perform in music halls and West End theatres. With her parents' consent, at the age of fifteen Stuart performed as a chorus girl on provincial tours with a troupe named The Magnets. She adopted the name "Mamie", and later left her family home to pursue her career. She later formed her own dance troupe, which she named The Five Verona Girls. This troupe performed nationwide and became a popular attraction, with the dancers—in a prudish era—sometimes daring to expose their legs to knee height.
Stuart was later described by police as being an attractive young woman with brown, bobbed hair and grey-blue eyes, approximately to tall, with "very even teeth with one missing" and "of good carriage". As a result of an attack by a dog when she was a child, Stuart had four faint tooth marks on her right cheek, which she concealed with cosmetics.
By early 1917, one member of The Five Verona Girls had become pregnant, while another broke her ankle. Shortly thereafter, the troupe disbanded and Stuart returned to her family home.
Marriage
Shortly after the disbandment of The Five Verona Girls, in July 1917, Stuart (then aged 23) became acquainted with a marine engineer named George Shotton in their native Sunderland. Shotton introduced himself to Stuart as a widower, and the two soon began a relationship, with Shotton purchasing a diamond engagement ring for her within months of their acquaintance. Less than a year after their acquaintance, they had married in South Shields. The newlyweds then held their honeymoon in Droitwich Spa. Shotton and Stuart initially lived in Bristol before relocating to Swansea, residing in a property in Trafalgar Terrace for six months. The two then moved to live in Caswell Bay in the late summer of 1919, residing in a rented remote cottage overlooking Swansea Bay named Ty-Llanwydd. Stuart maintained regular correspondence with her family in Sunderland from this residence.
Unbeknownst to Stuart, Shotton's wife, Mary Shotton (née Leader), whom he had wed in September 1905, was still alive. The couple had a son named Arthur, although their relationship was fraught with violence, with Shotton frequently beating his wife. His wife and child lived in Penarth, with Mary believing her husband's employment being the reason he was frequently absent from the family home for extended periods of time.
Disappearance
Stuart was last seen in November or early December 1919. In letters Stuart had posted in the months prior to her disappearance, she had hinted that her marriage was an unhappy one, increasingly fraught with violence, and of her increasing desire to leave Shotton, who refused to allow her to return to the stage. The final correspondence she is known to have penned to her parents from Ty-Llanwydd was dated 12 November. Shortly thereafter, her parents posted a reply, although this letter was returned to them marked 'House Closed'. Convinced an error had been made by the post office, the Stuarts posted a reply-paid telegram to their daughter, although this letter was also returned with the same marking.
Shortly before Christmas 1919, a telegram was sent to Stuart's parents—apparently from their daughter—wishing them "compliments of the season". No further correspondence from Stuart or her husband was received by her parents.
Investigation
In March 1920, staff at Swansea's Grosvenor Hotel noted a leather trunk left by a male guest the previous December had remained unclaimed for approximately three months. As no address tag existed upon the exterior of the trunk, the manager of the hotel contacted police, who opened the trunk to discover two women's dresses and a pair of shoes, all extensively cut and torn. Also discovered inside the trunk were items of jewellery, a Bible, a rosary, and a manicure set.
A scrap of paper was also discovered within the trunk. This bore the address of Stuart's parents, who informed investigators their daughter was missing, and that they had been attempting to locate her for several months. Both feared for her safety, and handed police several letters they had received from their daughter the previous year revealing her increasing unhappiness regarding her husband and her fear for her own wellbeing. The Stuarts had also recently obtained a letter their daughter had penned weeks before her disappearance in which she had written: "If you don't hear from me, please wire to Mrs. Hearn [a friend] and see if she knows anything about me. The man is not all there. I don't think I will live with him much longer. My life is not worth living." Investigators also discovered that in letters to her parents, Stuart had indicated her abuse at Shotton's hands, of her desire to cease living with him, and of her knowledge there was something "odd" about him.
Shortly thereafter, a maid cleaning the couple's deserted cottage in preparation for the accommodation of new tenants recovered Stuart's mildewed brown leather handbag concealed behind a dresser in an upstairs bedroom. This handbag still contained two pounds in loose change and Stuart's sugar ration card.
Scotland Yard
By the spring of 1920, South Wales Police were convinced Stuart had been murdered, that she had died at the hands of Shotton, and that the most likely motive for her murder had been either rage, control, jealousy, or a mixture of the three. Scotland Yard was contacted, and Chief Inspector William Draper dispatched to oversee the investigation. Draper ordered a thorough search of Ty-Llanwydd, the grounds of the property, and the surrounding terrain, although no trace of Stuart was found. A nationwide search for Stuart was ordered, with her description circulated throughout Britain. This tactic also yielded no successful leads.
Prime suspect
The chief suspect of both South Wales Police and Scotland Yard was Stuart's husband, George Shotton. Draper quickly located Shotton, who was living in Penarth with his wife and child, barely two miles from Ty-Llanwydd. Shotton admitted to knowing Stuart and to leaving the trunk at the Swansea hotel, which he claimed he had done shortly after she had left him following an argument early the previous December. This argument, he claimed, sourced from her infidelity. He denied having married Stuart, or any knowledge of her current whereabouts.
Despite Shotton's claims to the contrary, investigations quickly revealed he had bigamously married Stuart almost two years earlier, although he denied doing so and said that when she walked out on him, he had simply chosen to go back to his wife. Scotland Yard also contacted Stuart's friend, Mrs. Hearn, who confirmed Stuart had suffered domestic abuse at Shotton's hands and had once begged her: "If I am ever missing, do your utmost to find me, won't you?"
As police could not find Stuart's body, they were unable to charge Shotton with her murder, as the law at the time prevented a suspect being tried for murder if there was no body. Convinced of—but unable to prove—Shotton's guilt, by the mid-1920s, investigators at Scotland Yard began referring to this case as the "perfect crime".
Bigamy charge
Investigators had discovered early in their investigation that Shotton had bigamously married Stuart in South Shields on 25 March 1918. This bigamy charge proved to be the only they could charge him with. He was arrested on 29 May 1920 for this offence and brought to trial two months later at Glamorgan Assizes, pleading not guilty and claiming that although he had known and lived with Stuart, someone had assumed his identity to marry her. He also denied mistreating her, and repeated his claim the two had parted company following a quarrel in early December. Several individuals testified at trial the two were indeed married and that, initially, their matrimony had been harmonious. One individual to testify was Stuart's sister, Edith, who testified Shotton had frequently referred to Stuart as "my own little wife" and had typically signed his letters with the words "Your own loving husband".
At this bigamy trial, the prosecuting counsel, Sir Ellis Griffith KC, openly accused Shotton of "doing away with" Stuart, but in the absence of her body, nothing could be proven. On 13 July, Shotton was sentenced to serve eighteen months' imprisonment with hard labour for bigamously marrying Stuart. Shortly after he was released from jail, his legal wife divorced him.
Intervening years
Sightings
In the years following Shotton's bigamy conviction, numerous alleged sightings of Stuart were reported as far afield as Canada, South Africa, Australia and India. Many of these sightings received extensive press coverage. One early reported sighting of Stuart was made by the chief officer of the cargo ship Blythmoor, Thomas James, who was a close friend of her father. He claimed to have seen Stuart in the portal town of Karachi in the early 1920s, and that she was part of a troupe of English travelling artists performing at a Karachi theatre. When approached by James, however, the woman had denied she was Stuart and quickly walked away. However, James was adamant the woman he had spoken to was Stuart.
Drainage pit discovery
In 1950, a dentist purchased the remote cottage Shotton and Stuart had resided in at the time of her disappearance. Performing drainage work around the property, this individual discovered a pit at the rear of the house, close to a hole in the foundation which reached beneath the floorboards of the dining room. This pit had been filled with quicklime, although all that was recovered from the pit was one lady's shoe.
George Shotton
After Shotton was released from prison in early 1922, he moved to Tintern, where he ran a smallholding. He was a regular churchgoer, and remembered in the village as "a charming chap" who "practically [ran] the tennis club". After several years living in his village, Shotton abruptly left, possibly due to a local newspaper having revived the story of Stuart's disappearance and his suspected culpability. He then relocated to Balham, South London, to live with his elderly mother, Louisa, taking a series of jobs including being an odd job man and a motor mechanic.
In May 1938, Shotton was arrested for threatening his sister, Gladys Austin, with a revolver at her Fareham home. He was also charged with causing actual bodily harm to her. This incident sourced from resentment between the siblings regarding their respective bequeathments in their mother's will. He was sentenced to serve twelve months in jail with hard labour. Following his release, Shotton severed all contact with his family and friends and moved to Ledbury, where he worked at an aircraft factory. He later relocated to Bristol.
Discovery
Forty-two years after Stuart's disappearance, on 5 November 1961, her remains were discovered in a rotting sack hidden behind a large stone slab 50 feet down a disused lead mine at Brandy Cove in Caswell by three young potholers named Graham Jones, John Gerke and Chris MacNamara. Her body had been concealed just 200 yards from the home she and Shotton had resided in at the time of her disappearance.
One of the potholers, John Gerke, would later state that he and his friends had chosen to explore this area as it had formerly been used by smugglers and that as the trio attempted to explore a ventilation shaft, their route through a narrow tunnel approximately ten feet in length was blocked by a large stone slab. Pulling this slab aside, Gerke observed a skull, which he turned to face him, and realised was human. Nearby lay a black celluloid hair clasp still containing a tuft of mid-brown hair, items of jewellery including a seven-inch brass chain, and several scraps of clothing.
Forensic examination
The remains were taken to the Forensic Science Laboratory in Cardiff, where a forensic examination of the remains was conducted by two Home Office pathologists named William James and John Griffiths. The bones were reassembled into a complete skeleton—minus the rib cage—belonging to a female between 5 ft 3in and 5 ft 4in tall, and with one canine tooth extracted from the upper jaw. Three of her wisdom teeth were present, suggesting she was over twenty years of age. An X-ray study of the growth areas of her bones revealed the decedent was a fully mature woman, but that complete maturation had only recently occurred, suggesting she was aged in her mid-twenties. As two bones at the base of her skull had recently fused, the decedent was unlikely to have been over twenty-eight years of age.
Sections of the skeleton bore green staining due to copper contamination sourcing from the brass jewellery recovered with her remains. No precise cause of death could be determined, although the pathologists were unable to discount strangulation or stabbing.
The physical description of the remains and the location of their recovery matched the contemporaneous description of Stuart. Although the remains were completely skeletonized, the scraps of clothing and footwear and the jewellery found alongside the remains indicated when she had most likely died. The National Museum of Wales confirmed that the gilt-copper stole tassels worn by the decedent were most fashionable around the year 1920; the most recent year of manufacture of the gold wedding ring and diamond engagement ring also found had been 1912 and 1918, indicating that death had most likely occurred in the years immediately after World War I. An elderly lady who had been a close friend of Stuart's identified both rings as belonging the missing woman.
Shotton
With the assistance of Interpol, police again began their efforts to locate George Shotton, with Scotland Yard assigning nine men full-time to this task. Three weeks later, he was located—in Bristol's Arnos Vale Cemetery, having died of natural causes just three years previously on April 30, 1958, at the age of 77. He had died penniless, and had lived his final years in a home for elderly people before suffering a stroke and dying in Bristol's Southmead Hospital. Shortly after his death, Shotton had been buried in an unmarked pauper's grave simply bearing his welfare number.
Shotton's first wife was still alive. When questioned in 1961, she confirmed that her former husband possessed a violent temper, and that his violent temper, his adultery, and her conviction of his guilt in Stuart's murder while she had remained missing had been the reasons she had divorced him. She further stated she had seldom seen Shotton following their divorce, and that he had never confessed his guilt to her.
Inquest
The formal inquest into Stuart's death was held on 14 December 1961. Throughout the duration of the proceedings, her skeleton was laid on a table in the well of the courtroom.
Forensic testimony revealed the body had been severed at three equal lengths: one cut had been made at the lower femur just above the knees; a second horizontal cut had been made through both humerus bones at mid-section, with the instrument used to dissect her body also severing the lower shoulder blades and her spine. Evidently, Stuart's murderer had endured difficulty severing her body, as several bones bore striations and indentations indicating her murderer had made several unsuccessful efforts to dissect her before severing her bones. No bones from Stuart's rib cage were recovered at the scene of her discovery.
To assist in the formal identification, forensic experts superimposed a photograph of the skull that had been discovered over a smiling, life-sized portrait of Stuart taken in her performing days in order to aid the identification. The coroner, D. R. James, testified that although he was able to discount any form of skull trauma as being the cause of Stuart's death, as no soft tissue remained, he was unable to pinpoint the cause of her death. Stating his conviction Stuart's death was murder, James then asked the coroner's jury the question: "Can you imagine any reason for sawing up anyone if the person had committed suicide or if the death was accidental?"
Towards the end of the inquest, an 83-year-old retired postman named William Symons informed the coroner that in December 1919, as he had been delivering mail to Ty-Llanwydd, he had observed Shotton struggling to put a large sack into the back of a small yellow van parked outside the front gate of the couple's cottage. According to Symons, as he offered to help Shotton with the heavy load, he had looked up and observed his blue uniform before replying: "No! No! No! Oh god, you gave me a fright! For a minute I thought you were a policeman." He had then observed Shotton place the load into the van and drive in the direction of Brandy Cove.
Conclusions
On 15 December, the inquest into Mamie Stuart's death concluded that the remains were indeed hers, and that she had been murdered, although the precise cause of death could not be determined. Furthermore, the inquest concluded she had been murdered between 12 November and 6 December 1919, and that the now-deceased George Shotton was responsible for her murder.
Burial
At the conclusion of the 1961 inquest, Stuart's skeleton was retained at Cardiff University, where eminent forensic pathologist Bernard Knight is believed to have occasionally used them to teach students. No efforts were made to locate surviving relatives and return her body to her family.
Stuart's great niece, Susan Oldnall, only discovered the whereabouts of her great aunt's remains in 2019 when she was approached by researchers for a programme on the CBS Reality channel focusing upon unsolved murders. Oldnall then discovered her great aunt's remains were being stored in a cupboard inside a Cardiff forensic laboratory. The senior forensic pathologist at the laboratory, Dr. Stephen Leadbeatter, had retained the remains—despite being urged to dispose of them—in the hope a surviving member of Stuart's family might reclaim them. Upon learning of Oldnall's whereabouts and wishes, Leadbeatter personally took Stuart's remains to Oldnall in order that they may be interred by her family.
Stuart's body was buried in Bishopwearmouth Cemetery in Sunderland in December 2019. She was buried in a grave alongside her parents. Four of Stuart's descendants attended the service. Shortly thereafter, Mrs Oldnall commented to the BBC: "She's been treated with such lack of dignity, and now she's with her parents. I'm not religious, but I do feel much better about it now ... I only did what a lot of people would have done and I hope, if there is a heaven, that the family are all finally having a good time together."
Media
Television
ITV Cymru have broadcast a documentary focusing upon the murder of Mamie Stuart as part of their documentary series Crime Files. Presented by Andrea Byrne, this documentary was first broadcast in September 2016.
The BBC One documentary television series Dark Land: Hunting the Killers has broadcast a fifty-minute documentary focusing upon the murder of Mamie Stuart. Directed by David Howard, this documentary, titled Mamie Stuart and George Shotton, was initially broadcast in November 2020.
CBS Reality have commissioned a sixty-minute documentary focusing upon the murder of Mamie Stuart as part of their documentary series Murder by the Sea. Presented by Geoffrey Wansell, this episode was first broadcast on 7 May 2019.
Literature
Hinton, Bob (2012), South Wales Murders, Gloucestershire: History Press Limited
Evans, Colin (1996), The Casebook of Forensic Detection: How Science Solved 100 of the World's Most Baffling Crimes, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Scamell, Henry (1992), Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook, New York: M. Evans and Company Inc.,
Wilson, Colin (1995), Written in Blood: A History of Forensic Detection, Glasgow: HarperCollins,
See also
Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
Domestic violence
List of solved missing person cases
Murder conviction without a body
Notes
References
Cited works and further reading
Brookes, Geoff (2013), Swansea Murders, Gloucestershire: History Press Limited,
Gaute, J. H. H. (1991), The New Murderers' Who's Who, New York: Dorset Press,
Hinton, Bob (2012), South Wales Murders, Gloucestershire: History Press Limited,
Houck, Max M. (2016), Forensic Anthropology, London: Elsevier Publishing,
Innes, Brian (2000), Bodies of Evidence, London: Amber Books Ltd,
Latham, Krista E.; Bartelink, Eric J.; Finnegan, Michael (2017), New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification, San Diego: Academic Press,
Morris, Jim (2015), The Who's Who of British Crime: In the Twentieth Century, Stroud: Amberley Publishing,
Nash, Robert J. (1989), Encyclopedia of World Crime: S-Z, Michigan: CrimeBooks,
Pickering, Robert B. (2009), The Use of Forensic Anthropology, New York: Taylor & Francis Group,
Tilstone, William; Savage, Kathleen; Clark, Leigh (2006), Forensic Science: An Encyclopedia of History, Methods, and Techniques, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,
Tippings, Lisa, (2019), Secret Swansea, Stroud, Amberley Publishing,
Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Scamell, Henry (1992), Bones: A Forensic Detective's Casebook, New York: M. Evans and Company Inc.,
Wilson, Colin (1995), Written in Blood: A History of Forensic Detection, Glasgow: HarperCollins,
External links
1923 Dayton Daily News article focusing upon the manhunt to locate Mamie Stuart
Contemporary news article pertaining to the discovery of Stuart's body
Mamie Stuart Murdered: Jury's Verdict: A Guardian article detailing the 1961 inquest into Stuart's death
2020 Sunderland Echo article focusing upon Stuart's March 2020 interment at Bishopwearmouth Cemetery
Stuart's case file at unsolved-murders.co.uk
Dark Land: Hunting the Killers': Mamie Stewart and George Shotton': BBC One documentary focusing upon the murder of Mamie Stuart
Mamie Stewart: A Grave Conclusion'': HTV Wales archive footage pertaining to the discovery of Stuart's body and the subsequent inquest into her death
1893 births
1910s missing person cases
1919 deaths
1958 deaths
1961 in Wales
English murder victims
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Missing person cases in Wales
Murder in Wales
November 1919 events
People from Sunderland
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臀部疼痛是什么原因引起的？臀部疼的情况有很多种，有的时候疼得特别的严重，一般都是劳动之后会有疼痛的症状或者是加剧的情况，这个时候考虑的原因是很多的，可能是腰间盘突出的情况，也可能是腰肌劳损等病症引起的情况。1、要不酸痛的情况可能是劳累引起的，这个不用担心的，及时的治疗就可以了，生活中要注意劳逸结合的，最好是采用中药外敷的方法治疗，能吸收的很快，能活血化瘀、消炎止痛的，对身体没有副作用的，能达到彻底治疗的效果。2、臀部疼可能和腰间盘突出有关系，腰间盘突出是一种退化性的病变，也是一阵炎症，需要做消炎止疼的处理，一定要在发现病情的时候就及时的控制住，防止病情严重化加大了治疗的难度，注意养成良好的生活习惯的。3、建议发现病情要积极的治疗，必要的时候是可以服用维生素和钙进行调理的，这个病可能是身体内缺乏维生素和钙元素的原因，物美价廉是首选之品，若经济条件许可，鳗钙、盖中盖口服液、巨能钙等皆可服用效果都非常的好。4、腰间盘突出的轻会引起臀部疼痛的，这示一种病变的过程，所以一定要发现病情就治疗的，建议用中药的治疗方法比较好的，对身体没有副作用的，能从体内调整身体，治疗后不会复发的，是理想的治疗方法了。患者如果有臀部疼痛的情况一定要去医院找出发病的原因，根据具体的情况才能很好的治疗呢，不过治疗的过程中患者一定要注意休息的，保证充足的睡眠时间，选择一种适合自己的治疗方法，同时在饮食上要调整好的，多吃些能补钙补充维生素的食物。
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Meddegoda is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Western province, at a distance of 17 km from Colombo.
See also
List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka
References
External links
Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka
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Nintendo European Research & Development (NERD) is a French subsidiary for Nintendo, located in Paris, which develops software technologies and middleware for Nintendo platforms. This includes retro console emulators, patented video codecs, and DRM technology.
The organization originated as Mobiclip and Actimagine () with notable customers including Nintendo, Sony Pictures Digital, and Fisher-Price. Nintendo licensed Mobiclip compression technology for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS video game consoles, used by popular games such as Square Enix's Final Fantasy III and Konami's Contra 4. Fisher-Price used them for its Pixter Multi-Media educational toy. Sony Pictures Digital and The Carphone Warehouse used Mobiclip software to deliver TV-like full-length movies on MicroSD memory cards for smart phones. Nintendo purchased the company, to create NERD.
History
Actimagine was established in March 2003 by a team of engineers (Eric Bécourt, Alexandre Delattre, Laurent Hiriart, Jérôme Larrieu, Sylvain Quendez) and a businessman (André Pagnac). Actimagine started out with mobile gaming consoles. The video compression technology offered by Mobiclip was an optimized response to the battery life and video quality requirements of Nintendo video gaming platforms: Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Wii, and Nintendo 3DS.
The Mobiclip codec provides high video quality with low battery consumption and has been selected by major studios, such as Sony Pictures Digital, Paramount, Fox and Gaumont Columbia TriStar Films, and by leading handset manufacturers, such as Nokia or Sony Ericsson, to deliver video on memory cards for mobile phones.
In April 2006, Actimagine raised €3 million in equity financing from US venture capital firm GRP Partners. This first round of institutional fund raising enabled Actimagine to accelerate its business development in the US and Japan.
The same year, Adobe acquired Actimagine's Flash rendering engine optimized for mobile devices.
In 2008, Mobiclip launched the first application delivering live TV on the iPhone, a year before Apple.
In October 2011, Mobiclip was bought by Nintendo and is now a subsidiary of the latter. Since then it is now known as "Nintendo European Research & Development" or "NERD".
In 2017, the United States branch was merged with Nintendo Technology Development.
Mobiclip video codecs
Mobiclip was developed with a completely different algorithm from the one used for other video codecs on the market, based on minimal use of the processor resources, allowing battery life to be increased considerably and the cost of the hardware to be reduced.
Nintendo licensing
Nintendo selected Mobiclip as its main provider of video codec technologies on the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo Wii and Nintendo 3DS.
Major software titles used it for in-game cinematics, including:
GBA Video series on the Game Boy Advance
Dragon Quest IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies on Nintendo DS
Professor Layton series on Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS
Fire Emblem Awakening on Nintendo 3DS.
Wii no Ma and Nintendo Channel on Wii.
eCrew Development Program, the extremely rare Japanese McDonald's training game for the Nintendo DS.
The Legendary Starfy on Nintendo DS.
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days on Nintendo DS.
List of technologies developed by NERD
Retro console emulation
Kachikachi: NES emulation for the NES Classic Edition Canoe: Super NES emulation for the Super NES Classic Edition (co-developed with Intelligent Systems)
L-CLASSICS: NES & Super NES emulation for Nintendo Switch Online
Hiyoko: Game Boy & Game Boy Color emulation for Nintendo Switch Online
Hovercraft: Nintendo 64 emulation for Nintendo Switch Online and Super Mario 3D All-Stars (co-developed with iQue)
m2engage: Sega Genesis emulation for Nintendo Switch Online (co-developed with M2)
Sloop: Game Boy Advance emulation for Nintendo Switch Online (co-developed with Panasonic Vietnam)
Hagi: GameCube & Wii emulation for Super Mario 3D All-Stars and other Nintendo Switch re-releases, e.g. Pikmin 1 & 2 Hachihachi: Nintendo DS emulation for the Wii U Virtual Console
Other technologies
Mobiclip video codecs for smartphone / Game Boy Advance / Nintendo DS / Nintendo 3DS / Wii
Media player for Wii U Internet Browser
Wii U Chat (co-developed with Nintendo Software Technology and Vidyo)
Super-stable 3D display on New Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo Labo VR Kit (co-developed with Nintendo EPD)
Downloadable Wii games on the Wii U eShop
Deep learning middleware for Dr Kawashima's Brain Training for Nintendo Switch Heart rate detection system in Joy-Con, used in Ring Fit Adventure Providing expertise in areas such as steering control, low-latency video capture and streaming and location tracking for Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit Filtering Expertise and Gesture Tracking for Nintendo Switch Sports''
References
Mobile content
Nintendo divisions and subsidiaries
Video game companies established in 2003
Companies based in Paris
Video game development companies
French subsidiaries of foreign companies
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拉孔基斯塔（）是尼加拉瓜的城鎮，位於該國西部，由卡拉索省負責管轄，始建於1899年10月4日，面積88平方公里，海拔高度175米，2005年人口3,777，人口密度每平方公里42.92人。
尼加拉瓜城市
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The Cadore Viaduct is a road bridge in Italy, in the southern Alps.
History
Design
The main span is held up by two 85m steel struts.
Construction
It was built by longitudinal launching, by Mazzi. It opened in 1985.
Structure
The bridge is north of the northern terminus of the Autostrada A27 at Ponte nelle Alpi (Bridge into the Alps). The road is the SS51 Strada statale di Alemagana, maintained by ANAS, which to the north passes Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The route joins to become part of European route E66. It reaches Austria near Innichen in South Tyrol, also known as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. It enters Austria at East Tyrol.
To the north is Calalzo di Cadore. The Calalzo–Padua railway passes under the bridge. The former Dolomites Railway passed nearby to the north, around one mile away. The Slovenian capital of Ljubljana is eighty miles to the east.
See also
List of highest bridges
Platano Viaduct, built 1978
Sfalassà Viaduct, built 1974
References
External links
Structurae
Highest Bridges
1985 establishments in Italy
Bridges completed in 1985
Buildings and structures in the Province of Belluno
Mountain passes of the Dolomites
Road bridges in Italy
Steel bridges
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