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Mam talent! () is the Polish version of the Got Talent series. The aim of the program is to choose the most talented person from people showing their talents. The winner of the show in the first series got €100,000, in the second and third series – 300,000 złotys. Prizes for people from the second and third place are chosen by producers of the shows. The show is hosted by TBA and TBA, and the judges are Agnieszka Chylińska, Marcin Prokop and Julia Wieniawa.
Qualifications
In the autumn, before the preliminaries, there are preliminary castings (without TV broadcasts), which determined the qualification of the participants for the performance in front of the jurors' presentation, the audience and cameras. In the second section, conducted in the summer in Polish cities (in Katowice, Gdańsk, Poznań, Wrocław and Warsaw), about four thousand performers appeared. The jury qualified for the final stage of 130. The jury's decision was made by adjudicating or resolving a negative assessment. In order to be qualified, you must enter the competition, two jurors must be "yes". If one of the jurors performs, the event is considered unsuccessful, he presses the button, which turns on the red cross (3 crosses mean the end of the performance). 130 people were selected by the 40 who went on to the semi-finals. From the 7th edition, it was changed (as in the English version of the show) to the "golden button". Each juror (or host) during all castings can turn it on once, and the participant automatically went to the semi-final
Semi-finals
Participants in the semi-finals (from the 1st to the 12th edition - five, from the 13th edition - four) present themselves on stage in live programs, in front of the jury in the same composition, TV cameras and the audience. In each, there are eight people/groups (in the 13th edition, 10 people/groups) from the selected "40". The jurors evaluate in the same way as before, but at this stage the decision about the participant's passage to the next phase of the program is made by the viewers by calling or sending an SMS to their favorite. In the 12th edition, viewers could also vote via the website decy.online. The participant who receives the most votes goes to the finals, and from the two participants who, according to the viewers, took second and third place, the jury members vote for their favorite. The person with more votes from the jury also goes to the finals. The Platinum button has been in operation since the 13th edition, thanks to which one person/group selected by the jury during the live semi-finals will go directly to the final. Another novelty is the so-called Wild card, pass to the finals; it will be awarded to the person/group who won the largest number of votes in the viewers' vote among the participants who were eliminated during the jury's overtime in the semi-finals
Final stage
Ten participants take part in the final, two from each semi-final. The evaluation of the performances is the same as in the semi-finals, but the method of determining the winner is different. First, in random order, the names of the groups that took the first three places are read out, then the name of the person who took the third place is given. At the end, the hosts inform the viewers about the winner, to whom they give a check for PLN 300,000 (PLN 100,000 for the runner-up is given after the programme). After the award ceremony, the winner presents his performance again.
Judges and Presenters
Gallery
Current judges
Former judges
Series overview
Series 1 (2008)
I season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 13 September – 29 November 2008. It consisted of 5 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 11 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays from 20:35 to 22:20, only the final episode to 22:35). Winner of the first season was the acrobatics duo Mellkart Ball, Klaudia Kulawik took the second place, and the third place was taken by music group AudioFeels.
Series 2 (2009)
II season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 12 September – 5 December 2009. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays – qualifications episodes from 20:35, semi-finals and finals from 20:00). Winner of the second season was Marcin Wyrostek. Alexander Martinez won a trip to the Philippines for him and his wife and daughter (his wife comes from Poland), and also 5,000 zlotys from Itaka travel agency.
Series 3 (2010)
III season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 4 September – 27 November 2010. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Winner of the third season was Magda Welc.
Series 4 (2011)
IV season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 3 September – 26 November 2011. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Winner of the third season was Kacper Sikora. Małgorzata Foremniak and Agnieszka Chylińska returned as judges. They were joined by a new judge, Robert Kozyra. He replaced Kuba Wojewódzki, who had left the show in order to focus on judging X Factor.
Series 5 (2012)
V season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 1 September – 24 November 2012. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Winner of the third season was the acrobatics duo Delfina & Bartek. Małgorzata Foremniak, Robert Kozyra and Agnieszka Chylińska returned as judges.
Series 6 (2013)
VI season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 7 September – 30 November 2013. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak and Agnieszka Chylińska returned as judges. They were joined by a new judge, Agustin Egurrola. He replaced Robert Kozyra.
Series 7 (2014)
VII season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 6 September – 6 December 2014. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges. This series will see the introduction of the new golden buzzer, following the concept of the original British series Britain's Got Talent.
Series 8 (2015)
VIII season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 5 September – 28 November 2015. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges.
Series 9 (2016)
IX season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 3 September – 26 November 2016. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges. Marcin Prokop and Szymon Hołownia returned as hosts.
Series 10 (2017)
X season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 9 September – 2 December 2017. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges. Marcin Prokop and Szymon Hołownia returned as hosts.
Series 11 (2018)
XI season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 8 September – 1 December 2018. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges. Marcin Prokop and Szymon Hołownia returned as hosts.
Series 12 (2019)
XII season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 7 September - 30 November 2019. r. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Agustin Egurrola returned as judges. Marcin Prokop and Szymon Hołownia returned as hosts.
Series 13 (2021)
XIII season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from f 4 September - 27 November 2021. It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays). What is certain is the fact that in "Got Talent!" There will be two new rules, One will be the Platinum Button. Thanks to it, the person selected by the jury during the semi-finals will get directly to the finals. The second will be a wild card, i.e. a pass to the finals. It will be awarded to the person who was eliminated in the semi-finals, but won the most votes from viewers. Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska returned as judges. They were joined by a new judge, Jan Kliment. He replaced Agustin Egurrola. Marcin Prokop returned as host. He was joined by a new host, Michał Kempa. He replaced Szymon Hołownia.
Series 14 (2022)
XIV season of Mam talent! was broadcast by TVN from 3 September - 26 November 2022. r.
It consisted of 7 qualifications episodes, 5 semi-finals and 1 final (totally – 13 episodes, which were broadcast every week on Saturdays).
Małgorzata Foremniak, Agnieszka Chylińska and Jan Kliment returned as judges. Marcin Prokop and Michał Kempa returned as hosts.
Series 15 (2024)
XV season Got Talent! will be broadcast by TVN in 2024. Agnieszka Chylińska returned as a judge. She will be joined by new judges Marcin Prokop and Julia Wieniawa. They will replace Jan Kliment and Małgorzata Foremniak. Soon, new hosts of the program will be selected to replace Marcin Prokop and Michał Kępa.
Special season
Talent kontra Factor (Talent vs Factor) (27 September 2014 )
This episode was live from Lublin. There were two teams – contestants from Mam talent! and from X Factor. Mam Talent! team leader was Agnieszka Chylińska (MT judge) and X Factor team Tatiana Okupnik (X Factor Judge). Agnieszka Szulim was the presenter of the show.
Contestants:
Mam Talent Group:
Marcin Wyrostek (season 2, winner)
Anna Dudek (season 4, finalist)
Marta Podulka (season 4, 3rd place)
Piotr Karpienia (season 4, runner-up)
Me, Myself and I (season 3, finalist)
X Factor Group:
Ewelina Lisowska (season 2, 4th place)
Artem Furman (season 4, winner)
Grzegorz Hyży (season 3, runner-up)
Klaudia Gawor (season 3, winner)
The Chance (season 2, 3rd place)
Trzynasta w samo południe (season 4, 5th place)
Contest Performances:
Albums by former contestants
AudioFeels (season 1, 3rd place)
UnCovered (5 October 2009)
Unfinished (7 November 2011)
Live (18 January 2013)
Świątecznie (12 December 2013)
Ewa Lewandowska (season 1, finalist)
Idą święta (28 November 2008)
Paulina Lenda (season 1, finalist)
Wolf Girl (24 April 2014)
Krzysztof Kadela "Blady Kris" (season 1, finalist)
Beatbox Rocker (28 June 2014)
Marcin Wyrostek (season 2, winner)
Magia Del Tango (16 December 2009)
Marcin Wyrostek & Coloriage (15 November 2010)
Ania Teliczan (season 2, finalist)
Ania Teliczan (16 January 2012)
Marcin Madox Majewski (season 2, semi-finalist)
La révolution Sexuelle (4 October 2011)
Kasia Popowska (season 2, auditions)
Tlen (16 September 2014)
Magdalena Welc (season 3, winner)
Sianko na stół. Kolędy i pastorałki (14 November 2011)
Kamil Bednarek (season 3, runner-up)
Ziemia Obiecana (EP)(November, 2009)
Szanuj (19 November 2010)
Jamaican Trip (EP) (24 June 2011)
Jestem... (28 November 2012)
Przystanek Woodstock 2013: Bednarek (1 May 2014)
Przystanek Woodstock 2014: Bednarek (4 December 2014)
Oddycham (29 May 2015)
Piotr Lisiecki (season 3, 3rd place)
Rules Changed Up (27 April 2011)
Me Myself And I (season 3, finalist)
Takadum! (3 March 2009)
Do Not Cover (21 March 2012)
Damian Skoczyk (season 3, semi-finalist)
Nie sam (Julie, 31 2012)
Piotr Karpienia (season 4, runner-up)
Mój Świat (15 May 2012)
Marta Podulka (season 4, 3rd place)
Nie przeszkadzać (30 October 2015)
Sound’n’Grace (season 4, finalist)
Atom (2 June 2015)
Bartłomiej Grzanek (season 5, finalist)
Duch (16 October 2015)
Concert tour
From 8 to 13 December 2009 there was Mam Talent! concert tour. All finalists of the second season appeared there live in Lublin, Poznań, Wrocław and Warsaw. Klaudia Kulawik, Paulina Lenda and Ssnake from the final of the first season appeared there. All concerts were hosted by Marcin Prokop.
References
External links
Show's official website
2008 Polish television series debuts
Television series by Fremantle (company)
TVN (Polish TV channel) original programming
Polish television series based on British television series
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Peter Holmes Woods (7 November 1930 – 22 March 1995) was a British journalist, reporter and newsreader. He was one of the BBC's best known broadcasters of his day. He was the biological father of BBC broadcaster Justin Webb.
Early life
Born in Romford, Essex, Woods was educated at Hull Grammar School and Imperial Service College, Windsor.
Career
Woods began his career in print journalism, writing for newspapers including The Yorkshire Post, the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror, with a break for National Service as a commissioned officer in the Royal Horse Guards.
In 1956 while a reporter for a British national newspaper Woods dropped by parachute with 3rd Battalion Parachute Regiment and landed under fire at El Gamil Airfield near Port Said during the Suez Crisis. He was the only civilian to drop with British parachute forces in the conflict.
He is best remembered for his television work for BBC News on Newsroom initially as a reporter but also as a newsreader from the 1960s until the early 1980s. He was the first newsreader to broadcast in colour on BBC 2, in News Room. In 1976, he slurred his words on the late evening news. Viewers phoned in to complain that Woods was drunk, but his difficulties were blamed on medication for sinus problems.
Woods was readily seen as an archetypal British newsreader, and was used as such in comedy sketches and films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These included Monty Python, There's a Lot of It About, The New Statesman, and Jonnie Turpie's 1987 film Out of Order. He also appeared (again as a newsreader) in an advertising campaign for KP Cheese Dips in the mid-1980s. Along with all the other BBC newsreaders of the time, Woods participated in the 1977 Christmas edition of the Morecambe and Wise Show. They delivered a rendition of the song "There Is Nothing Like a Dame" (from the musical South Pacific) with Woods getting the deep-voiced last line and using his trademark seriousness to comic effect.
From the mid-1980s up until his death, Woods narrated the "Railscene" videos, a series of videos about Britain's railways. He also narrated a set of five Castle Vision productions about the steam trains of "The Big Four" British railway companies and British Railways.
Personal life
Woods had two children, Susan (born c. 1955) and Guy (c. 1957) with his first wife Kathleen Marian (née Smith). The marriage was dissolved in 1975 and in 1977 he married Esma Jean Steer. He died aged 64 on 22 March 1995.
In 2011, BBC journalist Justin Webb revealed that Peter Woods was his natural father. Woods had an affair with Webb's mother who was a secretary at the Daily Mirror when Woods was a star reporter. Woods though was already married and Webb's mother was separated from her first husband. Webb commented that the separation may have been as much his mother's doing as his father's, saying "I do not believe she was abandoned". Woods provided financially for Webb and supported his education at Sidcot School, but saw him only once, when he was six months old.
References
1930 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Royal Horse Guards officers
People educated at Hull Grammar School
People educated at the Imperial Services College
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糠秕孢子菌毛囊炎怎么引起的？生活中很多朋友因为这样或那样的原因被各种疾病所折磨，其中就有糠秕孢子菌毛囊炎这种病，会给患者的正常生活带来很大的麻烦。糠秕孢子菌毛囊炎是圆形或卵圆形糠秕孢子菌引起的皮肤毛囊性真菌感染，患者发病后皮损为脓包样或圆顶状丘疹，此病原因复杂，多见于30岁左右的中青年，患者皮肤多油腻，好发于皮脂腺丰富的部位，如胸前、颈部、肩胛、前臂。糠秕孢子菌毛囊炎是一种真菌病，病因比较复杂，一般是由病菌引起、药物使用不当或毛囊炎症等也都可能引发此病的发生。患者一定要积极的配合医生的治疗，同时在治疗过程中要保持心情舒畅。患者平时的生活要有规律，注意休息，保证睡眠充足，提高睡眠的质量;同时要放松心情，面对来自工作和生活的压力时，要学会舒缓、排解压力，比如跑跑步、爬爬山、听听音乐、打打球等等。患者在日常饮食上要注意少喝酒，少吃酸辣、油腻等刺激性食物，多吃一些蔬菜、水果，增加身体所需维生素，保持大便畅通。要注意皮肤清洁卫生，常穿宽松柔软透气的棉质衣物。注意事项：患上糠秕孢子菌毛囊炎的患者要及早发现有关症状，及时去正规的医院做相关的检查，明确病因，争取在第一时间里进行对症治疗。患者必须注意避免捂、热以及过度流汗，勿经常洗头，不要穿太紧或太硬的裤子，同时注意个人清洁卫生，加强体育锻炼，增强抗病能力，饮食上要注意少吃酒类及酸、辣等刺激性食物。毛囊炎的防治，主要是注意皮肤清洁，增强机体抵抗力，防止外伤，积极治疗瘙痒性皮肤病及全身慢性疾病。头皮的毛囊炎患者需注意随时保持头皮凉爽，改善过度洗头习惯，并保持睡眠充足，舒缓压力。
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科沙里謝（，是烏克蘭的村落，位於該國北部切爾尼戈夫州，由庫利基夫卡區負責管轄，面積0.33平方公里，海拔高度114米，2001年人口54，人口密度每平方公里162.2人。
參考資料
Погода в селі Кошарище
切爾尼戈夫州村落
庫利基夫卡區村落
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小儿肺脓肿的病因是什么？(一)发病原因本病的病原因以金黄色葡萄球菌、厌氧菌最多见，其次为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、溶血性链球菌、克雷白杆菌、大肠埃希杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌等。后者往往与厌氧菌混合感染。(二)发病机制肺脓肿多继发于肺炎，其次为败血症，少数病例可由邻近组织化脓性病灶，如肝脓肿、膈下脓肿或脓胸蔓延至肺部，气道异物继发感染，细菌污染的分泌物、呕吐物在某种情况下被吸入下呼吸道，以及肺吸虫、蛔虫及肺胸膜阿米巴所引起。吸入性肺脓肿多见于年长儿，血源性肺脓肿、继发性肺脓肿多见于婴幼儿。
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Spanish Fort or Old Spanish Fort may refer to:
United States
Spanish Fort, Alabama, a city
Spanish Fort (Colorado), a Spanish military post built near Sangre de Cristo Pass in 1819
Spanish Fort (New Orleans), Louisiana, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historical Places (NRHP)
Spanish Fort Site (Holly Bluff, Mississippi), NRHP-listed
Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi), NRHP-listed
Old Spanish Fort Archeological Site, NRHP-listed in Missouri
Spanish Fort, Texas, a community and NRHP-listed fort site
Micronesia
Spanish Fort (Yap), NRHP-listed
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科林斯（）是一個位於美國阿拉巴馬州蘭道夫縣的非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
科林斯的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為306米（即1004英尺）。
參考文獻
阿拉巴馬州非建制地區
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肾盏憩室的诊断是什么？1.尿常规 合并感染者可有镜下血尿、白细胞，严重时有肉眼血尿，需作尿细菌培养加药敏试验。2.血常规 感染严重时白细胞总数和分类可增高。在诊断中常采用分泌性尿路造影，其延迟像多可发现造影剂在憩室中聚集。此外逆行造影、CT、MRI有时也有一定帮助。
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腋斑小鯛為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鯛科的其中一種，分布於東大西洋區，包括地中海、法國比斯開灣至塞內加爾海域，棲息深度可達500公尺，體長可達36公分，棲息在沙底質海草生長的海域，屬雜食性，以藻類、甲殼類等為食，可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。
参考文獻
Y
Y
Y
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Brahmavihara-Arama also known as Vihara Buddha Banjar because of its location in the Banjar District of Buleleng is a buddhist Temple Monastery in the mountains near Lovina in North Bali.
Due to its location within Bali—a predominantly Hindu Island in Indonesia—this temple has a lot of Hindu influences in the statues in architecture.
References
Buddhist temples in Indonesia
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1969
20th-century Buddhist temples
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I Crush Bozo is an album by the band Happy Flowers, released in 1988.
Track listing
"Get Me off the Broiler Pan" - 2:54
"I'm the Stupid One" - 2:29
"More Mittens" - 1:22
"Old Relatives" - 2:22
"Get Paul's Head" - 1:34
"Why Don't I Bleed" - 2:09
"Fever Dream" - 2:44
"They Cleaned My Cut Out With a Wire Brush" - 3:55
"I've Got the Picnic Disease" - 3:45
"Jellyfish Head" - 2:22
"There's a Worm in My Hand" - 2:31
"Know" - 0:49
"Toenail Fear" - 2:22
"Mrs. Butcher" - 2:51
"My Frisbee Went Under a Lawnmower" - 2:47
"I Saw My Picture on a Milk Carton" - 2:30
Personnel
John Beers ("Horribly Charred Infant") - vocals, guitars, drums, piano on track 13
Charlie Kramer ("Mr. Anus") - guitar, bass, drums, vocals, Casio keyboards on track 14
References
Happy Flowers albums
1988 albums
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拉维·柯川（Ravi Coltrane），生於1965年8月6日，是美國後博普爵士樂薩克斯管演奏家，約翰·柯川是他的父親。他合作過的音樂家包含鋼琴家路易斯·佩爾多莫（Luis Perdomo），吉他手大衛·吉爾莫和小號手拉爾夫·阿萊西。
參考
鍊結
Ravi Coltrane Official Site
RKM Music
All About Jazz: Ravi Coltrane: In Flux
Ravi Coltrane Live At The Village Vanguard
美國音樂家
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肛周脓肿引流痛不痛？肛周脓肿这个疾病的特点就是疼痛，但肛周脓肿手术并不疼。因为做手术的时候都有麻醉，一般是选择腰麻或者腰硬联合麻醉。而术后麻醉药失效后，还有局部长效镇痛药的作用，可以继续维持一段时间，使患者并不会感到术区疼痛。每个人对疼痛的感觉都是不同的，有的人敏感一些，有的人不那么敏感，这个因人而异。总体来说，肛周脓肿手术不那么疼。肛周脓肿属于肛门局部肛隐窝内化脓性感染。肛周脓肿一般来说需要尽快进行手术处理的，如果只是单纯的进行肛周脓肿切开引流术的话，那么切开引流后会形成肛瘘还是需要二次手术，如果等肛周脓肿成脓以后，直接进行肛周脓肿一次性根治术，那么就需要将局部的感染病灶一并切除干净。引流术和根治术后都需要对伤口进行消毒，每天进行换药，并且放置油纱条，保证引流通畅。肛周脓肿最有效的治疗手段是选择手术切开引流，根据具体能不能部位的不同，选择针对性的引流方案，表浅的脓肿进行皮肤的切开，而深部的脓肿，经超声定位或者试穿，如果是盆腔的脓肿可以经直肠进行切开引流，坐骨直肠间隙脓肿需要扩大创面，手术当中也要彻底的引流，避免手术以后遗留肛瘘，术后还需要反复的进行换药，促进创面愈合。最主要的还是要坚持换药，预防感染，保持肛周的清洁卫生，透气，可以选择坐浴熏洗，切口消毒。调整好生活作息，饮食习惯，少食辛辣刺激性食物，不能做剧烈运动，不要长时间久坐，一般术后都需要口服抗生素控制感染，促进炎症的吸收。局部也可以选择一些消炎的软膏，可以多吃点粗粮，如红薯，促进肠胃的蠕动保持大便通畅，减轻炎症。
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p0f is a passive TCP/IP stack fingerprinting tool. p0f can attempt to identify the system running on machines that send network traffic to the box it is running on, or to a machine that shares a medium with the machine it is running on. p0f can also assist in analysing other aspects of the remote system.
Overview
By inspecting network traffic passively, p0f can attempt to identify the operating systems on remote machines that send TCP packets to the detecting machine's network interface, or to a physical subnet that the detecting machine can listen on. Since version 3, p0f is also able to deduce aspects of the remote system by inspecting application-level HTTP messages.
p0f can also check for firewall presence. It can estimate the distance to a remote system and calculate its uptime. It also guesses the remote system's means of connecting to the network (DSL, OC3, etc.).
Unlike tools like nmap, p0f does not generate traffic. Instead, it determines the operating system of the remote host by analyzing certain fields in the captured packets. This can have benefits in environments where actively creating network traffic would cause unhelpful side effects. In particular, the remote system will not be able to detect the packet capture and inspection.
Usage
Signatures used for packet inspection are stored in a simple text file. This allows them to be modified without recompiling p0f. The user is allowed to use a different fingerprinting file by selecting another one at run time.
p0f does not use a graphical user interface: it is run from the command line prompt.
References
External links
Internet protocols
Unix security software
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The 2021–22 UAE President's Cup was the 45th edition of the UAE President's Cup, Shabab Al Ahli were the defending champions after winning the last season's President's Cup, but were knocked out in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Sharjah.
Participating clubs
Draw dates
Preliminary round
The preliminary round is contested between the 16 teams in the UAE First Division League, divided into four groups of four, the winners of each group will advance into a play off round.
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Play off round
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round of 16
All times are local (UTC+04:00)
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
First leg
Second leg
Final
Top scorers
Note: Goals scored in the preliminary round are not included.
References
UAE President's Cup seasons
President's Cup
2021–22 Asian domestic association football cups
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胸周围长湿疹怎么办？人的全身各个部位都会长湿疹，相比之下，特别容易出汗的部位最容易长湿疹，比如人的阴部，还有小孩子的背部以及屁股的位置，不管哪个地方长湿疹，患者都会出现剧烈的瘙痒，皮肤瘙痒的时候人会很难受，整个人都会坐卧不宁，那么如果胸口长湿疹的话，我们要怎么办呢？下面给大家介绍一下。胸周围长湿疹一般采取外用药物进行治疗，尽量用刺激性较小的外用药物。湿疹除了药物治疗外，生活护理很重要，包括减少洗浴次数，少用浴液，穿纯棉透气的衣服，保持环境空气流通。确诊就是乳房湿疹症状，出现上述症状是皮肤病中的一种。因为上述因素以及自身血液湿热的因素。导致皮肤发生应急性炎症病变，所以出现红斑，丘疹，瘙痒，渗出的现象。胸周围长湿疹具体需要到医院进一步确诊，需要到专业的皮肤科医院保持皮肤干爽，避免皮肤受到外界强烈刺激，做到忌辛辣刺激海鲜烧烤，饮食清淡。皮损易转为亚急性或慢性而长久不愈，或愈后复发。在亚急性和慢性期皮肤浸润、粗糙、肥厚、乳头皲裂，但病变较软，不形成溃疡，乳头也不受侵犯。自觉瘙痒，婴儿吸吮时可有剧烈疼痛，停止哺乳后容易治愈。避免过度清洗皮肤，湿疹患者洗澡时最好少用沐浴露或肥皂，水温不宜过高，注意单独洗头。查找过敏源，有利于加强治疗的针对性和效果。乳房湿疹患者多为过敏体质，常有过敏性疾病病史。授乳、婴儿的吮吸、局部的过分潮湿、过多使用肥皂等局部刺激，常可诱发乳头及附近皮肤的过敏性反应，而出现乳房湿疹。经久不愈的乳头及乳晕区的湿疹并不少见，故应与湿疹样乳腺癌相鉴别。一般会使皮肤变得很敏感，因此出行时应穿纯棉制品，尽量避免穿颜色丰富的衣服，因为一些易退色的染料，会对皮肤产生刺激。综上所述就是对胸周围长湿疹怎么办的介绍。长湿疹患者要尽可能寻找病因，改善自己的工作环境、生活习惯、饮食、嗜好及思想情绪等，同时避免各种外界刺激，如热水烫洗、暴力搔抓、过度洗拭以及其他对患者敏感的物质如皮毛制品等，严重的患者一定要及时就医治疗。
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草埔村，是臺灣屏東縣獅子鄉所轄的8個村之一，位在獅子鄉東南緣。人口691人，與內獅村、獅子村、丹路村、內文村、臺東縣達仁鄉安朔村、森永村相鄰。
交通
公路
省道
南迴改
南迴公路
客運
屏東客運
國光客運 1778路
參考來源
相關連結
屏東縣的村和里
獅子鄉 (台灣)
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心脸皮肤综合征是什么?？CFC症候群是一种遗传病，其会导致心脏及皮肤出现问题，如肺动脉狭窄、瓣膜发育不良、心室中膈缺损、心肌肥厚症、心律不整以及皮肤过度角质化、鱼鳞病、毛孔角化症、湿疹、色素斑、掌蹠角化病等。患者认知发展迟缓，而且外观特殊。其在全世界的发生率约为不明，但总个案数估计有200-300个，然而数字可能被低估，因轻微症状的CFC症候群个案不易被确认或诊断。遗传方面CFC症候群大多是自己基因本身产生突变，其遗传方式为自体显性遗传模式，然而没有CFC症候群的患者有孕育下一代之纪录。CFC症候群已知病例1. STTSS CFC
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唇舌水肿及面瘫综合征的病因是什么？(一)发病原因病因尚不明，推测可能与遗传因素有关;也有报道疑及本病是某些病原体感染所致，认为与免疫因素有关;普遍认为周围性面神经麻痹系因水肿波及到面神经管所致。(二)发病机制该病的发病机制不明，据文献报道可能的因素有：1.有些病人为家族性发病，推测与遗传因素有关，有报道系常染色体显性遗传伴不同的表达方式。2.据Kesler等报道，肿胀的唇部组织病理检查证实为非特异性棘皮症及上皮下慢性炎症，属肉芽肿性质，疑及本病是某些病原体感染所致。3.由于病情呈发作性，有学者认为与免疫因素有关。4.还有报告认为系受机械刺激导致的神经血管性水肿。5.面神经常受累，普遍认为系面舌水肿波及到面神经管，使面神经受压，从而出现周围性面神经麻痹。
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Honduran Lenca is a poorly attested language that was spoken with minor dialect differences in Intibuca, Opatoro, Guajiquiro (Huajiquiro), Similatón (modern Cabañas), and Santa Elena. The name can be misleading; although primarily spoken in Honduras, it was also spoken in El Salvador close to the Honduran border. It is distantly related to Salvadoran Lenca.
Honduran Lenca can be divided into four dialects: western (Intibuca), central (Santa Elena, Chinacla), eastern (Guajiquiro, Opatoro), and southern (Similaton).
Phonology
Consonants
Stops /p, t, k/ in word-medial and word-final positions may occasionally be heard as voiced [b, d, ɡ]. /p, k/ may also be fricated as [β, ɣ] in these positions as well.
/n/ can be heard as velar when preceding /k/, a pause, or an onset vowel.
/p, k/ in word-final position may also occasionally be pronounced as [f, h].
Vowels
The basic syllable structure is CVC. It is hypothesized that earlier forms of the language had a CV structure, but shifted towards CVC through final vowel deletion. Stress is poorly documented, but is thought to have been syllable final.
Morphology
Finite verbs are optionally suffixed for tense, and obligatorily for subject. Pronominal objects are expressed by proclitics. Nonfinite forms, such as gerunds and participles, are formed through suffixes. There are two verbs that more or less correspond to Spanish ser and estar.
References
Lencan languages
Extinct languages of North America
Languages extinct in the 1970s
Languages of Honduras
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Life in a Day may refer to:
Life in a Day (album), a 1979 song and album by Simple Minds
"Life in a Day" (song), a 2003 single by I Am Kloot
Life in a Day (1999 film), a science-fiction film
Life in a Day (2011 film), a documentary film
Life in a Day (2020 film), a documentary film
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Paul Chang-Ha Lim (; born April 29, 1967) an American ecclesiastical historian who serves as professor of church history at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. His main research involves the intellectual history and historical theology of Reformation and post-Reformation England.
Life and education
Born on April 29, 1967, in South Korea, Lim received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics at Yale University in 1990, followed by a Master of Divinity degree at Biblical Theological Seminary in 1995. He earned a Master of Theology degree at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1997 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in the field of history of Christianity at the University of Cambridge in 2001.
Lim taught a historical and systematic theology at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary for five years. He is now teaching the intellectual history and historical theology of the Reformation and post-Reformation England. He is writing a book dealing with books relating with Reformation theology and social justice.
Reformation history
Lim is known for his work on Richard Baxter, the celebrated seventeenth-century English Puritan. From 2001 until 2006 he taught at Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Massachusetts. For his book, Mystery Unveiled: The Crisis of the Trinity in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2012), Lim was awarded the 2013 Roland H. Bainton Prize as the best book in history/theology published in 2012.
Jonathan Sheehan at UC Berkeley writes, "Paul Lim's erudite book demonstrates just how challenging it was when, during the English seventeenth century, Christianity's central mystery of the Trinity moved to the center of political, cultural, and religious controversies. With enormous theological and scriptural learning, Lim lets us see these controversies from the inside."
Lim has also received a Luce Fellowship in Theology, a Louisville Institute Research Grant, and a Vanderbilt Research Scholars Grant for his scholarship.
Works
Mystery Unveiled: The Crisis of the Trinity in Early Modern England (Oxford University Press, August 2012)
In Pursuit of Purity, Unity and Liberty: Richard Baxter's Puritan Ecclesiology in Its Seventeenth-century Context (Brill, 2004)
The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism (Cambridge, 2008)
“Not Solely Sola Scriptura, or, a Rejoinder to Brad S. Gregory’s The Unintended Reformation,” in Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 46:3 (September, 2016): 555- 82.
“‘But to know it as we shoul’d do’: Enthusiasm, Historicizing of the Charismata, and Cessationism in Enlightenment England,” in The Spirit, the Affections, and the Christian Tradition, eds., Amos Yong and Dale Coulter. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2016, pp. 231-57.
“The Platonic Captivity of Primitive Christianity and the Enlightening of Augustine,” in God in the Enlightenment, eds. William J. Bulman and Robert G. Ingram. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 136–56.
“Reformed Theology in North America,” in The Oxford Handbook of Reformed Theology, eds. Michael Allen and Scott McSwain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016
forthcoming. “Herbert, Edward (Lord of Cherbury),” and “King James I and VI,” in Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (Berlin: Water de Gruyter, 2009–16). Vol. 11, pp. 830–31, and Vol. 16, pp. tbd.
“Corinth, Calvin and Calcutta: Trinity, Trafficking and Transformation of Theologia,” in Ex Auditu: An International Journal of Theological Interpretation of Scripture, ed., Klyne Snodgrass vol. 30 (2014): 117–31.
“Introduction,” and “Puritans and the Church of England: Historiography and Ecclesiology,” in Cambridge Companion to Puritanism, eds. John Coffey and Paul Lim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 1–18, 223–40.
“Hypothetical Universalism and Real Calvinism in Seventeenth-century England,” Reformation 13 (2009): 193–204. “Adiaphora, Ecclesiology and Reformation: John Owen’s Theology of Religious Toleration in Context,” in Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe 1550–1700, eds. Richard Bonney and D.J.B. Trim. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006, pp. 243– 72.
A Response to Timothy S. Lee's “Beleaguered Success: How Korean Evangelicalism Fared in the 1990s,” in The Religion & Culture Web Forum, under the auspices of the Martin Marty Center, Institute for the Advanced Study of Religion, the University of Chicago. http://marty-center.uchicago.edu/webforum/archive.shtml “John Bunyan,” *“John of the Cross,” “Cyril of Jerusalem,” “Bartolomé de Las Casas,” “Abraham Kuyper,” “William Laud,” “Moïse Amyraut,” in Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity, ed. Daniel Patte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, s.v. P.C.H. Lim / C.V. AUGUST 2017 4
“The Reformed Pastor of Richard Baxter,” in Devoted Life: An Invitation to Puritan Classics, ed. Randall Gleason and Kelly Kapic. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004, pp. 224– 43.
“Henry Bartlett,” “Samuel Wells,” “Benjamin Woodbridge,” “John Woodbrige,” in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,
s.v. “Richard Baxter,” in The Dictionary of Historical Theology, ed. Trevor Hart. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000,
s.v. REVIEWS Review of Robert Strivens, Philip Doddridge and the Shaping of Evangelical Dissent. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2015. XVII-XVIII Revue de la Société d’études Anglo-Américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles 73 (2016): 302–5.
Review of Sarah Mortimer, Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: the Challenge of the Socinians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 64 (2013): 855–57.
Review of Alistair Dougalss, The Devil's Book: Charles I, the Book of Sports, and Puritanism in Tudor and Early Stuart England. Exeter: Exeter University Press, 2011. Journal of British Studies 52 (2013): 755–57.
Review of Stefania Tutino, Thomas White and the Blackoists: Between Politics and Theology during the English Civil War. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008. American Historical Review 115 (2010): 605–6.
Review of Karen E. Spierling, Infant Baptism in Reformation Geneva: The Shaping of a Community, 1536–1564. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. Sixteenth Century Journal 37 (2007): 469–70.
Review of Christopher Ocker, Biblical Poetics before Humanism and Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Scottish Journal of Theology 60 (2006): 478–80.
Review of Stephen Edmondson, Calvin's Christology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Sixteenth Century Journal 37 (2006): 798–99. Review of Susannah Brietz Monta, Martyrdom and Literature in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Sixteenth Century Journal 37 (2006): 1113- 14.
Review of Mark Taplin, The Italian Reformers and the Zurich Church, c. 1540–1620. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. Sixteenth Century Journal 36 (2005): 1101–03.
Review of Donald K. McKim, The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Sixteenth Century Journal 36 (2005): 1139–41.
Review of Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Fides et Historia 32 (2000): 154–57.
Review of Janice Knight, Orthodoxies in Massachusetts: Rereading American Puritanism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Westminster Theological Journal 62 (2000): 326–30.
References
External links
Paul Lim, Vanderbilt Divinity School
1967 births
Living people
Vanderbilt University faculty
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Yale University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American people of Korean descent
American theologians
21st-century Christians
Presidents of the American Society of Church History
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格羅佐韋 (，意為 "雷地") 是位於烏克蘭東南部的村莊，由扎波羅熱州瓦西利夫卡區的負責管轄。該村始建於1945年，面積6.56平方公里，海拔高度74米，2001年人口147，人口密度每平方公里22.4人。
參考資料
Погода в селі Грозове
扎波羅熱州村落
瓦西里夫卡區村落
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多囊卵巢综合症可以治愈吗？任何疾病的发生都与一些因素脱不开关系，多囊卵巢综合症也不例外，想知道多囊卵巢综合症怎么治，首先就需要及时接受检查，找准病因后便可以结合自身情况，选择相应的方案针对性治疗。导致多囊卵巢综合症的常见因素包括家族遗传、高胰岛素血症、肾上腺功能异常、长期精神紧张、疾病影响等；根据病因、病情严重程度、身体差异等不同，多囊卵巢综合症的治疗方法分为以下几种：药物治疗：病情轻微者，药物治疗可起到对抗雄激素，促进卵巢排卵以及调理月经周期的作用，时间大概在3-6个月，经激素水平检测，正常后便可以停止用药。腹腔镜手术：病情严重者，可在医生建议下实施手术治疗，常见的手术方法为腹腔镜下卵巢打孔术，通过对传统手术的改良，取其优点，可全面保护女性的卵巢功能，手术不需要开刀，短时间内便可完成，损伤小、恢复快、受孕率高，术后结合身体情况搭配药物调理，可更好的改善排卵以及改变体内激素水平，见效快。试管婴儿：常规治疗无效者，多是因为卵子质量偏差，所以即便卵巢恢复排卵，也不能达到怀孕目的，那么此时则可以尝试试管助孕，对卵子、精子以及胚胎进行筛选，最后挑选出优质的胚胎移植到女性子宫，从而更好的提高受孕率。多囊卵巢综合症怎么治的问题相信大家已经清楚了，小编在这里提醒女性朋友们，日常生活中还应该避免或降低流产次数；均衡营养，多以蔬菜水果为宜；适当锻炼身体，并且尽量保持乐观的心情，避免长期焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪，做到这些可以帮助预防多囊卵巢的发生。平常中也需要多多锻炼身体，增强自己的体质
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Jacqueline Medura Logan (November 30, 1902 – April 4, 1983) was an American actress and silent film star. Logan was a WAMPAS Baby Star of 1922.
Early life
Logan was born in Corsicana, Texas, on November 30, 1902, the only child to Charles A. Logan and Marian Logan. Her father was an architect and her mother, who was born to a French mother and Irish father, was briefly an opera singer and later gave vocal lessons. Her childhood was spent in El Paso, Colorado and Scottsbluff, Nebraska where she briefly worked as a journalist for the Scottsbluff Republican.
Stage career and Broadway
Logan traveled to Colorado Springs, Colorado, for her health and acted in stock theater there. While there she took a course in journalism from Ford Frick, who later became commissioner of Major League Baseball. Setting out to Chicago, Logan found employment dancing in a stage production of a theater. Her family believed she intended to visit an uncle in the windy city and also attend college. To get the job she lied about her age, and when her uncle found out, he was irate. She was let go from the stage job as a result.
She left Chicago and set out for New York City. Again Logan was untruthful regarding her intentions. With her on her trip to New York was a theatrical troupe. She secured a small role in Florodora, a musical on Broadway in 1920. At this time, Flo Ziegfeld noticed her and hired her for a job dancing on his Ziegfeld Roof. She replaced Billie Donovan who was leaving to act in films in Hollywood. Together with the Ziegfeld venture, Logan modeled as a Dobbs Girl in Alfred Cheney Johnston photographs. She also had a part in a Johnny Hines' comedy short. Her other Broadway credits included Two Strange Women (1933) and Merrily We Roll Along (1934).
Motion pictures
Logan was awarded a screen test with the then unknown actor Ben Lyon. Lyon was the husband of Hollywood actress Bebe Daniels and became a prominent figure in the movies. Later he furthered the careers of such stars as Marilyn Monroe. Working for Associated Producers, Logan was featured opposite Jane Peters, the future Carole Lombard in the film A Perfect Crime (1921). Peters was only a youth, appearing as a pretty blonde child actress. The same year she played with Mabel Normand in Molly O' (1921).
Other features she starred in during the early 1920s include Burning Sands (1922), A Blind Bargain (1922), Sixty Cents an Hour (1923), Java Head (1923), and A Man Must Live (1924). Among her co-stars were Thomas Meighan, Milton Sills, Ricardo Cortez, Leatrice Joy, Richard Dix, Lon Chaney Sr., and William Powell. The House of Youth (1924) is described as her "first starring vehicle."
In 1926, Logan made Footloose Widows with Louise Fazenda and The Blood Ship in 1927 with Richard Arlen. Other prominent leading men whom the actress worked with were Lionel Barrymore, John Barrymore, and Antonio Moreno.
Logan was selected by Cecil B. De Mille for the role of Mary Magdalene in the classic The King of Kings (1927). The part was much sought after by actresses of the era. The movie broke records for audience attendance. It was shown somewhere in the world each day for decades after its release. When talking pictures began, Logan's voice was recorded to accompany her acting part in the original silent film.
The actress of silent films was largely unsuccessful in the new medium of talkies. In an early musical, The Show of Shows (1929), Logan was a member of an all-star cast. This followed her work in some early and profitable sound films for Columbia Pictures.
Writer and director of films
Logan was in England for a time to do stage work such as Smoky Cell. This gained for her some good reviews. After completing the English film The Middle Watch, she was awarded a Command Performance. British International Pictures signed her to write and direct. She wrote Knock-Out (1931) and wrote and directed Strictly Business (1931). Both were successful movies.
The new writer/director found herself less in demand behind the camera when she returned to Hollywood. Columbia Pictures production chief Harry Cohn was complimentary of her work but unwilling to sign a female director.
Logan retired from films entirely after her marriage in 1934. Just prior to this she was part of several Broadway plays like Merrily We Roll Along and Two Strange Women.
Later years
Jacqueline Logan was married three times. Her first marriage was to Ralph James Gillespie, also referred to as Robert Gillespie, on June 4, 1925. Logan filed for divorce in 1927, claiming that Gillespie kicked her and called her dumb.
Five months later, Logan eloped to Tijuana with Los Angeles broker Larry Winston. Upon learning she could face a bigamy charge if she returned to the United States, the couple lived separately until the interlocutory decree expired. Logan's divorce from Gillespie became final in March 1928, and she married Winston in June of that year.
After divorcing Winston in 1947, Logan resided in Westchester County, New York into the late 1960s. She spent her winters in Florida where she visited friends such as Lila Lee and Dorothy Dalton, both former actresses. The remainder of the year she resided in Bedford Hills, New York with her prize Great Dane from the Lina Basquette Kennels.
Death
Logan, at age 78, died in Melbourne, Florida in 1983. Her gravesite is in Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur, Illinois.
Filmography
A Perfect Crime (1921)
White and Unmarried (1921)
The Fighting Lover (1921)
Molly O (1921)
Fool's Paradise (1921)
Gay and Devilish (1922)
A Tailor-Made Man (1922)
Saved by Radio (1922)
Burning Sands (1922)
Ebb Tide (1922)
A Blind Bargain (1922)
Java Head (1923)
Mr. Billings Spends His Dime (1923)
Sixty Cents an Hour (1923)
Salomy Jane (1923)
The Light That Failed (1923)
Flaming Barriers (1924)
The Dawn of a Tomorrow (1924)
Code of the Sea (1924)
Dynamite Smith (1924)
The House of Youth (1924)
Manhattan (1924)
A Man Must Live (1925)
The Sky Raider (1925)
Playing with Souls (1925)
If Marriage Fails (1925)
Thank You (1925)
Peacock Feathers (1925)
When the Door Opened (1925)
Wages for Wives (1925)
The Outsider (1926)
White Mice (1926)
Out of the Storm (1926)
Tony Runs Wild (1926)
Footloose Widows (1926)
One Hour of Love (1927)
The King of Kings (1927)
The Blood Ship (1927)
For Ladies Only (1927)
The Wise Wife (1927)
The Leopard Lady (1928)
Midnight Madness (1928)
Broadway Daddies (1928)
The Beautiful Spy (1928)
The Cop (1928)
Stocks and Blondes (1928)
Power (1928)
The Charge of the Gauchos (1928)
The Lookout Girl (1928)
Nothing to Wear (1928)
Ships of the Night (1928)
The River Woman (1928)
The Faker (1929)
Stark Mad (1929)
The Bachelor Girl (1929)
The King of the Kongo (1929)
The Show of Shows (1929)
Sombras habaneras (1929)
General Crack (1930)
Symphony in Two Flats (1930)
The Middle Watch (1930)
Strictly Business (1931)
Shadows (1931)
References
Bibliography
Whatever Became Of...? Vol. II, pages 156-157 by Richard Lamparski, 1968, IMDB.com Webpage.
External links
Jacqueline Logan at Virtual History
1902 births
1983 deaths
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
People from Corsicana, Texas
20th-century American actresses
People from Bedford Hills, New York
Actresses from Nebraska
Entertainers from Nebraska
People from Scottsbluff, Nebraska
WAMPAS Baby Stars
Ziegfeld girls
American stage actresses
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治疗阴囊尖锐疣的方法？阴囊尖锐湿疣是生长于阴囊周围的庆状赘生物，是由人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染引起的一种性传播疾病。阴囊尖锐湿疣症状为初期出现细小淡红色丘疹，后逐渐增大增多并互相融合，表面凹凸不平，如菜花表面，湿润柔软，呈乳头瘤状，鸡冠状，根部常有蒂，且易发生糜烂渗液，易出血。用5%的白醋酸涂抹于疣体上，可见疣体发白或突起。尖锐湿疣这种病症常见于青、中年男女，大多数的情况下是在性生活以后不久才会发病，并且初期的时候症状并不是很明显，在阴肛部会有像肿瘤一样的型状物，会对身体造成一定的压迫感，恶臭味等，阴囊尖锐湿疣症状，有些尖锐湿疣还会引起患者排尿困难或者是尿血的现象，这些都是不同的人不同的表现，当然尖锐湿疣的症状是因人而异的，患者可以进行自我的检查，初期的患者会有小面积的淡红色的丘疹，会随着病情逐渐的增长，表面湿润，如果时间比较久的话，可以会有糜烂的情况。大量研究表明，目前各种治疗方法的有效率在20%～94%之间，但复发率高，3个月内最低复发率为25%。病程小于1年，皮损小者治疗成功率高。由于目前尚无理想的抗病毒药物，所以对生殖器疣主要采用局部治疗去除外生性疣体，有条件者可以联合治疗，即局部治疗加系统应用免疫调节剂，以减少复发。在医学上是会用激光治疗皮肤性病,对治疗尖锐湿疣也是常用。激光治疗的特点就是见效快,在治疗的当时,疣体即可脱落。常用的就是二氧化碳激光,烧灼疣体,一般的1次便可使疣体脱落。对于疣体比较多较明显的患者可以使用。中药调理是最保守,但是也最有效的方法,优点是经过调理后,只要不接触传染源,那么尖锐湿疣的复发性很低,同时不会形成手术创面。缺点是调理时间较长。
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The 2002 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol, or 2002 FIBA South American League, was the seventh edition of the top-tier tournament for basketball teams from South America. The tournament began on 20 February 2001 and finished on 1 May 2002. Argentine team Libertad won their first title, defeating Vasco da Gama in the Grand Finals.
Format
Teams were split into four groups of four teams each, and played each other in a round-robin format. The top two teams from each group advanced to the final stage, a best-of-three direct playoff elimination in the quarterfinals and the semifinals, and a best-of-five elimination series in the Grand Finals, where the champion was decided.
Teams
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Final stage
Quarterfinals
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Semifinals
Game 1
Game 2
Game 3
Grand Finals
Finals rosters
Libertad Sunchales: , Mariano Cerutti , Esteban Pérez, Jorge Benítez, Román González - Sebastián Acosta. Coach: Daniel Rodríguez
Vasco da Gama: , Jamison Costa, Rogério Klafke, Jose Mingão, Sandro Varejão - Chuí. Coach: Hélio Rubens
Season MVP: Mariano Cerutti
References
Liga Sudamericana
2002
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Josef Pühringer (; born 30 October 1949 in Traun) is a former Austrian politician.
From 2 March 1995 to 6 April 2017 he was the governor (Landeshauptmann) of Upper Austria. He is a member of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP).
He is a member of several Roman Catholic student fraternities that belong to the ÖCV and the MKV.
Pühringer is imperial Knight of Honor of the Order of St. George.
References
1949 births
Living people
People from Linz-Land District
Governors of Upper Austria
Austrian Roman Catholics
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Events from the year 1931 in Denmark.
Incumbents
Monarch – Christian X
Prime minister – Thorvald Stauning
Events
31 August – Karen Blixen returns to Denmark after living 28 years in Kenya, settling at her native Rungstedlund.
The arts
Music
14 August – Premiere performance of Carl Nielsen's Commotio, the composer's last major work, in Aarhus Cathedral.
Sports
Cycling
21–30 August The 1931 UCI Track Cycling World Championships are held in Copenhagen
Willy Hansen wins gold in men's sprint.
Helger Harder, Willy Gervin and Anker Meyer-Andersen win gold, silver and bronze in men's sprint at the Amateur event.
26 August Henry Hansen wins gold in Amateur Road Race at the 1931 UCI Road World Championships.
Football
Frem wins their second Danish football championship by winning the 1930–31 Danish Championship League.
4 August Holbæk B&I is founded.
Births
7 July – Palle Kjærulff-Schmidt, film director and screenwriter (died 2018)
Deaths
JanuaryMarch
16 January – Carl Hansen Ostenfeld, botanist (born 1873)
18 February – Peter Elfelt, photographer (born 1866)
AprilJune
15 April – Knud V. Engelhardt, industrial designer (born 1882)
21 April Johann Georg Preisler, engraver (born 1757)
4 May – Christian Klengenberg, whaler, trapper and trader (born 1869)
7 June – Arnold Krog, designer (born 1856)
17 June Holger F. Struer, chemist and company founder (born 1846)
JulySeptember
8 August – Einar Hein, landscape painter associated with the "Skagen Painters" (born 1875)
OctoberDecember
3 December – Carl Nielsen, composer (born 1865)
20 December – Edvard Brandes, politician, author and editor (born 1847)
23 December – Asger Skovgaard Ostenfeld, engineer (born 1866)
References
Denmark
Years of the 20th century in Denmark
1930s in Denmark
1931 in Europe
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明礼乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。2019年12月，撤销明礼乡，将其所属行政区域划归五龙乡管辖。
行政区划
明礼乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料
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手指盖有白斑是缺什么？手指盖上的白斑是典型的锌缺乏症状。如果每个手指的指甲上都出现白斑，你体内的锌含量就很低了，应该尽快采取措施。是如经常有肚子痛症状，可能是有蛔虫。指甲上白点太多为神经衰弱的征照，黄色细点则是消化系统的疾病，手指甲上起小细粒则是药物中毒或是体内有寄生虫。建议及时就诊。是消化功能不好。建议平时注意调养。营养不良：体内缺乏某种微量元素，会使手指甲的生长异常，因而出现点状或是线状的白斑，是因为缺锌，可平时注意吃含锌高的食物。动物性食物中的锌吸收率较高，是人体中锌的主要来源。健康圈比例不正常多为体质较差之兆。手指甲上有白斑或云母样，表示缺钙硅等微量元素，并有寄生虫，这种人易神经过敏，易烦躁，有习惯性便秘。可以到医院进行微量元素检查，适量补充微量元素。慢性疾病：最常被提到的是慢性肝病起的低白蛋白血症手指甲。应及时就诊，平时注意调养。给孩子补钙、补锌等。另外，晒太阳可以有效地帮助钙吸收，最好每天户外活动两小时，既可以增强体质，又可以起到预防佝偻病的作用。当然，也可以给孩子服用一些营养补充药物，不过要注意适量，不要过度。总的来说，手指甲上出现白点，还是要注意一下的。因为手指甲上的白点，是身体给我们的健康信号，若一味忽视，可能造成严重的后果。指甲上的白点很常见，通常会反复出现，有人说这是胃肠功能不好的表现，但这是没有医学根据的。因为长期暴露在外，指甲很易受到伤害，譬如手指卡在门缝里、指甲受到挤压，碰撞等等，导致指甲根部甲母质细胞生成过程中受到损伤，就会出现白点，如果损伤到甲床，指甲下还会出现裂片状出血。不过不必担心，随着指甲的向上生长，它最终会被剪掉。
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Bethel Church, also called Bethel Interdenominational Church, is a Christian religious organisation based in Mansfield Woodhouse, England, founded by John Hibbert and Jean Spademan. It has a sister church, King's Chapel, in Norwich, Connecticut. Within the movement, Spademan was known by the name "Syro" – "an obscure Biblical reference to a Syro-Phoenician woman who appeals to Jesus to save her daughter from a demon".
Founders
Jean Spademan
In 1999, Spademan had six children and over twelve grandchildren. She had children early in life and did not have much money. Her youngest daughter was adopted from Honduras – Spademan had the idea to begin a connection between Bethel Church and the Honduras orphanage Finca de los Niños. Spademan and the church had a goal to build a new orphanage, but they gave up on these plans in the mid-1980s. Spademan's residences on Ley Lane were owned by members of the church.
In an interview with the Daily Express in 2000, Spademan commented on claims by others that she said she was a prophet: "I don't believe I'm a prophet. I never said ... once I may have verged on it." Hibbert acknowledged Spademan asserted she was a prophet, and said she made such statements "only once as a means to an end in a particular circumstance". Hibbert went on to note: "I would say she fits into the prophet category (of the ministry) but not in the way the press is making it out to be, but because she is behind the scenes and she communes with God a great deal." In 1999 Spademan ruled both churches, in England and in Connecticut, through constant contact with church pastors. She communicated either in person or by telephone with Sam J. Wibberley, a pastor at the church in Connecticut.
John Hibbert
Hibbert said he wished "to know god" since he was a young child. Hibbert stated in an interview: "As a boy of 11, 12, and 13 they could not keep me away from it. I was in every single service soaking up the preaching, listening to these missionaries tell their stories. I can remember standing in these congregations ... and with tears streaming down my face and saying, 'Lord I want to do whatever you want me to do in this world. I want to be your servant for the rest of my life.'"
He was raised in central England, and attended a technical college where he received education as a draftsman. Hibbert served as an ordained minister in a Pentacostal church, and rose to the level of assistant minister in Rotherham, in a parish of the organisation Assembly of God. Hibbert is married with three daughters and an adopted boy originally from Honduras. He met Spademan in 1972: "I saw a hesitation in her eyes. I sensed she was in need. And so that was it." Hibbert commented on claims that individuals were pressured to donate funds to his organisation: "Certainly no pressure was ever put on anybody (to give)," he said. "You have never met a more selfless giving group of people than the people in this church and that includes this ministry."
England
In 2000, Spademan rarely attended services. Spademan learned of a church member's lesbian relationship in 2000, and decided to split up the pair by sending one of the girls to live at the church in Connecticut. "Syro told me she knew from God that I was doing this sinful and evil thing. I was shouted at and screamed at, shaken, prayed over and had a Bible pushed against my chest. I was upset, confused and scared," said the girl that was moved to Connecticut. The girl eventually moved back to England and left the organisation.
Along with Hibbert, another pastor at the church in England was Stephen Jeffs. Hibbert and Jeffs believed they were relaying the word of God to their congregation, as given to Spademan. Church members give ten percent of their earnings to the organisation. Members of the church participate in "deliverance" rituals, where church leadership assert that they have been informed of followers' violent and sinful thoughts. Followers are encouraged to dedicate their lives to the organisation and shun family members.
Hope International is a tax-exempt charity organisation run by Bethel Church, with a stated goal of helping individuals from Honduras. It was first registered as a charity in Britain in June 1990. British government records show that approximately US$290,000 was raised from 1995 to 1997. Over fifty-percent of the funds raised for Hope International went to church leadership and members in the form of administrative costs, employees' salaries, and lodging. As of 1999, Hibbert and Spademan were listed as trustees of Hope International, along with Spademan's son-in-law Stephen Jeffs, and her daughter Christine.
In 2009, church pastor Christopher Jenkinson, along with his wife Jennifer, planned to climb Snowdon to raise funding for poor children in Zambia. The church sent individuals to Zambia in July 2009 to assist in construction work for a missionary-led school. "I can't do much to help, but I can walk, so if people would like to sponsor me, every pound counts," said pastor Jenkinson. The school in Zambia serves as a location for 300 children to receive free education – the children also receive food free of charge each school day.
Early in 2018, the church building was advertised as for sale. As of June 2018, the International Church Mansfield has been placed into the hands of liquidators.
Connecticut
As of 1999, one of the three pastors at King's Chapel in Norwich, Connecticut was Sam J. Wibberley, who also owned a business called "Sam Wibberley Tire", and lived in Jewett City, Connecticut. Wibberley graduated from Albion College in 1973. In the 1980s, Wibberley's organisation the Dayspring Church of God became affiliated with the Bethel Church. King's Chapel has tax exempt status, which was originally granted to Dayspring Church of God in 1981. Wibberley and his wife Cynthia often travel to Bethel Church in England to visit church members there. As of 1999, Wibberley's son Christopher was married and was employed as an auto mechanic. John V. Monahan Jr. served as a pastor of the church in 1999, along with James Oakley, and Kevin F. Hamel served as youth minister.
Church services include singing accompanied by guitar music. A church member described the preaching in the service as "energized and forceful". Church values include cleanliness of one's home, and that an individual's property was seen as shared ownership with other members of the church. Church members are often quoted the Bible verse "For as he thinketh in his heart, so is he", Proverbs 23:7. Sinful thoughts are seen by some as being equated with the sin itself.
Both Wibberley, and his counterpart Hibbert in England, believe that Jean Spademan has the "gift of prophecy". Members of the King's Chapel community share possessions including money, houses, and cars. They work at the church for free, and this is seen as a sign of their faith in the movement. One of the church's mottos was "You can't outgive God". Members of the organisation live in Jewett City; church pastors encourage their followers to live there. Spademan believed that the Lord thought Jewett City was "the Jewel City", and the chosen city of God.
On 19 December 1987, a member of King's Chapel, 29-year-old Ron Allen, committed suicide shortly after being persuaded by members of the church to sell his house. "Selling that house was not what Ronald wanted. He said he was brainwashed," said his mother Edith Bolles. "They told him his house was evil because it was materialism. He was submitting himself to materialism, and he needed to get rid of that materialism. ... And by the same token, they wanted the money," said his sister Caron Wunderlich.
In December 1994, church member Martha Davis attempted to commit suicide by ingesting painkillers. She had been instructed by church pastor Kevin F. Hamel that "the Lord had informed prophet Jean Spademan" that a couple and their three daughters had to move into Davis's apartment to live with her and her son. Davis cared for the daughters for years, but felt she was neglecting her own son. "I can't tell you how devastated I was. It was such a heartbreak for me. But I was told it was God's perfect will. We were told over and over we have to surrender to Him," she said. Her son moved to England in 1994, and when Davis asked for time off from caring for the couple's daughters, Pastor Sam J. Wibberley instead instructed her to apologise to the girls. She requested that her son return from England, but Pastor John Hibbert said he would stay there because her attempt to kill herself "had ruined much of what they had accomplished with him".
Sallie Bowen, a church member with her husband from 1980 to 1998, told The New London Day that the organisation's pastors and leader Syro held a large amount of influence over their followers. Bowen said that Sam Wibberley instructed her "the Lord had told Syro I wanted to have an affair with Syro's granddaughter's husband". Bowen denied these thoughts, but Wibberley insisted: "You’re trying to fool us, but you can’t fool God." Bowen ended up telling her husband about the incident after being told to do so by Wibberley: "It hurt him. They hurt people’s marriages. They cause divisions. We had been married several years at that point. I loved him. I never had any inclination not to be faithful to my husband. But here they are making me confess that I did," said Bowen.
British MP calls for group to be placed on register
In 2000, after critical reporting on the organisation exposed controversial practices by the group, British MP for Mansfield Alan Meale publicly requested that such religious groups and cults be placed in a register. Meale noted that if employers used the psychological methods used by Bethel Church management, employees would be able to request a significant amount of financial compensation.
"There needs to be a register to protect the people involved in these movements, their relatives and the communities in which they exist. Everyone, from parents, to social services and neighbours should be allowed to know what these organisations are. They are usually very secretive and impose huge pressures on the people in them. A register should also lay open the church's business dealings and its aims and objectives," said Meale.
Analysis
Dr. Martyn Percy of the Lincoln Theological Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, an authority on new religious movements, commented on the organisation's nature of control: "It seems to me to be a fascinating form of religious control exercised on people. If you really think people know what you think, you just don’t dare step out of line. It becomes intolerable. What is absolutely unique about this church is a woman being not just a figurehead, but the prophetic leader of it."
Lonnie D. Kliever, chairman of the religion department at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, said that he did not observe evidence of brainwashing within the church. He compared individuals devoted to strict organisations such as King's Chapel to "misguided victims", commenting: It is like getting involved in a bad marriage. Some find it preferable to stay."
Mary Alice Chrnalogar, author of the 1997 book on cults, Twisted Scriptures, said she has heard of the group, and compared it to other religious groups she has dealt with: "I’m very familiar with that group. It’s no different from any other cult I have worked with."
The director of the New England Institute of Religious Research in Middleboro, Massachusetts, Robert Pardon, analysed statements from ex-members of the King's Chapel organisation. Pardon stated that the group "fits the classic profile" of an abusive religious organisation. Pardon commented on Spademan's control of the group: "If you accept the premise that she hears from God and is always right, then you have no safeguards, no accountability from abuse. This is pretty scary stuff."
References
External links
Organizations based in Connecticut
Mansfield District
Religion in Nottinghamshire
Christian new religious movements
Organisations based in Nottinghamshire
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An equatorium (plural, equatoria) is an astronomical calculating instrument. It can be used for finding the positions of the Moon, Sun, and planets without arithmetic operations, using a geometrical model to represent the position of a given celestial body.
History
In his comment on Ptolemy's Handy Tables, 4th century mathematician Theon of Alexandria introduced some diagrams to geometrically compute the position of the planets based on Ptolemy's epicyclical theory. The first description of the construction of a solar equatorium (as opposed to planetary) is contained in Proclus's fifth-century work Hypotyposis, where he gives instructions on how to construct one in wood or bronze.
The earliest known descriptions of planetary equatoria are in the Latin translation of an early eleventh century text by Ibn al‐Samḥ and a 1080/1081 treatise by al-Zarqālī, contained in the Libros del saber de astronomia (Books of the knowledge of astronomy), a Castilian compilation of astronomical works collected under the patronage of Alfonso X of Castile in the thirteenth century.
The Theorica Planetarum (c. 1261–1264) by Campanus of Novara is the earliest extant description of the construction of an equatorium in Latin Europe. Campanus' instrument resembled an astrolabe, with several interchangeable plates within a mater. The best manuscripts of Campanus' treatise contain paper and parchment equatoria with moveable parts.
Variations
The history of the equatorium does not just end after the 11th century, but it inspired a more diverse invention called “The Albion”. The Albion is an astronomical instrument invented by Richard of Wallingford at the beginning of the 14th century. It has various functional uses such as that of the equatorium for planetary and conjunction computations. It can calculate when eclipses will occur. The Albion is made up of 18 different scales which makes it extremely complex in comparison to the equatorium. The history of this instrument is still disputed to this day, as the only Albion from the past is both unnamed and unmarked.
Astrolabe compared with equatorium
The roots of the equatorium lie in the astrolabe. The history of the astrolabe dates back to roughly 220 BC in the works of Hipparchus. The difference between the two instruments is that the astrolabe measures the time and position of the sun and stars at a specific location in time. In contrast, the equatorium is used to calculate the past or future positions of the planets and celestial bodies according to the planetary theory of Ptolemy.
Uses
The equatorium can further be specialized depending on the epicycle. There are three possible epicycles that can be adjusted to serve for planetary positions in three groups: the moon, the stars, and the sun. The sun was considered a planet in the Ptolemaic system, hence why the equatorium could be used to determine its position. Through the use of Ptolemy's model, astronomers were able to make a single instrument with various capabilities that catered to the belief that the solar system had the earth at the center. In fact, specialized equatoriums had astrological aspects of medicine, as the orientation of planets gave insight to zodiac signs which helped some doctors cater medical treatments to patients.
At least 15 minutes was needed to calculate the planetary position with the use of a table for each celestial body. A horoscope of that era would have required the positions of seven astronomical objects, requiring nearly two hours of manual calculation time.
See also
Antikythera mechanism
Armillary sphere
Astrarium
Astrolabe
Astronomical clock
Orrery
Planetarium
Torquetum
The equatorie of the planetis
References
Further reading
Seb Falk's blog: making a planetary equatorium.
Astronomical instruments
History of astrology
Historical scientific instruments
Analog computers
Arab inventions
Mechanical calculators
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De Graeff (; also: De Graef, Graef, Graeff, Graaff, Graaf and De Graeff van Polsbroek) is an old Dutch patrician and noble family,
The Amsterdam line of the family played an important role during the Dutch Golden Age. They were at the centre of Amsterdam and Holland public life and oligarchy from 1578 until 1672, and belonged to the Dutch States Party. During that time, members of the De Graeff family were also important patrons of art and artists such as Rembrandt, Govaert Flinck, Gerard ter Borch, Jacob van Ruisdael, Caspar Netscher, Gerard de Lairesse, Artus Quellinus and Joost van den Vondel.
In 1677 they were made knights of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1885 that line has been part of the Dutch nobility with the honorific of jonkheer.
Origin
According to a family tradition, the family descends from the Austrian Lords Von Graben. Allegedly one Wolfgang von Graben came 1476 to Holland [also named in 1483]. It is said that the family was founded by Pieter Graeff (born around 1450/1460) who may lived at the Amsterdam area. It was affirmed that the family de Graeff was formerly called von Graben, which was the Dutch spelling during the 14th and 15th century. This family today shows the same coat of arms as the De Graeff family. In the Diploma of Nobility from 19 July 1677 loaned to Andries de Graeff, Pieter was married to Griet Pietersdr Berents
descendant from Wouter Berensz and his wife Dieuwer Willemsz de Grebber, called Berents, of the De Grebber family, baljuws of the Waterland, and Willem Eggert, stadtholder of Holland. The Berents family belonged to the Amsterdam patriciate and low nobility and inherited the fief Randenbroek (Amersfoort) from the De Grebber.
Historical and political Legacy
Cornelis de Graeff (1599-1664) said that the ancient Amsterdammers had no habit of keeping genealogical records of their families, and knew no more of their generation than what they have learned from their fathers and grandfathers. The dates of his own family in Amsterdam do not go back very far:
And first I'll start with the family de Graven from which I descended on my father's side. This is a family from Amsterdam, coming from the house 'de Keijser', that was located at the Waeter (= now Damrak No. 91). This house shows the impression of its vaulted appearance, owned by Jan Pieters de Graeff, and then by Dirck Jans de Graeff, who also sold this house. My father Jacob de Graeff and his brothers were also born here.
The De Graeff family has therefore never boasted about the age of their own family in Amsterdam. But Cornelis and his brother Andries de Graeff (1611-1678), together with their cousins Andries and Cornelis Bicker, saw themselves as the political heirs of the old regent family Boelens, whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names Andries and Cornelis from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor was Andries Boelens (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and De Graeff, descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times.
Progenitor Pieter Graeff
Pieter Graeff was born around 1450/1460 in Austria as Peter von Graben, son of the nobleman Wolfgang von Graben. In 1476 [reported also in 1483], Wolfgang and Peter went to Holland in the entourage of Archduke Maximilian of Austria [the later Emperor]. The latter had just acquired Holland by marrying Mary of Burgundy. Margarethe von Croppenstein is reported as Peter's mother, but this cannot be correct, since she is mentioned as the wife of a Wolfgang von Graben, but only in the 16th century, which therefore applies to a later Wolfgang von Graben. Wolfgang entered the military service and was assigned to the archduke. Peter took the name Pieter (de) Graeff (or De Graaff). De Graeff was the Dutch spelling of Von Graben in the 14 and 15th century. In the Diploma of Nobility from 19 July 1677 loaned to Andries de Graeff, it was affirmed that the family de Graeff was formerly called von Graben, which is the same as de Graeff. This family today shows the same coat of arms as the De Graeff family. It cannot be determined whether Pieter was lived in Amsterdam. Biographical cornerstones of his life cannot be determined, but it is reported that he married Griet Pieters(dr) Berents in 1512, a woman whose family came from the patriciate of Amsterdam and the low nobility of the area. She may was a daughter of Berend Berends, in 1509 advisor of Amsterdam, himself a son or second line descendant (grandson, nephew) of Jan Berents, Lord of Randenbroek (Amersfoort), the son of Wouter Berensz and his wife Dieuwer Willemsdr de Grebber (born around 1385 or later), called Berents, of the De Grebber family, baljuws of the Waterland. The Berents family inherited the fief Randenbroek from the De Grebber.
Griet Pietersdr Berents came from the female line of this family, and through the marriage of her ancestor Willem Grebber Jonge Willem Grebberszoon (born around 1362–1434; father of Dieuwer Willemsdr de Grebber) to Lijsbeth Willemsdr Eggert (born around 1390 or later; also named Imme Eggert), she was also a descendant of Lijsbeths father Willem Eggert (1360-1417), stadholder of Holland.
Pieter and Griet had one son, Jan Pietersz Graeff, who continued the family line in Amsterdam. His coat of arms from 1542 or 1543 shows the shovel of the Von Graben and the swan of the De Grebber family.
About the family crest of Pieter's wife Griet: Jan Berents, Lord of Randenbroek, the ancestor of Griet Pietersdr Berents, had a coat of arms which hangs in a chapel in the Nieuwe Kerk of Amsterdam. It shows a quartered shield with the arms of the Berents, De Grebber, Eggert and Boel (Boelens Loen). During the 15th and 16th centuries, these families were at the head of the Amsterdam patriciate and, with the exception of the Boelens, belonged to the knightly nobility.
Family lines
Amsterdam line (so called main line, includes the Free Lords of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam)
Dutch-Prussian line 'De Graaff'
Alblasserdam line
Lines at Alkmaar, Leiden and Delft
Illegitimate line 'Graeff'
South African line (founded in 1850)
The Hague line (since 19th century)
Amsterdam line
Beginning
Pieter's line was continued by his only known son, Jan Pietersz Graeff (before 1512–1553). It is known that he lived in Amsterdam in the "Huis De Keyser" (named after the "Keizerskroon" attached outside the building) on the Damrak. There he ran a flourishing cloth trade. In 1542 he became a councilor and in 1543 he was appointed alderman (Schepen) of Amsterdam. Due to its political activities, the De Graeff family is one of the few patrician families to sit in government before and after the Amsterdam Alteratie of 1578. Jan Pietersz Graeff had five sons. The second-born Lenaert Jansz de Graeff was a leading member of the Amsterdam Reformed Church, and involved in the religious liberation struggle of the Netherlands in the 1560s and 1570s; on the one hand he was one of the military and religious leaders of Amsterdam under his friend Hendrick von Brederode and probably as "Monseigneur de Graeff" privateer and captain of the watergeus (Sea Beggars) who were involved in the Capture of Brielle in 1572. In recent historical books, De Graeff is treated as one of the leaders of the Sea beggars. His character was also used in a historical novel about De Grote Geus.
His third son Dirck Jansz Graeff (1532-1589) continued the main line of the family in Amsterdam. As governing mayor of Amsterdam and friend of William I of Orange (William the Silent), he was able to lay the foundation for the family's political and social influence in Amsterdam. Dirk Jansz was one of the emigrants who fled to Emden from the Spanish army under the Duke of Alba. After his return, Dirck Jansz had shares in over 100 merchant ships. In the years 1584/1585 he was the richest resident of Amsterdam with a fortune of 140,000 guilders.
Dutch Golden Age
During the Dutch Golden Age, the De Graeff family was critical of the influence of the House of Orange. the De Graeffs belonged to the republican political movement of the Regenten, also referred to as the ‘state oriented’, as opposed to the Royalists. Together with the Republican political leaders, the Bicker family and Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, the republican-minded Jacob Dircksz de Graeff (son of Dirck Jansz Graeff) and his sons Cornelis and Andries de Graeff strived for the abolition of stadtholdership. They desired the full sovereignty of the individual regions in a form in which the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands was not ruled by a single person. Instead of a sovereign (or stadtholder) the political and military power was lodged with the States General and with the regents of the cities in Holland. The De Graeff and Bicker families, for example, tried to imitate the centralistic, autocratic style of government of the Florentine Medici. The Dutch historian and archivist Bas Dudok van Heel said about the power of families like that of de Graeff and Bicker: In Florence, families like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes.
During the two decades from the 1650 to the 1670s the De Graeff family had a leading role in the Amsterdam administration, the city was at the peak of its political power. This period was also referred to by Republicans as the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ (True Freedom). It was the First Stadtholderless Period which lasted from 1650 to 1672 during these twenty years, the regents from Holland and in particular those of Amsterdam, controlled the republic. The city was flush with self-confidence and liked to compare itself to the famous Republic of Rome. Even without a stadtholder, things seemed to be going well for the Republic and its regents both politically and economically.
In early 1671, Andries de Graeff was once again put forward as chief-mayor (regent) and managed to gain control with his Republican faction. During the winter of that year it seemed as if – at least in Amsterdam – the Republicans were winning. It was an exceptionally opportune moment to commission a monumental ceiling painting on Amsterdam's independent position for the ‘Sael’ of his mayor's residence. De Graeff had a clear message in mind for the ceiling painting: the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ of the Republic was only protected by the Republican regents of Amsterdam. The paintings by Gerard de Lairesse glorify the de Graeff family's role as the protector of the Republican state, defender of ‘Freedom’. The work of art can be viewed as a visual statement opposing the return of House of Orange as Stadtholders of the republic. In Rampjaar 1672, when the Orangists took power again, the De Graeffs lost their position as one of the key States party families.
Patrons of the arts
Throughout the Dutch Golden Age, the family sponsored art and architecture, and were responsible for the majority of Amsterdam art. Andries de Graeff, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Rembrandt and, together with his brother Cornelis de Graeff, commissioned Govert Flinck, Artus Quellinus and Jacob Jordaens for the construction of the city hall on the Dam in 1655. Andries de Graeff's other notable artistic associates included Gerard ter Borch, Flinck, and Jan Lievens. Andries' brother Cornelis continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists, commissioning works from Jacob van Ruisdael, Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy, Quellinus, Flinck and Caspar Netscher. The family were also patrons of the poets Joost van den Vondel, Jan Vos, Caspar Barlaeus und Gerard Brandt.
In 1660 Andries and his brother Cornelis de Graeff organized the Dutch Gift, a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, which was presented to King Charles II of England by the States-General of the Netherlands in 1660. The gift was made to mark his return to power in the English Restoration. The De Graeffs intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67.
Cornelis' son Pieter de Graeff was also a man who surrounded himself with art and beauty. He was an art collector and patron to the artists Ter Borch, Lievens, Karel Dujardin, Romeyn de Hooghe, Netscher and the poet Van den Vondel. Prof. C.W. Fock of the University of Leiden describes his art collection and lifestyle in her work Het stempel van de bewoner.
After the Golden Age
After the Amsterdam family De Graeff had lost their political importance in Rampjaar 1672, they were only able to establish themselves to a limited extent in Amsterdam and Dutch politics. During the 18th century, three more family members where part of the City administration, namely Johan de Graeff (1673-1714), Gerrit de Graeff (1711-1752) and Gerrit II de Graeff van Zuid-Polsbroek (1741-1811). During the 19th century the last one and his grandson, the manufacturer Gerrit IV de Graeff (1797–1870), where part of the Amsterdam government. In the 20th century, the family had completely disappeared from city politics, and the Hague Line had taken over the family's political and social leadership.
Nobility
In 1677, Andries de Graeff and his only son, Cornelis, became a knight of the Holy Roman Empire. They traced their descent from Wolfgang von Graben, member of the Austrian noble House of Graben von Stein, which was an apparent (or illegitimate) branch of the House of Meinhardin.
Diplom loaned to Mr. Andries de Graeff, Vienna, July 19, 1677:
Fide digis itegur genealogistarum Amsteldamensium edocti testimoniis te Andream de Graeff [Andries de Graeff] non paternum solum ex pervetusta in Comitatu nostro Tyrolensi von Graben dicta familia originem ducere, qua olim per quendam ex ascendentibus tuis ejus nominis in Belgium traducta et in Petrum de Graeff [Pieter Graeff], abavum, Johannem [Jan Pietersz Graeff], proavum, Theodorum [Dirck Jansz Graeff], avum, ac tandem Jacobum [Jacob Dircksz de Graeff], patrem tuum, viros in civitate, Amstelodamensi continua serie consulatum scabinatus senatorii ordinis dignitabitus conspicuos et in publicum bene semper meritos propagata nobiliter et cum splendore inter suos se semper gessaerit interque alios honores praerogativasque nobilibus eo locorum proprias liberum venandi jus in Hollandia, Frisiaque occidentale ac Ultrajectina provinciis habuerit semper et exercuerit.
This title of Holy Empire knight only existed for one year, since both title holders died in the following year. When the Kingdom of the United Netherlands was established in 1815, the De Graeff family received no recognition or elevation to the new Dutch nobility, as Dutch historian and archivist Bas Dudok van Heel put it this way: In Florence families like Bicker and De Graeff would have been uncrowned princes. Here, in 1815, they should at least have been raised to the rank of count, but the southern Dutch nobility would not have put up with that. What you got here remained nothing half and nothing whole. In 1885 Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek received the new Dutch nobility with the predicate Jonkheer for himself and his descendants. This noble branch still flourishes today.
Feudality
Like many other Dutch patrician families, the De Graeffs endeavored to adopt the way of life and the social appearance of the old dutch nobility and to be recognized by them as equals. Among other things, the acquisition of feudal manorial estates, so-called heerlijkheid, served to justify such claims. which in the Netherlands were also associated with their own jurisdiction. In the case of "lower fiefs" (lage heerlijkheiden or Ambachtsheerlijkheid), this was the lower jurisdiction, while the landlord of a "free" or "high fief" also had high jurisdiction (blood court).
Jacob Dircksz de Graeff was one of the first Dutch regents to come into possession of such grandeur. In 1610 he bought the Free and high fief of Zuid-Polsbroek (hoge of vrije heerlijkheid Zuid-Polsbroek) for himself and his family from Charles de Ligne, prince Aremberg, which at that time was no longer a fiefdom but was freely inheritable and sellable as an allod property. Their acquisition increased the reputation and contributed to the aristocratization of the family, in which De Graeff and his heirs could be addressed as Vrijheer(en) van Zuid-Polsbroek ever since. Furthermore, in 1678 his grandson Jacob de Graeff inherited the Free or high Lordship of Purmerland and Ilpendam (hoge heerlijkheid van Purmerland en Ilpendam). The mansions of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam were owned by the De Graeff family until 1870.
Furthermore, Pieter Dircksz Graeff (1573-1645) owned the Lordship of Engelenburg. The siblings Alida (1651-1738) and Arnoldina de Graeff (1652-1703) had been vrijvrouwen of the Free and High Lordship Jaarsveld during the 17th and 18th century. Likewise, the De Graeff family held Ambachtsheerlijkheiden as fiefdoms of the city of Amsterdam during the 17th century; Amstelveen, Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten, Sloterdijk and Osdorp, Urk and Emmeloord. The family had lands and feudal rights in the southern part of Netelenburg, in Duinen in North Holland, in Cromwyk and Hoog Rietveld near Woerden, near Langerak and on the river Lek, the extensive country estates Vredenhof near Voorschoten and Valckeveen (Valkenburg), the later Graeffenveld near Oud-Naarden. Furthermore the held Land in De Graskamp and grounds in Soestdijk, Soestdijk Palace, and Baarn.
Coat of arms
The ancient (De) Graeff coat of arms shows the shovel from the Herren von Graben and the swan from the De Grebber family from Waterland (county of Holland). The inheritance of the Graben coat of arms is based on the (assumed) male descent of the Graeff-ancestor Pieter Graeff (born around 1450/60) from Wolfgang von Graben. The inheritance of the Grebber coat of arms on the female lineage of Pieter's wife Griet Pietersdr Berents of the 'Berents-De Grebber line'.
Symbols of the coat of arms:
Shovel: Von Graben
Swan: De Grebber and the 2nd one since the earlier 17th century stands for the Fief of Vredenhof
Falcon: Fief of Valkenburg (Valckeveen)
Rhombus: High Lordship of Zuid-Polsbroek
Goose: High Lordship of Purmerland
Lion: High Lordship of Ilpendam
Coat of arms Pieter de Graeff
The coat of arms of Pieter de Graeff (1638-1707) is quartered with a heart shield and since 1678 it shows the following symbols:
heart shield shows the three silver rhombuses on red (originally from the family Van Woerdern van Vliet) of the High Lordship Zuid-Polsbroek
field 1 (left above) shows the silver shovel on red of their paternal ancestors, the Herren von Graben
field 2 (right above) shows the silver swan on blue of the Fief Vredenhof or that one (Waterland) of one of their maternal ancestors, the De Grebber
field 3 (left below) shows the silver goose in blue of Purmerland (High Lordship Purmerland and Ilpendam)
field 4 (right below) shows the red and black lions on gold (the arms of the County of Holland) for Ilpendam (High Lordship Purmerland and Ilpendam) above a blue area
shield holders are two silver swans
helmet covers in red and silver
helm adornment shows an upright silver spade with ostrich feathers (Herren von Graben)
motto: MORS SCEPTRA LIGONIBUS AEQUAT (DEATH MAKES SEPTRES AND HOES EQUAL)
Other Dutch lines
Secondary lines split off from Jacob Jansz Graeff († ca. 1580), the youngest son of Jan Pietersz Graeff. These lived in the cities of Alblasserdam, Alkmaar, Leiden and Delft, but could not gain influence like those who remained in Amsterdam. The best-known member was the Dutch Rear Admiral Albert Claesz de Graeff, a great-grandson of Jacob Jansz Graeff. It is not known whether there are still male descendants from these branches today.
There are also descendants of Jacob Jansz Graeff's († ca. 1580) illegitimate son Adriaan Jacobsz Graeff, but nothing further is known about their life.
Dutch-Prussian line
Another branch of the family was based in Holland as well as in Prussia (Germany). According to the Genealogische Taschenbuch der Ritter- u. Adels-Geschlechter (Genealogical Paperback of Knights and Nobles), the Prussian De Graaff family of the 19th century came from the Amsterdam line of the De Graeff. According to the genealogical paperback of the knight and nobility families, the Prussian branch descended from Dirk Reynier de Graaff (named 1596) a son of Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (Leonardus de Graaff; 1525/30 - before 1578), older brother of Dirk Jansz Graeff, burgomaster of Amsterdam. It is not possible to determine why this patrician family, for which no rise in nobility status can be proven, appears in a genealogical work on noble families. This ancestry is also confirmed by the Rietstap Armorial Général, who also registered the (De)Graeff coat of arms by bearers in former Prussia as Graaff (de), Prusse - Orig. de Hollande (also spelled de Graaf). The coat of arms is described in the original as follows: Graaff (de) Prusse - Orig. de Hollande - Écartelé aux 1 et 4 de gueules à une bêche d'argent le fer en haut aux 2 et 3 d'azur à un cygne d'argent Cimier la bêche sommée de trois plumes de paon au naturel Lambrequin d'argent et de gueules. As the coat of arms describes a swan next to the spade [and not a goose, which the De Graeffs used as (Vrij)heeren van Purmerland en Ilpendam from 1655 to 1678 instead of the swan], this confirms their descent from the Amsterdam line before a split of theirs Property in 1638 (the death of Jacob Dircksz de Graeff). During the 1870s, the brothers Gérard Hendrik Reinardus de Graaff (1853-1917) and Henri (Heinrich) de Graaff (1857-1924), sons of the lawyer Reinardus Joostinus Marinus de Graaff (* 1829) from The Hague, went as officers in the Prussian military service. Henri was promoted to Prussian lieutenant-general in World War I and Gérard Hendrik Reinardus ranked as major general. Both also lived in Berlin. It is not known whether there is an offspring.
South African line
The lineage in South Africa descends from Gerrit Arnold Theodoor de Graeff (b. 1831), a brother of Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek. This line is still thriving today.
The Hague line
Other lines and branches, also from the Amsterdam main line, are scattered throughout the Netherlands, such as The Hague line. This came from the important diplomat Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek (1833-1916). He was Dutch Consul General and Minister-Resident to Japan and due his relationship with Emperor Meiji he laid the foundation for modern diplomatic representation in Japan of various European States. In 1885 he received the new Dutch nobility with the predicate Jonkheer for himself and his descendants. This noble branch still flourishes today. Dirk's son was Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff, diplomat, minister and governor-general, who was able to continue the politically committed and successful tradition of his family in the 20th century. Various family members were also active in engineering, in the water authorities, as state inspectors and commissioners, directors, in court service at the Dutch royal court and as financial and company managers. Representatives of this are Dirk Georg de Graeff and Jan Jaap de Graeff.
Nobility
Some members of the line at The Hague belonged to the New Dutch nobility. In 1885 Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, originally from the Amsterdam branch, received the predicate Jonkheer for himself and his descendants. This noble branch, descendanted from Dirk, still flourishes today.
Family members (selection)
Pieter Graeff (born around 1484), it is said that he was a son of Wolfgang von Graben (1465-1521) → Amsterdam line
Jan Pietersz Graeff (1512–1553), member of the vroedschap and advisor of Amsterdam, cloth merchant and dealer
Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (1530–35 - before 1578), one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation at Amsterdam, friend of the "Grote Geus" Henry, Count of Bréderode; Lenaert Jansz de Graeff could be ident with "Monseigneur de Graeff", a captain and leader of the Sea Beggars during the Capture of Brielle.
Dirk Reynier de Graeff (named 1596) (?) → Dutch-Prussian line [includes Henri (Heinrich) de Graaff (1857–1924), Prussian lieutenant-general during World War I.]
Diederik Jansz. Graeff (1532–1589), mayor of Amsterdam, merchant; Graeff was also a friend of William the Silent, Prince of Orange.
Jacob Dircksz de Graeff (1570–1638), was an illustrious member of the De Graeff family; regent and mayor of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, lord of the manor of Sloten, Osdorp and Amstelveen.
Cornelis de Graeff (1599–1664), was the most illustrious member of the De Graeff family; regent and mayor of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, lord of the manor of Sloten and Amstelveen, President of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC); illustrious Patron and Art collector's.
Pieter de Graeff (1638–1707), regent of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam, President or Chairman of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC), friend and advicor to his cousin and brother-in-law Johan de Witt.
Cornelis de Graeff II. (1671–1719), free Lord of Purmerland and Ilpendam.
Johan de Graeff (1673–1714), advisor of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek.
Gerrit de Graeff (I.) van Zuid-Polsbroek (1711–1752), regent of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam, one of the Chairmen of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) and the Dutch West Indies Company (WIC).
Joan de Graeff (1735-1754), free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek.
Gerrit de Graeff II. (1741–1811), regent of Amsterdam, free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam.
Gerrit de Graeff (III.) van Zuid-Polsbroek (1766–1814), free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam.
Gerrit de Graeff (IV.) van Zuid-Polsbroek (1797–1870), free Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Purmerland and Ilpendam, advisor of the city of Amsterdam.
Gerrit Arnold Theodoor de Graeff (born 1831) → South African line
Henry George de Graeff van Polsbroek (1858–1941)
Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek (1833–1916), Diplomat, Generalconsul and Dutch minister in Japan. He was the most important representative of the Dutch government and played a major part in the many negotiations between Japan and various Western countries. De Graeff van Polsbroek was advisor to Japanese Emperor Meiji and laid the foundation stone for a modern western (European) diplomacy in Japan. → The Hague line
Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (1872–1958), Governor General of Dutch East Indies, Dutch minister for foreign affairs.
Jacob de Graeff (born 1921)
Jan Jaap de Graeff (born 1949), dijkgraaf of Schieland, chamberlain of the Dutch queen, director of the Dutch unie for water
Géorg de Graeff (1873–1954)
Dirk Georg de Graeff (1905–1986), chamberlain of the Dutch queens and managing director from the Algemene Bank Nederland
Herman Jacob de Graeff (1907-1978)
Egbert de Graeff (1936–2017), Dutch field hockey player
Jacob de Graeff (1642–1690), advisor of Amsterdam, lord of the semi-sovereign fief Purmerland and Ilpendam.
Dirk de Graeff (1601–1637), advisor of Amsterdam
Agneta de Graeff van Polsbroek (1603–1656), mother of Wendela Bicker and mother in law of Johan de Witt.
Wendela de Graeff (1607–1652), painted by Rembrandt van Rijn at his masterpiece Jacob Blessing the Children of Joseph
Andries de Graeff (1611–1678), had together with his brother Cornelis the leading role in the Amsterdam and Holland administration; minister of finances, regent and mayor of Amsterdam, lord of the manor of Urk and Emmeloord; illustrious Patron and Art collector.
Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff (1650–1678), free imperial knight of the Holy Roman Empire, chieflandholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder.
Alida de Graeff (1651–1738), free Lady of Jaarsveld.
Arnoldina de Graeff (1652–1703), free Lady of Jaarsveld.
Pieter Dircksz Graeff (1573–1645), lord of Engelenburg, visited the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
Jacob Jansz Graeff (died ca 1580) → Ablasserdam line
Jan Jacobsz Graeff (born ca 1570–75)
Claes Jansz Graeff
Albert Claesz de Graeff (born around 1620), Dutch naval Officier and Admiral (Schout-bij-nacht).
Adriaan Jacobsz Graeff (illegitimate son) → illegitime Graeff line
Varia
In 2013 the worldwide Family Association Gräff-Graeff (Familienverband Gräff-Graeff e.V.) was founded for the claimed Graeff lineage of Wolfgang von Graben. The chairmanship and administration of the Family Association must not be confused with the function of a head of the whole family and their different branches.
See also
De Graeff family tree
Semisouverain fief of Zuid-Polsbroek
Fief of Purmerend, Purmerland and Ilpendam
Ilpenstein Castle
Herengracht 573
Soestdijk Palace
Notes
Literature
Bruijn, J. H. De. Genealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827.
Burke, P. (1994). Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Élites.
Graeff, P. De (P. de Graeff Gerritsz en Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek). Genealogie van de familie De Graeff van Polsbroek Amsterdam 1882.
Israel, Jonathan I. (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford,
Rowen, Herbert H. (1986). John de Witt" Statesman of the "True Freedom". Cambridge University Press,
Zandvliet, Kees. De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw - Kapitaal, macht, familie en levensstijl (2006 Amsterdam; Nieuw Amsterdam Uitgevers)
External links
"Genealogie van het geslacht 'de Graeff' door W. H. Croockewit" (Family tree of the De Graeff family) at: De Nederlandsche leeuw: tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde (1895-1900).
Dutch noble families
Dutch patrician families
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Roland du Luart (born 12 March 1940) is a former member of the Senate of France, who represented the Sarthe department. He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement and served as one of the Senate's vice-presidents.
Since 2014, he has been the president of the Jockey-Club de Paris.
References
Page on the Senate website
1940 births
Living people
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Sarthe
Place of birth missing (living people)
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四岁小孩睡觉口吐白沫是怎么回事？吐白沫是指从口中吐出的唾液。它常见于有机磷中毒和癫痫患者。它通常由有机磷中毒引起，因为有机磷中毒会抑制交感神经。导致瞳孔收缩，气管收缩和唾液分泌过多。当你呼吸时，有很多唾液，看起来像是“嘴里的白色泡沫”。然而，它也可能是由癫痫发作引起的。通常“口腔发泡”是有机磷中毒，因为有机磷中毒会抑制交感神经。导致瞳孔收缩，气管收缩和唾液分泌过多。当你呼吸时，有很多唾液，看起来像是“嘴里的白色泡沫”。然而，它也可能是由癫痫发作引起的。在诊断时，观察患者的瞳孔大小，呼吸状况和意识状态，以确定起泡的原因。中毒口腔呕吐的发泡应与癫痫发作区分开来。癫痫通常是头晕，意识模糊，上腹部不适，视听和嗅觉障碍。在发病时(癫痫发作期)，一些患者首先发出尖锐的尖叫，然后两者都失去知觉和摔倒，肌肉无力，呼吸暂停，头部偏向一侧。几秒钟后，出现抽搐，抽搐逐渐增加。它持续了几十秒，在阵雨期间呼吸恢复，并在嘴里发泡。中毒口腔呕吐的发泡应与癫痫发作区分开来。癫痫通常是头晕，意识模糊，上腹部不适，视听和嗅觉障碍。在发病时(癫痫发作期)，一些患者首先发出尖锐的尖叫，然后两者都失去知觉和摔倒，肌肉无力，呼吸暂停，头部偏向一侧。几秒钟后，出现抽搐，抽搐逐渐增加。制作第二个小时的数量，呼吸恢复的再生，在嘴里起泡。癫痫患者应及时诊断并及早治疗。治疗越早，脑损伤越小，复发越少，预后越好。要正确合理地使用药物，及时调整剂量，注意个体化治疗，治疗过程要长，停药过程要缓慢，应定期服药，并进行疗效评价和血药浓度必要时应进行监测。不要随意使用药物而不是药物。去除或减少引起癫痫的原发疾病，例如颅内占位性疾病，代谢异常，感染等，对于反复发作也是重要的。
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白带豆腐渣状褐色分泌物怎么回事？白带是一种从女性阴道流出来的正常液体，每个月排卵期的时候白带会比平常要多，这是一种判断排卵期的好方法。正常的白带是无色无味的粘稠状。白带像豆腐渣一样并且为褐色分泌物很明显是白带异常的表现。而这种异常的白带是女性在患有霉菌性阴道炎的时候常常表现的症状，霉菌性阴道炎患者还会伴有引导瘙痒瘙痒感、清洁严重的甚至还会有阴道溃烂的情况。1、霉菌性阴道炎是女性的阴道感染霉菌引起的，发病率非常高，在妇科炎症中的发病率仅次于滴虫性阴道炎。而且霉菌性阴道炎是各个年龄段的女人都有可能会发生，传染性也相当的强。2、霉菌性阴道炎最典型的症状就是会出现白带异常的现象，白带量多、白带凝乳状或者是白带呈豆腐渣样，还会伴有阴道瘙痒灼热，甚至连排尿的时候也感到灼热困难，阴部粘膜也会出现红肿现象。3、霉菌性阴道炎常常会让患者坐立不安，严重影响到了患者的正常工作和生活。尤其是妊娠期的女性若是患有霉菌性阴道炎瘙痒尤其严重，而且如果宝宝如果是通过引导分娩的还有可能会感染霉菌。所以女性一旦发现有豆腐渣样褐色的分泌物的白带现象就要及时到医院做个检查，然后在对症治疗，另外生活中女性一定要注意个人卫生，但是也不要过度清洗阴道，要勤换内裤保持。避免外阴瘙痒和霉菌性阴道炎的发生，可以吃一些广谱抗生素进行治疗，外阴瘙痒时一定不能进行性交，经常更换内裤、内裤要消毒，不必过度自卑，要坚持治疗。当女性出现了白带如豆腐渣状出现时，要格外注意自己的身体健康，最好夫妻双方同治。
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尼伐地平药理作用？为二氢吡啶类钙拮抗药，其与Ca2 通道特异部位的结合力比硝苯地平强10倍，作用持续时间亦较之长2～3倍。血管扩张作用选择性强，对心脏的作用较小，故降低血压作用明显。此外，尚有抗心绞痛及抗动脉粥样硬化作用。口服可吸收，血药浓度峰时间为2小时，t1/2约10小时。可用于防治心绞痛、高血压、脑血管痉挛及缺血性心脏病。
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Sven Lissek (born 1 March 1992) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Youth
Lissek began playing for his local youth soccer team, FC Sexau, in 1996. He was recruited to play for the SC Freiburg youth team in 2004.
Club career
SC Freiburg II
Lissek signed a contract with SC Freiburg II in 2012 after progressing through every age group of the SC Freiburg youth system.
Furman University
In 2012 Lissek moved to the United States to pursue a Bachelor's Degree in Economics at Furman University while playing for the Furman soccer team. His standout performances on the field as well as in the classroom earned him a spot on the NSCAA Academic All American Team in 2015. He collected 28 clean sheets in 60 starts and set a Southern Conference record for single season shutouts in 2015. Lissek received many accolades, including being named one of Top Drawer Soccer's "Top 10 goalkeepers in men's college soccer".
TSG Neustrelitz
After briefly playing for FC Emmendingen, Lissek signed a contract with TSG Neustrelitz on 3 July 2016.
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Furman Paladins men's soccer players
TSG Neustrelitz players
FC Emmendingen players
Regionalliga players
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原发性胆汁性胆管炎（，），以前称为原发性胆汁性肝硬化，是一种肝脏的自身免疫性疾病。 它是由于肝脏内小胆管缓慢、进行性破坏，导致胆汁及其他毒素在肝脏中积聚（或称：胆汁淤积）造成的。对肝组织的进一步缓慢损伤可导致瘢痕形成、纤维化，并最终导致肝硬化。
常见症状包括疲倦、瘙痒，严重时会出现黄疸。患者在发病早期，也许仅有血液检验存在异常，而无上述症状。
原发性胆汁性胆管炎是一种相对罕见的疾病，大约每3,000－4,000人中有一例。 此病在女性中更为常见，患者中女性与男性的比例为 9:1以上。
这种疾病不晚于1851年被发现，并于1949年被命名为“原发性胆汁性肝硬化”。 由于肝硬化只是晚期疾病的特征之一，患者权益倡导组织于2014年提议将其名称更改为“原发性胆汁性胆管炎”。
体征和症状
大约80%的原发性胆汁性胆管炎（）患者会感到疲劳。这是一种非特异性症状，可能致使患者身体衰弱，严重影响其生活质量。此病的发病机制尚不清楚，对此病特异性以及治疗方案的探索仍然具有相当的挑战性。应及时识别和治疗可能导致或加重疲劳的合并症，例如抑郁症、甲状腺功能减退症、贫血、肥胖或是药物副作用。皮肤干燥和眼睛干涩在患者中也很常见。20-70%的病例中存在瘙痒， 并且可以在疾病的任何阶段发生。瘙痒与肝脏疾病的进展无关，甚至可能随着疾病的进展而改善或消失。瘙痒可能影响生活质量和夜间睡眠，因此与患者的疲劳症状相关。瘙痒的症状程度通常为轻度至中度；达到重度，或是对药物治疗没有反应，需要肝移植的情况很少出现。瘙痒的特点是间歇性的，通常夜间更严重，夏季好转。患有更严重 PBC的患者可能会出现黄疸（眼睛和皮肤发黄）。 PBC会损害骨密度并增加骨折风险。 患者胆固醇水平会上升，引发（一种眼周皮肤病变）或其他类型的黄瘤。
PBC最终可能发展为肝硬化。肝硬化又造成了更晚期PBC的一系列并发症：
腹部液体潴留（[[腹水|腹水）
脾脏肿大
食管静脉曲张
肝性脑病，极端情况下出现昏迷。
PBC患者有时也会表现出相关的肝外自身免疫性疾病，例如甲状腺疾病或类风湿性关节炎或干燥综合征（高达 80% 的病例）。
病因
PBC与免疫学相关，被归类为自身免疫性疾病。它是由肝脏小胆管缓慢、进行性性破坏引起的，小叶内胆管和赫林管（肝内小胆管）在疾病早期受累。
大多数 PBC 患者（超过 90%）体内有针对丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物（）的抗线粒体抗体（）。这是一种在线粒体中发现的酶复合物。对原本AMA 呈阴性的患者使用更敏感的检测方法，结果通常也会呈阳性。
患有 PBC 的人也可能被诊断出患有另一种自身免疫性疾病，例如风湿、内分泌、胃肠道、肺部或皮肤病。这表明患者的这些疾病具有共同的遗传和免疫异常。 常见的关联疾病包括干燥综合征、系统性硬化、类风湿性关节炎、狼疮、甲状腺功能减退症和乳糜泻。
一段时间以来，人们一直认为遗传易感性对于PBC的发病十分重要。这方面的证据包括多例PBC病例出现在一个家庭中、同卵双胞胎均患有该病的，以及 PBC 与其他自身免疫性疾病的聚集性发病。2009年，加拿大领导的一组研究人员在《新英格兰医学杂志》上报告了第一项PBC全基因组关联分析的结果。 这项研究揭示了除了HLA区域外，IL12信号转导的多态性在该疾病的病因学中也很重要，其中尤以IL12A 和 IL12RB2突出。2012 年，两项独立的 PBC 关联研究将相关的基因组区域总数增加到 26 个，其中涉及许多参与细胞因子调节的基因，如TYK2 、SH2B3和TNFSF11 。
一项涉及2000多名患者的研究发现，基因POGLUT1与PBC似乎相关， 这与早期的研究大体一致。这一基因所涉及的蛋白质是一种内质网O-葡萄糖基转移酶。
一些研究指出，一种环境中存在的革兰氏阴性菌α-变形菌 ：Novosphingobium aromaticivorans 与此病有关。 其中的机制涉及细菌蛋白质与肝细胞线粒体蛋白质之间的交叉反应。编码CD101的基因也可能与人体对这种疾病的易感性有关。
对线粒体丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物（PDC-E2）的免疫耐受失效是PBC的主要病因之一。抗原脱落到凋亡小体形成凋亡表位（），故而决定了病变的解剖定位。 类似的自身免疫反应也可能作用于其他蛋白质，包括gp210和p62核孔蛋白。 在抗gp210抗体阳性的患者中，其胆管细胞的gp210表达增加，这些蛋白可能与疾病预后有关。
临床表现和诊断
目前，大多数患者在无症状时即被诊断。他们通常是在年度体检的血液化验中发现肝功能异常（主要是 GGT 或碱性磷酸酶升高），从而被转诊至肝病专家处。患有非肝脏自身免疫性疾病（例如类风湿性关节炎）的患者的评估筛查，检查高胆固醇血症、评估产后瘙痒或未愈的胆汁淤积等，也是诊断此病的常见情况。对PBC的诊断直截了当。明确诊断的基础是：
通常表现肝功能测试异常，在疾病早期存在γ-谷氨酰转移酶和碱性磷酸酶升高。 胆红素升高发生在疾病晚期。
抗线粒体抗体是 PBC 的特征性血清学标志物，在 90-95% 的患者和仅 1% 的对照组人群中为阳性。 PBC 患者具有针对丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物（PDC-E2）的抗线粒体抗体（）。 当使用更灵敏的检测方法时，那些原本AMA阴性，但疑似患有PBC的疾病的患者AMA通常为阳性。
患者可能存在其他自身抗体：
抗核抗体缺乏特异性，故无法用于诊断PBC，但对预后有潜在影响。
抗糖蛋白210（gp210）抗体与疾病向终末期肝功能衰竭的进展相关； 抗p62抗体也类似但关联度不及前者。47%的PBC患者中抗 gp210 抗体阳性。
抗着丝粒抗体通常与发生门静脉高压有关。
抗 np62 和抗sp100也与PBC相关。
通常进行腹部超声、或CT以排除胆管阻塞。必要时，须排除导致继发性胆汁性肝硬化的疾病，例如其他胆管疾病或胆结石。肝活检可能会对诊断有所帮助。在部分患者如诊断仍不确定，可以进行，即一种胆管的内窥镜检查。
鉴于血清学标志物的高度特异性，PBC的诊断并不必须进行肝活检。然而，当患者PBC特异性抗体为阴性，或怀疑共患自身免疫性肝炎或非酒精性脂肪性肝炎时，肝活检仍然有必要。肝活检可用于对患者的肝脏纤维化，以及胆管减少程度进行分期。肝活检也适用于存在其他肝外合并症的患者。
参考文献
外部链接
美国国家消化系统疾病信息交换所的原发性胆汁性肝硬化页面
阿拉吉综合征
自體免疫性疾病
肝脏病学
膽道疾病
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《Who's Who》或《英国名人录》是英国出版的人物资料参考书，收录了超过3.3万名对世界产生重大影响的人，当中有法官、公务员、政治家、学者、运动员和艺术家。《Who's Who》1849年首版，截至2020年已出了172个版本。修订时，该书的编辑会向被收录人士发去问卷，当中会问到出生日期、协会会员身份、出版物、教育程度、联系方式等信息。
参考资料
外部链接
1849年建立的出版物
在线人物数据库
纪实文学系列
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宫腔镜检查哪些什么？宫腔镜是什么呢？在我们正规的医学上来说，宫腔镜是一项新的、微创性妇科诊疗技术，用于子宫腔内检查和治疗的一种纤维光源内窥镜，包括宫腔镜、能源系统、光源系统、灌流系统和成像系统；它是利用镜体的前部进入宫腔，对所观察的部位具有放大效应，以直观、准确成为妇科出血性疾病和宫内病变的首选检查方法。宫腔镜有什么用呢？在通过我们的研究后得出，宫腔镜不仅能确定病灶存在的部位、大小、外观和范围，且能对病灶表面的组织结构进行细致的观察，并在直视下取材或定位刮宫，大大提高了对宫腔内疾病诊断的准确性，更新、发展和弥补了传统诊疗方法的不足。对于大部分适应于作诊断性刮宫的患者，以先作宫腔镜检查明确病灶部位后再作活组织检查或刮宫更为合理、有效。宫腔镜手术可诊断和治疗多种疾病，如妇女的功能失调性子宫出血、粘膜下肌瘤、子宫内膜息肉、宫内节育环和流产后胚胎组织残留等。经宫腔镜治疗后不仅使原来靠传统方法需切除子宫的患者避免了开腹手术，同时还可保留子宫，对伴有出血性疾病的患者如血小板减少症、血友病及白血病等宫腔镜手术也是安全的。宫腔镜要检查什么呢？通过我们的研究得出，宫腔镜是对子宫腔内部的疾病进行诊断和治疗的，它能清晰地观察到宫腔内的各种改变，明确做出诊断并治疗。一般可以检查子宫内膜息肉、子宫内膜粘连，小的肌瘤或者子宫畸形也可以处理的。
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Agostino Coletto (14 August 1927 – 1 June 2016) was an Italian racing cyclist.
Major results
1953
3rd Grand Prix des Nations
1954
1st Stage 2 Roma-Napoli-Roma
1st Milano–Torino
2nd Tour de Suisse
5th Giro di Lombardia
1955
1st Stage 3 Roma-Napoli-Roma
5th Giro d'Italia
1956
3rd Giro d'Italia
1958
1st Milano–Torino
1959
3rd Milano–Torino
1960
10th Giro d'Italia
References
1927 births
2016 deaths
Italian male cyclists
People from Avigliana
Cyclists from Piedmont
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Turin
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Austrolimnophila is a genus of crane fly in the family Limoniidae.
Species
Subgenus Archilimnophila Alexander, 1934
A. arborea Savchenko, 1978
A. harperi Alexander, 1926
A. subpolaris Savchenko, 1969
A. subunica Alexander, 1920
A. subunicoides Alexander, 1950
A. unica Osten Sacken, 1869
Subgenus Austrolimnophila Alexander, 1920
A. acanthophallus Alexander, 1955
A. accola Alexander, 1961
A. acutergata Alexander, 1939
A. agathicola Alexander, 1952
A. agma Alexander, 1972
A. aka Theischinger, 2000
A. amatrix Alexander, 1960
A. analis Santos Abreu, 1923
A. anjouanensis Alexander, 1979
A. antiqua Skuse, 1890
A. argus Hutton, 1900
A. asiatica Alexander, 1925
A. aspidophora Alexander, 1955
A. atripes Alexander, 1922
A. autumnalis Alexander, 1929
A. badia Doane, 1900
A. bifidaria Alexander, 1942
A. birungana Alexander, 1924
A. bradleyi Alexander, 1929
A. brevicellula Stary, 1977
A. bulbulifera Alexander, 1948
A. buxtoni Alexander, 1956
A. byersiana Alexander, 1968
A. candiditarsis Alexander, 1937
A. canuta Alexander, 1958
A. caparaoensis Alexander, 1944
A. chiloeana Alexander, 1953
A. chrysorrhoea Edwards, 1923
A. claduroneura Speiser, 1909
A. claduroneurodes Alexander, 1956
A. collessiana Theischinger, 1996
A. comantis Alexander, 1948
A. crassipes Hutton, 1900
A. croceipennis Alexander, 1962
A. cyatheti Edwards, 1923
A. cyclopica Alexander, 1947
A. danbulla Theischinger, 1996
A. deltoides Alexander, 1960
A. diacanthophora Alexander, 1962
A. diffusa Alexander, 1920
A. discoboloides Alexander, 1947
A. dislocata Alexander, 1961
A. distigma Alexander, 1920
A. duseni Alexander, 1920
A. echidna Alexander, 1956
A. elnora Alexander, 1929
A. ephippigera Alexander, 1946
A. erecta Alexander, 1934
A. eucharis Alexander, 1962
A. eutaeniata Bigot, 1888
A. excelsior Alexander, 1960
A. exsanguis Alexander, 1955
A. fluxa Alexander, 1936
A. fulvipennis Alexander, 1921
A. fuscohalterata Alexander, 1929
A. geographica Hutton, 1900
A. griseiceps Alexander, 1921
A. hausa Alexander, 1974
A. hazelae Alexander, 1929
A. hoogstraali Alexander, 1972
A. horii Alexander, 1925
A. illustris Alexander, 1923
A. infidelis Alexander, 1929
A. interjecta Alexander, 1936
A. interventa Skuse, 1890
A. iris Alexander, 1929
A. irwinsmithae Alexander, 1937
A. japenensis Alexander, 1947
A. joana Alexander, 1929
A. jobiensis Alexander, 1947
A. kirishimensis Alexander, 1925
A. laetabunda Alexander, 1960
A. lambi Edwards, 1923
A. latistyla Stary, 1977
A. leleupi Alexander, 1962
A. leucomelas Edwards, 1923
A. lewisiana Theischinger, 1996
A. linae Alexander, 1947
A. lobophora Alexander, 1960
A. luteipleura Alexander, 1949
A. macrophallus Alexander, 1958
A. macropyga Alexander, 1953
A. mannheimsi Alexander, 1960
A. marcida Alexander, 1924
A. marshalli Hutton, 1900
A. martinezi Alexander, 1957
A. medialis Alexander, 1921
A. megapophysis Alexander, 1979
A. merklei Alexander, 1928
A. michaelseni Alexander, 1929
A. microspilota Alexander, 1943
A. microsticta Alexander, 1929
A. minor Alexander, 1962
A. mobilis Alexander, 1934
A. multiscripta Alexander, 1960
A. multitergata Alexander, 1962
A. munifica Alexander, 1928
A. nahuelicola Alexander, 1957
A. natalensis Alexander, 1921
A. nebrias Alexander, 1962
A. neuquenensis Alexander, 1952
A. nigrocincta Edwards, 1923
A. nokonis Alexander, 1928
A. norrisiana Theischinger, 1996
A. nympha Alexander, 1943
A. obliquata Alexander, 1922
A. ochracea Meigen, 1804
A. oculata Edwards, 1923
A. oroensis Alexander, 1943
A. orthia Alexander, 1924
A. pacifera Alexander, 1937
A. pallidistyla Alexander, 1942
A. percara Alexander, 1957
A. percincta Alexander, 1955
A. peremarginata Alexander, 1955
A. persessilis Alexander, 1939
A. petasma Alexander, 1961
A. phantasma Alexander, 1956
A. platensis Alexander, 1923
A. platyterga Alexander, 1958
A. pleurolineata Alexander, 1957
A. pleurostria Alexander, 1958
A. plumbeipleura Alexander, 1949
A. polydamas Alexander, 1960
A. polyspilota Alexander, 1937
A. praepostera Alexander, 1956
A. pristina Alexander, 1924
A. proximata Alexander, 1926
A. punctipennis Philippi, 1866
A. recens Alexander, 1921
A. relicta Alexander, 1928
A. robinsoni Alexander, 1958
A. saturnina Alexander, 1961
A. septifera Alexander, 1968
A. spectabilis Alexander, 1921
A. spinicaudata Alexander, 1937
A. stemma Alexander, 1922
A. stenoptera Alexander, 1981
A. sternolobata Alexander, 1957
A. strigimacula Edwards, 1923
A. striopleura Alexander, 1960
A. styx Alexander, 1965
A. subinterventa Edwards, 1923
A. subpacifera Alexander, 1942
A. subsessilis Alexander, 1970
A. superstes Alexander, 1960
A. tanana Alexander, 1972
A. tenuilobata Alexander, 1942
A. tergifera Alexander, 1953
A. tergofurcata Alexander, 1965
A. terpsis Alexander, 1960
A. thornei Wood, 1952
A. toxoneura Osten Sacken, 1860
A. transvaalica Alexander, 1917
A. tremula Alexander, 1929
A. trifidula Alexander, 1960
A. tsaratananae Alexander, 1955
A. tunguraguensis Alexander, 1940
A. varitarsis Alexander, 1929
A. vivasberthieri Alexander, 1938
A. volentis Alexander, 1951
A. wilfredlongi Alexander, 1952
A. wilhelminae Alexander, 1960
A. wygodzinskyi Alexander, 1948
A. xanthoptera Alexander, 1929
A. yoruba Alexander, 1974
A. yumotana Alexander, 1934
Subgenus Limnophilaspis Alexander, 1950
A. brevisetosa Alexander, 1950
A. ecalcarata Edwards, 1933
Subgenus Mediophragma Alexander, 1954
A. delectissima Alexander, 1954
A. paraguayana Alexander, 1952
Subgenus Phragmocrypta Alexander, 1956
A. albocoxalis Alexander, 1934
A. fulani Alexander, 1974
A. gyldenstolpei Alexander, 1924
A. maumau Alexander, 1956
A. recessiva Alexander, 1956
References
Limoniidae
Nematocera genera
Taxa named by Charles Paul Alexander
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放射性脊髓病最好别吃什么东西?？1、忌食过于油腻厚味的食物;2、忌食或少食荸荠、大蒜、海藻、草豆蔻、荷叶、白酒、薄荷、菊花、槟榔、生萝卜等生冷性凉食物;3、忌食辛辣刺激性食品及温热香燥煎炸上火的食物，忌脂肪，少吃或忌食狗肉、羊肉等。
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The Nottingham and District Hosiery Workers' Society was a trade union representing machine knitters in and around Nottingham, in England.
The union was founded in 1925, when the Nottingham United Rotary Power Framework Knitters' Society merged with the Nottingham Circular Framework Knitters' Society, and the Nottingham Female Hosiery Workers' Union. The new union had 5,013 members, significantly more than any of the predecessor unions, but this began to fall in the 1930s, dropping to only 1,666 by 1942.
In 1942, the union's general secretary, William Hartshorn, died, and the union was unable to agree on a replacement from any internal candidates. Eventually, Jack Charlesworth, president of the Nottingham and District Hosiery Finishers' Association, was appointed. He was able to almost double membership, to 3,500, and resolve serious disputes between the men's and women's sections.
The difficulties experienced led the union to support a merger with other hosiery unions, which at the start of 1945 formed the National Union of Hosiery Workers (NUHW). The Nottingham union became the Nottingham District of the NUHW.
General Secretaries
1925: Will Hartshorn
1942: Jack Charlesworth
References
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
Nottingham
Trade unions established in 1925
Trade unions disestablished in 1945
Textile and clothing trade unions
Trade unions based in Nottinghamshire
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《永樂大典》（學者又常簡稱《大典》，初名《文獻大成》），是中國古代最大的類書，由解縉、姚廣孝、鄭賜主編，全書共22877卷，凡例和目錄60卷，裝成11095冊，約3億7千萬字。《永樂大典》正本已經亡佚，今存414冊、789卷「嘉靖副本」，另有33冊抄本或影印本、10頁殘頁。
成書
在洪武二十一年（1388年），解縉考得進士，獲授庶吉士，得到了明太祖朱元璋的愛重。一天，朱元璋和解縉在大庖西室，朱元璋對解縉說：「朕与爾對則君臣，猶父子，當知無不言」，希望解縉對其進言，解縉於是提議編寫類書：「.......勒成一典，上接經史，豈非太平制作之一端也歟？」。其後解縉獲任為江西道監察御史，此事遂遭閣置。
於明成祖朱棣即位之後，他開始計劃編寫類書之事。永樂元年七月丙子（1403年7月19日），明成祖下諭解縉等，令他們編修類書，「凡書契以來經史子集百家之書，至於天文、地誌、陰陽、醫卜、僧道、技藝之言，備輯為一書，毋厭浩繁！」，並希望以「統之以韻」，以便檢索。解縉隨即召集了147人，着手編纂，約以一年時間編成，並於永樂二年十一月丁巳（1404年12月21日）上進於明成祖，即為《文獻大成》。
學者對於明成祖的編寫動機有不同的意見。張忱石認為，明成祖纂寫類書的目的是為了「炫耀文治，借以籠絡人心，消弭朝野間的不平之氣」。虞萬里認為，明成祖不是為了籠絡人心，而是單純因為「盛世修書」的傳統。再者，在明代洪武一朝已經有編寫過類書，如唐愚士的《類要》、方孝儒的《類要》，而明成祖則對於之前所編的《類要》並不滿意，因此希望編寫《永樂大典》以方便檢索。蘇振申認為《大典》的編修的目的有三點，包括是朱元璋、朱棣等留心於學術；朱棣希望超越過去所歷朝所編寫的類書；希望籠絡士民，以轉移社會注意力。顧力仁又於蘇振生之上增加三點，包括是沿襲過去歷朝編寫書籍以安撫人心的策略；滿足朱棣的個人喜好；並希望借此禁制書籍。虞萬里認為當時文獻都沒有明確的記述有禁書之舉，認為顧力仁「禁制書籍」一說沒有依據。
一年之後，解縉編成了《文獻大成》，但明成祖對於此書並不滿意，「所纂尚多未備」，因此下旨命令重修。郭伯恭認為，不滿意的原因主要是因為其編輯時間過短，因此其編纂工作難以完備。黃權才認為，一年雖短但以147人的班子，以編輯一部類書未至於特別困難，並認為原因是在於解縉當時還要編纂《古今列女傳》、《明太祖實錄》，以及是參與國事引致無法專注於編纂工作才是明成祖不滿意的原因。於是，明成祖命太子少師姚廣孝、禮部尚書鄭賜，侍讀解縉三人擔任監修；刑部侍郎劉季篪、翰林院修拱兼右春坊右贊梁潛、通政司右通政李至剛擔任副監修。監修之下設有都總裁，總裁、副總裁，其次有纂修、編寫人，繕錄，繪圖，圈點生等。都總裁則由陳濟擔任，負責總裁、副總裁和監修之間交流工作。副總裁則負責某特定範疇，領導纂修人員以搜集和加工該範疇的資料，如林環兼《尚書》副總裁、王彥文兼《詩經》副總裁等。此外有「催纂」五人以監視編輯的進度。為了滙集各方的人才，於永樂三年、四年征召過一次纂修人，由朝廷或者是地方的官薦舉人選，經考核之後予以錄用，當中大多是地方府、縣的訓導、教諭或者是布衣書生。
永樂五年（1407年），《永樂大典》定稿，明成祖經審閱之後非常滿意，並為此編寫序言，指《大典》「上自古初，迄於當世，旁搜博采，滙聚群書，著為奧典」，為之定名為《永樂大典》。於是，明成祖又於全國徵集繕書人，開始謄抄，於永樂七年（1409年）冬完成。
體例和凡例
《永樂大典》共22877卷，凡例和目錄60卷，裝成11095冊。11095冊中，包括了明成祖的序文，進表序文，「凡例」1冊，《永樂大典韻總歌括》，《韻總》2冊，目錄57冊，正文11035冊。「凡例」中一共定了凡例二十一條，當中規定《大典》以《洪武正韻》作為目，以韻統字，用字繫事，先是韻目編排韻字，並對應的內容編纂在對應的韻字之下。如天文志都會載於「天」之下，地理志都會載於「地」字之下；收錄內容以「上自古初，下及近代經史子集」作為分針，對天文、地理、人倫、國統、道德、政治、制度、名物以至奇聞異事、庾詞、逸事都會收錄。「凡例」又規定引用書目都列明出處。目錄中則將內容以平、上、去、入四聲作分類，當中平聲二十三韻，10034卷；上聲二十三韻，2175卷；去聲二十三韻，7389卷；入聲十一韻，3279卷，合共八十韻，22877卷。
《大典》副本高約50厘米，寬約30厘米，黃絹硬面，包背裝。每冊可能有一卷、兩卷、三卷或者是四卷，當中以兩卷者為多。頁數自十餘頁至三十多餘頁不等。封面左有黑色雙綫，外有藍邊的書籤，中題「永樂大典」四字，下註該冊《大典》的卷次。封面右上有黃絹藍綫方形標簽，題該冊《大典》所屬的韻部，次行題該冊所屬該韻的冊次，但也有部分冊次沒有。
內頁每半葉邊框高36厘米，寬23.5厘米，半葉八行，標題為大字，單行。正文為小字，雙行抄寫，每行28字。正文大小分作兩種，正文以大字，註則以小字。書口有三個魚尾，上書尾題「永樂大典卷某某」，下端雙魚尾內題葉碼。邊框，界行，引用書目，書口文字，句讀的小圓圈都為紅色，其他都為墨色。
流傳
重錄
永樂十九年（1421年），北京新宮建成之後，遷都北京，明成祖命將南京文淵閣的部分藏書運來北京，《永樂大典》應為其中之一。當時暫存於左順門的北廊之下，於正統六年（1441年）移至文樓（即今体仁阁）。雖然於《大典》清抄結束之後，有人提議過刊刻，但是因為工費浩繁，因此沒有完成。
嘉靖三十六年（1557年），宮中發生了一次大火，三殿被燒毀，文淵閣即於三殿附近。因為搶救及時，《大典》沒有波及。明世宗朱厚熜非常喜歡《永樂大典》，案頭常備數十冊以翻閱。為了避免亡佚，明世宗多次和徐階討論重錄之事。於嘉靖四十一年（1562年），正式決定重錄，要求須按原樣摹寫，並任命了高拱、瞿景淳為總校官。為了物色繕書人，吏、禮兩部舉行了「糊名考試」，招錄了程道南等計一百零九人。當時規定，繕寫人員領取《大典》必須登記，不許私自攜帶外出雇人代寫，每人每日抄寫三頁，有差錯則必須重寫。重錄工作進行六年後，於明穆宗隆慶元年（1567年）完成。
正本消失
在書成之後，正本估計依然在北京文淵閣、又一說於古今通集庫中。在重錄之後關於正本的記載很少，在嘉靖之後幾乎找不到任何記載。因此，學者對於正本的下落有各種的猜測。其說法包括有：
「殉葬」說，認為正本隨明世宗殉葬，以張忱石、欒貴明作為代表。張忱石認為，明世宗對於《永樂大典》「殊寶愛之」，因此其認為「極有可能正本殉葬於永陵」。欒貴明認為，嘉靖帝下葬和《永樂大典》抄本成書之時時間只是相差二十餘日，認為兩者可能有關係。張昇認為，在嘉靖成書之後，尚有人看到過《大典》正本，因此不能成立。
「皇史宬夾墻」說，王仲犖認為「正本沒有亡毀，我始終懷疑藏在皇史宬夾牆裏」。張忱石認為，皇史宬修建於嘉靖十三年，重錄《大典》則是之後的事，不太可能預想之後要貯藏過萬冊的《大典》。
「萬曆焚毀」說，如方以智認為《永樂大典》「於萬曆中因三殿火，書遂亡」。張昇認為親歷此事的大學士也沒有提及此事，應該不可信。
「明末焚毀於北京」說法的支持者最多，有郭沫若、張昇等。郭沫若認為，「明亡之際，文淵閣被焚，正本可能即毀於此時」，認為《大典》可能被李自成的農民軍所焚毀。張昇認為嘉靖正本至明末依然存在，然後才因李自成入京而被焚毀。張忱石指，此說自清代已經有所懷疑，如乾隆間法式善指副本「相傳為李自成所催殘」，又謂「不知原書今歸於何所，竟無人知之，是可怪也」，假如已經焚毀不可能一紙半葉也沒有留下。
副本流傳
《永樂大典》副本共有11095冊，在抄成至後一直收藏於皇史宬至明朝滅亡。清代康熙三十二年時，徐乾学稱：「皇史宬所藏《永樂大典》，在鼎革時亦有佚失」，可見當時已經有所遺失。至雍正朝，《永樂大典》由皇史宬移入翰林院，據全祖望大致的估算：「惜缺失幾二千冊」。之後，乾隆元年（1736年）下旨修《三禮》，在《大典》中輯得不少佚文。當時見《地官》一冊有缺，而至乾隆三十八年（1773年）四庫館開館時則《夏官》一冊也佚，可見四庫館開館時所見的《大典》已經較修《三禮》時為少。乾隆三十九年（1774年）六月，《四庫全書》纂修官黃壽齡私自將《永樂大典》六冊，帶回家中，途中失竊，一月之後六冊書在御河橋邊被發現，失而復得。乾隆五十九年（1794年）統計，計9881冊，20473卷，佚去1215冊。
嘉慶二十年（1815年），許乃濟等人對於《大典》作清點，發現卷數、冊數和乾隆朝統計時一樣。據繆荃孫《永樂大典考》所記，於道光八年（1828年）重修《一統志》的時候，散佚尚不嚴重。
而至咸豐十年（1860年）開始，《永樂大典》開始出現大規模的散佚，主要是因當時的官吏監守自盜。據劉聲木《萇楚齋隨筆》記述，當時的偷盜者「早間入院，帶一包袱，包一棉馬褂，約如《大典》兩本大小，晚間出院，將馬褂加穿於身，偷《永樂大典》二本......，包於包袱內而出也」。之後，他們以十兩一冊向洋人出售。光緒元年（1875年），翰林院大典不足五千冊。光緒二年（1876年）翰林院大典只剩下三千餘冊。光緒十二年（1886年），繆荃孫所見只有九百餘冊，即使朝廷嚴責監守者也無下落。當中文廷式一人在光緒十一年（1885年）至十三年（1887年）間就盜走至少百餘冊。光緒十八年（1892年），《翰林院舊書目錄》中，統計只有八百七十本。1900年6月23日，甘軍為攻入英國大使館放火焚燒翰林院，當中一部分的《大典》被焚毀或弃置，一部分則被當時使館區中的洋人盗去，一部份则为英使馆移走。光绪二十七年（1901年）六月十二日，英使馆交回《大典》三百三十余册，其后又被人监守自盗。宣統元年（1904年）統計清點時，翰林院只剩下64冊。
出版
在民國時期就已經有對於《永樂大典》影印出版，包括有張元濟（卷485至486，1916年）、羅振玉（卷14628-14629，1917年）、傅增湘（卷2610至2611，1926年）、東洋文庫（計11卷，1930年）、北京人文科學所（卷2584至2585，1939年）。
其後，於中華人民共和國建國後，中華書局也多次影印出版《永樂大典》。1959年，作為中华人民共和国十周年献礼項目，中華書局將苏联於1954年歸還的《永樂大典》影印出版（卷2345-2347）。1960年，中華書局將當時收集到的730卷全部出版，計全二十函二百零二册。此外，其他出版社也有出版《永樂大典》影印本。台北世界书局在中华书局730卷影印本的基础上增补了台湾所藏的五卷和柏林民族學博物館收藏的七卷，出版了742卷《永乐大典》。2003年，上海辞书出版社影印出版《海外新发现永乐大典十七卷》。
價值
《永樂大典》的最大價值在於保存了明初之前各種學科的文獻資料，獲稱為是「輯佚之淵藪」。《大典》的內容力求「無所不包」，據學者的不完全估算，《永樂大典》中徵引的書籍有七八千種之多，因此可供輯佚的內容數不勝數。此外，《永樂大典》保存的內容也被學者用之以來校勘，《永樂大典》所徵引的書籍大多都是明代南京文淵閣所藏的書籍，而文淵閣的書籍則是來自於宣文閣、祟文監的書籍，而元代的書籍則是取自於南宋秘書省，因此《大典》保留了不少宋代的著作。而元明的刻書經常為人所詬病，有「明刻書而書亡」之稱，故此學者經常以《大典》作校勘之用，以糾正明代的底本。
在話本、雜劇方面，據《永樂大典目錄》卷13695至13991，當中載有戲文三十三種，卷20737至20757則載有雜劇九千多種。《四庫全書總目》稱：「（《永樂大典》）平話一門，所收至夥，皆優人以前代軼事成文而口說之」，可見在這些話本、雜劇在乾隆一朝依然存在著，但是《四庫》編纂者認為其內容無可取，因此沒有對此輯佚，引致相關內容的流失。
在劇曲方面，在當今殘本中可見有《小孫屠》、《張協狀元》、《宦門子弟錯立身》三種南劇劇本，而這些南劇劇本在現存的南劇劇本中是現在中較為早的，對於研究劇曲史以及民間文學有所價值。
在詩詞方面，清代康熙年間在編纂唐代詩歌總集《全唐詩》的時候並沒有使用到《永樂大典》，而現今的學者在《大典》的殘存本中發現有王維、韋莊、王貞白、李群玉的作品尚沒有被《全唐詩》所收錄。而當今所編的《全宋詞》、《全金元詞》中有不少的內容都是取自於《大典》，可見其價值。
在史料方面，《永樂大典》收錄了很多宋元兩朝的史料，清朝法式善即指：「苟欲考宋元兩朝制度之文章，蓋有取之不盡，用之不竭焉」，如卷14620至14629收有《吏部條法》，對於研究宋代政治制度有所價值。元代的《元一統志》在明代之後亡佚，而《大典》即有相關的佚文。
在方志方面，《永樂大典》收錄了方志達九百種，絕大部份都是宋元人所編的方志，但是四庫館館臣幾乎沒有輯錄相關內容，至清末徐松、繆荃孫等人才留意於此。現存較為完整的方志有《湖州府志》、《杭州府志》、《紹興府志》、《蘇州府志》等。
在科學方面，《永樂大典》收輯了不少科學技術書籍，如卷1319「種」之韻收錄了吳懌的《種藝必用》和張福的《種藝必用補遺》，當中記述了糧食作物、蔬菜、果木、花卉的種值方法以及注意事項。此外，《大典》收有了一些古算書，包括《楊輝日用算法》、《楊輝摘奇算法》、《錦囊啟源》等等，為他書未見。
在醫學方面，《大典》中收集了不少的醫學材料。如卷981中收集了《幼幼新書》、《玉訣方》、《經濟小兒保命方書》等四十五種醫學書籍內容，當中驗方有133種。又如卷13441、19865中記有《本草》、《紹興本草》、胡仕可《本草歌括》、陳衍《寶慶本草折衷》等，都是一些在李時珍《本草綱目》之前的宋元金藥物著作。
在目錄學方面，《大典》可以補充以及互證《文淵閣書目》的內容，以及補足宋元金的藝文志。明英宗正統五年（1435年），楊士奇等按文淵閣所藏書編成了《文淵閣書目》一書，但是因為年代有所距離，有部分書籍已經散佚而不見於《文淵閣書目》之中，而因《大典》所依的書籍大多都是明初文淵閣所藏的書籍，因此《大典》可以補充這部份。另外，《文淵閣書目》中所記書目有「不著撰人姓氏」（《四庫全書總目》）等毛病，而《大典》在徵引書籍的時候大多都有編撰人姓名，而可以補足所闕內容。
輯佚
現存可考以《永樂大典》作輯佚工作的學者是張四維。他在嘉靖年有參與重錄《大典》的工作，當中部份《大典》卷末則有「分校官編修臣張四維」的字樣。他在參與重錄之時在此輯出了《折獄龜鑒》以及《名公書判清明集》二書。他錄出《大典》當中征引二書之原文後，並沒有對其作整理，然後刊行的時候才由楊澄校勘，並改正字句以及移就篇章。張四維輯佚工作沒有明确目的，較為粗略。之後，以《大典》作輯佚的工作的學者則是清朝的全祖望。其在參與修纂《三禮》的時候，輯出來了38家，40種的《易經》註解，如王安石《周官新義》60卷、高氏《春秋義宗》150卷等。但是因為其於館中的時間有限，可能是只是隨見隨錄而並非有輯本。
其後以《永樂大典》進行輯佚工作的則是四庫館的館臣。乾隆三十七年正月初四（1772年2月7日），乾隆帝下旨征求遺書，但是反應不佳。於同年十月十七日（11月11日），他再次下旨催辨，才有督撫開始進書。十一月二十五日（12月19日），安徽學政朱筠上《謹陳管見開館校書摺子》，提出了四項搜索遺書的事項，當中就包括了以《永樂大典》以進行輯佚，得到了四庫總裁官于敏中的支持。乾隆帝朱批「原議大臣議奏」，命軍機大臣議其事。次年二月初六（2月26日），劉統勛上奏軍機大臣的討論結果，定立了輯佚的方向，「其中如有现在实无传本，而各门凑合尚可集成全书者，通行摘出书名，开列清单，恭呈御览，伏请训示遵行。」乾隆帝「依議」，同日令軍機大臣為總裁官，二月十一日（3月3日）又添派王際華、裘曰修為總裁官，以定立輯佚的條例。同日，劉統勛奏議定立了校核《永樂大典》條例計十三條，並於翰林等官中選派三十員為分校，又選提調、收掌若干。
其逸書採集原則主要有三點：
采集當時流傳已少，現在不通行者，「将原书详细检阅，并将《图书集成》互为较核，择其未经采录而实在流传己少」以作收錄；
采集有益於後學者：認為假如無助於學術的書籍不會采集，如《四庫全書總目》即指呂祖謙的《左传类编》雖然散見《永樂大典》中，但「颇无可采」。
尚可衰缀成编者：館臣認為假如內容不全、散亂，輯佚難度較大者不應該采集。
乾隆三十八年二月二十一日，四庫館正式開始展開以《永樂大典》以輯佚的工作，最初只是有三十人，當中包括戴震、邵晉涵、周永年等。於同年閏三月十一日，又再增加二十人以協助輯佚的工作。當中的輯佚纂修官大部份都是乾隆三十四年、三十六、三十七年的進士。紀昀作為總纂官也有參加當中的輯佚工作。此外尚有一些學者雖然不在四庫館，但以提供意見，或者是抄錄輯佚的初稿本的方式參與輯佚，如卢文貂、丁杰、孙星衍、孔继涵等。
至乾隆四十八年（1780年），一共輯出了經部六十六種、史部四十一種、子部一百零三種，集部一百七十五種，總計三百八十五種書籍，計四千九百六十卷。當中的書籍包括有李燾《續資治通鑑長編》、李心傳《建炎以來繫年要錄》、薛居正《舊五代史》、林寶《元和姓纂》、陳振孫的《直齋書錄解題》、宋代醫學書籍《蘇沈良方》、《博濟方》等。
四庫館的輯佚工作經常被當今的學者詬病。以《舊五代史》為例，於清代彭元瑞指《舊五代史》即是「《永樂大典》散篇輯作之書之最」，認為應該「註明《大典》卷數及采補書名卷數，具知存闕章句，不沒其實也」，當時稿本對於《舊五代史》的輯文都列有出處，但是後來認為為了保持體例統一，於是沒有保留出處。其不註出處的做法受到學界所批評，使學界不能確認佚文的真確性和校勘情形。而且，館臣在征引《舊五代史》的時候依然有所失收。以目前所見的《大典》殘本而言，當中有72段《舊五代史》的段落，而當中只有館臣則只使用60段。此外，館臣對於輯本的抄錄經常和原本不同，有疏忽或者篡改原文的情況。
在《四庫全書》編成之後，《永樂大典》於清朝亦多次被拿來作輯佚工作，如嘉慶年間修《全唐文》，道光年間的徐松的《宋會要》、《宋中興禮書》、《續中興禮書》等。光緒年間，文廷式、繆荃孫等也以《大典》以作輯佚，輯有《宋將元及第圖》一卷，《壽昌乘》一卷，《曾公遺錄》一卷，《十三處戰功錄》一卷等。
存目
《永樂大典》在咸豐十年開始散佚，其後流傳至多個國家。今存414冊，789卷嘉靖副本。以地區作分類，大陸的藏冊是最多的，有166冊，當中絕大部分藏於中國國家圖書館，上海圖書館和四川大學圖書館則各藏有一冊，另外有兩冊則是私人收藏。台灣、日本、美國、德國、愛爾蘭都藏有《永樂大典》的副本。以藏址分類，當中以中國國家圖書館的藏冊最多，有162冊；其次則台灣的國立故宮博物院，有62冊；美國國會圖書館藏有41冊：日本東洋文庫則有35冊。
宣統元年（1904年）統計清點時，翰林院只剩下64冊，都被清末大臣陆润-{庠}-運回家中。1912年，魯迅就任教育部社會教育司第一科科長，並提議將翰林院所存的《大典》殘本交由京師圖書館收藏，得到國務院的批准。於是教育部即派員前往陸潤痒處以收集該64冊大典，當中60冊送向京師圖書館，其他則於教育部圖書室展覽。1934年，館藏《大典》已經達到93冊。1935年，為了保護古籍，《永樂大典》運至上海公共租界倉庫保存。1937年，為了避免受淞滬會戰波及，當中有60冊移至美國國家圖書館收藏，其中有35冊是來自翰林院的60冊，另外25冊則是北京圖書館陸續收藏的。其後這60冊《永樂大典》運至台灣，再加上和德國漢堡大學圖書交換協議中所得的2冊，即今日國立故宮博物院所藏之62冊。
翰林院存入京師圖書館的60冊大典中，除了現存於台灣的35冊，另外所藏的25冊當時亦有運至上海，但是其後運回了北平。在抗戰期間，北平圖書館又收集了兩冊《永樂大典》。在中華人民共和國成立之後，先後於民間以及是各地的圖書館收集了永樂大典，如商務印書館所屬的東方圖書館將21冊《大典》贈予北京圖書館，北京大學贈予四冊，廣東文管會贈三冊，周叔弢、张季芗、金梁、徐伯郊、陈李蔼如各贈一册。另外，在周恩来的支持下，從香港藏書家陈清华手中购回了4册《永乐大典》。1983年，於在山东掖县某农民家中發現了一冊《大典》。2009年，文物局於袁樊後人中購得一冊，後予國家圖書館收藏。
此外，外國又先後歸還了《永樂大典》計67冊。1951年，苏联列宁格勒大学东方系将11册《大典》赠还中国政府，文化部將之予北京圖書館收藏。苏联国立列宁图书馆赠还了52册《大典》，德意志民主共和国赠还3册，苏联科学院通过了中国科学院图书馆移赠1册。以上，中國國家圖書館合計有162冊。
日本的《永樂大典》主要依靠董康以及田中慶太郎傳入。在1912年10月，董康在北京購得《大典》十七冊，並於11月帶到日本，當中十冊由田中慶太郎收購。田中慶大郎又將其轉售予他人，在輾轉之下，如今藏於天理大學圖書館（三冊）、美國國會圖書館（一冊）。其他的《大典》不可考或者下落不明，但可能也售給了日本圖書館或個人。1918年10月初，田中慶太郎到在北京搜得十一冊《大典》，當中一冊售予美國國會圖書館，十冊售予了日本東洋文庫。1926年，田中又購入了七冊《大典》，當中四冊售予了東洋文庫。
美國國會圖書館現收有41冊。1923年之前，國會圖書館只藏有四冊，分別得於田中慶太郎（兩冊）、魯札克書店（）以及小李佳白（）。於1923年春，美國國會圖書館購得了29冊《永樂大典》，都是於歐洲購入。餘下8冊則是1923年後所得，當中其中兩冊得自於田中慶太郎，三冊購自於翟理斯，一冊則是某傳教士於北京街上撿得，並售給國會圖書館，一冊則是小李佳白所寄存。一冊（卷11618-11619）的來源無考，於1939年至1940年間入藏國會圖書館。
註腳
參考
外部連結
《永樂大典》 於書格的頁面
《永樂大典》 於國立故宮博物院的頁面
《永樂大典》 於美國國會圖書館的頁面
《永樂大典》 於大英圖書館的頁面
永樂
明朝官修典籍
類書
散佚書籍
南京书籍
1400年代書籍
中国国家图书馆藏品
國立故宮博物院國寶類藏品
中華民國國家圖書館藏品
中華民國國寶
大英圖書館東方手稿
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云南蕊木（学名：）为夹竹桃科蕊木属的植物。分布于中国大陆的云南等地，生长于海拔500米至800米的地区，多生长在山地疏林中及山地路旁。
别名
梅桂、马蒙加锁（傣语）
参考文献
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Y
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服用浓替硝唑含漱液须注意的事项？1、本品仅供含嗽，且必须稀释后使用，不得咽下。 2、用药3日后，症状未缓解，请向医师咨询。 3、过敏体质及血液病患者慎用。 4、有神经系统反应时应及时停药。 5、当药品性状发生改变时禁止使用。 6、儿童必须在成人监护下使用。 7、请将此药品放在儿童不能接触的地方。
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得了急性荨麻疹怎么样才算完全治愈了？急性荨麻疹是一种很常见的皮肤过敏疾病，这种疾病以瘙痒和风团为主要症状，还会伴有血管性水肿的症状。病情在发作的时候病人是非常痛苦的，会有瘙痒难耐的症状，这样就会严重影响到病人的情绪，特别是在工作的时候很容易导致工作不顺，而引起严重的负面情绪发生。虽然急性荨麻疹是一种很容易治疗的疾病，但是往往被很多的病人忽视了治疗，最后就会演变成慢性荨麻疹。所以大家在平时要随时关注自己的皮肤健康状况，如果出现的风团的症状应该及时到医院就诊，这样做到了早发现早治疗的原则，就能尽量避免更大的危害发生。那么得了急性荨麻疹怎么样才算完全治愈了，我给大家详细的介绍下。1、急性荨麻疹痊愈是有一定标准的，首先要保证皮肤不会出现红色风团，也没有瘙痒的症状，皮肤的颜色恢复了正常，也没有任何的疤痕痕迹。在经过一个月或者数月以后都没有出现复发的现象，在这种情况下，就能基本可以确定为完全治愈了。2、急性荨麻疹的治疗来讲，此病不反复发作，基本上就算是治好了，但由于此病的复发性强，所以患者除治疗外，还要注意护理，像是多吃新鲜的水果蔬菜，不能吃太多辛辣刺激热性大的食物，勤洗澡，勤换洗衣物。3、急性荨麻疹的患者可以选择口服中药的方法来进行治疗，起到一定的煦风和清热解毒的功效，急性荨麻疹也可以选择适当运动的方法来提高人体的抗病能力，可以有效的避免出现疾病复发的危害。急性荨麻疹是比较严重的一种疾病，但是如果身体免疫力明显提高了，一般不会出现疾病复发的现象的，所以急性荨麻疹的患者应该有一个好的生活规律和饮食规律，避免出现疾病的复发。
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《悉尼先驱晨报》（）是澳大利亚悉尼的主要報纸，報社位於悉尼商業中心區苏瑟街201號。該報创办于1831年，是澳大利亚历史最悠久的報纸。政治上倾向保守，並代表富裕阶层的价值观。自1984年起在历次澳大利亚联邦大选中支持自由党。在2019年澳大利亚联邦大选中支持工党。
综述
1957年，費爾法克斯集团（）拥有該報社，1990年報社宣告亏损出售，被加拿大報业大亨Conrad Black的Hollinger International, Inc.收购。目前每日发行量为150,000份，是澳大利亚的主要报纸。2018年12月10日，九号出版公司（九号娱乐集团子公司）从菲尔法斯克集团收购悉尼先驱晨报。
简史
1831年《悉尼公报》（Sydney Gazette，已停刊）的三位主编Alfred Stephens、Frederick Stokes和William McGarvie宣布成立新周刊《悉尼先驱》（Sydney Herald），当时每周发行量为750份。1840年以后改为日刊。
著名主编
阿伦·欧克利 （ ──第一任主编）
（澳大利亚著名日本漫畫家）
悉尼其他報纸
每日电讯報
延伸閱讀
Gavin Souter (1981) Company of Heralds: a century and a half of Australian publishing by John Fairfax Limited and its predecessors, 1831-1981 Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, ISBN 0522842186
Gavin Souter (1992) Heralds and angels: the house of Fairfax 1841-1992 Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140173307
外部链接
Earth Hour archive
The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) at Trove Digitised newspapers and more
The Sydney Herald (NSW : 1831 - 1842) at Trove Digitised newspapers and more
The Sun-Herald (Sydney, NSW : 1953 - 1954) at Trove Digitised newspapers and more
澳大利亚报纸
1831年建立的出版物
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按摩能治疗慢性腰肌劳损吗？慢性腰肌劳损是一种积累性损伤，主要由于腰部肌肉疲劳过度，如长时间的弯腰工作，或由于习惯性姿势不良，致使肌肉、筋膜及韧带持续牵拉，使肌肉内的压力增加，血供受阻，这样肌纤维在收缩时消耗的能源得不到补充，产生大量乳酸，加之代谢产物得不到及时清除，积聚过多，而引起炎症、粘连。如此反复，而引起慢性腰痛，那么按摩能治疗慢性腰肌劳损吗？下面为大家介绍。1、手部按摩，舒筋通络，温经活血，解痉止痛。取穴及部位：肾俞、腰阳关、大肠俞、八髎、秩边、委中、承山及腰臀部。主要手法：按揉、点压、弹拨、擦、拍击、扳法等。2、手部按摩对腰背部的软组织劳损有良好的治疗效果。手部按摩既可以补益肝肾、疏利筋骨、通络止痛，还能增强机体的免疫功能，促进本病的康复。3、按摩方法：在腰部用滚法操作十分钟左右。用拇指指端弹拨腰椎两侧的肌肉各五到十次。用掌根按揉腰椎两侧的肌肉一到两分钟。按压肾俞、大肠俞、环跳、委中各十到二十次。做腰部各方向的运动五到十次。以拳背叩击腰部两到三分钟。局部涂适量按摩乳，并擦热腰部。4、每日按摩，经过一段时间的坚持，如症状明显减轻，可减少操作次数至一半量，但仍须坚持下去，以巩固疗效，并防止复发。5、加强体育锻炼能使肌肉、韧带、经常处于健康和发育良好状态，肌力及韧带弹性良好者，发生劳损机会少。劳动中注意体位，避免在不良体位下劳动时间太长，对单一劳动姿势者，应坚持工间锻炼。综上所述，按摩能治疗慢性腰肌劳损吗，患者在劳动中要注意尽可能经常变换姿势，纠正习惯性姿势不良。晚上宜睡板床，白天以宽皮带束腰。患者还应加强腰肌锻炼，以增强腰肌力量，减少腰肌损伤。
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女人出现卵巢早衰怎么办？妇女在40岁前出现闭经、围绝经期症或绝经期症状，低雌激素血症和高促性腺激素血症，全世界公认的卵巢早衰的诊断标准为年龄小于40岁,闭经时间大于6个月,可诊断为卵巢早衰。因此，卵巢早衰的诊断不难，更主要的是尽可能的明确引起卵巢早衰的,病因积极治疗。女性出现更年期提前的表现，比如皮肤起皱褶、起斑点，血管收缩功能的障碍，比如出现潮热、出汗等现象。女人出现卵巢早衰的主要表现就是闭经。有些妇女闭经之前并没有特征性的月经异常的先兆。有的人是在规律的月经后突然闭经，有的是停避孕药或分娩以后闭经，有的则在闭经之前表现为月经周期及经期的紊乱。不孕部分患者因不孕就诊而发现卵巢早衰。低雌激素症状原发闭经者低雌激素症状,低雌激素症状还包括萎缩性阴道炎和尿频、尿痛等萎缩性尿道炎。伴发的自身免疫性疾病甲状腺疾病、糖尿病、红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、白癜风和克隆病等。另外还有肾上腺功能不全的隐匿症状，如近期体重的减轻、食欲减退、不明确的腹部疼痛、衰弱、皮肤色素沉着加重和嗜盐的症状,要引起注意。卵巢早衰，一般也没有特别有效的办法，因为它本身就是卵巢自己功能的问题，所以如果发现卵巢早衰，也只能用药物治疗。出现卵巢早衰,首先是生活方式的调整，即保持正常体重，适当进行负重锻炼，保证合理营养，饮食有营养、低热量，戒掉不好的生活习惯，如抽烟、喝酒。保持饮食清淡,不要过腻、过咸、过甜.饮食有规律、按时进餐,不暴饮暴食。多吃蔬菜水果等。进行必要的体育锻炼,如走路、瑜珈或太极等。
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坐月子吃什么菜有营养？新妈妈在分娩后，就要进入坐月子的阶段。这时候的妈妈由于体质尚虚，家里人都会采用赶快进补的方式来恢复元气。坐月子吃什么好？其实进补要考虑身体状况，更要分阶段性，第一阶段是产后第一周，以排出产妇产前水肿和身体多余水分为主；第二阶段是产后第二周，主要以减轻腰酸背痛症状为主；第三阶段就进入了补气血的阶段。坐月子吃什么第一阶段：第一周是产后新妈妈排恶露的黄金时期，同时产前的水肿以及身体多余的水分，也会在此时排出。因此，第一周暂时不要吃得太补，以免恶露排不干净。中医师建议主食可以猪肝为主，一天约吃300公克。猪肝性温味甘苦，主要成分为蛋白质、脂肪、铁、维生素B1、B2、烟碱酸以及维生素A。其功效能够补肝明目、补益气血。坐月子吃什么第二阶段：第二周恶露逐渐减少，颜色和第一周相较不那么鲜红。另外，产后会伴随腰酸背痛的症状，传统上所谓吃什么补什么，因此，建议可食用麻油腰花减轻腰酸背痛的不适。在炒麻油腰花时可以加入杜仲，提高效用。由于杜仲性温味甘，是顾筋骨和强肾的药材。坐月子吃什么第三阶段：恶露此时已排尽，该是补气血的时候，也就是进补的时机。而进补最常使用的食材就是麻油鸡。传统上坐月子煮的麻油鸡多半食用母鸡，也有人使用乌骨鸡。鸡肉由于性味温甘，又富含蛋白质、脂肪、钙、磷、维生素A、B1、B2、C、E、烟碱酸，能够补益五脏、养血补脾、强脾胃、补肾、助阳补虚以及活血止痛等功效。即便麻油鸡具有多种功效，但是餐餐吃容易吃腻，而蔬菜有些属于寒性，因此常听到长辈告诫少吃蔬菜。产后妈妈坐月子的饮食原则，其实均衡饮食为首要。特别是要避免油腻、重口味与辛辣等刺激性食物。虽然麻油鸡固然能补身，摄取过多的油脂是导致坐月子肥胖的主因。变通的方式就是在同一餐饮食中，搭配主食、青菜，并多选用蒸、煮、卤等低油的烹调方式，并且改以瘦肉、鱼肉来替换鸡肉，尽量少吃内脏类，就能避免摄取过多的热量。
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流产药流成功率是多少？一般来说药物流产最大的副作用，是容易导致流产不全，阴道流血时间长。药流的成功率大约在75%-90%之间，存在很大的个体差异。因为每个人对药物的敏感性不同，所以会存在差异。一般药物流产是需要终止怀孕49天以内的宫内早孕，并且是年龄在18-40岁的健康女性。药流与负压吸宫流，产一样，都是人为干预妊娠的生理过程，在一定程度上会损害妇女的健康。而且由于孕妇的个体差异或用，药不规范，加之药物本身的局限，若使用不当，不仅伤害身.体，还达不到流.产的目的。当药流成功后的表现，就是没有其他异常症状，不会出现腹痛，流血不止等现象。药流成功后会在服药3天左右排出胎囊组织，而且通过B超或者血尿HCG检验已经全部流出，阴道出血停止，没有出现白带异常等情况，表现为药流成功。当药流不成功的时候，主要表现的就是腹痛，典型的就是小腹坠胀，疼痛，出血的时间超过2周，甚至更长，淋漓不尽，出血量一天比一天增多，甚至颜色鲜艳，这时可能就是不成功的现象，如果成功是不会有这些现象出现的。此外，如果药流不成功，还会出现恶心，呕吐甚至发烧，白带发黄等现象，可能就是感染导致的细菌侵入子宫，所以，当药流成功之后，也不会有这些现象。对药流后的患者，生活中需注意药流后应该禁止性生活，性生活容易引起感染，禁止盆浴。饮食上也需要尽量多吃含有蛋白质比较丰富的食物，比如说鸡肉，鱼，蛋，牛奶等，还有维生素也比较丰富的新鲜水果，不要吃刺激的食物以及生冷的食物。如果天气比较凉，注意保暖避免着凉受风，避免劳动，注意休息，保持愉快的心情。
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Thelesperma subnudum, commonly known as Navajo tea, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found from west central Canada to central United States. It grows in openings in pinyon/juniper or yellow pine forests.
Description
Thelesperma subnudum is a perennial herb that typically grows between tall. The cauline leaves are "mostly crowded over proximal 1/4(–1/2) of plant heights". The calyculi are "of 7–9 deltate to lance-linear bractlets 2–4+ mm". There are 0 or 8 ray florets per flower head. The ray laminae are yellow, typically long. The disc corollas are yellow, sometimes with red-brown nerves. The cypselae are long.
It typically blooms from May to September.
Distribution and habitat
It is native to Alberta, Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
Habitat
It grows at elevations of 1000–2900 meters from sea level in openings in pinyon/juniper or yellow pine forests.
Taxonomy
Varieties
As of July 2023, Plants of the World Online has 2 varieties listed for this taxon:
Thelesperma subnudum var. subnudum – west central Canada to central United States
Thelesperma subnudum var. maliterrimum S.L.Welsh & N.D.Atwood – Utah
References
Coreopsideae
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槟榔东海（），是马来西亚槟城州威北县东北部的一个村镇，南临，距甲抛峇底约10公里。该镇盛产蔬果与稻米，因此在民间被喻为“平地金马仑”。
教育
学校
参见
北海
威北县
参考文献
威北县
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寬敏煙管蝸牛（学名：）为煙管蝸牛科臺灣紡錘煙管蝸牛屬下的一个种，是台灣特有物種。本物種的種小名源於台灣貝類學家張寬敏。
形態特徵
與台灣紡錘煙管蝸牛類似，但本種殼較小型、螺塔頂端較尖細、閉板頂端無凹陷。下軸板顯出也與淡水煙管蝸牛不同。
分佈
本物種只分佈於台灣，目前見於屏東縣霧臺鄉好茶村。
参考文献
外部連結
kuanmini
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乳房组织大块坏死的鉴别诊断？乳房组织大块坏死的鉴别诊断：1、乳腺增生 乳腺小叶增生病又称囊性乳腺病，是妇女多发病之一，常见于25～40岁间。此病的发生与内分泌功能紊乱，特别是卵巢功能失调密切有关。2、急性乳腺癌(炎性乳腺癌) 本病是一种特殊类型的乳腺癌。多发生于年轻妇女，尤其在妊娠或哺乳时期。由于癌细胞迅速浸润整个乳房，迅速在乳房皮肤淋巴网内扩散，因而引起炎症样征象。然而炎性乳腺癌的皮肤病变范围较为广泛，往往累及整个乳腺1/3或1/2以上，尤以乳腺下半部为甚。其皮肤颜色为一种特殊的暗红或紫红色。皮肤肿胀，呈“橘皮样”。病人的乳腺一般并无明显的疼痛和压痛，全身症状较轻，白细胞计数增加及感染中毒症状也较轻微，或完全缺如。相反，乳腺炎有时可触及不具体压痛的肿块，特别是同侧腋窝常有明显肿大转移的淋巴结。3、晚期乳腺癌 浅表的乳腺癌因皮下淋巴管被癌细胞阻塞可有皮肤水肿现象，癌组织坏死将近破溃时，其表面皮肤也常有红肿现象，有时可被误诊为低度感染的乳腺脓肿。然而晚期乳腺癌一般并不发生在哺乳期，除了皮肤红肿和皮下硬结以外，别无其他局部炎症表现，尤其无乳腺炎的全身反应。晚期乳腺癌的局部表现往往非常突出，如皮肤粘连、乳头凹陷和方向改变等，腋窝淋巴结肿大，较急性乳腺炎的腋窝淋巴结炎性肿大更为突出。行穿刺细胞学检查或切取小块组织及脓肿壁做病理活检，即可明确诊断。1.病史 哺乳期的妇女有乳汁淤积或乳头皲裂，不良哺乳习惯等。2.临床表现哺乳期妇女出现一侧乳房局部胀痛，皮肤红、肿、热或有肿块、压痛，甚至出现寒战、高热、全身疲乏无力，局部形成脓肿时有波动感。
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中医对胸腔积液的治疗？胸腔积液（简称胸水） 凡由肿瘤所致者通常称为恶性胸水。临床所见，恶性胸水多为恶性肿瘤直接浸润或者胸膜转移所引起，亦有少数患者的胸水是作为肿瘤的首发症状出现的。一般认为，胸水的发生一般提示疾病已经进入晚期。肺癌是常见的引起胸水的原因，其中尤以肺腺癌多见，其他如乳腺癌、淋巴瘤、间皮瘤亦是常见的原因。有漏出液和渗出液之分，大量的胸水压迫引起严重的呼吸困难，甚至导致死亡，故西医反复胸腔穿刺抽液，但反复抽液可使蛋白丢失太多（1L胸水含蛋白40g），效果太差。西医化疗治胸水犹如饮鸩止渴、扬汤止沸，胸水过多，患者常感胸胀胸闷、呼吸困难、胸背疼痛，日夜不能平卧，伴有咳嗽、有痰或痰中带血，发热。一般经西医“正规”治疗抽水，很快反复，初半月抽一次，随着癌症的发展、放化疗对免疫力的破坏、大量的蛋白丢失得不到及时的补充，对患者的身体犹如雪上加霜，每况愈下，可想发展的结果。。。。我院对胸水的治疗方法多样，对于急性的胸水我院用很少的胸水散剂，一般在4个小时左右通过大肠排泄，可以把体内的70--80%胸腔积液排出，使患者服用后胸胀、胸闷、呼吸困难明显改善，轻松许多，再用中药汤剂进行全面调理，对胸水我们采用健脾利湿（培土生金）、和解宣利、泻肺祛饮、理气活络、养阴清热、发表化饮、温肺化饮、泻肺逐饮、补虚清热、行水散结；温补脾肾，以化水饮；治标（发汗、利水、功逐）权宜之法；治本善后（健脾、温肾）正治法。通过恢复肺、脾、肾通调、转输、蒸化水液的功能，最终达到康复。
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Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs (1971) is an album by Bill Cosby. Unlike most of his recordings, this is not a full-fledged comedy album, but rather a record intended for children to school them on the dangers of drugs through songs and dialogue. It won the Grammy Award in 1972 for Best Recording for Children.
Track listing
Introduction - Downers And Uppers
Questions and Answers
Dope Pusher
Bill Talks About Hard Drugs
I Found a Way Out
Order In The Classroom
People Make Mistakes
I Know I Can Handle It
Bill Talks About Pushers
Captain Junkie
Bill and the Kids Sing / Closing
References
1971 albums
Bill Cosby albums
Spoken word albums by American artists
Children's albums
History of drug control in the United States
Uni Records albums
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The Klewang-class fast attack craft is a stealth, wave-piercing, carbon trimaran fast attack craft built by PT Lundin Industry Invest and designed by LOMOcean Marine. Shortly after being floated out, on 28 September 2012, KRI Klewang was destroyed by fire while being outfitted at shipyard. The second ship in the class KRI Golok was launched on 21 August 2021.
Design
KRI Klewang has a length of , a beam of , with a draught of , and displacement of . The vessel was powered by four MAN V12 diesel engines with total power output of , which propelled four MJP 550 waterjets, with two located on the outrigger and the other two on the main hull. Klewang has a maximum speed of , with cruising speed at . She has a range of around at . The vessel has a complement of 29 personnel, including a team of special forces.
Klewang was planned to be armed with four and up to eight C-705 anti-ship missiles in enclosed launchers and a Type 730 CIWS in stealthy turret. According to the builder, the vessel also able to be armed with Penguin or Exocet missiles and naval gun of up to 57 mm caliber without affecting the stability of the vessel. She also carried an 11 m high-speed rigid-hulled inflatable boat for the special forces team.
History
The Indonesian Navy ordered the first of four for delivery starting in 2012. The first of these was named and was launched on 29 August 2012; however, only four weeks later the ship caught fire on 28 September while undergoing fit-out in Banyuwangi, and was completely destroyed.
Replacement
A replacement 63 m trimaran was ordered in Banyuwangi, and was expected to be launched in early 2016. In the interim period, advances in infusable vinylester resin chemistry have seen the incorporation of nano particles into the resin. These particles aid the transfer of the resin through the carbon/glass fibre matrix and allow the use of fire retardant grade vinylester for infusion. This makes the carbon fibre composite structure of the new vessel self-extinguishing. The ship was launched on 21 August 2021, and named as KRI Golok (hull no. 688). Golok was commissioned on 14 January 2022 at Surabaya.
Ship in the class
References
Missile boats of the Indonesian Navy
Missile boat classes
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水耕栽培（英文：，简称为水培），是一種不使用土壤種植植物的技術，只透過水攜帶供植物生長所需的營養成分，或是兼使用支撐植物根部的材質，例如：珍珠岩、砾石、木質纖維、砂粒、泡棉。由於不需用土壤，故又稱無土栽培。
目前，蕃茄和茄子，諸如茄科蔬菜，菠菜和萵苣，如軟蔬菜，甜瓜和草莓果實特定的水果和蔬菜，如這樣的玫瑰，如花卉是已經在許多情況下被使用的方法。
優點
無土壤的需求，因此可以擺脫傳統農業所必需的農田地面。
水停留在系統中重複使用，因此降低水的成本。
可控制整體生產的營養等級，因此相對於傳統的種植方式，其單位營養成本較低。
在可控制的水耕系統中，不會使灌溉排放肥料去汙染環境。
穩定的收產與高經濟價值。
基材
水耕農民必須做出的最明顯的決定之一是他們應該使用哪種基材。不同的基材適合不同的種植技術。
膨脹粘土骨料(煉石)
烘焙粘土顆粒適用於水耕系統，其中所有營養素都在水溶液中小心控制。粘土顆粒是惰性的，pH中性，不含任何營養價值。
將粘土製成圓形顆粒，並在中在迴轉窯中燒製。這使得粘土像「爆米花」一樣膨脹，變得多孔。它重量輕，並且不會隨著時間的推移而緊湊。根據品牌和製造工藝，單個顆粒的形狀可以是不規則的或均勻的。製造商認為膨脹粘土是一種生態可持續和可重複使用的生長介質，因為它具有清潔和消毒的能力，通常使用白醋、氯漂白劑或過氧化氫溶液中洗滌，並完全沖洗。
另一種觀點認為，在作物顯示出這種增長後，煉石最好不要重複使用，即使它們被清潔，因為根部生長可能會穿進基材 。
Growstones
Growstones由玻璃廢料製成，比珍珠岩和泥炭具有更多的空氣和水保留空間。這種骨料比煮熟的稻殼保存更多的水。 Growstones 按體積計由0.5至5％碳酸鈣組成。 – for a standard 5.1 kg bag of Growstones that corresponds to 25.8 to 258 grams of calcium carbonate. The remainder is soda-lime glass.
椰子纖維
椰子纖維，椰子纖維是從椰子的最外層（墊子）中除去纖維後的剩餘材料。椰子纖維是一種100％純天然生長和開花培養基。椰子纖維被木黴菌定植，保護根和刺激根生長。由於其完美的空氣、水比例，植物根系在這種環境中茁壯成長，因此過度澆水椰殼極其困難。椰子纖維具有較高的離子交換能力，這意味著它可以儲存未使用的礦物質，以便在需要時將其釋放到植物中。椰子纖維有多種形式，最常見的是椰子泥炭，它具有土壤的外觀和質地，但不含礦物質。
稻殼
稻殼是農業副產品否則幾乎沒有使用。但是它們會隨著時間的推移而腐爛，方便排水， 甚至比生長石保留更少的水。
珍珠岩
珍珠岩是一種火山岩，已經過度加熱成非常輕質的膨脹玻璃鵝卵石。它是鬆散的或浸在水中的塑料套管使用。它還用於灌封土壤混合物以降低土壤密度。珍珠岩具有類似的性質並且用於蛭石但是，通常，保持更多的空氣和更少的水並且是浮力的。
蛭石
像珍珠岩一樣，蛭石是一種過熱的礦物，直到它變成淺卵石。蛭石比珍珠岩含有更多的水，並具有天然的“芯吸”特性，可以在被動的水耕系統中吸取水分和養分。如果植物根部周圍有太多水和空氣不足，則可以通過混合增加量的珍珠岩逐漸降低基材的保水能力。
浮石
與珍珠岩一樣，浮石是一種輕質，開採的火山岩，可用於水耕。
沙
沙子價格便宜且容易買到。但是它很重，不能很好的保留水份。
礫石
水族箱中使用的相同類型，但可以使用任何小礫石，只要先將其清洗乾淨即可。實際上，在典型的傳統礫石過濾床中生長的植物，使用電動動力泵循環的水，實際上是使用礫石水栽法生長的。礫石便宜，易於保持清潔，排水良好，不會淹水。然而，它也很重，並且，如果系統不提供連續的水，植物根部可能會變乾。
木質纖維
木纖維，由木材經過化學處理、機械法加工得到產生，是用於水栽法的非常有效的有機基質。它的優點是它可以保持很長時間的結構。自早期水耕研究就開始使用。
羊毛
羊毛是一種很少使用但很有前景的可再生生長基材。在一項比較羊毛與泥炭板、椰子纖維板、珍珠岩和岩棉板生長黃瓜植物的研究中，羊毛的空氣容量增加了70％，隨著使用量減少了43％，水容量增加了23％。使用率為％至44％。 使用綿羊毛導致測試底物的產量最高，而施用由腐殖酸，乳酸和枯草芽孢桿菌組成的生物刺激劑提高了所有底物的產量。
岩棉
岩棉是水耕中使用最廣泛的介質。岩棉是一種惰性基質，適用於運行廢物和再循環系統。岩棉由熔融岩石，玄武岩或“爐渣”製成，紡成單束纖維束，並粘合到能夠產生毛細管作用的介質中，實際上可以防止大多數常見的微生物降解。岩棉通常僅用於幼苗階段，或者用於新移植的植物，可以在植物基礎上保留其壽命。
岩棉具有許多優點和一些缺點。優點包括其作為商業水耕基質的已證實的效率和有效性。缺點處理時可能造成皮膚上的刺激。
岩棉產品可以設計成容納大量的水和空氣，有助於根[和[水栽]]的根系生長和養分吸收，它們的纖維性質也提供了良好的機械結構，使植物保持穩定。
岩棉的天然高pH使它們最初不適合植物生長，需要搭配具有適當穩定pH的羊毛。
營養液
無機水耕溶液
水溶液的配方是植物營養的應用，其營養缺乏症狀與傳統土壤農業中發現的相反。然而，水耕溶液的潛在化學性質可以通過許多重要方式與土壤養分不同。重要的區別包括：
與土壤不同，水培營養液不具有粘土顆粒或有機物的陽離子交換能力（CEC）。 沒有CEC意味著pH和營養物濃度在水培裝置中的變化可能比在土壤中更快。
植物對營養素的選擇性吸收常常使溶液中Counterion的量不平衡。 這種不平衡會迅速影響溶液的pH值和植物吸收相似離子電荷的營養物質的能力（見文章膜電位）。例如，硝酸鹽陰離子通常被植物迅速消耗以形成蛋白質，在溶液中留下過量的陽離子。這種陽離子不平衡可導致其他陽離子基營養素的缺乏症狀（例如鎂2+），即使這些營養素的理想量溶解在溶液中也是如此。
取決於pH或水污染物的存在，諸如鐵的營養物可能從溶液中沉澱而變得不能用於植物。於此通常需要對pH，緩衝溶液和螯合劑的使用進行常規調整。
與傳統農業一樣，應調整營養素以滿足每種特定植物品種的 萊比錫最少量律。然而，通常可接受的營養液濃度存在，大多數植物的最小和最大濃度範圍有些相似。大多數營養液混合濃度為1,000至2,500 ppm。各個營養離子的可接受濃度（包括總ppm數字）總結在下表中。對於必需營養素，低於這些範圍的濃度通常會導致營養素缺乏，而超過這些範圍會導致植物出現毒害症狀。植物品種的最佳營養濃度可通過經驗或植物組織試驗找到。
有機水耕溶液
有機肥可用於補充或完全替代常規水培溶液中使用的無機化合物。然而，使用有機肥料引入了許多難以解決的挑戰。 例子包括：
有機肥料的營養成分變化很大。 甚至類似的材料也可以根據其來源而顯著不同（例如糞肥的質量根據動物的飲食而變化）。
有機肥料通常來自動物副產品，使得藥物傳播成為人類消費或動物飼料生長的植物的嚴重問題。
有機肥通常是顆粒狀的，會堵塞基質或其他生長設備。 通常需要對有機材料進行篩分或研磨成細粉塵。
一些有機物質（即特別是糞便和內臟）經過生物降解後容易散發嚴重惡臭。
然而，如果採取預防措施，有機肥料可以成功地用於水栽法。
有機來源的常量營養素
合適的材料的實例，其平均營養含量以乾燥質量百分比表示，列於下表中。
有機來源的微量營養素
微量營養素也可以來自有機肥料。例如：堆肥針葉樹皮錳含量高，有時用於滿足水耕溶液中的礦物質需求。
添加劑
除螯合鐵外，還可加入腐植酸以增加營養攝取。
工具
常用設備
將營養濃度和pH值管理在可接受的範圍內對於成功的水耕園藝至關重要。
用於管理水耕解決方案的常用工具包括：
電導率儀：一種通過測量溶液傳輸電流的程度來估算營養素ppm的工具。
pH計：一種利用電流確定溶液中氫離子濃度的工具。
石蕊試紙：一次性pH指示劑剝離，通過顏色變化確定氫離子濃度化學反應。
量筒或量匙用於測量預混合的商業水培溶液。
先進的設備
先進的設備也可用於執行營養液的準確化學分析。例子包括：:
天平用於準確測量材料。
實驗室玻璃器皿，如滴定管和移液器，用於進行滴定。
比色計 (化學)適用於比爾-朗伯定律的溶液測試。
使用先進的水耕溶液設備對任何背景的種植者都有益，因為營養液通常是可重複使用的。因為營養液幾乎從未完全耗盡，並且永遠不應該由於不可接受的低滲透壓造成的，舊的解決方案用新營養素重新強化可以節省種植者的錢並且可以控制點源污染。
軟體
雖然預先混合的濃縮營養液通常由水培愛好者和小型商業種植者從商業營養品製造商處購買，但是存在若干工具來幫助任何人在沒有廣泛的化學知識的情況下製備他們自己的解決方案。
水耕營養配方計算器可以通過簡單的JavaScript界面使用。
混合解決方案
通常使用個人混合溶液培養液對於業餘愛好者或小規模商業種植者來說是不切實際的，因為商業產品可以合理的價格獲得。
這些產品通常作為三部分配方購買，強調某些營養作用。
例如，營養生長（即高氮），開花（即高鉀和磷）和微量營養素溶液（即微量礦物質）的溶液很受歡迎。這些多部分肥料的時間和應用應與植物的生長階段相吻合。例如，在一年生植物 生物生命週期結束時，應限制植物高氮肥。在大多數植物中，氮限制抑制營養生長並有助於誘導開花。
在太空中水耕空間
太空植物
1960年，植物首次在兩個不同的任務Sputnik 4和Discoverer 17進入地球軌道。在前項任務中，將小麥，豌豆，玉米，洋蔥種子運送到太空中，後者的任務是將蛋白核小球藻細胞帶入軌道。後來在各種孟加拉、中國和蘇聯聯合任務下進行植物實驗，包括生物衛星II（生物衛星方案）、天空實驗室3號、天空實驗室4號、阿波罗-联盟测试计划、史普尼克1號、東方計劃和探測器號。
一些最早的研究結果顯示了低重力對根和枝條取向的影響。隨後的研究繼續研究了低重力對植物的生物，細胞和亞細胞水平的影響。在有機體水平上，例如松果、燕麥、綠豆、萵苣、豆科、水芹、擬南芥等多種物種在低重力作用下表現出幼苗，根和苗的生長減少，而萵苣在宇宙上種植顯示出空間增長的相反效應。礦物攝入似乎也受到在太空生長的植物的影響。例如：在太空中生長的豌豆表現出磷和鉀的水平增加，並且二價陽離子鈣，鎂，錳，鋅和鐵的含量降低。
在太空中生物防治
1996年，美國太空總署（NASA）贊助斯通納公司研究的天然液體生物防治技術，被稱為ODC（有機疾病控制），可以啟動植物生長而不需要農藥作為控制閉環培養系統中病原體的手段。
到1997年，斯通納的生物控制實驗由美國航空航天局進行。BioServe Space Technologies的GAP技術（微型生長室）將ODC解決方案交付給豆類種子。
美國太空總署的實驗登上和平號太空站和太空梭證實，當在一個封閉的環境，適用於豆類ODC增加引起的發芽率，發芽較好，增加生長和天然植物疾病機制。ODC現在是農藥標準 - 自由氣培生長和有機農業。ODC符合有機農場的USDA NOP標準。
太空梭
摘要：研究目的是確定和展示各種重力環境中高效植物生長的技術。
例如，一個低重力環境，帶來了有效把水和其他營養物質帶入植物的問題，影響廢水回收。空間低重力環境中的食品生產提供了進一步的挑戰，例如盡可能減少用水量，處理水量和系統重量。月球或火星等行星體上的食物生產也需要處理低重力 由於這些各種重力環境對流體動力學的影響，養分輸送系統一直是植物生長系統優化的重點。
參見
氣耕
魚菜共生
被動水栽法
植物工廠
植物營養
植物病理學
根腐病
垂直農法
省水花園
參考資料
外部連結
Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, University of Arizona
Barak, P. 2002. Essential Elements for Plant Growth: Hydroponics.
Jensen, M.H. 1997. Hydroponics. HortScience 32
Hydroponics as a Hobby: Growing Plants Without Soil. University of Illinois, Circular 844
Utah State University Hydroponics
Cornell University Commercial Hydroponic Lettuce, Spinach and Pak Choi Grower's Handbooks
Hydroponics and Soilless Cultures on Artificial Substrates as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Soil Fumigation
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Tabitha Sybil Quaye (born 20 September 1938) is a Ghanaian politician and a former member of parliament for Takoradi in the Western region. She was a member of the first parliament of the fourth republic of Ghana.
Early life and education
Tabitha Sybil Quaye was born in 1938 in the Western Region of Ghana. She has a Diploma in Catering at the Hotel and Catering Institute.
Career
She is a former member of parliament for Takoradi from January 1992 to January 1997 and also a Hotelier and a Caterer.
Politics
Tabitha Sybil Quaye was elected during the 1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election as member of the first parliament of the fourth republic of Ghana on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. She succeeded William N. Gram of the Action Congress Party (ACP) who represented the constituency in 1979 Ghanaian parliamentary election. She was succeeded by Gladys Asmah member of New Patriotic Party during the 1996 Ghanaian general election who won the seat by polling 26,431 votes which represented 73.50% of the share. She defeated Esther Nkansah a National Democratic Congress (NDC) member who polled 10,342 votes which represented 23.00% of the share, Alex Fosu Blankson an Independent who polled 1,323 votes which represented 2.90% of the share, Timothy Norbert Kublenu of National Convention Party(NCP) who also polled 792 votes which represented 1.80% and Crosby Mochia of Convention People's Party (CPP) who had no vote.
Personal life
She is a Christian.
References
Living people
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian MPs 1993–1997
1938 births
Ghanaian Christians
Politicians from Western Region (Ghana)
20th-century Ghanaian women politicians
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请描述骨髓炎的治疗方法？急性和慢性病程治疗不同，可参与相关词条。骨髓炎只是一个比较广泛的名称，没有具体到哪一个疾病，比如说急性化脓性骨髓炎、慢性骨髓炎等。下面简单介绍几种治疗方法。（1）穿刺吸引术：为减轻骨髓腔压力，防止炎症在骨髓腔上下扩散，对病灶处可进行穿刺吸引，同时还可向腔内注入抗生素作为治疗的一部分。（2）开窗引流术：在放射科照片显示骨质局部已有破坏及骨髓腔阴影增宽者，可在骨髓腔内积脓的部位进行骨皮质钻孔或开窗，防止炎症扩散，以利分泌物引流。或进行创腔的上下给抗生素闭式灌洗治疗。（3）死骨取出术：对死骨较大，已具备手术时机，将死骨取出，是治疗慢性骨炎最常见和最基本的手术方法。（4）消灭骨空洞术：因骨腔大，窦道久治不愈，将较近的正常肌组织有带蒂肌肉瓣充填法、松质骨充填法等。（5）截肢术：适用于一肢多处骨髓炎，合并多数窦道，久治不愈或因慢性炎症长期刺激局部皮肤发生恶变者。（6）大块病骨切除术：一般适用慢性血源性骨髓炎，病骨已明显硬化，或局部疤痕多，久治不愈，某些不负重也无重要功能的慢性骨炎患者。（7）病灶内留置药物链法：将抗生素预制成小球，用细不绣钢丝连起来，手术置于病灶内，每日将抗菌药物球拉入腔内一颗，不断释放治疗法。（8）应用显微外科技术治疗慢性化脓性骨髓炎的方法。目的是改善病灶局部的血液循环。
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湛江话，又称湛江白话，一种流行于广东省湛江市市区的粤语方言。由于二战时期大量的广州、香港等地人逃往法属广州湾（今湛江市区）带来了大量的粤语使用者，粤语得以在湛江大范围传播，经过近一世纪的融合、发展，粤语在湛江逐渐形自成一格。湛江话发音系统、语法、词汇都吸收了一定的吴川话、雷州话等方言特征，相比广州话有明显的出入，但使用湛江话和使用广州话的人能交流溝通。
简述
湛江市区的粤语最初由清末以及民国初期的广州、香港为主的粤语使用者以及邻近的高州府，廉江，遂溪等地传入，而后由湛江市区本地人广泛使用，由于市区原居民的通行语为雷州话，所讲的粤语带有一定的雷州话特点，其语法接近雷州话、官話，而非广州话，因此也有一套与广州话有很大出入的语气助词、副词等系统，最著名的例子是湛江话的“冇有”，更类似于现代标准汉语的“没有”而非广州话的“冇”。同時，在很多廣州話環境下會使用“唔”的用字在湛江话都會以“冇”字取代，此習慣在廣西的粵語區，例如南寧一帶的邕潯片和桂南欽廉片都有相同的情況。
此外，湛江亦是多方言使用者之聚合地，除了有湛江白話（粵）、雷州话（閩，在湛江當地亦稱「黎話」）使用者外，还有大量的吴川话（粵）、廉江话（粵）、遂溪白话（粵）、南三话（粵-吴化）、𠊎话（粤西客家语）等方言使用者，不同的方言使用者所讲的湛江话也带有其方言的发音、词汇特征，不同方言者之间交流、相互影响，最终共同构成如今的湛江话。
发音特点
粵語方言
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珠儿·克尔奇（英文：Jewel Kilcher， ），艺名珠儿，美国创作歌手、吉他手、演员和诗人。她四次获得格莱美奖提名，专辑的全球销量超过2700万。
珠儿的首张专辑《Pieces of You》于1995年2月28日发行，成为有史以来首张专辑发行量最高的专辑之一，15次创下白金唱片销量的记录。这张专辑中的一首单曲《谁将拯救你的灵魂》（Who Will Save Your Soul）在公告牌百强单曲榜（Billboard Hot 100）上最高排名第11位；另外两首单曲，《You Were Meant for Me》和《Foolish Games》，也在公告牌百强单曲榜上分别荣登第2名和第7名的宝座，并且被收录到告示牌1997年年底的单曲榜中。珠儿在她的音乐生涯中混合了多种音乐流派。《Perfectly Clear》是她的首张乡村音乐专辑，2008年由Valory音乐公司发行。这张专辑首次荣登美国告示牌最热门乡村专辑的第1名，其中比较著名的三首单曲是《Stronger Woman》、《I Do》和《Til It Feels Like Cheating》。2009年5月，珠儿发行了她的首张独立专辑《Lullaby》。
早年生活
珠儿出生于犹他州佩森。出生后不久，珠儿一家搬到阿拉斯加侯墨。珠儿的祖父。尤尔·克尔奇（英文：Yule Kilcher）来自瑞士，定居于美国，是阿拉斯加州的宪法会议代表和州议员。尤尔还创造了首次穿越哈汀冰原（Harding Icefield）的记录。珠儿从祖父那里继承了瑞士血统。她是女演员的欧琳卡·克尔奇（英文：Q'orianka Kilcher）的堂兄妹。她的青少年时期大部分是在侯墨度过的，她与她的父亲亚兹·克尔奇（英文：Atz Kilcher）住在一起。她居住的房子没有屋内供水系统；而是有一个简单的屋外厕所。她和她的父亲有时在酒吧和酒馆靠唱歌为生。正是这些经历使她学会了用真假嗓音陡然互换地唱歌，她的许多歌曲都具有这种特点。她的父亲是一个近代圣徒，但是就在珠儿八岁前不久，她和她的父亲开始不去教堂。
珠儿在密歇根州特洛肯的特洛肯艺术院校学习弹吉他，她的专业是歌剧唱腔。16岁时，她开始写歌。在学校时，她有时会在密歇根州的特拉弗斯市的雷咖啡厅演唱。
珠儿一度为贫穷所困，住在她的大篷车中，在美国各处进行一些爵士乐演奏和街头艺术。珠儿在加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥的Innerchange咖啡厅和Java Joe’的演唱为她获得了一些赞誉。她的朋友，史蒂夫·波尔兹的乐队The Rugburns也在此处演出。后来，珠儿与波尔兹共同创作了一些歌曲，包括《You Were Meant for Me》。（波尔兹在这首歌曲的第2个更为知名的音乐电视中出现。）1997年，The Rugburns乐队参加珠儿的Tiny Lights巡回演出。在珠儿1999年的Spirit World巡回演出中，波尔兹出现在珠儿乐队中，担任吉他手。
个人生活
2008年8月7日，珠儿和荣获九次牛仔竞技世界冠军的牛仔泰·莫瑞于相恋十年后，在巴哈马群岛喜结连理。这对夫妇住在 德克萨斯州史蒂芬维尔镇的一个面积为2200英亩的农场上。他们曾在美国广播公司的情景剧《过度翻新：家庭版》中担任嘉宾名人助理。
2011年1月11日，这对夫妇宣布他们的第一个孩子出生，后来证实是个男孩。
2011年3月11日，珠儿在回德克萨斯州史蒂芬维尔镇的路上遭遇车祸，不过只受了一些轻伤。
音乐生涯
早期
1993年，麦克·巴扎里（以红辣椒乐队（Red Hot Chili Peppers））著名的Flea（音乐家））遇到珠儿，此前他曾在一家咖啡店看过她的演唱。他们回到她的敞篷车里，整晚呆在一起，珠儿给了他一些歌曲。他形容她的嗓音“优美”、“激动人心”。她形容他的声音“温柔、深情”。
1993年8月，圣地亚哥当地的一个叫做Rust的乐队的领唱约翰·霍根（John Hogan）打电话给Inga Vainshtein，告诉她有个女歌手每周四在当地的一家咖啡店演唱，就这样Inga Vainshtein发现了珠儿。Vainshtein同 大西洋唱片（Atlantic Records）的一个代表一起开车到Innerchange咖啡店，演出结束后，他们打电话给大西洋唱片西海岸公司负责人丹尼·戈德堡。此时，珠儿甚至还没有一张样本唱片。戈德堡提出出资为珠儿录制一些歌曲。前任电影制片执行官Vainshtein成为珠儿的经纪人，想方设法让唱片公司给珠儿开出一个优厚的价格，珠儿因此与大西洋唱片签约，还受邀《时代杂志》时代杂志担任封面人物，这是大西洋唱片的艺术家首次担任《时代》封面人物。她的第一张录音棚录音是与 布鲁斯·罗伯合作的， 布鲁斯·罗伯制作、策划并混合了她的样本唱片。珠儿19岁时录制了她的首张专辑《Pieces of You》，这张专辑于1995年发行。珠儿是在尼尔·杨的农场上的录音棚中录制这张专辑的，专辑的录制由尼尔·杨的乐队The Stray Gators提供支持。该乐队还曾为尼尔·杨的两张专辑《Harvest》和《Harvest Moon》演奏过。专辑《Pieces of You》由本·基思（Ben Keith）制作。本·基思在The Stray Gators乐队中担任夏威夷吉他手。这家专辑的部分歌曲在圣地亚哥的Innerchange咖啡店现场演奏过。这张专辑在公告牌二百强专辑榜上停留了两年，最高的时候位列第4名。这张专辑还包括流行单曲《You Were Meant for Me》、《谁将拯救你的灵魂》和《Foolish Games》。这张专辑的最终销量仅在美国就超过了1200万张。
巅峰时期
1998年1月，在圣地亚哥举行的第32届超级碗开幕式上，珠儿受邀演唱美国国歌。开幕式主持人介绍珠儿时称她是“圣地亚哥自己的珠儿！”但是，之后外界批评她用电子录音假唱。人们明显注意到，珠儿错过了入场提示，而且歌曲开头几个字没有做口型。超级碗制作方因此承认，他们确实试图让所有演出者预先录下他们的声音。在 2003年NBA总决赛上，珠儿在新泽西网队的一场主场比赛中再次演唱美国国歌。
1998年2月，珠儿与她的第一个经纪人Inga Vainshtein分道扬镳。当时，她正在与Daniel Lanois讨论她的第二张专辑。但是，在结束了与Vainshtein的合作关系并且将她的职业管理交给她母亲打理后，她突然改变了创作方向，让Patrick Leonard取代了Lanois。Patrick Leonard制作了一张更具有流行音乐风格的专辑。 1998年，专辑《Spirit》发行。这张专辑在公告牌二百强专辑榜上最高位列第3名，在美国的销量超过400万张。单曲《Hands》在公告牌百强单曲榜上排名第6。她紧接着发行了其他单曲：新版《Jupiter (Swallow the Moon》、由珠儿参演的即将上映的电影的主题曲《What's Simple Is True》和慈善单曲《Life Uncommon》。
一年后，也就是1999年11月，珠儿发行了专辑《Joy: A Holiday Collection》。这张专辑的销量超过100万张，在公告牌二百强专辑榜上最高位列第32位。她用这张专辑的单曲《Joy to the World》制作了这张专辑的封面。
2001年11月，专辑《This Way》发行。这张专辑在公告牌二百强专辑榜排行榜上最高位列第9名，在美国的销量超过150万张。珠儿凭借单曲《Standing Still》荣获美国歌手前30名。其他单曲有《Break Me》、《This Way》和《Serve the Ego》，凭借后者，珠儿首次在俱乐部获得第一名的头衔。
专辑《0304》
2003年，珠儿发行了专辑《0304》。她在这张专辑的唱片套的注释中写道，“我想要制作一张用现代的方式诠释大乐队音乐的唱片。这张唱片要用抒情诗的方式来表达，就像科尔·波特（Cole Porter）那样，而且唱片要有大量的摇摆乐。非常感谢Lester，因为当我告诉他，我要向制作一张揉合了舞蹈、都市音乐和民谣在内的唱片时，他看着我，没有觉得我不正常。”单曲《Serve the Ego》获得很大的成功，在此之后，珠儿发行了单曲《Intuition》，开始转向更加偏重流行音乐的歌曲。这首单曲，不同于她以往只用一把吉他作为乐器的民谣风格，开始用法国手风琴作为乐器，并且尝试用电子合成器来制作舞曲流行音乐的节拍。这首单曲获得了成功，分别在公告牌成人流行音乐排行榜和公告牌百强单曲榜上排名第5名和第20名。尽管使用了不同的声音，这首歌曲歌词方面仍类似于她以往的作品。它提到了大量的文化，包括流行歌星珍妮弗·洛佩兹、模特姬·摩丝、杂志、电影文化和商业主义。
专辑《Goodbye Alice in Wonderland》
2006年5月2日，珠儿发行了第6张专辑《Goodbye Alice In Wonderland》。尽管人们对这张专辑的评价不一，但这张专辑仍然在公告牌专辑排行榜上名列第8名。这张专辑在发行后的第一周达到82,000张的销量。主打单曲《Again and Again》在广播成人歌曲前40名排行榜（Adult Top 40 Radio）上获得成功，最高达到16名。第2首单曲《Good Day》于6月下旬在电台播放，并且在成人流行歌曲排行榜（Adult Pop Songs）上最高位列第30名。Yahoo! Launch上出现的她的下一首单曲《Stephenville, TX》的音乐电视。在拍摄了她在德克萨斯州的农场后，珠儿决定让摄影师库尔特·马库斯为歌曲《Goodbye Alice in Wonderland》拍摄音乐电视。《Market Wire》商业期刊上的一篇评论称，因为珠儿的公共关系小组的广泛宣传，“这份家园摄像剪辑完美地反映了这首歌曲的本来的声音和它浓厚的自传风格的故事。”
，这张专辑只卖出超过270,000张，使它成为珠儿的第一张未能完成金唱片销量的唱片。CMT的音乐批评家Timothy Duggan称赞这张专辑说：“这张专辑展示了珠儿作为抒情诗人的独特才能以及她在音乐才能上的成长。如果珠儿那时就有她现在具备的音乐知识的话，那么《Pieces of You》就能达到这首单曲的成就了。总而言之，这首单曲令人非常满意”。 但是，《滚石》称，这张专辑“制作即过火，又欠缺火候”，如果一共有5星的话，只能评2星。
到目前为止，这张专辑的销量仅超过377,000张。
珠儿为新歌《Quest for Love》发行了一个音乐电视，这首新歌是电影《亚瑟和他的迷你王国》（Arthur and the Invisibles）中的主打歌曲。这首歌只能在2007年1月发行的电影《亚瑟和他的迷你王国》的音带上找到。
专辑《Perfectly Clear》
2007年1月上旬，珠儿与詹森·迈克尔·卡罗尔录制一首二重唱《No Good in Goodbye》，这是卡罗尔的二重唱CD《Waitin' in the Country》中的特别单曲。珠儿还为威讯黄页出现在波士顿的马萨诸塞州海湾交通局，作为一种广告宣传，她在移动的地铁火车上演唱，然后又在南站举行了一场长达一小时的音乐会。在波士顿全球（Boston Globe）对她的一次采访中，珠儿证实她不再附属于唱片公司，并且还证实了大西洋唱片在她最近一张唱片的销量不佳的情况下，没有与她续约的谣言。她还暗示说，下一张专辑她想制作一张乡村音乐专辑。她与有名的Big & Rich的约翰·里奇合作。他说，她“很可能是有史以来最伟大的美国歌手兼作曲家之一”。他还说，当时“Nashville的每家唱片公司”都想说服她签约。
2007年11月，珠儿与Valory音乐公司签约，这家唱片公司是独立的大机器唱片公司新成立的一个部门。她的首张乡村音乐专辑《Perfectly Clear》于2008年6月3日发行，第一周售出48,000张唱片。这张专辑分别在公告牌乡村音乐专辑排行榜和公告牌二百强专辑榜上位列第1名和第8名。第二周，这张专辑在公告牌二百强专辑榜和公告牌乡村音乐专辑排行榜上的排名分别下滑至第25名和第5名，第二周的销售量预计在75,000张。
2008年1月17日，这张专辑的主打单曲《Stronger Woman》在美国国家广播中播放，进入公告牌热门乡村歌曲排行版的前20名。2008年4月26日，在2008乡村音乐排行榜位列第13名。2008年6月23日，下一首单曲《I Do》在广播中播放。这首单曲的音乐电视由她的丈夫泰·莫瑞主演。这张单曲最高排名第28名。紧随其后的是《Till It Feels Like Cheating》，位列第57名。
2009年5月下旬，《Perfectly Clear》在澳大利亚发行。2009年6月，Humphead Records唱片公司在欧洲发行了这张专辑。欧洲发行的专辑还包括《Stronger Woman》的音乐电视。
专辑《Lullaby》
2009年年初，珠儿宣布发行一张新的音乐电视专辑叫做《Lullaby》，这张专辑是一张摇篮曲的合集，珠儿说这张专辑‘不止是献给儿童，同时也是献给成人的一张专辑’。同年3月17日，这张专辑的主打单曲《Somewhere Over The Rainbow》被收录到iTunes中。这张专辑于同年5月5日发行。专辑发行当周，《Somewhere Over the Rainbow》位列最佳儿童歌曲排行榜的第一名。她还录制了与R&B歌手泰瑞斯的一首二重唱，同时还发行了他的喜剧《Mayhem》。这首歌曲被称作《Make It Last》。这首歌曲原本是打算被用于电影《变形金刚：复仇之战》的声带，但是最终没有出现在声带名单上。
专辑《Sweet and Wild》
2010年1月，珠儿发行了专辑《Stay Here Forever》，这张专辑是电影《情人节》的声带。它还是2010年6月8日珠儿发行的第9张电视音乐专辑《Sweet and Wild》的主打歌曲。这首单曲首次发行后，在美国热门乡村歌曲排行榜上位列第48名，2010年5月升至第34名。2010年5月17日，《Satisfied》作为这张专辑的第二首单曲发行，最高位列第57名。2010年10月10日，珠儿发行了《Sweet and Wild》的第三首单曲《Ten》。2010年10月15日，这首单曲在热门乡村歌曲排行榜上的首次排名为第55名，两周后最高达到第51名。她目前正在制作一张儿童音乐专辑，这张专辑也可供成人欣赏。
电影和戏剧
1999年，珠儿在李安导演执导的电影《与魔鬼共骑》中担任主演。1995年，珠儿在《绿野仙踪音乐会：梦想成真》的《梦想成真》版中扮演桃乐思。她还在《Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story》中担任配角，扮演她自己。
与明星共舞
2009年2月8日，珠儿与她的丈夫泰·莫瑞打赌，宣布与黛米蒂·查普林一起参加第八季的《与明星共舞（美国电视系列）》。但是，季度出演前五天，珠儿两腿的胫骨受到应力性骨折，被迫退出演出。
写作
1998年，珠儿出版了一本名叫《A Night Without Armor》的诗歌。虽然这本诗集的销量超过100万本，而且进入了纽约时报畅销书榜，但是人们对这本诗集的评价不一。在1998年的一次MTV采访中，库尔特·劳德尔指出，珠儿在她的书中错误地使用了“偶然”一词（这个词原本是指“偶然”），珠儿的回应是“能指出这点真聪明。”
2000年，珠儿继续撰写名为《Chasing Down the Dawn》的自传，这本自传是一本日记和随想的合集，详细记录了她在阿拉斯加的成长，以及她在路上学习技巧的努力。珠儿计划出版一本名叫《爱情诗歌》的书，这是她出版的第三本书，这本书对她与她的男友泰·莫瑞的关系做了非常隐私的描述。因为珠儿担心莫瑞的母亲反对她公开隐私，这本书在出版前几个月被取消出版。
慈善事业
1995年，珠儿在《绿野仙踪音乐会：美梦成真》中演出，这是林肯中心的一个流行音乐剧，受益人是儿童防卫基金会这场演出最初是在特纳网络电视（TNT）上播放的，1996年发行CD和录像制品。
珠儿与她的妈妈Lenedra J. Carroll及她的哥哥谢恩·克尔奇（Shane Kilcher）一起成立了一个非营利性质的机构，叫做人性更好的一面基金会（Higher Ground For Humanity）。这家机构致力于教育、可持续性改善并与类似机构建立合作关系。珠儿将她的部分收入捐赠给该机构，并且经常举办演出来帮助该机构。珠儿提供这家机构的大部分资金，因此这家机构与珠儿的事业相依并行。，这家机构的活动有所减少。
2006年9月，作为终生电视台（Lifetime Television）的与乳癌作斗争（Stop Breast Cancer for Life）活动的一部分，珠儿向国会山提供了超过1200万的请愿签名，要求国会通过两党连立的《2005乳癌病人保护法》（S 910/HR1849）。这项法案将禁止“直接的”乳房切除术的做法，这种手术仅几小时后，病人就出院了。
珠儿担任2006年在华盛顿特区举办的Homeless Walk的荣誉主席。
清洁水项目
1999年，清洁水项目启动后，人性更好的一面基金会的主要工作重点是，致力于发展中国家的清洁水。清洁水项目在南美国、美洲中部、印度和非洲开展，项目的目的是打造井和水过滤系统。其中一个项目是，通过太阳能泵的作用，恢复水井的建造，帮助非洲坦桑尼亚的Sukenia地区的马赛人。在清洁水项目开展之前，村民们要步行10小时才能得到清洁的水。其他项目已经在Malakkara、印度、Gualcea、洪都拉斯、Sisoguichi、墨西哥和孟加拉国开展。
清洁水项目：名人歌词拍卖
2008年11月，珠儿开始与几十名歌手兼作曲家合作，撰写并拍卖他们的抒情诗，将拍卖所得捐献给她的“清洁水项目”慈善事业。除了珠儿自己以外，许多歌手和作曲家已经捐赠了他们的手写抒情诗，其中包括帕特里克·戴维斯（Patrick Davis）、阿拉巴马（乐队）的兰迪·欧文（Randy Owen）、约翰·麦伦坎普（John Mellencamp）、詹森·玛椰兹（Jason Mraz）、格瑞辰·威尔森（Gretchen Wilson）和玛夫·格林（Marv Green）。大部分抒情诗是写在纸上，并由作曲家签名的，凯特·派瑞（Katy Perry）的《I Kissed A Gir]》除外。许多艺术家除了撰写抒情诗（并签名）以外，还作画来说明他们所作的诗歌。这项拍卖活动从2008年12月1日持续到2008年12月18日，由CMT和维珍唱片（Virgin Music）推广。有些抒情诗公开拍卖，包括《So Small》、《Foolish Games》、《I'm Yours》、《I Kissed A Girl》、《St. Elmo's Fire》、《Live Like You Were Dying》、《I Don't Need A Man》、《Superman (It's Not Easy)》和《Redneck Woman》。拍卖的官方截止日期是2008年12月18日，卖价最高的是珠儿的签名歌曲《You Were Meant For Me》，售价为1505$，《Who Will Save Your Soul》和《Hands》的卖价都被抬高到1005美金以上。珠儿承诺，12月18日之前售出的所有抒情诗都会在圣诞节前送出。拍卖于12月18日大体结束后，克雷格·威兹曼（Craig Wiseman）和厄内尔·昂斯沃斯（Ernie Ashworth）的两首新诗被拍卖，拍卖截止日期为2009年1月。
音乐唱片分类目录
专辑
录音室专辑
1995年: 《Pieces of You》
1998年: 《Spirit》
1999年: 《Joy: A Holiday Collection》
2001年: 《This Way》
2003年: 《0304》
2006年: 《Goodbye Alice in Wonderland》
2008年: 《Perfectly Clear》
2009年: 《Lullaby》
2010年: 《Sweet and Wild》
2011年: 《The Merry Goes' Round》
参考
外部链接
Official website
Jewel's Atlantic Records page
美國作詞家
美國女性主義者
美國電影女演員
美國女創作歌手
美国流行音乐歌手
瑞士裔美國人
女性搖滾歌手
美國鄉村吉他手
美國鄉村音樂創作歌手
美國民謠歌手
美国摇滚吉他手
21世紀美國歌手
美國女高音
21世纪美国女演员
20世纪美国女演员
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请描述干燥症的并发症？除了前面所提到的各种并发症之外，患有干燥综合症的女性如果怀孕，新生儿患有新生儿红斑性狼疮并伴有先天性心脏传导阻滞的概率会相对较高。
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Y染色体遗传病的预防和治疗方法？遗传病的预防主要注意下面几个环节：环境保护、遗传携带者的检出、遗传咨询、婚姻指导及选择性流产以及症状出现前的预防。
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卵巢癌晚期化疗有用吗？化疗是利用化学药物杀死肿瘤细胞、抑制肿瘤细胞的生长繁殖和促进肿瘤细胞的分化的一种治疗方式，它是一种全身性治疗手段对原发灶、转移灶和亚临床转移灶均有治疗作用，但是化疗治疗肿瘤在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时，也将正常细胞和免疫(抵抗)细胞一同杀灭。放射疗法是用X线，γ线、电子线等放射线照射在癌组织，由于放射线的生物学作用，能最大量的杀伤癌组织，破坏癌组织，使其缩小。卵巢癌晚期保守治疗为主，并不是所有的患者都适合于手术和放化疗，根据临床经验，很多患者通过系统的中医抗癌治疗，同样起到了很好的治疗效果，但并不是所有的中药都能治疗癌症，特别是有许多中药抗癌成分为脂溶性的挥发油类，单纯水煎有效抗癌成分是非常少的，所以选择上应当慎重。化疗的方式也是有好几种，每种都有自己的一些特点，化疗同时建议配合一些药物来降低化疗副作用，逆转化疗药物耐药性。全身化疗以静脉用药为主。腹腔化疗可直接作用于肿瘤，局部浓度高，探制腹水效果佳，副作用较轻。动脉注药化疗在局麻下，经皮穿刺股动脉，逆行插管入髂内动脉推注抗癌药物，可减少抗癌药物与血浆蛋白的结合，而增加游离药物浓度;可增加抗癌药物的细胞毒性作用，从而提高疗效。此外，尚可减轻全身副作用。化疗栓塞法同时向动脉内灌注抗癌药物与栓塞剂，使受抗癌药物作用的癌细胞缺氧缺血，更易坏死。化疗是把双刃剑，在起到良好效果的同时也会给身体正常细胞造成损伤，当然也存在个体差异，但如果与中药抗肿瘤药物配合治疗，可以在加强疗效的同时，中药削减化疗的毒副作用，起到较好的治疗效果。
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九州探題（日語漢字：，假名：，羅馬字：Kyūshütandai）是室町幕府設置的九州統轄機關。踏襲鎌倉時代的鎮西探題，為了統治九州而設置。應仁之亂後成為有名無實的機關。
江户幕府為了監視九州諸藩、統治天領而設置相同性質的西國筋郡代。
歷代九州探題
武田信武（任：1333年 - 133?年、北朝方）
一色範氏（任：1336年 - 1346年、北朝方）
一色直氏（任：1346年 - 1351年、北朝方 1351年 - 1352年、南朝方 1352年 - 1358年、北朝方）
足利直冬（任：1351年 - 135?年、北朝方 1353年/1354年? - 1361年、南朝方）
細川繁氏（任：1358年、北朝方）
斯波氏經（任：1361年 - 1365年）
澀川義行（任：1365年 - 1370年）
今川了俊（任：1370年 - 1395年）
澀川滿賴（任：1396年 - 1419年）
澀川義俊（任：1419年 - 1428年）
澀川滿直（任：1428年 - 1434年）
澀川教直（任：1434年 - 1479年）
澀川萬壽丸（任：1479年 - 1487年）
澀川政教?（任：1490年 - 1500年）
澀川尹繁（任：1487年（一説1500年） - 1504年?）
澀川義長（任：1504年? - 1533年）
澀川堯顯?（任：1533年? - 1534年?）
大友義鎮（任：1559年 - ?）
關連項目
鎮西探題
西國筋郡代
室町幕府探題
室町時代外交
西海道
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孕9周小腹痛的时候白带多是什么原因？盆腔炎主要表现为下腹部坠胀、疼痛、白带增多等情况。盆腔炎是指女性生殖器官、子宫周围结缔组织及盆腔腹膜的炎症。慢性盆腔炎症往往是急性期治疗不彻底迁延而来，其发病时间长，病情较顽固。细菌逆行感染，通过子宫、输卵管而到达盆腔。但在现实生活中，并不是所有的妇女都会患上盆腔炎，发病只是少数。这是因为女性生殖系统有自然的防御功能，在正常情况下，能抵御细菌的入侵，只有当机体的抵抗力下降，或由于其他原因使女性的自然防御功能遭到破坏时，才会导致盆腔炎的发生。1.产后或流产后感染分娩后产妇体质虚弱，宫颈口因有恶露流出，未及时关闭，宫腔内有胎盘的剥离面，或分娩造成产道损伤，或有胎盘、胎膜残留等，或产后过早有性生活，病原体侵入宫腔内，容易引起感染；自然流产、药物流产过程中阴道流血时间过长，或有组织物残留于宫腔内，或人工流产手术无菌操作不严格等均可以发生流产后感染。2.宫腔内手术操作后感染如放置或取出宫内节育环、刮宫术、输卵管通液术、子宫输卵管造影术、宫腔镜检查、黏膜下子宫肌瘤摘除术等，由于术前有性生活或手术消毒不严格或术前适应证选择不当，手术后急性感染发作并扩散；也有的患者手术后不注意个人卫生，或术后不遵守医嘱，同样可使细菌上行感染，引起盆腔炎。3.经期卫生不良若不注意经期卫生，使用不洁的卫生巾和护垫，经期盆浴、经期性交等均可使病原体侵入而引起炎症。4.邻近器官的炎症直接蔓延最常见的是阑尾炎、腹膜炎时，由于它们与女性内生殖器官毗邻，炎症可以通过直接蔓延，引起盆腔炎症；患慢性宫颈炎时，炎症也可通过淋巴循环，引起盆腔结缔组织炎。5.其他慢性盆腔炎的急性发作等。
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Nikkita Fountain (born 24 March 1984) is a Bahamian former professional tennis player.
Born in Nassau, Fountain appeared in a national record 36 Fed Cup ties for the Bahamas, winning 10 singles and 12 doubles rubbers. Debuting in 1999, she didn't feature in the side while at college between 2004 and 2007, then returned to the side and played until 2014. She competed in college tennis for Southern Nazarene University and Florida International University.
Fountain was a doubles gold medalist at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, partnering Larika Russell. The final was decided by a third set match tie-break, which they mounted a comeback in to win 13–11 over their Dominican Republic opponents Daysi Espinal and Francesca Segarelli.
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, Fountain was a quarter-finalist in the doubles and lost in the first round of the singles, to eighth seed Marina Erakovic of New Zealand.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Bahamian female tennis players
Sportspeople from Nassau, Bahamas
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for the Bahamas
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Tennis players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for the Bahamas
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比爾·阿爾弗雷·布朗（，）是一名澳洲板球運動員，他在1934年至1948年期間參加了22場板球對抗賽，並擔任過一次澳洲國家板球隊。
早年生涯
比爾·阿爾弗雷·布朗早年出生於澳洲圖翁巴，為奶農和酒店老闆的兒子。3歲時，因生意失敗而搬到悉尼的。
參考資料
參考書籍
澳大利亚板球运动员
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小书写症的原因是什么？锰中毒会引起小书写症的发生。此病多属于神经功能性疾病也有学者认为该病属于锥体外系疾患或认为是交感神经反射性障碍。发病机制：肌张力亢进最为常见，写字时手肌及腕部肌肉痉挛;或因肌肉力弱不能随意使用钢笔，类似麻痹状态;亦有运动亢进型，写字时手肌及腕部肌肉震颤，并逐渐增强精神紧张更为显著是主动肌与拮抗肌紊乱的结果。
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胃溃疡需要输液多少时间？胃溃疡是一种常见的消化道疾病，以餐后上腹疼痛不适为主要临床表现，多发生于秋冬季节。临床上可通过胃镜或钡餐检查明确诊断，胃镜下可见部分胃黏膜缺损，可见深大的凹陷区，表面覆盖有白色厚苔。胃溃疡依照病情轻重，可分为良性溃疡和恶性溃疡，良性溃疡一般治疗6-8周即可治疗好，后期应定期复查。部分病人治疗后愈合较慢或出现假性愈合，应及时进行病理检查，明确溃疡性质，指导后续治疗。养成良好的由于胃溃疡是个慢性病，且易复发，要使其完全愈合，必须坚持长期服药。切不可症状稍有好转，便骤然停药，也不可朝三暮四，服用某种药物刚过几天，见病状未改善，又换另一种药。通常，一个疗程要服药4～6周，疼痛缓解后还得巩固治1～3个月，甚至更长时间。生活习惯要注意，少吃多餐饭只吃七份饱。早上要吃好中午要吃饱晚上要吃少。忌暴饮暴食。改变饮食习惯：按时就餐坐着吃饭不要站立或蹲着。戒吃辛辣油炸烟熏食物如烧烤等不吃过酸过冷等刺激强烈的食物不饮酒少饮浓茶咖啡等。多吃素菜和粗纤维食品如芹菜香菇等。积极食疗和按摩保健：羊肉狗肉等温热食物均有养胃效果适合胃寒病症；大蒜消毒杀菌可以帮助消除炎症应多吃；另外枸杞银耳红枣核桃都可以零食或入菜。饭后睡前可以搓热双手以肚脐为中心顺时针环摩64圈。完毕搓热双手按摩小腹。同时要养成良好的饮食习惯，定时进食；不吃刺激性食物，忌辛辣、咖啡、浓茶、汽水、酸性饮料、糯米食品、过多油炸食物等；勿暴饮暴食；戒烟酒，忌饮茶，饮牛奶；选用易消化、含足够热量、蛋白质和维生素丰富的食物。限制多渣食物应避免吃油煎、油炸食物以及含粗纤维较多的各种粗粮；不吃刺激性大的食物禁吃刺激胃酸分泌的食物；烹调要恰当以蒸、烧、炒、炖等法为佳。
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儿童便秘肛裂怎么办？原发性疾病患者积极治疗原发性疾病（如留小病等）。治疗便秘的根本是改善饮食，增加更多的水和含有更多纤维素的食物（如谷物、蔬菜等）。同时，训练排便习惯。医疗只能在必要时临时使用。1。人类喂养婴儿的饮食矫正不太可能引起人类喂养婴儿的便秘。如果出现这种情况，除了喂养母乳外，还应添加保湿食品补充剂，如含糖蔬菜水或橙汁（使用鲜橙汁，打开瓶装橙汁后容易污染）、番茄汁、煮沸的山楂或枣水。超过4个月，你可以添加果泥或熟果泥。当母乳不足时，可加1至2倍含8%糖的牛奶。蜂蜜水每天60~90毫升，也有帮助。如果母乳不足，婴儿配方奶粉可以补充营养，奶粉中可以添加益生菌，帮助儿童消化、吸收和治疗便秘。2。人工喂养婴儿的饮食矫正对于较大的婴儿，添加食物，如蔬菜、蔬菜、水果和粥。较大的麸质可以添加到较厚的谷类食品中，如玉米粉、小米和谷类食品。在1-2岁时，如果你已经添加了多种补充食品，每天的牛奶量是500毫升，你可以多吃粗粮、甘薯、胡萝卜和蔬菜。有这种情况的人可以添加琼脂果冻。也可以尝试使用天然植物制成的明火产品，科学搭配，达到明火通畅的效果。市场上有许多品牌的消防产品，相关认证、配料、销售历史、市场信誉等是评价的依据。营养不良儿童便秘时，一定要注意补充营养，逐渐增加摄入量，改善营养状况后，腹部肌肉、肠肌生长、张力增大，肠运动自然逐渐平稳。3。训练习惯排练是一种反身运动，孩子们可以养成按时排便的习惯。一般来说，三个月以上的婴儿可以开始训练。早上进食后，它们由一个成年人的两只手、一个盆或一把小肠椅支撑。它可以用半个月来完成这个习惯。发展后不要随意改变时间。对于老年人的慢性便秘，除了鼓励更多的运动和富含纤维的食物外，还应该用来按时养成良好的习惯和泻药。
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孩子有遗尿症怎么办？引起孩子遗尿症的原因很多：尿路感染，神经性尿频，隐形脊椎裂等，要先带孩子到泌尿科或者儿科检查一下遗尿症的原因是哪个。病理性的遗尿症可以通过药物及手术治疗的方法得以改善。晚上定时的督促孩子起床上厕所。小儿遗尿症是指5岁以上的小儿不能自主控制排尿，经常睡中小便自遗，醒后方觉的一种病证。临床可分为原发性遗尿和继发性遗尿两种，前者是指持续的或持久的遗尿，其间控制排尿的时期从未超过一年；后者是指小儿控制排尿至少1年，但继后又出现遗尿。小儿遗尿症大多数属于功能性的。其症状与白天疲劳程度、家庭环境、对新环境的适应性等因素有关。合理安排小儿饮水和训练小儿排尿对遗尿症患儿来说十分重要。随着神经系统发育的不断完善，正常婴儿及幼童的膀胱对排尿的控制会自然形成，不需要特别的指导和训练。但如果5岁或5岁以上的儿童多次发生入睡后无意识排尿，每周达2次以上并且持续至少6个月，而清醒状态下则无此现象，则应被视为异常，临床上称之为原发性夜遗尿症。遗尿症医术可以分为原发性和继发性遗尿症，单纯性和诊治复杂性遗尿症。其中单纯性遗尿症指仅有夜间尿床，白天无强烈症状，不伴泌尿系统和神经系统解剖或功能异常；费用复杂性遗尿症指除夜间尿床外，白天伴有下泌尿系统症状这里，常为继发于泌尿系统或神经系统疾病强烈。儿童最常见的是原发性单纯性遗尿症。孩子在三四岁开始控制排尿，需养成良好的作息制度和卫生习惯，避免过度疲劳，掌握尿床时间和规律，夜间用闹钟唤醒患儿起床排尿1到2次。如果行为控制作用不佳，需考虑口服药物治疗。
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腺毛泡花树（学名：）为清风藤科泡花树属下的一个种。
参考文献
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15岁第一次打胎的危害？青春期少女应尽量避免做人工流产手术，但最根本的是不能有过早的性生活。更可怕的是，人工流产可导致终生不孕。尤其是曾多次施行人工流产术的人，更容易发生。由于反复地钳刮子宫内膜，使子宫壁变薄，内膜越来越少。导致月经过少，甚至闭经。受精卵着床而没有良好的“土壤”，使之不能发育成胚胎，因而终生不孕。其次，由于未婚先孕的女性流产大多是偷偷摸摸地进行，有的甚至在设备简陋、消毒差、医术低劣的条件下进行；或者采用许多不符合科学、危险性大的原始手段，这些做法往往易于造成生殖器官炎症，子宫和其他内脏损伤，或大出血，甚至会危及生命。据了解，在近两年的时间里，该中心专家曾对1236例不孕不育病人的病因进行分析，发现由女方疾患引起的不孕症中，近60%的病人是由人工流产和药物流产引起的继发不孕，在对前来做“试管婴儿”的100多对夫妇进行随机调查中，结果更令人担忧，有90%左右是人工流产和药物流产导致输卵管阻塞引起的不孕。无论做人工流产，还是做药物流产，都有近期并发症和远期并发症的发生。人工流产的近期并发症就是：术中术后出血、感染、吸宫不全、子宫穿孔等等。人工流产的远期并发症是：月经不规律、月经量少以后不怀孕或者是习惯性流产。药物流产，流血时间长、感染的机率大，以后不怀孕的机率大。药物流产：90%的人能流干净，5~10%的人流不干净还需要刮宫。打胎以后要注意休息，加强营养。打胎后女性的身体有所损伤，需要做“小月子”，因此应好好休息，半月内不要从事重体力劳动，避免接触冷水。另外，打胎后子宫需要一个月左右复原，因此要注意增加营养，摄入足量的蛋白质，增强机体对疾病的抵抗力，促进受伤器官的早日修复，可以吃些鱼类，肉类，蛋类，豆类制品等蛋白质丰富的食品和富含维生素的新鲜蔬菜，以加快身体的康复。切记不要着凉。
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维洛沙秦禁忌症是什么？l、妊娠头三个月禁用。? 2、禁与MAOI制剂合用。? 3、与苯妥英钠或抗高血压药同用，后二者必须减免
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食管溃疡的诊断是什么？食管溃疡的病人，由于酸性胃液及进食的刺激，可出现以下症状：(1)胸骨下段后方或高位上腹部疼痛。疼痛常于进食后或饮水时加重，并可放散至肩肿间区、左侧胸部、或向上放射至肩部及颈部，有时疼痛酷似冠心病、心绞痛。应加以鉴别。鉴别的方法可通过详细地询问病史及查体，并通过心电图、食管钡餐及食管镜检查来确定诊断。(2)咽下困难，也是比较常见的症状。咽下困难是指进食吞咽时有通过受阻的感觉。开始只是对固体食物咽下困难，以后可以随着疾病的进展，即使是液体食物也会感到通过受阻。这是由于食管溃疡的病人进食后食物的刺激可引起食管的痉挛性收缩而出现咽下困难。此外，慢性溃疡可使局部形成瘢痕、狭窄，也是引起咽下困难的重要原因。(3)食管溃疡还可出现恶心、呕吐、嗳气等症状，此因食管的正常蠕动被破坏而引起。(4)由于病人长期进食不好，还可以出现贫血及体重减轻等症状。
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Gmina Sieradz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Sieradz, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 9,788.
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Warta-Widawka Landscape Park.
Villages
Gmina Sieradz contains the villages and settlements of Biskupice, Bobrowniki, Bogumiłów, Borzewisko, Chałupki, Charłupia Mała, Chojne, Czartki, Dąbrowa Wielka, Dąbrówka, Dębina, Dzierlin, Dzigorzew, Grabowiec, Grądy, Kamionaczyk, Kłocko, Kolonia Okręglica, Kowale, Kuśnie, Łosieniec, Męcka Wola, Mnichów, Okręglica, Podłężyce, Ruda, Rzechta, Sokołów, Stoczki, Sucha and Wiechucice.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Sieradz is bordered by the town of Sieradz and by the gminas of Brzeźnio, Burzenin, Warta, Wróblew, Zapolice and Zduńska Wola.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Sieradz
Sieradz County
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帕尔马海滩（加泰罗尼亚语：Platja de Palma；西班牙语：Playa de Palma）是指
西班牙巴利阿里群岛马略卡岛帕尔马市的的五个行政区之一。它与卡尔维亚市的旅游小镇马加鲁夫（Magaluf）一起，是欧洲的主要旅游目的地之一。 2018年人口41,541人。
位于马略卡岛南海岸，长约 4.5 公里的海滩。从西部的 Can Pastilla 延伸到东部的 S'Arenal/Llucmajor。帕尔马海滩在视觉上分为15个部分，每个海滩都有一个酒吧，上面印有各自海滩的编号。
参考
Platja de Palma auf der offiziellen Vereinigung der Playa de Palma (Palma Beach)
马略卡岛地理
西班牙沙滩
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Düzyayla () is a village in the Bingöl District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Musyan tribe and had a population of 77 in 2021.
References
Villages in Bingöl District
Kurdish settlements in Bingöl Province
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张晓梅（），女，原名张锡珍，直隶良乡（今北京）人，生于保定，中华人民共和国政治人物，政协第一届全体会议代表。
参考资料
Xiao
保定人
中国共产党党员 (1928年入党)
中华全国妇女联合会成员
中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议代表
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Puntagorda is a village and a municipality in the northwestern part of the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. It is situated 23 km northwest of Santa Cruz de la Palma. The municipality consists of a number of small villages, total population 2,057 (2013). The area is 31.10 km². The elevation of the village is around 700 m. The elevation of the municipality ranges from sea level to over 2000 m.
Farmlands dominate the middle altitudes around the village, mainly smallholdings and orange and avocado orchards. Above the village are the vineyards producing the local Traviesa wine which won a Spanish national gold medal in 2004. Further up the slopes of the Caldera de Taburiente are forests of Canary Island pine. The steep cliffs of the coastline are a protected area of outstanding natural beauty. There is access to a small seawater pool via 460 steps. Puntagorda is well known for its almond trees which blossom in January and February. The festival of the flowering almonds is held every year at the end of January or beginning of February. There is a farmers market every weekend with fresh local produce in the Mercadillo.
Historical population
See also
List of municipalities in Santa Cruz de Tenerife
References
External links
Puntagorda Council Tourism website
Municipalities in La Palma
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Rosie Galligan (born 30 April 1998) is an English rugby union player. She is a member of the England women's national rugby union team and plays for Harlequins at club level.
International career
After playing for England U20s in 2017/18 and 2018/19, Galligan's full England debut came off the bench against Ireland in the 2019 Six Nations. Her international career was interrupted by a bout of meningitis in September 2019 followed by a serious injury in January 2020 when a fall in a line-out caused a broken leg and ankle along with three ruptured ligaments, so her second cap did not come until the 2022 Six Nations match against Scotland.
In September 2022 Galligan was named in the England squad for the COVID-delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup.
Club career
Galligan joined Premier 15s team Saracens for the 2016/17 season, breaking into their first team the following year, and helped them to two Premier 15 titles.
She signed for Harlequins in June 2021.
Early life and education
Galligan grew up in Kent where she developed an interest in rugby after being involved in a touch tournament and went on to play for Aylesford Bulls. She represented Kent at age group level in rugby, hockey and cricket.
References
Living people
1998 births
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players
21st-century English women
Harlequins Women rugby players
Saracens Women rugby players
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Finchley
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Barnet
Rugby union players from Kent
People educated at Maidstone Grammar School for Girls
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古賀正紘（），前日本職業足球員，日本20歲以下足球代表隊成員。
俱乐部生涯
1997年，古賀正紘在名古屋鯨魚开始足球生涯。2007年转会至柏雷素爾，2010年转会至磐田喜悅，2012年转会至福岡黃蜂。2015年，引退。
日本國家足球隊
古賀正紘参加了1997年世界青年錦標賽。
参考文献
外部連結
J.League Data Site
日本足球運動員
福岡縣足球運動員
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在直流溅射中，在靶和待涂覆的基板之间施加几百伏的直流电压，因此它也被称为直流电压溅射。
作用原理
靶形成负电极，基板形成带正电电极。通过使用（例如，作为稀有气体的原子碰撞电离氩气）形成在一个气体空间的等离子体（氩低压等离子体），带负电荷的电子和带正电荷气体离子诸如Ar的组件，或通过在基片的方向上施加的直流电压目标。它在目标上遇到永久的正离子流; 因此名称叫直流溅射，直流或直流溅射。在与目标颗粒撞击时，通过动量传递从目标喷射粒子，该动量传递在基板方向上远离目标移动并在那里作为薄层沉积（沉积）。
该方法的主要缺点是它只能用于导电靶材料。对于电绝缘材料，将通过目标和基板的新电荷载体的恒定供应来充电，因此补偿直流电压场并阻碍溅射过程，因为随后的离子将被电击穿。另外，可实现的溅射速率以及因此涂覆速率相对较低，因为在所使用的低压等离子体中仅形成少量溅射气体离子。
上述双电极变体也称为直流二极管溅射。另外，还存在诸如直流三极管溅射的其他形式，其中靶被布置为等离子体室外部的第三电极。以这种方式，等离子体产生和溅射过程可以解开耦合。
参考资料
物理学术语
電學
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检查性激素六项的最佳时间？激素六项检测即（性激素六项检测、生殖激素六项检测），是女性常规的生殖系统常规检查。国内尚无完整的、统一的妇产科内分泌性激素测定值，且由于各种试剂的来源，测定的方法，数据的计算，采用的单位不同，即使同一激素标本，各实验室所得结果也不完全相同。那下面我们就来了解一下检查性激素六项的意义和检查最佳的时间。性激素六项检查通过测定性激素水平来了解女性内分泌功能和诊断与内分泌失调相关的疾病.常用的性激素六项即卵泡生成激素（FSH）、黄体生成激素（LH）、雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、睾酮（T）、催乳激素（PRL）,基本满足了临床医生对内分泌失调与否的筛查和对生理功能的一般性了解。性激素六项检查有很多项检查，可以查清楚很多病症，因此性激素六项作为一种常见的检查项目，性激素六项检查是内分泌失调患者常用的检查方法，通过性激素六项的检查就可以确定是否患有内分泌方面的疾病，之后可根据检查结果确定采取什么方法进行治疗。检查内分泌最好在月经来潮后的第3-5天，这一段时间属于卵泡早期，可以反应卵巢的功能状态。但对于月经长期不来潮而且又急于了解检查结果者，则随时可以检查，这个时间就默认为月经前的时间，其结果也就参照黄体期的检查结果。月经来潮后第3-5天，早9点空腹抽血检查，效果最为精准。不孕不育或闭经，长期不来月经者，可在任何时间检查，空腹最佳。上述内容就是关于检查性激素六项的最佳时间的回答，男性只要没有剧烈运动，生活规律，上午8－11点空腹可随时检查。希望可以为有所需要的人群提供相应的帮助。
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佳能 EF 75-300mm 鏡頭是一系列由佳能公司生產的變焦鏡頭，一共有下列幾種型號：
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 USM
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 IS USM
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 II
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 II USM
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 III
Canon EF 75-300mm f/4.5-5.6 III USM
當75-300mm鏡頭用於佳能數碼EOS系列的APS-C幅面機身（如佳能 EOS 550D）時，75-300mm的視角會變窄，其等效於全幅機身上的120-480mm視角（乘以系數1.6）。當用於APS-H幅面機身（如佳能 EOS-1D Mark IV）時，其等效於全幅機身的97.5-390mm視角（乘以系數1.3）。
外部連結
佳能 EF 75-300mm 鏡頭
75-300mm
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Project Sabre II was the Pakistan Air Force's program to develop a feasible and low-cost multirole combat jet based on an existing design—the Chengdu F-7 Skybolt, a Chinese variant of the MiG–21. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) initiated Project Sabre II in 1987, hiring the American aerospace firm Grumman, to provide crucial expertise to refine the baseline aircraft design along with specialists from the PAF and the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).
After studying the Sabre II concept with Grumman, the PAF terminated the program as unfeasible on economic grounds. Grumman withdrew from the project after sanctions were imposed by the United States on China after Beijing's suppression of the Tiananmen Square student protests in 1989. An embargo on military aid to Pakistan imposed by the United States further hampered the Sabre II development effort in the 1990s. In 1995, Pakistan and China began a collaboration which led to the successful JF-17 Thunder program.
Program overview
Origins
In 1982, the Indian Air Force (IAF) procured the MiG-29 Fulcrum from the Soviet Union to modernize its fighter aircraft fleet. As a result, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) began looking for new technology to replace its aging fighters. By 1984, the PAF's F-7P (Chengdu F-7) fighters were equipped with western electronic systems. The PAF began developing an improved version of the F-7M to replace its large fleet of F-6 fighters.
The Pakistan Air Force started looking for a new fighter to replace their large fleet of Shenyang F-6 fighters, as they approached the end of their service lives in the late 1980s. After showing interest in the F-7M, the Air HQ of the Pakistan Air Force initiated Project Sabre–II to the develop a low-cost multirole fighter jet on the model of the F-7M.
Design feasibility
In January 1987, the Pakistan Air Force commissioned New York-based Grumman Aerospace to conduct studies and assess the feasibility of the Sabre II design concept with Pakistani aerial specialists and the Chinese Chengdu Aircraft corporation. After five to seven months, the group concluded that the financial risks caused by very high project costs, and the availability of more cost-effective options outweighed the potential benefits from technology transfer from the US to the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, increasing its experience and technical knowledge.
Grumman, the Pakistan Air Force and the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) created the Sabre II concept by radically upgrading the F-7M. Changes included upgrades to its avionics suite, radar system and engine, and a redesigned forward fuselage. The PAF stated that the Sabre II would replace around 150 F-6s in combat service. A picture showed that the F-7's nose inlet had been replaced with a solid nose radome and a new pair of air inlets were mounted on the sides of the fuselage under the cockpit.
Under Project Sabre II and the Chinese Super-7 project, the F-7 airframe was redesigned with angled air intakes on the sides of the fuselage so a solid radome nose could house radar and other avionics from Northrop's F-20 "Tigershark" fighter. The Chinese WP-7 turbojet engine was to be replaced with a modern turbofan engine, either the GE F404 or PW1120, to improve performance. The resulting aircraft, designated F-7M Sabre-II, would have looked much like the Guizhou JL-9 (or FTC-2000) jet trainer / fighter aircraft.
Pratt & Whitney's PW1216, an afterburning derivative of the J52-P-409 turbojet producing of thrust, was also proposed as the Sabre II's engine. Its afterburner was designed in China. Fitting the APG-66 radar was also planned.
U.S. objections and termination
As the Soviet Union was withdrawing from neighboring Afghanistan, American interest in Pakistan lessened. The PAF terminated the Sabre II project after Grumman's warning that it was financially risky and less feasible than other options. Worsening of the US–Chinese relations after Beijing's suppression of the Tiananmen Square student protests also hurt the project, as U.S. sanctions prevented transfer of American technology to China. Grumman Aerospace withdrew from the project shortly thereafter.
At the same time, the US Congress imposed an embargo on economic and military exports to Pakistan when Congressional leaders became aware of Pakistan's atomic bomb program. A panic ensued among the Pakistani military, as its nuclear bomb program impacted the Super-7 project. The US government tolerated Pakistan's nuclear program during the 1980s due to a desire for the country's cooperation in defeating the USSR in the Soviet–Afghan War. Once the Soviet forces retreated, Pakistani cooperation was no longer required and military and economic sanctions were imposed on Pakistan under the Pressler amendment in 1990. This prevented F-16 aircraft already paid for by the PAF during the Afghan war from being delivered. Efforts by the PAF to find a replacement failed (see Pakistan Air Force 1990–2001, the lost decade).
Evolution into JF-17
The Pakistan Air Force decided on a much less expensive solution for replacement of the F-6, the F-7P Skybolt, an upgraded version of the F-7M Airguard. The F-7P fleet was to be supported by a fleet of over 100 advanced F-16s from the United States, 40 of which had been delivered during the 1980s. The PAF launched a secretive project, ROSE, to procure as many second-hand Dassault Mirages as possible and upgrade their electronic systems. In March 1990 it was reported that after being rejected by the PAF, Sabre II had been superseded by the Super 7 and China was considering continuing its development. The American arms embargo had forced the PAF to come up with innovative solutions to keep all its combat infrastructure operational.
The PAF hired Russia's Mikoyan Group as consultants, and design studies for the project began at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex. In 1995, the Pakistan Air Force decided to resume the program and quickly reached out to China. Memoranda of Understanding were reached between both countries towards developing new aircraft to fill the role of the Super 7. This led to the successful development of the JF-17 Thunder, introduced in 2003.
References
1987 in Pakistan
International fighter aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of Pakistan
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex aircraft
Chengdu aircraft
Secret military programs
Pakistan Air Force
History of science and technology in Pakistan
China–Pakistan military relations
Pakistan–United States military relations
1980s Chinese fighter aircraft
China–United States relations
Cancelled military aircraft projects of China
Programs of the Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)
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Chrysalis是Anggun第二張英文專輯。
曲目
"Still Reminds Me"
"Rain"
"Breathing"
"Chrysalis"
"Tears of Sorrow"
"Want You To Want Me"
"How The World"
"A Prayer"
"Non Angelical"
"Look Into Yourself"
"Forbidden Love"
"Signs of Destiny"
"Comme un Privilege"
"Broken Dream"
2000年音乐专辑
Anggun音乐专辑
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All Saints Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 3/5 Grzybowski Square in Warsaw, the seat of the parish of All Saints in Warsaw.
History
The first plans to found a church in the village of Grzybów near Warsaw emerged in the 17th century, under the rule of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. It was only in the 19th century that serious work started with the growth of the local population. In 1856 Countess Gabriella Zabiełło donated her Grzybów estate to the Society of Missionary Priests and also provided financial assistance.
The design was by the architect Enrico Marconi, construction work commenced in 1861. The design was modelled on an existing Renaissance style Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua. The church was dedicated on October 31, 1883, by Archbishop Wincenty Popiel. The church was finally completed in 1892 with the completion of the two bell towers.
During the defensive war in 1939, the roof was slightly damaged. During the occupation, it was one of three Christian churches (two that were operating) in the ghetto (the other two being St. Augustine's Church and the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary). All Saints Church served Jewish Christians who were detained in the ghetto.
At that time, the parish priest, Fr. Monsignor Marceli Godlewski, known for his antipathy to the Jews before the war, became involved in helping them. At the rectory of the parish, the priest sheltered and helped many escape including: Ludwik Hirszfeld, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof, and Wanda Zamenhof-Zaleska. For his actions in 2009 he was posthumously awarded the Righteous Among the Nations medal.
After the deportation action in 1942, the church was outside the ghetto. It was extensively damaged during the Warsaw Uprising. Aerial bombing and German-led artillery caused part of the roof to collapse and the eastern tower of the temple was also destroyed. Many valuable epitaphs and paintings were also destroyed.
The ruins were stabilised in autumn 1945. Under the stewardship of Mgr. Zygmunt Kaczynski, the reconstruction of the church began. However the parish priest was soon imprisoned by the communist security service and murdered in the Rakowiec District prison. His successors nevertheless continued the reconstruction efforts. For ideological reasons the communists reconstructed the area with large communal housing projects which obscured the church.
On 8 June 1987, during the third apostolic visit to Poland, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass inaugurating the Second National Eucharistic Congress at All Saints Church. Among the tens of thousands of faithful was Mother Teresa of Calcutta.
In 1993, for the fifteenth anniversary of the pontification of John Paul II, the church unveiled a monument donated by the Italian sculptor Giorgio Gallettiego. Its twin monument is located in the Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa in Dozio in Lombardy.
Architecture
It is the largest church in Warsaw. The basic layout is a cross. It has three aisles, a dome mounted at the intersection of the cross vault, the choir and main altar, the side chapel of Our Lady of Częstochowa, a porch and two tall bell towers, all built in the neoclassical style.
There are paintings by the 17th century artist M. L. Willman, a representative of Silesian baroque. The restored marble figure of Jesus the Preacher is by Wiktor Brodzki. The pulpit of wrought iron is based on a design by Dziekinski and Nieniewski. On the 15th anniversary of the office of Pope John Paul II a monument in his honour was placed in front of the church, a donation from the Italian artist Giorgio Galletti.
References
External links
Website of the Church of All Saints in Warsaw (in Polish)
Roman Catholic churches in Warsaw
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Poland
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The Charles Koester House at 919 Broadway in Marysville, Kansas was built in 1873. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
It was the home of Charles F. Koester. It has been termed "The Most Beautiful House in Kansas", by dint of the quality of the house plus extensive landscaping.
It has also been known as the Koester House Museum.
The house is also included in the NRHP-listed Koester Block Historic District. The district also contains the home of Charles F. Koestler's son, Charles J. D. Koester, which is named the Charles J.D. Koester House, and which faces onto Elm Street.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Houses completed in 1873
Marshall County, Kansas
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锑性皮炎的鉴别诊断？应与其他皮炎相鉴别。根据锑尘接触史、X线表现和临床症状，一般不难作出诊断。
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怎样健康去痘痘？健康去痘痘的方法：首先，要调整自己良好的休息习惯，这点至关重要，经常熬夜或者休息不足很容易脸上长痘痘，要保证自己的睡眠质量，而且睡眠时间不宜过长，也不宜过段，合适即可，一般保持夜间在6-8小时，中午最少也需要休息1小时。保持良好的饮食习惯，定时吃饭，每天吃饭时间最好固定，吃饭要注意搭配，不宜吃过多的肉或者油腻的食物，荤素搭配才能既营养而且不长痘痘，我特别爱吃肉，每顿必须吃肉，无肉不欢，随着现在我饮食习惯的改变，痘痘基本没有了。水是保持皮肤的重要因素，每天水的摄入量需要保持一个定量为好，我每天喝水比较多，一升的杯子我大约会喝6杯左右，这样可以有效的增强自身的新陈代谢，起到排毒作用，但是，水不是喝的多就好了，水如果喝的特别多肠胃负担不了的话依旧会长痘痘。喝一些茶可以明显的起到祛痘的作用，可以帮助身体分解毒素，夏天多喝一些胖大海或者决明子会容易去火，随着身体内火减少可以大大减小长痘痘的概率，而且经常饮茶可以调节人体酸碱度，这样人不容易起痘痘。运动，这是我祛痘最大法宝，尤其是因为上火长痘痘，运动可以起到快速祛痘功效，而且健康无副作用，多出汗可以大量排出人体内火毒素，痘痘随着汗没几天就下去了。戒烟忌酒，长期抽烟和喝酒会长特别多的痘痘，尤其是喝酒，酒精的刺激会让人非常容易长痘，因此戒烟忌酒很重要。饭吃七分饱与饭后百步走，每顿饭别吃太多了，吃到7分饱就最好了，而且吃饭完了最好不要直接睡觉或者躺下，走动5分钟也是很好的，否则特别容易肠胃上火。
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El Torito可開機光碟規格，是ISO 9660光碟規格的擴充，由IBM的Stan Merkin及的Curtis Stevens所主導設計，發表於1994年11月。此規格設計讓電腦可從光碟開機。「El Torito」的命名是源自在規格設計時所在的「El Torito」餐廳，此餐廳位於美國加州爾灣市（Irvine）。
運作原理
現今的電腦BIOS，會在開機時根據El Torito規格，尋找光碟片上的開機程式碼。若該光碟具有開機程式碼，則BIOS會指配一個磁碟機代號給該光碟機。El Torito規格中有兩種開機模式，可讓舊式的作業系統由光碟開機：
模擬硬碟模式 開機信息直接由光碟上讀取。磁碟機代號通常為80。
模擬軟碟模式 光碟上有軟碟的磁碟影像檔 (image file) 存儲在內。開機信息就是由這個磁碟影像檔內讀取出來。磁碟機代號通常為00。
新式的作業系統則不需做模擬，只要有如ISOLINUX之類的開機引導程式（boot loader），即可由光碟開機。
另見
開機
Live CD
参考資料
外部連結
The "El Torito" Bootable CD-ROM Format Specification, Version 1.0（PDF）
ISOLINUX source code (see isolinux.asm line 294 onward)
Ralf Brown's interrupt list (see int 13h in interrup.b, esp. functions 4a to 4d)
EL Torito Specification Supplement，discusses shortcomings of the standard
BIOS
光碟製作
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納爾遜斯克羅辛（）是位於美國加利福尼亞州比尤特縣的一個非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。
地理
納爾遜斯克羅辛的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為946米（即3104英尺）。
參考文獻
Nelsons Crossing
Nelsons Crossing
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