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dev-6923-22 | The secession ordinances of the remaining two states, Florida and Louisiana, simply declared their severing of ties with the federal Union, without stating any causes.[38][39] Afterward, the Florida secession convention formed a committee to draft a declaration of causes, but the committee was discharged before complet... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 22 | 16,903 | 17,288 |
dev-6923-23 | Four of the Upper South states initially rejected secession until after the clash at Ft. Sumter (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina).[20][42][43][44][45] Virginia's ordinance stated a kinship with the slave-holding states of the Lower South, but did not name the institution itself as a primary reason for... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 23 | 17,289 | 17,624 |
dev-6923-24 | Arkansas's secession ordinance primarily revolved around strong objection to the use of military force to maintain the Union as its motivating factor.[47] Prior to the outbreak of war, the Arkansas Convention had on March 20 given as their first resolution: "The people of the Northern States have organized a political ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 24 | 17,625 | 18,301 |
dev-6923-25 | North Carolina and Tennessee limited their ordinances to simply withdrawing, although Tennessee went so far as to make clear they wished to make no comment at all on the "abstract doctrine of secession".[49][50] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 25 | 18,302 | 18,513 |
dev-6923-26 | In a message to the Confederate Congress on April 29, 1861 Jefferson Davis cited both the tariff and slavery for the South's secession.[51] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 26 | 18,514 | 18,653 |
dev-6923-27 | The Fire-Eaters, calling for immediate secession, were opposed by two factions. "Cooperationists" in the Deep South would delay secession until several states went together, maybe in a Southern Convention. Under the influence of men such as Texas Governor Sam Houston, delay would have had the effect of sustaining the U... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 27 | 18,654 | 19,243 |
dev-6923-28 | William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession". | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 28 | 19,244 | 19,309 |
dev-6923-29 | William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention. | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 29 | 19,310 | 19,393 |
dev-6923-30 | Many secessionists were active politically. Governor William Henry Gist of South Carolina corresponded secretly with other Deep South governors, and most southern governors exchanged clandestine commissioners.[53] Charleston's secessionist "1860 Association" published over 200,000 pamphlets to persuade the youth of the... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 30 | 19,394 | 19,945 |
dev-6923-31 | Developments in South Carolina started a chain of events. The foreman of a jury refused the legitimacy of federal courts, so Federal Judge Andrew Magrath ruled that U.S. judicial authority in South Carolina was vacated. A mass meeting in Charleston celebrating the Charleston and Savannah railroad and state cooperation ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 31 | 19,946 | 20,421 |
dev-6923-32 | Elections for Secessionist conventions were heated to "an almost raving pitch, no one dared dissent", said Freehling. Even once–respected voices, including the Chief Justice of South Carolina, John Belton O'Neall, lost election to the Secession Convention on a Cooperationist ticket. Across the South mobs expelled Yan... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 32 | 20,422 | 21,166 |
dev-6923-33 | In the antebellum months, the Corwin Amendment, was an unsuccessful attempt by the Congress to bring back the seceding states to the Union and to prevent the border slave states to remain.[58] It was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution by Ohio Congressman Thomas Corwin that would shield "domestic ins... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 33 | 21,167 | 21,642 |
dev-6923-34 | It was passed by the 36th Congress on March 2, 1861. The House approved it by a vote of 133 to 65 & the United States Senate adopted it, with no changes, on a vote of 24 to 12. It was then submitted to the state legislatures for ratification.[61] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 34 | 21,643 | 21,889 |
dev-6923-35 | The text was as follows: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 35 | 21,890 | 21,914 |
dev-6923-36 | No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State. | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 36 | 21,915 | 22,173 |
dev-6923-37 | Had it been ratified by the required number of states prior to 1865, it would have made institutionalized slavery immune to the constitutional amendment procedures and to interference by Congress.[62][63] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 37 | 22,174 | 22,378 |
dev-6923-38 | The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to meet at the Montgomery Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1861. There the fundamental documents of government were promulgated, a provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 38 | 22,379 | 22,722 |
dev-6923-39 | The new 'provisional' Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued a call for 100,000 men from the various states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy.[64] All Federal property was seized, along with gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in Charlotte, North Carolina; Dahlonega, Georgia; and New Or... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 39 | 22,723 | 23,226 |
dev-6923-40 | The newly inaugurated Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860 and early 1861 to remove U.S. government presence from within their boundaries. These efforts included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most not... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 40 | 23,227 | 24,307 |
dev-6923-41 | Secessionists argued that the United States Constitution was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned at any time without consultation and that each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861 (befor... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 41 | 24,308 | 24,932 |
dev-6923-42 | Initially, some secessionists may have hoped for a peaceful departure.[67] Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds hurdle for them.[68] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 42 | 24,933 | 25,243 |
dev-6923-43 | Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops on April 15, four more states declared their secession:[69] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 43 | 25,244 | 25,510 |
dev-6923-44 | Kentucky declared neutrality but after Confederate troops moved in, the state government asked for Union troops to drive them out. The splinter Confederate state government relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought o... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 44 | 25,511 | 25,906 |
dev-6923-45 | In Missouri, a constitutional convention was approved and delegates elected by voters. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861.[71] The governor maneuvered to take control of the St. Louis Arsenal and restrict Federal movements. This led to confrontation, and in June Federal forces drove him and the Ge... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 45 | 25,907 | 26,967 |
dev-6923-46 | Neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in both Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars t... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 46 | 26,968 | 27,414 |
dev-6923-47 | The order of secession resolutions and dates are: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 47 | 27,415 | 27,464 |
dev-6923-48 | Ft. Sumter (April 12) and Lincoln's call up (April 15)[84] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 48 | 27,465 | 27,523 |
dev-6923-49 | In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a Convention in Wheeling in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a rump legislature, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 49 | 27,524 | 28,470 |
dev-6923-50 | Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by some counties in East Tennessee were checked by martial law.[94] Although slave-holding Delaware and Maryland did not secede, citizens from those states exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.[95] But overall, 24,000 men... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 50 | 28,471 | 28,890 |
dev-6923-51 | Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war years, referendums sponsored by President Lincoln approved systems of compensated emancipation and slave confi... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 51 | 28,891 | 29,248 |
dev-6923-52 | Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention, which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial governor. They won the Battle of Mesilla and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as it... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 52 | 29,249 | 29,963 |
dev-6923-53 | Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west also claimed portions of United States Indian Territory after the United States evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the Civil War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy; troops and one g... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 53 | 29,964 | 30,504 |
dev-6923-54 | Indian Territory was never formally ceded into the Confederacy by American Indian councils, but like Missouri and Kentucky, the Five Civilized Nations received representation in the Confederate Congress and their citizens were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863 the tribal governments sent repres... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 54 | 30,505 | 31,260 |
dev-6923-55 | Montgomery, Alabama served as the capital of the Confederate States of America from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the Alabama State Capitol. Six states created the Confederate States of America there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 55 | 31,261 | 31,842 |
dev-6923-56 | The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a ten-miles square (100 square mile) district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted Milledgeville, Georgia as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as d... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 56 | 31,843 | 32,288 |
dev-6923-57 | Richmond, Virginia was chosen for the interim capital at the Virginia State Capitol. The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for southern independence was s... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 57 | 32,289 | 32,863 |
dev-6923-58 | The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held in the new capital. The Permanent Confederate Congress and President were elected in the states and army camps on November 6, 1861. The First Congress met in four sessions in Richmond fr... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 58 | 32,864 | 33,316 |
dev-6923-59 | As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price regulation. A movement in Congress led by Henry S. Foote of Tennessee argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 59 | 33,317 | 34,192 |
dev-6923-60 | Unionism was widespread in the Confederacy, especially in the mountain regions of Appalachia and the Ozarks.[108] Unionists, led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson, took control of eastern Tennessee in 1863.[109] Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia but never effectively held more than half... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 60 | 34,193 | 34,585 |
dev-6923-61 | Union forces captured parts of coastal North Carolina, and at first were welcomed by local unionists. That changed as the occupiers became perceived as oppressive, callous, radical and favorable to the Freedmen. Occupiers engaged in pillaging, freeing of slaves, and eviction of those refusing to take or reneging on the... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 61 | 34,586 | 34,982 |
dev-6923-62 | Support for the Confederacy was perhaps weakest in Texas; Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the population actively supported the Confederacy. Many unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began, but many others clung to their unionism throughout the war, especially in the northern counties, the Ge... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 62 | 34,983 | 36,203 |
dev-6923-63 | In Texas local officials harassed unionists and engaged in large-scale massacres against unionists and Germans. In Cooke County 150 suspected unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 63 | 36,204 | 36,670 |
dev-6923-64 | Civil liberties were of small concern in North and South. Lincoln and Davis both took a hard line against dissent. Neely explores how the Confederacy became a virtual police state with guards and patrols all about, and a domestic passport system whereby everyone needed official permission each time they wanted to trave... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 64 | 36,671 | 37,060 |
dev-6923-65 | During the four years of its existence under trial by war, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were ever officially recognized by a foreign government. The United States government regarded the southern states in rebellion and so refused any... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 65 | 37,061 | 37,417 |
dev-6923-66 | Even before Fort Sumter, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward issued formal instructions to the American minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 66 | 37,418 | 37,571 |
dev-6923-67 | Seward instructed Adams that if the British government seemed inclined to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, it was to receive a sharp warning, with a strong hint of war: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 67 | 37,572 | 37,764 |
dev-6923-68 | The United States government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy, but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861.[120] It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and rebellion".[... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 68 | 37,765 | 38,089 |
dev-6923-69 | Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict.[122] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 69 | 38,090 | 38,285 |
dev-6923-70 | On the part of the Confederacy, immediately following Fort Sumter the Confederate Congress proclaimed "... war exists between the Confederate States and the Government of the United States, and the States and Territories thereof ..." A state of war was not to formally exist between the Confederacy and those states and ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 70 | 38,286 | 38,767 |
dev-6923-71 | Concerning the international status and nationhood of the Confederate States of America, in 1869 the United States Supreme Court in Texas v. White ruled Texas' declaration of secession was legally null and void.[124] Jefferson Davis, former President of the Confederacy, and Alexander H. Stephens, its former Vice-Presid... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 71 | 38,768 | 39,312 |
dev-6923-72 | Once the war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by Great Britain and France. The Confederates who had believed that "cotton is king" – that is, Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton – proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 72 | 39,313 | 40,174 |
dev-6923-73 | In late 1861 the seizure of a British ship by the U.S. navy outraged Britain and led to a war scare in the Trent Affair. Recognition of the Confederacy seemed at hand, but Lincoln released the two detained Confederate diplomats, tensions cooled, and the Confederacy gained no advantage.[citation needed] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 73 | 40,175 | 40,478 |
dev-6923-74 | Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord John Russell, Emperor Napoleon III of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war. William Ewart Gladstone, the British finance minister w... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 74 | 40,479 | 41,927 |
dev-6923-75 | John Slidell, emissary to France, did succeed in negotiating a loan of $15,000,000 from Erlanger and other French capitalists. The money was used to buy ironclad warships, as well as military supplies that came in by blockade runners.[131] The British government did allow blockade runners to be built in Britain; they w... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 75 | 41,928 | 42,425 |
dev-6923-76 | Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled the European diplomatic missions for advising their resident su... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 76 | 42,426 | 43,346 |
dev-6923-77 | Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers, both official and unofficial, to assess whether there had been a de facto establishment of independence. These included Arthur Lyon Fremantle of the British Coldstream Guards, Fit... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 77 | 43,347 | 45,613 |
dev-6923-78 | By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent Duncan F. Kenner to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice is too great, save... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 78 | 45,614 | 46,387 |
dev-6923-79 | The great majority of young white men voluntarily joined Confederate national or state military units. Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 79 | 46,388 | 46,618 |
dev-6923-80 | Civil War historian E. Merton Coulter noted that for those who would secure its independence, "The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war". Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration. Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally mi... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 80 | 46,619 | 47,367 |
dev-6923-81 | As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign, it was said that "the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible". The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the South. Heat exhaustion, ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 81 | 47,368 | 47,847 |
dev-6923-82 | Early in the war both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict; the Confederate won a great victory at the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as First Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces). It drove the Confederate people "insane with joy"; the public demanded a forward movement to capt... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 82 | 47,848 | 48,877 |
dev-6923-83 | The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four to one in white men of military age. It was overmatched far more in military equipment, industrial facilities, railroads for transport, and wagons supplying the front. | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 83 | 48,878 | 49,123 |
dev-6923-84 | Confederate military policy innovated to slow the invaders, but at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure. The Confederates burned bridges, laid land mines in the roads, and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines (called "torpedos" at the time). Coulter reports: | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 84 | 49,124 | 49,418 |
dev-6923-85 | The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials. The first came from trade with the enemy. "Vast amounts of war supplies" came through Kentucky, and thereafter, western armies were "to a very considerable extent" provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private traders.[154] But that ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 85 | 49,419 | 50,275 |
dev-6923-86 | Perhaps the greatest obstacle to success in the 19th century warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy's lack of manpower, and sufficient numbers of disciplined, equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy. During the winter of 1862–63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had resul... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 86 | 50,276 | 51,051 |
dev-6923-87 | The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches: Army, Navy and Marine Corps. | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 87 | 51,052 | 51,151 |
dev-6923-88 | The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the United States Army and United States Navy who had resigned their Federal commissions and had won appointment to senior positions in the Confederate armed forces. Many had served in the Mexican–American War (including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis),... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 88 | 51,152 | 51,594 |
dev-6923-89 | Navy Jack – light blue cross
also square canton, white fly | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 89 | 51,595 | 51,655 |
dev-6923-90 | Battle Flag – square
also without center star | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 90 | 51,656 | 51,703 |
dev-6923-91 | The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave-owning and non-slave-owning families. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, some colleges (such as The Citadel and Virginia Milita... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 91 | 51,704 | 52,238 |
dev-6923-92 | The soldiers of the Confederate armed forces consisted mainly of white males aged between 16 and 28. The median year of birth was 1838, so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861.[161] In early 1862, the Confederate Army was allowed to disintegrate for two months following expiration of short-term enlistments. A maj... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 92 | 52,239 | 53,658 |
dev-6923-93 | Many thousands of slaves served as laborers, cooks, and pioneers. Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but their officers deployed them for "local defense, not combat".[164] Depleted by casualties and desertions, the milita... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 93 | 53,659 | 54,342 |
dev-6923-94 | The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the "Provisional" or "Volunteer Army". State governors resisted concentrating a national effort. Several wanted a strong state army for self-defense. Others feared large "Provisional" armies answering only to Davis.[166] When filling the Confederate government's ca... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 94 | 54,343 | 54,837 |
dev-6923-95 | It was important to raise troops; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them. With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers. Efficiency in the lower officers was "greater than could have been reasonably expected". As with the Federals, political appointees could be ind... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 95 | 54,838 | 55,374 |
dev-6923-96 | Anticipating the need for more "duration" men, in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months, but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February.[169] Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from each governor... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 96 | 55,375 | 55,785 |
dev-6923-97 | The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve-month volunteers with terms about to expire. Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months. Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist, but a majority did not. Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose performance led to of... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 97 | 55,786 | 56,283 |
dev-6923-98 | In early 1862, the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms. But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting, and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war. One Macon, Georgia, newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 98 | 56,284 | 56,663 |
dev-6923-99 | The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units and under officers... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 99 | 56,664 | 57,440 |
dev-6923-100 | Confederate conscription was not universal; it was a selective service. The First Conscription Act of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation, communication, industry, ministers, teaching and physical fitness. The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry, agriculture and... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 100 | 57,441 | 57,909 |
dev-6923-101 | Rich men's sons were appointed to the socially outcast "overseer" occupation, but the measure was received in the country with "universal odium". The legislative vehicle was the controversial Twenty Negro Law that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves. Backpedall... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 101 | 57,910 | 58,720 |
dev-6923-102 | Gen. Gabriel J. Rains
Conscription Bureau chief
April 1862 – May 1863 | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 102 | 58,721 | 58,792 |
dev-6923-103 | Gen. Gideon J. Pillow
military recruiter under
Bragg, then J.E. Johnston[179] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 103 | 58,793 | 58,870 |
dev-6923-104 | The Conscription Act of February 1864 "radically changed the whole system" of selection. It abolished industrial exemptions, placing detail authority in President Davis. As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction, the system brought in "about as many volunteers as it did conscripts." Many men in ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 104 | 58,871 | 60,317 |
dev-6923-105 | The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting, and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although enthusiastic in 18... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 105 | 60,318 | 60,961 |
dev-6923-106 | The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston. | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 106 | 60,962 | 61,079 |
dev-6923-107 | In January, President James Buchanan had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship, Star of the West, but Confederate artillery drove it away. In March, President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor Pickens that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement wit... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 107 | 61,080 | 61,655 |
dev-6923-108 | Following Sumter, Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property.[185] This emboldened secessionists in Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern stat... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 108 | 61,656 | 63,040 |
dev-6923-109 | Meanwhile, the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina. It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves. Federals there began a war-long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy.[189] The Union Navy began a block... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 109 | 63,041 | 63,468 |
dev-6923-110 | The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862. To restore the Union by military force, the Federal strategy was to (1) secure the Mississippi River, (2) seize or close Confederate ports, and (3) march on Richmond. To secure independence, the Confederate intent was to (1) repel t... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 110 | 63,469 | 63,943 |
dev-6923-111 | Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control.[191] In February and March, most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union "occupied, consolidated, and used as staging areas for advances further South". Following the repulse of Confederate counter-attack at the Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, permanent Federal occupati... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 111 | 63,944 | 64,809 |
dev-6923-112 | Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere, as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72% of its population.[194] Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas; they had broken through in western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Louisiana. Along the Confederacy's shor... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 112 | 64,810 | 65,730 |
dev-6923-113 | During the Civil War fleets of armored warships were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea. After some success against the Union blockade, in March the ironclad CSS Virginia was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat. Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities, CSA... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 113 | 65,731 | 66,576 |
dev-6923-114 | In the east, Union forces could not close on Richmond. General McClellan landed his army on the Lower Peninsula of Virginia. Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east, then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run (Second Manassas). Lee's strike north was tu... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 114 | 66,577 | 67,125 |
dev-6923-115 | In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprovision, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. Both Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky and Lee's invasion of Maryland were decisive... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 115 | 67,126 | 68,131 |
dev-6923-116 | The failed Middle Tennessee campaign was ended January 2, 1863, at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River, (Murfreesboro), both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war. It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces.[205] The Confederacy won a significant victor... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 116 | 68,132 | 68,614 |
dev-6923-117 | Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats, river transport and supply, the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson in July, ending Southern access to the trans-Mississippi West. July brought short-lived counters, Morgan's Raid into Ohio and the New Y... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 117 | 68,615 | 69,206 |
dev-6923-118 | September and November left Confederates yielding Chattanooga, Tennessee, the gateway to the lower south.[206] For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. In early 1864, the Confederacy still controlled 53% of its population, but it withdr... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 118 | 69,207 | 69,745 |
dev-6923-119 | In April 1863, the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy, many of whom were British.[208] Wilmington and Charleston had more shipping while "blockaded" than before the beginning of hostilities.[209] The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce destroying cruisers, which seriously disrupted Federal com... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 119 | 69,746 | 70,652 |
dev-6923-120 | Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.[213] | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 120 | 70,653 | 70,887 |
dev-6923-121 | The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal Carolinas Campaign, devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland. The "breadbasket of the Confederacy" in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by Philip Sheridan. The Union Blockade captured Fort Fisher NC, and Sherman finally took Charleston SC by ... | dev-6923 | Confederate States of America | 121 | 70,888 | 71,225 |
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