gem_id stringlengths 22 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 51 | context stringlengths 152 1.42k | question stringlengths 24 161 | target stringlengths 24 161 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict | prompt stringlengths 492 1.76k | input_ids listlengths 307 488 | attention_mask listlengths 307 488 | answers_generated stringlengths 1 199 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-77268 | 5a29a13c03c0e7001a3e188a | United_Nations_Population_Fund | In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries." | What program funded in 2009 does not help women? | What program funded in 2009 does not help women? | [
"What program funded in 2009 does not help women?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries."
Question: What program funded in 2009 does not help women? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-100677 | 572e90dccb0c0d14000f12b3 | Post-punk | Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work. | What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind? | What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind? | [
"What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?"
] | {
"text": [
"Public Image Ltd"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work.
Question: What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-1386 | 57313c1205b4da19006bcf03 | Mosaic | Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied. | The Beauty of Durres is in what country? | The Beauty of Durres is in what country? | [
"The Beauty of Durres is in what country?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.
Question: The Beauty of Durres is in what country? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-67256 | 570993c9ed30961900e84355 | Animal | Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber. | The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what? | The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what? | [
"The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"both the mouth and the anus"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.
Question: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-13968 | 5a835a15e60761001a2eb609 | BBC_Television | In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years. | When did the switch to the Astra 2D satellite begin? | When did the switch to the Astra 2D satellite begin? | [
"When did the switch to the Astra 2D satellite begin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years.
Question: When did the switch to the Astra 2D satellite begin? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-35414 | 5726b3bc708984140094ce3e | Gothic_architecture | Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design. | When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created? | When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created? | [
"When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?"
] | {
"text": [
"points"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.
Question: When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-39261 | 573249980fdd8d15006c6905 | Protestantism | In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky. | What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement? | What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement? | [
"What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dennis Bennett"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.
Question: What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-108429 | 5acd2f5307355d001abf383e | Aspirated_consonant | The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis). | What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point? | What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point? | [
"What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).
Question: What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-34193 | 57293d8b3f37b31900478174 | Alaska | Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968. | How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska? | How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska? | [
"How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.
Question: How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska? [/INST] Answer: | [
2,
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gem-squad_v2-train-50071 | 56fc3bd800a8df1900403816 | Phonology | Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, and John Harris. | When was Government phonology first seen? | When was Government phonology first seen? | [
"When was Government phonology first seen?"
] | {
"text": [
"the early 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, and John Harris.
Question: When was Government phonology first seen? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-41193 | 573176cae6313a140071cf6b | Egypt | Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology. | According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank? | According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank? | [
"According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?"
] | {
"text": [
"360"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.
Question: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-67150 | 57270821708984140094d8d3 | Nutrition | An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise. | The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies? | The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies? | [
"The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Louisiana State Agricultural Center"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.
Question: The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-94219 | 5a7e580c70df9f001a87579b | Cork_(city) | Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges. | When did work end on the Red Abbey under the direction of William Burges? | When did work end on the Red Abbey under the direction of William Burges? | [
"When did work end on the Red Abbey under the direction of William Burges?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.
Question: When did work end on the Red Abbey under the direction of William Burges? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-98940 | 56de73eb4396321400ee2934 | Heresy | Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades. | What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? | [
"What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientific journals"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.
Question: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-38601 | 570c05b56b8089140040fb0a | FC_Barcelona | Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico. | How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have? | How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have? | [
"How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Domestically, Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, 3 Copa Eva Duarte and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. In international club football, Barcelona has won five UEFA Champions League titles, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a shared record five UEFA Super Cup, a record three Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and a record three FIFA Club World Cup trophies. Barcelona was ranked first in the IFFHS Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico.
Question: How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-21894 | 5acd84c307355d001abf453b | Aircraft_carrier | The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers. | What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight? | What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight? | [
"What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.
Question: What can launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-81293 | 5ad173d5645df0001a2d1c58 | Queen_Victoria | Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby. | To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston? | To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston? | [
"To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen. She found particularly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, who often acted without consulting the Cabinet, the Prime Minister, or the Queen. Victoria complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge, but Palmerston was retained in office and continued to act on his own initiative, despite her repeated remonstrances. It was only in 1851 that Palmerston was removed after he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister. The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon III, by which time Russell's administration had been replaced by a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby.
Question: To whom didn't Victoria complain about Palmerston? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-84451 | 572fd71ba23a5019007fca76 | San_Diego | In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy. | What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill? | What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill? | [
"What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?"
] | {
"text": [
"The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.
Question: What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-93478 | 5ad19782645df0001a2d20d0 | Light-emitting_diode | Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision, and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision, as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for machine vision systems for several reasons: | non-LEDs are often used for what type of systems? | non-LEDs are often used for what type of systems? | [
" non-LEDs are often used for what type of systems?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision, and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision, as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for machine vision systems for several reasons:
Question: non-LEDs are often used for what type of systems? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-3465 | 57267141708984140094c627 | Southeast_Asia | The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful. | Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the largest economy? | Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the largest economy? | [
"Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the largest economy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indonesia"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.
Question: Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the largest economy? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-66183 | 570bf1486b8089140040fae2 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether. | What was the "escape" character originally intended for? | What was the "escape" character originally intended for? | [
"What was the \"escape\" character originally intended for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.
Question: What was the "escape" character originally intended for? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-72077 | 5acf774677cf76001a684e8c | Capacitor | Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications. | What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors disable to be modified? | What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors disable to be modified? | [
"What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors disable to be modified?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.
Question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors disable to be modified? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-77182 | 5a29982f03c0e7001a3e1806 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices. | Who refused aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '80s? | Who refused aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '80s? | [
"Who refused aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '80s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.
Question: Who refused aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '80s? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-83521 | 5727f5d22ca10214002d9a4f | Dominican_Order | As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the "ghoostli" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter. | Where was the priory of Poissy located? | Where was the priory of Poissy located? | [
"Where was the priory of Poissy located?"
] | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the "ghoostli" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.
Question: Where was the priory of Poissy located? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-89454 | 572eddf0cb0c0d14000f1641 | The_Blitz | In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry. | Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what? | Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what? | [
"Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?"
] | {
"text": [
"collapse of civilian will"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and communications could be destroyed, effectively taking away their means to resist. It was also thought the bombing of residential centres would cause a collapse of civilian will, which might have led to the collapse of production and civil life. Democracies, where the populace was allowed to show overt disapproval of the ruling government, were thought particularly vulnerable. This thinking was prevalent in both the RAF and what was then known as the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) between the two world wars. RAF Bomber Command's policy in particular would attempt to achieve victory through the destruction of civilian will, communications and industry.
Question: Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-20727 | 56cd742662d2951400fa65d7 | IPod | On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. | What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007? | What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007? | [
"What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"$15.4 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.
Question: What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-85224 | 5a7fb2f28f0597001ac00084 | Supreme_court | Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution. | What is the German term for Federal Constitution? | What is the German term for Federal Constitution? | [
"What is the German term for Federal Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.
Question: What is the German term for Federal Constitution? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-37542 | 57280c3f3acd2414000df313 | London | The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea. | What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed? | What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed? | [
"What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?"
] | {
"text": [
"The London Air Ambulance charity"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.
Question: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-58898 | 572782eb5951b619008f8bc2 | A_cappella | A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve. | What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella? | What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella? | [
"What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?"
] | {
"text": [
"alla breve"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.
Question: What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-92408 | 5730df02b7151e1900c01598 | United_States_Air_Force | Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers. | What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? | What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? | [
"What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? "
] | {
"text": [
"Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.
Question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-75510 | 5726a47e5951b619008f78c7 | Cubism | In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art. | Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found? | Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found? | [
"Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art.
Question: Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-58507 | 5a2abd485b078a001a2f06e2 | Sanskrit | Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata. | Where is Sanskrit no longer used? | Where is Sanskrit no longer used? | [
"Where is Sanskrit no longer used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Sheldon Pollock argues that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead".:393 Pollock has further argued that, while Sanskrit continued to be used in literary cultures in India, it was never adapted to express the changing forms of subjectivity and sociality as embodied and conceptualised in the modern age.:416 Instead, it was reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses.:398 A notable exception are the military references of Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara's 17th-century commentary on the Mahābhārata.
Question: Where is Sanskrit no longer used? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-37223 | 5727942cdd62a815002ea0fd | Switzerland | The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration. | How many members are in the Federal Council? | How many members are in the Federal Council? | [
"How many members are in the Federal Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.
Question: How many members are in the Federal Council? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-31881 | 572683c7dd62a815002e87e0 | Myanmar | Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship. | What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar? | What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar? | [
"What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.
Question: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-49018 | 5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1af | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany). | Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea? | Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea? | [
"Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius. On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor Constantine I in Constantinople. At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty, and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now Trier in Germany).
Question: Who did obey the guidelines of Nicaea? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-2047 | 570b5b516b8089140040f8ba | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century? | What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century? | [
"What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.
Question: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-79176 | 56cda92362d2951400fa67de | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update]. | How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007? | How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007? | [
"How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.32 million"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].
Question: How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-69468 | 5ad42417604f3c001a40087b | Houston | The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally. | What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic never offer? | What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic never offer? | [
" What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic never offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital System. With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system is the third largest long term acute care provider nationally.
Question: What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic never offer? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-62722 | 572f6db904bcaa1900d76935 | Pain | Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns. | What type of of pain is visceral a division of? | What type of of pain is visceral a division of? | [
"What type of of pain is visceral a division of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nociceptive"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.
Question: What type of of pain is visceral a division of? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-21011 | 5a76eaf72d6d7f001a4a9ef9 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census. | How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico? | How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico? | [
"How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.
Question: How many Hispanophones speak Spanish in Mexico? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-101728 | 56d9cadedc89441400fdb82d | Dog | There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued. | How do dogs mark their territory? | How do dogs mark their territory? | [
"How do dogs mark their territory?"
] | {
"text": [
"urine marking"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.
Question: How do dogs mark their territory? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-78483 | 572fb550a23a5019007fc8d4 | Greeks | In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers. | Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ? | Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ? | [
"Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ?"
] | {
"text": [
"there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers."
],
"answer_start": [
681
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.
Question: Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-106888 | 5734465d879d6814001ca465 | Hunting | Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed] | Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? | Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? | [
"Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?"
] | {
"text": [
"paleolithic hunting-gathering"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]
Question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-9605 | 5725cf21ec44d21400f3d5f7 | Montevideo | Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: "Park of the Allies") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rodó it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises. | What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? | What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? | [
"What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? "
] | {
"text": [
"Parque Batlle"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: "Park of the Allies") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rodó it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises.
Question: What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? [/INST] Answer: | [
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gem-squad_v2-train-31741 | 570d95f0b3d812140066da87 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting. | What was introduced in 1939? | What was introduced in 1939? | [
"What was introduced in 1939?"
] | {
"text": [
"Machine Fuse Setter"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} | <s>[INST] You are an agent answering questions as part of a reading comprehension activity. You must read and understand the context text step by step. Answers consist of 0 to 5 words, exclusively continuous words taken from the contextual text provided.
Context: Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting.
Question: What was introduced in 1939? [/INST] Answer: | [
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