gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-88747 | 570f2b2b80d9841400ab3549 | Circadian_rhythm | Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not ... | In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms? | In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms? | [
"In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?"
] | {
"text": [
"autumn, winter and spring"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39956 | 5727a1232ca10214002d925a | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for considera... | In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ? | In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ? | [
"In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?"
] | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111090 | 5a81f51431013a001a334fd9 | Group_(mathematics) | Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (... | What degree must it be lower than to have simple formulas? | What degree must it be lower than to have simple formulas? | [
"What degree must it be lower than to have simple formulas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97727 | 57327732b9d445190005eb42 | Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the su... | What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? | What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? | [
" What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? "
] | {
"text": [
"intellectual movements"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23129 | 5ad0d2a2645df0001a2d0550 | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002? | What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002? | [
"What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55364 | 5727e2e5ff5b5019007d978e | Baptists | As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and assoc... | When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies? | When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies? | [
"When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?"
] | {
"text": [
"As early as the late 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81239 | 5723f8090dadf01500fa1fcf | Queen_Victoria | Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. Wh... | Victoria and her mother had differences over what system? | Victoria and her mother had differences over what system? | [
"Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kensington System"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12258 | 5732843bb3a91d1900202df9 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry? | Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry? | [
"Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"livestock raising"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1480 | 57315da9497a881900248e88 | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed? | The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed? | [
"The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?"
] | {
"text": [
"prophets, saints and patriarchs"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91167 | 5ace27fb32bba1001ae49beb | Avicenna | The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries ... | Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm? | Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm? | [
"Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111339 | 5731d97fe99e3014001e632e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods? | What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods? | [
"What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"examination of entrails"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6997 | 5ad4e4705b96ef001a10a57f | Red | So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the... | What color has an sRGB number of 250, 05, 00? | What color has an sRGB number of 250, 05, 00? | [
"What color has an sRGB number of 250, 05, 00?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75743 | 5705df8d75f01819005e76ca | The_Times | The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), th... | What year did The Times of India start? | What year did The Times of India start? | [
"What year did The Times of India start?"
] | {
"text": [
"1838"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33353 | 5ad1addc645df0001a2d21be | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) wou... | What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature? | What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature? | [
"What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23927 | 5acfc07077cf76001a685c8d | Federalism | Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New... | When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims? | When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims? | [
"When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9981 | 572820a64b864d1900164501 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 1... | Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid? | Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid? | [
"Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?"
] | {
"text": [
"to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38257 | 5a7d135170df9f001a874f69 | Neolithic | Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases a... | When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East? | When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East? | [
"When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81390 | 5ad17959645df0001a2d1db6 | Queen_Victoria | In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm,... | Who spoke in support of Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square? | Who spoke in support of Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square? | [
"Who spoke in support of Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75249 | 5ad13467645df0001a2d1148 | Labour_Party_(UK) | As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This cau... | What election was an overwhelming victory for the Labour Party? | What election was an overwhelming victory for the Labour Party? | [
"What election was an overwhelming victory for the Labour Party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72113 | 572721a4708984140094da4a | Capacitor | When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy will generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or dest... | What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened? | What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened? | [
"What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?"
] | {
"text": [
"a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33506 | 56f957d89e9bad19000a0854 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Av... | At which park does W 122nd Street end? | At which park does W 122nd Street end? | [
"At which park does W 122nd Street end?"
] | {
"text": [
"Morningside Park"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80896 | 5723d6630dadf01500fa1f49 | Queen_Victoria | In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel... | The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what? | The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what? | [
"The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the bedchamber crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9157 | 57325b14e17f3d14004228db | The_Bronx | According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the low... | How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009? | How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009? | [
"How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"22.9%"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31400 | 572952cb6aef051400154ce3 | Germans | The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most wide... | What languages is German related to? | What languages is German related to? | [
"What languages is German related to?"
] | {
"text": [
"English and Dutch"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12822 | 5ad2ff52604f3c001a3fda9a | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct resp... | Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? | Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? | [
"Who ranked after the seven cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65467 | 5727b68d2ca10214002d9493 | Detroit | The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of... | On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy? | On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy? | [
"On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?"
] | {
"text": [
"July 18, 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65936 | 571a10584faf5e1900b8a883 | Seattle | The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars. Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for nu... | To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York? | To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York? | [
"To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?"
] | {
"text": [
"equity theaters"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21006 | 5a75097097ca42001a521e01 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone count... | Spanish has the largest number of native speakers in which branch of language? | Spanish has the largest number of native speakers in which branch of language? | [
"Spanish has the largest number of native speakers in which branch of language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10883 | 56fe0329761e401900d28c9c | Computer | There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed.... | By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly? | By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly? | [
"By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?"
] | {
"text": [
"quantum factoring"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58047 | 5ad41573604f3c001a400303 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or "Latinos" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged... | Who conducted a study about the origins of "Blacks"? | Who conducted a study about the origins of "Blacks"? | [
"Who conducted a study about the origins of \"Blacks\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40079 | 5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d6 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas. New Haven's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which began in 1842, is New England's oldest St. Patty's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connect... | In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin? | In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin? | [
"In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
1067
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25223 | 56d11cb517492d1400aab9b8 | New_York_City | New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In ... | Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing? | Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing? | [
"Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Quinnipiac University"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116221 | 57340043d058e614000b676d | Punjab,_Pakistan | The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rare... | When was the record heat spike in Multan? | When was the record heat spike in Multan? | [
"When was the record heat spike in Multan?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 1993"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69639 | 57301b71a23a5019007fcd7a | Windows_8 | Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division presiden... | Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced? | Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced? | [
"Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?"
] | {
"text": [
"Consumer Electronics Show"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72053 | 572719a45951b619008f85f8 | Capacitor | Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body – the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they ... | What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged? | What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged? | [
"What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?"
] | {
"text": [
"radially"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109920 | 5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa85 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Ei... | In what state was Bigby v. Dretke decided? | In what state was Bigby v. Dretke decided? | [
"In what state was Bigby v. Dretke decided?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90969 | 572aaf0ff75d5e190021fc30 | John_Kerry | After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the "Winter So... | How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it? | How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it? | [
"How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 20,000"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30173 | 5726afa0f1498d1400e8e747 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs. The city provided recreational and educational programs, and hired people for public works projects. In 1932, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated. The North Carolina Symphony, founded the same year, perform... | What did the city provide during the Great Depression? | What did the city provide during the Great Depression? | [
"What did the city provide during the Great Depression?"
] | {
"text": [
"recreational and educational programs"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110661 | 572ffd1b04bcaa1900d76fbe | Iran | At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire included the modern territories of Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria (Thrace), northern Greece and Macedonia (Paeonia and Ancient Macedon), Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Pales... | What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed? | What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed? | [
"What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Achaemenid Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29139 | 571ae71a32177014007e9fc7 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs? | What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs? | [
"What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?"
] | {
"text": [
"opportunity cost of investing capital"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52768 | 5727950d708984140094e17d | Political_party | The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to ... | What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy? | What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy? | [
"What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?"
] | {
"text": [
"The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15330 | 5706477d75f01819005e7af7 | Black_people | Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term bla... | How is the term "black" defined in the United States? | How is the term "black" defined in the United States? | [
"How is the term \"black\" defined in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery."
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39017 | 572a119a6aef05140015522f | Serbo-Croatian | Nationalists have conflicting views about the language(s). The nationalists among the Croats conflictingly claim either that they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians or that these two peoples have, due to the longer lexicographic tradition among Croats, somehow "borrowed" their standard language... | How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language? | How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language? | [
"How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language"
],
"answer_start": [
818
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104714 | 57334868d058e614000b5825 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash? | What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash? | [
"What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?"
] | {
"text": [
"cancelling planned investments"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116035 | 572e90e4cb0c0d14000f12bc | Richard_Feynman | Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both e... | What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl? | What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl? | [
"What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?"
] | {
"text": [
"ants and Martians"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90579 | 5731c82ee99e3014001e626e | Pacific_War | In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military al... | When did Japan take over Indochina? | When did Japan take over Indochina? | [
"When did Japan take over Indochina?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1940"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27577 | 5a62b4eaf8d794001af1c1ca | Liberia | The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn ... | What is the minimum number of members in a Legislature session? | What is the minimum number of members in a Legislature session? | [
"What is the minimum number of members in a Legislature session?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76305 | 5726e581f1498d1400e8ef2a | Utrecht | A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redevelop... | What is being recreated | What is being recreated | [
"What is being recreated "
] | {
"text": [
"Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112565 | 570d7463b3d812140066d97f | United_States_Army | The U.S. Army black beret (having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap) is no longer worn with the new ACU for garrison duty. After years of complaints that it wasn't suited well for most work conditions, Army Chief of Staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers stil... | What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap? | What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap? | [
"What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?"
] | {
"text": [
"black beret"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34965 | 5a8cd06bfd22b3001a8d8ed5 | Memory | The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capac... | Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what? | Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what? | [
"Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17161 | 570e35d20b85d914000d7d6e | Uranium | Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium ... | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than? | Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than? | [
"Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?"
] | {
"text": [
"antimony"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78763 | 57309e2e8ab72b1400f9c5fa | Greeks | The most widely used symbol is the flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto Eleftheria i thanatos (freedom or death), which was the motto of the Greek War of Independence. The blue square in the upper hoist-si... | Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ? | Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ? | [
"Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42617 | 571010e7b654c5140001f7a3 | Sexual_orientation | Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes b... | What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table? | What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table? | [
"What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?"
] | {
"text": [
"Innate bisexuality"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78990 | 5a8da394df8bba001a0f9b35 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna's helmet. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback, and, assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits,... | Which character helps Midna get Ganandorf off of her horse? | Which character helps Midna get Ganandorf off of her horse? | [
"Which character helps Midna get Ganandorf off of her horse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40020 | 572a3b543f37b319004787f1 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country, or even in the world. New Haven-style pizza, called "apizza" (pronounced ah-BEETS, [aˈpitts] in the original Italian dialect), made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana (known as P... | In general what are "apizza" known for? | In general what are "apizza" known for? | [
"In general what are \"apizza\" known for?"
] | {
"text": [
"its thin crust"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23396 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d147b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of? | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of? | [
"What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25386 | 5acf9c1277cf76001a68549b | Namibia | The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders... | Which country was the first to have European traders in Sub-Saharan Africa? | Which country was the first to have European traders in Sub-Saharan Africa? | [
"Which country was the first to have European traders in Sub-Saharan Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60209 | 5ace1b9532bba1001ae49ade | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidenti... | Who was one of the presidential candidates in 1996? | Who was one of the presidential candidates in 1996? | [
"Who was one of the presidential candidates in 1996?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57336 | 572ffe9ea23a5019007fcc22 | Muslim_world | Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese ... | When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean? | When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean? | [
"When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?"
] | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21076 | 572ea6dc03f98919007568af | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish ... | Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory? | Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory? | [
"Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-749 | 56df6e9556340a1900b29b32 | Plymouth | There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being so... | What city region is located near a ferry terminal? | What city region is located near a ferry terminal? | [
"What city region is located near a ferry terminal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Millbay"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37439 | 5728ba494b864d1900164cfc | Switzerland | The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine. Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs, with their specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of whi... | What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown? | What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown? | [
"What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown?"
] | {
"text": [
"specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18188 | 5ad0c41d645df0001a2d025c | Eritrea | Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudu... | How many African wild ass are thought to be left? | How many African wild ass are thought to be left? | [
"How many African wild ass are thought to be left?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54250 | 5ad3eed3604f3c001a3ff7f1 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although stil... | What is not the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF? | What is not the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF? | [
" What is not the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100127 | 5ace606332bba1001ae4a495 | Guam | The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reachin... | How long does it take for a ship to sail from Hawaii to Guam? | How long does it take for a ship to sail from Hawaii to Guam? | [
"How long does it take for a ship to sail from Hawaii to Guam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67003 | 5726b410708984140094ce4f | Nutrition | In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the ... | What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease? | What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease? | [
"What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"thiamine"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26796 | 5a8cfcc1fd22b3001a8d90d3 | United_States_dollar | There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a... | With a zero inflation rate, what would stable inflation be unable to do other than control interest rates? | With a zero inflation rate, what would stable inflation be unable to do other than control interest rates? | [
"With a zero inflation rate, what would stable inflation be unable to do other than control interest rates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1087 | 572ec434c246551400ce463c | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy? | Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy? | [
"Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Clinton Administration"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90057 | 5acf809d77cf76001a68500e | Somerset | Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Brid... | What is the percentage of Chinese people in Somerset? | What is the percentage of Chinese people in Somerset? | [
"What is the percentage of Chinese people in Somerset?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8959 | 57284ee52ca10214002da27c | LaserDisc | In addition, LaserDisc videos sometimes exhibit a problem known as "crosstalk". The issue can arise when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped, but it could also occur even with a properly functioning player and a factory-new disc, d... | When does "crosstalk" occur? | When does "crosstalk" occur? | [
"When does \"crosstalk\" occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16603 | 572a49233f37b31900478861 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | When was the Road to Serfdom published? | When was the Road to Serfdom published? | [
"When was the Road to Serfdom published?"
] | {
"text": [
"March 1944"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67292 | 5709b099200fba140036826e | Animal | Because of the great diversity found in animals, it is more economical for scientists to study a small number of chosen species so that connections can be drawn from their work and conclusions extrapolated about how animals function in general. Because they are easy to keep and breed, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogas... | Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced? | Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced? | [
"Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2308 | 56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902246 | Buddhism | The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature o... | The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible? | The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible? | [
"The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?"
] | {
"text": [
"dukkha"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10959 | 5733ac79d058e614000b6001 | Anthropology | Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist... | When was the American Anthropological Association founded? | When was the American Anthropological Association founded? | [
"When was the American Anthropological Association founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1902"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95696 | 5726e6bcdd62a815002e947a | Yale_University | Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleg... | How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification? | How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification? | [
"How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eleven"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58112 | 5ad417a0604f3c001a4003aa | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their cl... | What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to asians for the bar exam? | What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to asians for the bar exam? | [
"What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to asians for the bar exam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7571 | 5a8c840bfd22b3001a8d89de | Database |
XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems include commercial ... | What kind of database is ZML? | What kind of database is ZML? | [
"What kind of database is ZML?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101585 | 56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d | Dog | The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog wide... | What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years? | What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years? | [
"What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bluey"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90715 | 573218e70fdd8d15006c679e | Pacific_War | U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest. US submariners also claimed 28% of Japanese warships destroyed. Furthermore, they played important reconnaissance roles, as at the battles of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and Leyte Gulf (October 1944) (an... | What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines? | What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines? | [
"What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?"
] | {
"text": [
"28%"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87319 | 56d121d317492d1400aaba27 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a "nigger-lo... | What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial? | What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial? | [
"What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tom Robinson"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85606 | 57111703b654c5140001fb1d | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firi... | What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES? | What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES? | [
"What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?"
] | {
"text": [
"NES Advantage and the NES Max"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23359 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4f8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? | What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? | [
"What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [
"secure rights for former slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50158 | 5a82162231013a001a3351b9 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What do allomorphs differentiate? | What do allomorphs differentiate? | [
"What do allomorphs differentiate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27651 | 5730337a04bcaa1900d77359 | Liberia | Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and ar... | There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups? | There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups? | [
"There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"Liberians and the Lebanese"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33510 | 56f95f549b226e1400dd13cc | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row run... | What is another name for Tenth Avenue? | What is another name for Tenth Avenue? | [
"What is another name for Tenth Avenue?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amsterdam Avenue"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-443 | 56f963d79e9bad19000a08b9 | Marshall_Islands | The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs. | Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide? | Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide? | [
"Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?"
] | {
"text": [
"technical aid"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81133 | 5724f1d20ba9f01400d97bde | Queen_Victoria | After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities ... | What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? | What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? | [
"What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? "
] | {
"text": [
"a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\""
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1955 | 5ad170c1645df0001a2d1b99 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Ph... | Who sent pirates to befriend merchant ships? | Who sent pirates to befriend merchant ships? | [
" Who sent pirates to befriend merchant ships?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90619 | 572fd2e7947a6a140053cd0c | Pacific_War | In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of ... | How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks? | How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks? | [
"How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?"
] | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106496 | 57261a8e38643c19005acff5 | Hellenistic_period | Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous... | Which school of medicine was based on strict observation? | Which school of medicine was based on strict observation? | [
"Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Empiric"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82773 | 56e067e7231d4119001ac0af | Saint_Helena | The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag. | What is the national bird of Saint Helena? | What is the national bird of Saint Helena? | [
"What is the national bird of Saint Helena?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Saint Helena plover"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110212 | 5a3979992f14dd001ac7237b | Culture | The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for hu... | What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes? | What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes? | [
"What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45876 | 5731b629b9d445190005e495 | YouTube | At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA ... | How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted? | How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted? | [
"How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?"
] | {
"text": [
"Three"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41578 | 56cec033aab44d1400b889b2 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. | How many of the team were from the police? | How many of the team were from the police? | [
"How many of the team were from the police?"
] | {
"text": [
"22"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98334 | 56f8aa359e9bad19000a0295 | Alps | Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Swit... | What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental? | What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental? | [
"What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21779 | 570aa9236d058f1900183026 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses const... | What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"? | What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"? | [
"What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"aircraft carriers"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110711 | 57300b16b2c2fd14005687a0 | Iran | Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out... | The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region? | The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region? | [
"The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?"
] | {
"text": [
"the entire Caucasus"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115548 | 59fb1d95ee36d60018400d1a | England_national_football_team | Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defea... | What was the score of England's football teams biggest win? | What was the score of England's football teams biggest win? | [
"What was the score of England's football teams biggest win?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71172 | 56e7990237bdd419002c41e7 | University_of_Kansas | The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor... | What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams? | What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams? | [
"What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?"
] | {
"text": [
"crimson and royal blue"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113289 | 572e95ba03f98919007567d9 | Vacuum | The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambe... | The Vacuum state is considered what? | The Vacuum state is considered what? | [
"The Vacuum state is considered what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ground state of matter."
],
"answer_start": [
1015
]
} |
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