doc_id stringlengths 1 5 | doc_title stringlengths 2 371 | doc_lang stringclasses 15 values | doc_type stringclasses 19 values | doc_desc_list listlengths 1 4 | ddc stringclasses 71 values | doc_subject_list listlengths 0 52 | bll_match_id listlengths 0 57 | bll_match_literals listlengths 0 57 | bll_superclasses listlengths 0 52 | bll_superclass_literals listlengths 0 52 | bll_top_node listlengths 0 57 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11814 | Von free-floatendem Kapital, Hardlinern und Instructions : linguistische Anmerkungen zur populären Anglizismenkritik | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Die Themen Sprachrichtigkeit und Sprachidentität haben in Deutschland seit einiger Zeit Hochkonjunktur. Der 'Sprachpfleger' Bastian Sick, in der massenmedialen Berichterstattung stereotyp als gleichermaßen \"kompetent\" wie \"lustig\" und \"gar nicht oberlehrerhaft\" angepriesen, verkauft seine Kolumnensammlungen millionenfach und füllt bei seinen Lesungen mühelos ganze Konzertsäle. Der Verein Deutsche Sprache, Speerspitze der Anglizismenkritik im deutschsprachigen Raum, hat nach eigenen Angaben mittlerweile fast 30.000 Mitglieder. Betrachtet man diese Protagonisten des öffentlichen Sprachdiskurses aus linguistischer Perspektive, so stellt man fest, dass sich die von ihnen propagierte Sprachauffassung in der Regel an einer alten Metapher orientiert – der biologistischen Metapher von Sprache als einem Organismus: Ein Organismus kann geboren werden und sterben; er kann krank werden und verfallen, er ist – um es mit einem Ausdruck von Jürgen Spitzmüller zu sagen – eine klar \"abgrenzbare Einheit\". Ein Sprachsystem erscheint somit als ein abgeschlossenes organisches Gebilde, welches es zu erhalten gilt und das durch schädliche Einflüsse von außen in seiner Identität gefährdet ist."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Anglizismus",
"Sprachkritik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133102203",
"bllo:bll-133120244",
"bllo:bll-133087697",
"bllo:bll-133119890"
] | [
[
"Man",
"Mann"
],
[
"Rule",
"Regel"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
],
[
"Spatial terms",
"Raum"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LinguisticRule",
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Linguistic rule",
"Linguistische Regel"
],
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
11817 | Zur Systematisierung der Schwankungen zwischen starker und schwacher Adjektivflexion nach Pronominaladjektiven | deu | doc-type:report | [
"Schwankungen zwischen starker und schwacher Flexion werden mit unterschiedlichen Graden von Determinativhaftigkeit verschiedener Pronominaladjektive korreliert, bezogen auf eine universelle Dimension der IDENTIFIKATION (nach Seiler), sowie mit unterschiedlichen Graden der Ausgeprägtheit determinativischer (starker) Flexion, bezogen auf eine Ordnung nach formaler Markanz verschiedener Wortformen. Es wird gezeigt, dass stärkere Determinativhaftigkeit der Lexeme schwache Flexion bei folgenden Adjektiven begünstigt. Bezüglich der Varianz bei verschiedenen paradigmatischen Formen wird die Vermutung gestützt, dass das Formengewicht der Endungen eine wesentliche Rolle spielt."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Lexeme",
"bllo:bll-133073386"
] | [
[
"Lexeme",
"Lexem"
],
[
"Inflection",
"Flexion"
]
] | [
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphologicalProcess",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphological process",
"Morphologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
11819 | Zur lateinischen Nominalflexion : die Form-Funktions-Beziehung | deu | doc-type:report | [
"Das System der lateinischen Nominalflexion wird als Beispiel eines komplexen morphologischen Systems untersucht, das alle Symptome des ‚flektierenden Syndroms’ zeigt (homonyme, synonyme und kumulative Exponenten, Genuseinteilung, unterschiedlich strukturierte Deklinationskassen, defektive Paradigmen, usw.; Plank 1991a). Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wie die Form-Funktions-Beziehung in einem derartigen System ‚funktioniert’. Morphembasierte Analysen bieten kaum Einsichten in die ‚Logik’ fusionierender Flexionssysteme: Die Vielfalt der Oberflächenformen kann zwar auf verschiedene Weise reduziert werden (zugrundeliegende Formen, Allomorphie, Morphonologie; Householder 1947). Homonymien, Synonymien und Kumulationen und damit die Tatsache, daß sich das System nicht den Erwartungen einer morphemischen Perspektive fügt, bleiben jedoch bestehen: Der Gedanke, morphologische Marker als ‚Saussuresche Zeichen’ aufzufassen, erweist sich hier als nicht fruchtbar (Anderson 1992). Aber auch neuere regelbasierte Ansätze halten – trotz der Zulassung ‚indirekterer’ Beziehungen – an einer vergleichbaren Form-Inhalts-Janusköpfigkeit morphologischer Markierungen grundsätzlich fest, wenn sie morphologische Markierungen als ‚Ausbuchstabierungen’ von Merkmalen oder Merkmalsbündeln behandeln. Traditionelle Darstellungen im Rahmen einer Wort-und-Paradigma-Morphologie liefern zwar oft wenig mehr als eine Auflistung von Formen, weisen jedoch den Weg zu einer nicht-zeichenhaften Auffassung morphologischer Markierung, die Saussure (1976: 122) am Beispiel der deutschen Pluralbildung formuliert: „ce n’est pas ‘Gäste’ qui exprime le pluriel, mais l’opposition ‚Gast : Gäste’”. Danach läge die Funktion morphologischer Markierungen in derartigen Fällen nicht darin, als ‚Exponenten’ von ‚Inhalten’ zu fungieren, sondern darin Formen unterschiedlicher Funktion nur zu unterscheiden: Eine funktionale Distinktion wird zum Ausdruck gebracht, indem sie mit einer formalen Differenzierung korreliert wird. In Anwendung dieses Gedankens auf die lateinische Nominalflexion sollen (i) die auszudrückenden funktionalen Distinktionen, (ii) die zur formalen Differenzierung genutzten Ausdrucksmittel und (iii) die Art der Korrelation untersucht werden."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Lateinisch"
] | [
"bllo:Opposition",
"bllo:Allomorphy"
] | [
[
"Opposition",
"Opposition"
],
[
"Allomorphy",
"Allomorphie"
]
] | [
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"MorphologicalRelation",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Morphological relation",
"Morphologische Relation"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
11820 | Zwischen Morphem und Paradigma : zur polnischen Substantivflexion | deu | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"In meinem Vortrag möchte ich Ihnen einige Überlegungen zu Fragen der vergleichenden Flexionsmorphologie vortragen und dabei wiederum speziell zur Kasusmarkierung an Substantiven. Ich werde mich dabei besonders auf das Polnische beziehen – eine Sprache, deren Kasusbildungen teils Charakteristika des fusionierenden oder flektierenden Typus zeigen, teils aber eher dem agglutinierenden Typ nahe kommen. Diese Mischung stellt, wie ich zeigen möchte, eine besondere Herausforderung für die morphologische Kasusanalyse dar. Ich werde dies im ersten Abschnitt meines Beitrags erläutern. Im zweiten Abschnitt greife ich einige bekannte Beobachtungen zu Kasussynkretismen auf, die für eine Analyse des polnischen Systems nützlich sind. Im dritten Abschnitt gebe ich für einen Ausschnitt des polnischen Deklinationssystems eine detaillierte Analyse."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
11836 | Don't interpret focus : why a presuppositional account of focus fails, and how a presuppositional account of givenness works | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This paper advances a purely presuppositional analysis of intonation. I first show that a inspiring recent article by Geurts and van der Sandt (Theoretical Linguistics, 2004) that pursues the same goal cannot account for multiple foci. Then, I show that if it is assumed that destressed rather than focussed material is semantically marked, multiple foci are accounted for correctly."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133073122",
"bllo:bll-133124533",
"bllo:bll-133078108"
] | [
[
"Intonation",
"Intonation"
],
[
"Material",
"Stoffbezeichnung"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
]
] | [
[
"ProsodicPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Prosodic phenomenon",
"Prosodisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
11837 | Embedded evidentials in bulgarian | eng | doc-type:article | [
"We consider evidentials embedded in complement clauses with new data from Bulgarian. For Tibetan, Garrett has shown that embedded evidentials are always shifted to the perspective of the reported speech. In Bulgarian, we show that such a shift is almost never possible. This shows that Bulgarian evidentials should not be analyzed as modals, but rather as presuppositional."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307403X",
"bllo:bll-133125793",
"bllo:bll-133083667"
] | [
[
"Reported speech",
"Rededarstellung"
],
[
"Tibetan",
"Tibetisch"
],
[
"Bulgarian",
"Bulgarisch"
]
] | [
[
"AmbiguouslyDefinedConcept"
],
[
"Tibetic",
"bll-360589324",
"Tibeto-Burman",
"bll-133122719",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"SouthSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Ambiguously defined concept",
"Mehrdeutig definiertes Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"Tibetic",
"Tibetanisch"
],
[
"Bodish",
"Bodisch"
],
[
"Tibeto-Burman",
"Tibeto-Burman"
],
[
"Sino-Tibetan languages",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"South Slavic",
"Südslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"AmbiguouslyDefinedConcept",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
11838 | Genitive quantifiers in Japanese as reverse partitives | eng | doc-type:report | [
"Quantificational determiners in Japanese can be marked with genitive case. Current analyses (for example by Watanabe, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, to appear) treat the genetive case marker in these cases as semantically vacuous, but we show that it has semantic effects. We propose a new analysis as reverse partitives. Following Jackendoff (MIT-Press, 1977), we assume that partitives always contain two NPs one of which is phonologically deleted. We claim that, while in normal partitives the higher noun is deleted, in reverse partitives the lower noun is deleted."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133109070",
"bllo:Noun",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:bll-133100448",
"bllo:bll-133073424"
] | [
[
"Japanese",
"Japanisch"
],
[
"Noun",
"Nomen"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Genitive",
"Genitiv"
],
[
"Case",
"Kasus"
]
] | [
[
"Japanese-Ryukyuan",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Japanese-Ryukyuan",
"Japanisch-Ryukyu"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
11840 | Hardt's surprising sloppy readings : a flat binding account | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The paper presents an additional argument for a specific account of semantic binding: the flat-binding analysis. The argument is based on observations concerning sloppy interpretations in verb phrase ellipsis when the binder is not the subject of the elided VP. In one such case, it is important that one of the binders belong to the domain of the other. This case can be derived from the flat-binding analysis as is shown in the paper, while it is unclear how to account for it within other analyses of semantic binding."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:Phrase",
"bllo:bll-133073424",
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:VerbPhrase",
"bllo:bll-133073955"
] | [
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Phrase",
"Phrase"
],
[
"Case",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Verb phrase",
"Verbalphrase"
],
[
"Ellipsis",
"Ellipse"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Phrase",
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"NullElement",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phrase",
"Phrase"
],
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Null element",
"Null-Element"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
11842 | Illusive wide scope of universal quantifiers | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"It is widely believed that existential quantifiers can bring about the semantic effects of a scope which is wider than their actual syntactic scope (See Fodor & Sag (1982), Cresti (1995), Kratzer (1995), Reinhart (1995) and Winter (1995), among many others.) On the other hand, it is assumed that the syntactic scope of universal quantifiers can be determined unequivocally by the semantics. This paper shows that this second assumption is wrong; universal quantifiers can also bring about scope illusions, though in a very specific environment. In particular, we argue that in the environment of generic tense, universal quantifiers can show the semantic effects of a scope which is wider than the one that is actually realized at LF. Our argument has four steps. First, we show that in generic contexts, universal quantifiers escape standard “scope-islands” (Section 1). Second, we show how the effects of wide scope in generic contexts can be achieved without syntactic wide scope (Section 2.1). Third, we show that this result is actually forced on us, once we take seriously certain independent issues concerning the interpretation of generic tense (Sections 2.2 - 2.4). Finally, the semantics of generic tense and, in particular, its interaction with focus, will yield some intricate new predictions, which, as we show, are borne out (Sections 3 - 5)."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307448X",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:Universal",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:Tense"
] | [
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Tense",
"Gespannt"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"TensenessFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tenseness feature",
"Spannung"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
11847 | On embedded implicatures | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"The Gricean approach explains implicatures by assumptions about the pragmatics of entire utterances. The phenomenon of embedded implicatures remains a challenge for this approach since in such cases apparently implicatures contribute to the truth-conditional content of constituents smaller than utterances. In this paper, I investigate three areas where embedded implicatures seem to differ from implicatures at the utterance level: optionality, epistemic status, and implicated presuppositions. I conclude that the differences between the two kinds of implicatures justify an approach that maintains Gricean assumptions at the utterance level, and assumes a special operator for embedded implicatures."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
11848 | On greek illusions: a semantic account of Alexopoulou’s generalization | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Alexopoulou (2008) argues that Greek provides new evidence for the concept of binding illusions that was hypothesized by Fox and Sauerland (1996). Of special interest from my perspective is Alexopoulou’s argument that binding illusions arise not only with existential and universal quantifiers, but also with negative and interrogative quantifiers. The purpose of this note is to speculate on how to account for these kinds of binding illusions semantically building on Alexopoulou’s argument. In the following I refer to Alexopoulou’s (2008) paper as BIRG (Binding Illusions and Resumption in Greek) and to Clitic Left-Dislocation as CLLD. BIRG’s argument is based on the generalization concerning CLLD in Greek. Generally, a left-dislocated noun phrase cannot bind a pronoun in its clause in Greek."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13454630X",
"bllo:Noun",
"bllo:NounPhrase",
"bllo:Phrase",
"bllo:Greek",
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:Universal",
"bllo:Clause",
"bllo:bll-133119394"
] | [
[
"Fox",
"Fox"
],
[
"Noun",
"Nomen"
],
[
"Noun phrase",
"Nominalphrase"
],
[
"Phrase",
"Phrase"
],
[
"Greek",
"Griechisch"
],
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
],
[
"Clause",
"Teilsatz"
],
[
"Pronoun",
"Pronomen"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133076652",
"Algic",
"bll-133075117",
"bll-133107264",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Phrase",
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Algonquin",
"Algonkin"
],
[
"Algic",
"Algisch"
],
[
"Indigenous languages of North and Central America",
"Indigene Sprachen Nordamerikas und Zentralamerikas"
],
[
"Native American languages",
"Indigene amerikanische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phrase",
"Phrase"
],
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
11849 | On quantifier raising in German | deu | doc-type:report | [
"The status of quantifier raising in German and other languages where scope is fairly rigid is debated. The first part of this paper argues that quantifiers in German can undergo covert extraction out of coordinations, and therefore that quantifier raising is available in German. The second part argues that quantifier raising in German is constrained to never move one DP across another. This result might provide part of an explanation of scope rigidity in German."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133090078",
"bllo:bll-133119688",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:bll-133070158"
] | [
[
"Raising",
"Raising"
],
[
"Quantifier",
"Quantor"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133116018",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
11851 | No 'No' : on the crosslinguistic absence of a determiner 'No' | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This paper concerns the semantics of determiners. I point out that the currently dominant generalized quantifiers analysis of determiners has certain deficiencies. I then provide an alternative which seems offer some hope not suffer from the same deficiencies."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307448X"
] | [
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
11861 | The meaning of chains | eng | doc-type:book | [
"This thesis investigates the mechanisms applying in the interpretation of syntactic chains. The theoretical background includes a translation of syntactic forms into semantic forms and a model theoretic explication of the meaning of semantic forms. Simplicity considerations apply to all three stages of the interpretation process: syntactic derivation, translation into semantic forms, interpretation of semantic forms. Three main results are achieved. The first is that trace positions can have semantic content beyond what is needed for the semantic dependency of trace and binder. This extra content is some or all of the lexical material of the head of the chain, as expected on the copy theory of movement. Two independent arguments support this conclusion. One, discussed in chapter 2, is based on the distribution of Condition C effects, where novel interactions between variable binding, antecedent contained deletion and Condition C are observed. The second, developed in chapter 3, is based on conditions on the identity of traces observed in antecedent contained deletion constructions. Both arguments lead to the same generalizations about what lexical material of the head is interpreted in the trace position. The second main result is that lambda calculus is superior to both standard predicate logic and combinatorial logic as the mathematical model for the semantic mechanism mediating the dependency of trace (or bound pronoun) and binder. Chapter 4 argues this on the basis of the distribution of focus and destressing in constructions with bound pronouns. The third main result is that quantification must be allowed to range over pointwise different choice functions. Chapter 5 shows that quantification over individuals is insufficient, and that pointwise different choice functions are required. The result entails that the syntactic difference of A-chains and A-bar chains predicts a semantic difference in the type of the variable involved, which is argued to explain weak crossover phenomena. Chapters 6 argues that the interpretation procedures developed in the preceeding chapters account for all cases. It is shown that only traces of the type of individuals arise, and that scope reconstruction is a phonological phenomenon. The latter result also supports the T-model of syntax."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133073505",
"bllo:Reconstruction",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:Trace",
"bllo:bll-133124533",
"bllo:bll-275010589",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:bll-13311905X",
"bllo:PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"bllo:bll-13307384X",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-133116018",
"bllo:Deletion",
"bllo:Distribution",
"bllo:bll-133119394"
] | [
[
"Derivation",
"Derivation"
],
[
"Reconstruction",
"Rekonstruktion"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Trace",
"Trace"
],
[
"Material",
"Stoffbezeichnung"
],
[
"Translation",
"Übersetzen"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"Predicate",
"Prädikat"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Syntax",
"Syntax"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Deletion",
"Tilgung"
],
[
"Distribution",
"Distribution"
],
[
"Pronoun",
"Pronomen"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133074846",
"MorphologicalProcess",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"AnalyticalProcedure",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"NullElement",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Word formation",
"Wortbildung"
],
[
"Morphological process",
"Morphologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Analytical procedure",
"Analytisches Verfahren"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Null element",
"Null-Element"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
11867 | Information structure | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The guidelines for Information Structure include instructions for the annotation of Information Status (or ‘givenness’), Topic, and Focus, building upon a basic syntactic annotation of nominal phrases and sentences. A procedure for the annotation of these features is proposed."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:SyntacticAnnotation",
"bllo:bll-133126064",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:Annotation"
] | [
[
"Syntactic annotation",
"Syntaktische Annotation"
],
[
"Information structure",
"Informationsstruktur"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Annotation",
"Annotation"
]
] | [
[
"AnnotationTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
11868 | Introduction | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The annotation guidelines introduced in this chapter present an attempt to create a unique infrastructure for the encoding of data from very different languages. The ultimate target of these annotations is to allow for data retrieval for the study of information structure, and since information structure interacts with all levels of grammar, the present guidelines cover all levels of grammar too. After introducing the guidelines, the current chapter also presents an evaluation by means of measurements of the inter-annotator agreement."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133126064",
"bllo:Annotation"
] | [
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Information structure",
"Informationsstruktur"
],
[
"Annotation",
"Annotation"
]
] | [
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
11869 | Morphology | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The guidelines for morphological annotation contain the layers that are necessary for understanding the structure of the words in the object language: morphological segmentation, glossing, and annotation of part-of-speech."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Segmentation",
"bllo:bll-13311712X",
"bllo:Annotation"
] | [
[
"Segmentation",
"Segmentierung"
],
[
"Object",
"Objekt"
],
[
"Annotation",
"Annotation"
]
] | [
[
"AnalyticalProcedure",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Analytical procedure",
"Analytisches Verfahren"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
11870 | Semantics | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The guidelines for semantics comprise a number of layers related to quantificational structures as well as some crucial semantic properties of NPs with respect to information structure: definiteness, countability, and animacy."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307448X",
"bllo:bll-133073408",
"bllo:bll-133126064"
] | [
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
],
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
],
[
"Information structure",
"Informationsstruktur"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"",
""
] |
11879 | EVEN, ALSO and ONLY in Vietnamese | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The article analyzes the system of focus-sensitive particles and, to a lesser extent, clefts in Vietnamese. EVEN/ALSO/ONLY foci are discussed across syntactic categories, and Vietnamese is found to organize its system of focus-sensitive particles along three dimensions of classification: (i) EVEN vs. ALSO vs. ONLY; (ii) particles c-commanding foci vs. particles c-commanding backgrounds; (iii) adverbial focus-sensitive particles vs. particles c-commanding argument foci only. Towards the end of the paper, free-choice constructions and additional sentence-final particles conveying ONLY and ALSO semantics are briefly discussed. The peculiar Vietnamese system reflects core properties of the analogous empirical domain in Chinese, a known source of borrowings into Vietnamese over the millennia."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307448X",
"bllo:bll-133127702",
"bllo:bll-133101517",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Even",
"bllo:bll-133085325"
] | [
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
],
[
"Vietnamese",
"Vietnamesisch"
],
[
"Particles",
"Partikelwörterbuch"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Even",
"Even"
],
[
"Chinese",
"Chinesisch"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133115739",
"bll-133095495",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"DictionaryTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133088472",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133122719",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Mon-Khmer",
"Mon-Khmer"
],
[
"Austroasiatic languages",
"Austroasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tungus",
"Tungusisch"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Sino-Tibetan languages",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
11882 | No objections to backward control? | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"The aim of this paper is to address two main counterarguments raised in Landau (2007) against the movement analysis of Control, and especially against the phenomenon of Backward Control. The paper shows that unlike the situation described in Tsez (Polinsky & Potsdam 2002), Landau's objections do not hold for Greek and Romanian, where all obligatory control verbs exhibit Backward Control. Our results thus provide stronger empirical support for a theoretical approach to Control in terms of Movement, as defended in Hornstein (1999 and subsequent work)."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Greek",
"bllo:bll-133095584",
"bllo:bll-133111547",
"bllo:bll-133116018",
"bllo:bll-133077136",
"bllo:bll-133070905"
] | [
[
"Greek",
"Griechisch"
],
[
"Tsez",
"Didoisch"
],
[
"Control",
"Kontrollbeziehung"
],
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Work",
"Arbeit"
],
[
"Romanian",
"Rumänisch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"Dagestanian",
"bll-449780988",
"bll-133109771",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133070549",
"bll-133096246",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Dagestanian",
"Dagestanisch"
],
[
"Nakh-Daghestanian languages",
"Nachisch-Dagestanische Sprachen"
],
[
"Caucasian languages",
"Kaukasische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Romance",
"Romanisch"
],
[
"Italic languages",
"Italische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
11883 | Parsing coordinations | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"The present paper is concerned with statistical parsing of constituent structures in German. The paper presents four experiments that aim at improving parsing performance of coordinate structure: 1) reranking the n-best parses of a PCFG parser, 2) enriching the input to a PCFG parser by gold scopes for any conjunct, 3) reranking the parser output for all possible scopes for conjuncts that are permissible with regard to clause structure. Experiment 4 reranks a combination of parses from experiments 1 and 3. The experiments presented show that n- best parsing combined with reranking improves results by a large margin. Providing the parser with different scope possibilities and reranking the resulting parses results in an increase in F-score from 69.76 for the baseline to 74.69. While the F-score is similar to the one of the first experiment (n-best parsing and reranking), the first experiment results in higher recall (75.48% vs. 73.69%) and the third one in higher precision (75.43% vs. 73.26%). Combining the two methods results in the best result with an F-score of 76.69."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Constituent",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133072436",
"bllo:Clause"
] | [
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Parsing",
"Parsing"
],
[
"Clause",
"Teilsatz"
]
] | [
[
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"Annotation",
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
11884 | Decorrelation and shallow semantic patterns for distributional clustering of nouns and verbs | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Distributional approximations to lexical semantics are very useful not only in helping the creation of lexical semantic resources (Kilgariff et al., 2004; Snow et al., 2006), but also when directly applied in tasks that can benefit from large-coverage semantic knowledge such as coreference resolution (Poesio et al., 1998; Gasperin and Vieira, 2004; Versley, 2007), word sense disambiguation (Mc- Carthy et al., 2004) or semantical role labeling (Gordon and Swanson, 2007). We present a model that is built from Webbased corpora using both shallow patterns for grammatical and semantic relations and a window-based approach, using singular value decomposition to decorrelate the feature space which is otherwise too heavily influenced by the skewed topic distribution of Web corpora."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-13307448X",
"bllo:bll-197692737",
"bllo:bll-398942803",
"bllo:bll-133088251",
"bllo:Coreference",
"bllo:Word",
"bllo:Distribution"
] | [
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
],
[
"Knowledge",
"Wissen"
],
[
"Creation",
"Schöpfung"
],
[
"Snow",
"Schnee"
],
[
"Coreference",
"Koreferenz"
],
[
"Word",
"Wort"
],
[
"Distribution",
"Distribution"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133120139",
"SemanticRelation",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
],
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Reference",
"Referenz"
],
[
"Semantic relation",
"Semantische Relation"
],
[
"Semantic phenomenon",
"Semantisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"SemanticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
11885 | Transformationen linguistischen Wissens : Transdisziplinarität im Bereich der sprachwissenschaftlichen Gender Studies | deu | doc-type:preprint | [
"Linguistics as a scholarly field has included interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary methods for such a long time that it has acted as an interdisciplinary \"trading zone\" avant la lettre. Despite this there are very few systematic analyses of transdisciplinary work and very little discussions over the possibilities and limits of transdisciplinary research in terms of negotiations about how \"far\" the transformations of linguistic knowlegde can go while still being accepted as linguistics by the scientific community. In this introduction I discuss three forms of transdisciplinarity in three interrelated branches and end with a consideration of how gender studies can be used in conjunction with linguistics. In particular I discuss\r\na) the relationship between theory and empiry which focusses on the interaction between the definition of \"gender\" and the following empirical reserach on gender differences;\r\nb) the relationship between research and application which shows the semantic expansion of the concept of \"application\". Besides of traditional kinds of application like language policies or language guides there is a strong reverse \"application\"-impact on the methodology that the results of research are partly integrated as a logical consequence in the following theories and methodologies;\r\nc) the relationship between science and the public which reflects the importance of scientific information to public media what should not only be better coordinated but communicated in a more professional way.",
"Die Ressource \"Wissen\" rückte in den letzten Jahrzehnten als Quelle wissenschaftlicher Innovation immer stärker ins Zentrum des Interesses. Diese Fokussierung mündete in eine Selbstreflexion der Wissenschaft und der wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen: Thematisiert werden vor allem die Art und Weise, wie Wissen gewonnen wird, sowie die damit zusammenhängende Frage nach der Konstruktion von Wissenschaftlichkeit, womit das Bewusstsein gleichzeitig auf die mehr und mehr sich auflösende Abgrenzung zwischen den Disziplinen beziehungsweise zwischen den drei hauptsächlichen Wissenschaftskulturen, von Natur-, Geistes- und Kultur- sowie Sozialwissenschaften gelenkt wird. Innerhalb und außerhalb der Universitäten bildeten und bilden sich nicht immer klar verortbare \"trading zones\" (Gallison 1997), in denen neue Formen und Techniken der Wissensproduktion und Wissensvermittlung geprüft, geübt und teilweise auch institutionalisiert werden. ..."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Geschlechterforschung"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:bll-133111199",
"bllo:bll-197692737",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:bll-133073416",
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:bll-133087697",
"bllo:bll-133077136"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Conjunction",
"Konjunktion"
],
[
"Knowledge",
"Wissen"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Gender",
"Genus"
],
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
],
[
"Work",
"Arbeit"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"",
"",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
11886 | In support of long distance agree | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"In the recent literature the phenomenon of long distance agreement has become the focus of several studies as it seems to violate certain locality conditions which require that agreeing elements in general stand in clause-mate relationships. In particular, it involves a verb agreeing with a constituent which is located in the verb's clausal complement and hence poses a challenge for theories that assume a strictly local relationship for agreement. In this paper we present empirical evidence from Greek and Romanian for the reality of long distance agreement. Specifically, we focus on raising constructions in these two languages and we show that they do not involve movement but rather instantiate long distance agreement. We further argue that subjunctives allowing long distance agreement lack both a CP layer and semantic Tense. However, since the embedded verb also bears phi-features, these constructions pose a further problem for assumptions that view the presence of phi-features as evidence for the presence of a C layer. Finally, we raise the question of the common properties that these languages have that lead to the presence of long distance agreement."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:Constituent",
"bllo:bll-13310060X",
"bllo:Greek",
"bllo:bll-133090078",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-133116018",
"bllo:Tense",
"bllo:bll-133070905"
] | [
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Locality",
"Lokalität"
],
[
"Greek",
"Griechisch"
],
[
"Raising",
"Raising"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Tense",
"Gespannt"
],
[
"Romanian",
"Rumänisch"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133116018",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"TensenessFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133070549",
"bll-133096246",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tenseness feature",
"Spannung"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Romance",
"Romanisch"
],
[
"Italic languages",
"Italische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
11888 | Un algorithme d'analyse de type earley pour grammaires à concaténation d'intervalles | fra | doc-type:preprint | [
"Nous présentons ici différents algorithmes d’analyse pour grammaires à concaténation d’intervalles (Range Concatenation Grammar, RCG), dont un nouvel algorithme de type Earley, dans le paradigme de l’analyse déductive. Notre travail est motivé par l’intérêt porté récemment à ce type de grammaire, et comble un manque dans la littérature existante.",
"We present several different parsing algorithms for Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG), inter alia an entirely novel Earley-style algorithm, using the deductive parsing framework. Our work is motivated by recent interest in range concatenation grammar in general and fills a gap in the existing literature."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133077136",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133072436"
] | [
[
"Work",
"Arbeit"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Parsing",
"Parsing"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"Annotation",
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
11889 | A testsuite for testing parser performance on complex German grammatical constructions [TePaCoC - a corpus for testing parser performance on complex German grammatical constructions] | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Traditionally, parsers are evaluated against gold standard test data. This can cause problems if there is a mismatch between the data structures and representations used by the parser and the gold standard. A particular case in point is German, for which two treebanks (TiGer and TüBa-D/Z) are available with highly different annotation schemes for the acquisition of (e.g.) PCFG parsers. The differences between the TiGer and TüBa-D/Z annotation schemes make fair and unbiased parser evaluation difficult [7, 9, 12]. The resource (TEPACOC) presented in this paper takes a different approach to parser evaluation: instead of providing evaluation data in a single annotation scheme, TEPACOC uses comparable sentences and their annotations for 5 selected key grammatical phenomena (with 20 sentences each per phenomena) from both TiGer and TüBa-D/Z resources. This provides a 2 times 100 sentence comparable testsuite which allows us to evaluate TiGer-trained parsers against the TiGer part of TEPACOC, and TüBa-D/Z-trained parsers against the TüBa-D/Z part of TEPACOC for key phenomena, instead of comparing them against a single (and potentially biased) gold standard. To overcome the problem of inconsistency in human evaluation and to bridge the gap between the two different annotation schemes, we provide an extensive error classification, which enables us to compare parser output across the two different treebanks. In the remaining part of the paper we present the testsuite and describe the grammatical phenomena covered in the data. We discuss the different annotation strategies used in the two treebanks to encode these phenomena and present our error classification of potential parser errors."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:Human",
"bllo:Sentence",
"bllo:bll-133073424",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-340657677",
"bllo:Annotation"
] | [
[
"Human",
"Menschlich"
],
[
"Sentence",
"Satz"
],
[
"Case",
"Kasus"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Error",
"Irrtum"
],
[
"Annotation",
"Annotation"
]
] | [
[
"HumannessFeature",
"SemanticFeature",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"OperationOrMethode",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Humanness feature",
"Menschlichkeit"
],
[
"Semantic feature",
"Semantisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Semantic phenomenon",
"Semantisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"SemanticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
11890 | Vagueness and referential ambiguity in a large-scale annotated corpus | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"In this paper, we argue that difficulties in the definition of coreference itself contribute to lower inter-annotator agreement in certain cases. Data from a large referentially annotated corpus serves to corroborate this point, using a quantitative investigation to assess which effects or problems are likely to be the most prominent. Several examples where such problems occur are discussed in more detail, and we then propose a generalisation of Poesio, Reyle and Stevenson’s Justified Sloppiness Hypothesis to provide a unified model for these cases of disagreement and argue that a deeper understanding of the phenomena involved allows to tackle problematic cases in a more principled fashion than would be possible using only pre-theoretic intuitions."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Corpus",
"bllo:Coreference"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Corpus",
"Korpus"
],
[
"Coreference",
"Koreferenz"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133120139",
"SemanticRelation",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Reference",
"Referenz"
],
[
"Semantic relation",
"Semantische Relation"
],
[
"Semantic phenomenon",
"Semantisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
] |
11946 | Annabi Muusa Xibaare | mis | doc-type:book | [
"Selected scripture portions from the Torah which focus on the life of Moses, the deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt, their 40 years in the wilderness, and the Law of Moses."
] | ddc:490 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-197234038",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Life",
"Leben"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
11947 | Joppaye | mis | doc-type:book | [
"The entire book of Genesis, first of the 5 books of the Torah. Creation, the flood, and the stories of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph."
] | ddc:490 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-398942803"
] | [
[
"Creation",
"Schöpfung"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
11999 | Prosody and scope in German inverse linking constructions | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In German, prosody interacts with quantifier scope. We investigate this interaction in inverse linking constructions. We present evidence from elicited production of linguistically naive speakers supporting the following two claims: 1) There are two kinds of inverse linking constructions of which only the prepositional type requires a marked intonation contour for inverse scope. 2) In the prepositional construction, a double focus contour is employed with inverse scope rather that a topic-focus (rise-fall) contour as previously assumed (Krifka 1998)."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133073122",
"bllo:bll-133119688",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Intonation",
"Intonation"
],
[
"Quantifier",
"Quantor"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"ProsodicPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Prosodic phenomenon",
"Prosodisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12099 | The language planning situation in Ireland | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Language planning for the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland has featured prominently in international language policy and planning literature over the years. Researchers in the field may not be up to date, however, with recent developments in the area of Irish language planning and their impact on the language ecology. This monograph describes the language planning situation in the Republic of Ireland in its historical and social contexts as well as delineating language policy and planning for the Irish language implemented over the past number of years, showing developments in education, community, media, religion and local politics."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133118878",
"bllo:bll-133090302",
"bllo:bll-133073408"
] | [
[
"Politics",
"Politik"
],
[
"Religion",
"Religion"
],
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
""
] |
12240 | Phonological recoding and self-teaching : sine qua non of reading acquisition | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The self-teaching hypothesis proposes that phonological recoding functions as a self-teaching mechanism enabling the learner to independently acquire an autonomous orthographic lexicon. Successful decoding encounters with novel letter strings provide opportunities to learn word-specific print-to-meaning connections. Although it may not playa central role in skilled word recognition, phonological recoding, by virtue of its self-teaching function, is regarded as critical to successful reading acquisition. This paper elaborates the self-teaching hypothesis proposed by Jorm and Share (1983), and reviews relevant evidence. Key features of phonological recoding include an item-based rather than stage-based role in development, the progressive \"lexicalization\" of the process of recoding, and the importance of phonological awareness and contextual information in resolving decoding ambiguity. Although phonological skills have been shown to be primary in reading acquisition, orthographic processing appears to be an important but secondary source of individual differences. This implies an asymmetrical pattern of dissociations in both developmental and acquired reading disorders. Strong relationships between word recognition, basic phonological processing abilities and phonemic awareness are also consistent with the self-teaching notion. Finally, it is noted that current models of word recognition (both PDP and dual-route) fail to address the quintessential problem of reading acquisition - independent generation of target pronunciations for novel orthographic strings."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133076032",
"bllo:Ambiguity",
"bllo:Word",
"bllo:Letter",
"bllo:bll-133101010",
"bllo:bll-133113639",
"bllo:bll-133072851"
] | [
[
"Virtue",
"Tugend"
],
[
"Ambiguity",
"Ambiguität"
],
[
"Word",
"Wort"
],
[
"Letter",
"Buchstabe"
],
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
],
[
"Lexicon",
"Lexikon"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073238",
"OrthographicEntity",
"GraphemicPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LexicalOrConceptualResource",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Grapheme",
"Graphem"
],
[
"Orthographic entity",
"Orthographische Einheit"
],
[
"Graphemic phenomenon",
"Graphemisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"GraphemicPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12310 | Sotho-Sprichwörter [: 1. Teil] | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Die nachfolgenden Sprichwörter sind von mir selbst unter den Bapedi gesammelt. Ich habe meine Kinderjahre unter diesem Volksstamm zugebracht und von frühester Jugend an als Missionarskind die Sprichwörter im Umgang mit meinen schwarzen Spielgefährten täglich gebraucht. Später habe ich als Lehrer über zwei Jahre tagtäglich und fast ausschließlich in dieser Sprache unterrichtet. Das Pedi hat verschiedene Dialekte. Ich habe die Sprichwörter aber in dem eigentlichen Pedi-Dialekt, der für alle schriftlichen Arbeiten der Missionare gebraucht wird, aufgezeichnet. Außer etwa 50-80 Sprichwörtern, die ich aus \"Ditaba tsa Mechutachuta\" einem von der Berliner Missionsgesellschaft herausgegebenen Pedi-Schullesebuch entnahm, sind meines Wissens die andern noch in keiner gedruckten Sammlung erschienen. Sie sind von mir persönlich mit Beihilfe von eingeborenen Hilfssammlern zusammengetragen) die von mir angeleitet waren. Beaconsfield bei Kimberley, den 23. Juni 1927. G. Kuhn."
] | ddc:490 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133108171"
] | [
[
"Northern Sotho",
"Pedi"
]
] | [
[
"ZoneS",
"bll-133080188",
"SouthernBantoid",
"bll-264764609",
"Benue-Congo",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Zone S",
"Zone S"
],
[
"Bantu languages",
"Bantusprachen"
],
[
"Southern Bantoid",
"Süd-Bantoid"
],
[
"Bantoid languages",
"Bantoid-Sprachen"
],
[
"Benue-Congo languages",
"Benue-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12358 | Linguistische Anmerkungen zu einer populären Anglizismen-Kritik. Oder: Von der notwendig erfolglos bleibenden Suche nach dem treffenderen deutschen Ausdruck | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Betrachtet man im Rückblick, welche linguistischen Themen in der jüngeren Vergangenheit die Öffentlichkeit bewegt haben, dann fallen einem vor allem die Rechtschreibreform, die Bestrebungen der feministischen Linguistik, die Klage über den Verfall oder Niedergang der deutschen Sprache und in diesem Zusammenhang auch Bedenken gegen einen übermäßigen Anglizismen-Gebrauch im Deutschen ein."
] | ddc:430 | [
"Anglizismus",
"Sprachwandel",
"Sprachpflege"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133102203"
] | [
[
"Man",
"Mann"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12359 | Investigativer Lingualismus : eine Replik zur Replik von Hermann Zabel | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Als ich im Juli 2002 vor der Philosophischen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf meinen Habilitationsvortrag über populäre Anglizismenkritik hielt, ahnte ich noch nicht, zu welchen Aufgeregtheiten ich damit bzw. mit der Veröffentlichung im Sprachreport (4/2002: 4-10) und im Internet (http://www.phil-fak.uniduesseldorf.de/germ1/mitarbeiter/niehr/anglizismen. html) Anlass geben würde. Ich hatte in dieser Veröffentlichung aufgezeigt, dass die Kriterien, die der Verein deutsche sprache (VDS) zur Grundlage seiner sprachkritischen Beurteilung von Anglizismen heranzieht, nicht nur einer linguistischen Überprüfung nicht standhalten, sondern auch für die Sprachpraxis völlig ungeeignet sind."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Anglizismus",
"Sprachkritik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-18533539X"
] | [
[
"Internet",
"Internet"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12399 | Gibt es nichtmediale Kommunikation? | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es, zu einer neuerlichen Diskussion der Begriffe 'Medium' und 'Kommunikation' in der Linguistik beizutragen. Dabei versuche ich insbesondere, den philosophisch-kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskurs, in welchem die Themen 'Medialität' und 'Perfonnanz' seit längerer Zeit intensiv diskutiert werden, zu dem in der Angewandten Linguistik geläufigen Modell der Kommunikationsformen in Beziehung zu setzen und Möglichkeiten einer Verbindung dieser beiden Diskurse zumindest anzudeuten. Der Aufsatz gliedert sich in vier Abschnitte: Zunächst werden einige geläufige Mediendefinitionen vorgestellt. Im zweiten Kapitel stelle ich dann die Frage 'Ist Kommunikation ein Transportvorgang?', um auf dieser Grundlage im dritten Kapitel eine alternative Medienkonzeption vorzustellen. Im letzten Kapitel wird dieser Medienbegriff dann sowohl vom Begriff des Zeichensystems, als auch von dem der Kommunikationsform abgegrenzt."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Kommunikationsforschung",
"Medien"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13307904X",
"bllo:bll-133087697",
"bllo:bll-133101010"
] | [
[
"Communication",
"Kommunikation"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
],
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12400 | Language and mediality : on the medial status of "everyday language" | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The medium of (oral) language is mostly disregarded (or overlooked) in contemporary media theories. This \"ignoring of language\" in media studies is often accompanied by an inadequate transport model of communication, and it converges with an \"ignoring of mediality\" in mentalistic theories of language. In the present article it will be argued that this misleading opposition of language and media can only be overcome if one already regards oral language, not just written language, as a medium of the human mind. In my argumentation I fall back on Wittgenstein’s conception of language games to try to show how Wittgenstein’s ideas can help us to clear up the problem of the mediality of language and also to show to what extent the mentalistic conception of Chomskyan provenance cannot be adequate to the phenomenon of language."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Methodologie",
"Sprachphilosophie"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13307434X",
"bllo:Human",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Written",
"bllo:Opposition",
"bllo:bll-13307904X"
] | [
[
"Middle voice",
"Medium"
],
[
"Human",
"Menschlich"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Written language",
"Geschriebene Sprache"
],
[
"Opposition",
"Opposition"
],
[
"Communication",
"Kommunikation"
]
] | [
[
"VoiceFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"HumannessFeature",
"SemanticFeature",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"ModalityTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Voice feature",
"Genus verbi"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Humanness feature",
"Menschlichkeit"
],
[
"Semantic feature",
"Semantisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Semantic phenomenon",
"Semantisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SemanticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12401 | [On the normativity of language rules : is speaking a "rule-governed" activity?] | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Ausgangspunkt: Die Kritik am \"Zwei-Welten-Modell\": Die grundlegende linguistische Unterscheidung zwischen \"Sprache\" und \"Sprechen\" ist im Rahmen der neueren Debatten um Sprachmedialität wieder verstärkt thematisiert und kritisiert worden. Lässt sich dieses schulbildende, in der Linguistik geradezu eherne Begriffspaar überhaupt noch sinnvollerweise aufrechterhalten? Oder muss es mindestens umdefiniert, vielleicht sogar gänzlich verworfen werden? Hat sich insbesondere die auf Chomsky zurückgehende Unterscheidung von Sprachkompetenz und -performanz nicht von selbst ad absurdum geführt, nachdem der linguistische Kognitivismus chomskyscher Provenienz Sprache als lebendiges Phänomen, als Medium menschlicher Kommunikation, vollständig aus dem Blick verloren hat? Führt nicht schon die scheinbar harmlose linguistische Differenzierung zwischen einer Sprachregel und ihrer Anwendung zu einer irreführenden und unangemessenen Verdinglichung von Sprache? ...",
"In her book Sprache, Sprechakt, Kommunikation S. Krämer argues that most linguistic theories of the twentieth century can be put into two categories: proponents and opponents of a language conception she calls the \"Zwei-Welten-Modell\". Krämer herself rejects this model, which has – as she points out – two main characteristics:\r\n1) \"Language\" and \"speech\" constitute a dualistic schema. In this sense there is \"a language behind speech\".\r\n2) Language precedes speech, competence precedes performance – logically and genealogically.\r\nI agree with Krämer's rejection of this model, but the conclusions she draws are too far-reaching in my opinion. Rejecting the \"Zwei-Welten-Modell\", she takes too strong a stand for performance, so that her own argumentation becomes one-sided and is not able to grasp the structural and the normative aspect of language sufficiently. For instance, she appeals to Wittgenstein in this context to claim that language rules are not normative at all, not even in the sense of felicity conditions in speech act theories (Krämer 2001: 130). My paper can be understood as a critical reply to this radical anti-normativism formulated by Krämer. Such an anti-normativism is neither plausible, nor is it Wittgenstein's view. As an alternative to this I try to develop a view that takes into account the normative aspect of rule-following without getting caught up in the misleading \"Zwei-Welten-Modell\". Here I focus on the concept of implicit rules. Is it totally wrong to say that speaking is a \"rule-governed\" activity? If not, what does \"rule-governed\" mean in this context? Krämer's criticism of the \"Zwei-Welten-Modell\" is right; but the speech act theory is too fruitful to be thrown overboard without further ado."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatiktheorie",
"Sprechakttheorie"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13307434X",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:bll-133073475",
"bllo:bll-13307904X",
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:Even",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-202330354"
] | [
[
"Middle voice",
"Medium"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Aspect",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Communication",
"Kommunikation"
],
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Even",
"Even"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Verbal behaviour",
"Sprechen"
]
] | [
[
"VoiceFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"AspectFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133088472",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Voice feature",
"Genus verbi"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Aspect feature",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tungus",
"Tungusisch"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12402 | Was ist ein sprachlicher Fehler? : Anmerkungen zu populärer Sprachkritik am Beispiel der Kolumnensammlung von Bastian Sick | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Woher kommt das neuerwachte Interesse an Sprachrichtigkeit? Woher kommt die ausgeprägte sprachliche Unsicherheit, die auch bei vielen hochgebildeten Menschen den Wunsch entstehen lässt, von Sprachpflegern über ihr Ureigenstes, nämlich ihre Muttersprache, belehrt zu werden? Obwohl Antworten auf diese Fragen letztlich spekulativ bleiben, wage ich doch die These, dass eine Ursache hierfür die Rechtschreibreform ist, die von einem Großteil der Bevölkerung nach wie vor nicht angenommen wird, die insgesamt weder zur Vereinfachung noch zu einer höheren Einheitlichkeit geführt hat; die aber andererseits ein öffentliches Nachdenken und Diskutieren über Sprachrichtigkeit in Gang setzte. – Jedenfalls ist die Verunsicherung ein Faktum, das von Linguisten nicht ignoriert werden sollte."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachkritik",
"Sprachwandel",
"Sprachpflege"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
12403 | Die Unhintergehbarkeit der 'normalen Sprache' : ein Beitrag zum Medienbegriff | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Nicht zuletzt durch die Entwicklung und Verbreitung der sogenannten Neuen Medien ist das Thema 'Medialität' im gesamten Bereich der Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften virulent geworden. Im Rahmen der aktuellen Diskurse um den Begriff des Mediums ist zu beobachten, daß dieser Ausdruck häufig unterschiedslos auf so verschiedene Referenzobjekte wie Internet, Fernsehen, Printmedien, Computer, Schrift, Bilder, Schallwellen u. v. a. bezogen wird. Das Medium orale Sprache gerät dabei sonderbarerweise häufig aus dem Blickfeld. - Warum ist dies so?"
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachphilosophie",
"Medien"
] | [
"bllo:bll-18533539X",
"bllo:WritingSystem",
"bllo:bll-13307434X",
"bllo:bll-133101010"
] | [
[
"Internet",
"Internet"
],
[
"Writing system",
"Schrift"
],
[
"Middle voice",
"Medium"
],
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LinguisticSystem",
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"VoiceFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Linguistic system",
"Linguistisches System"
],
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Voice feature",
"Genus verbi"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12437 | A mission for grammar writing : early approaches to Inuit (Eskimo) languages | eng | doc-type:workingPaper | [
"The Inuit inhabit a vast area of--from a European point of view--most inhospitable land, stretching from the northeastern tip of Asia to the east coast of Greenland. Inuit peoples have never been numerous, their settlements being scattered over enormous distances. But nevertheless, from an ethnological point of view, all Inuit peoples shared a distinct culture, featuring sea mammal and caribou hunting, sophisticated survival skills, technical and social devices, including the sharing of essential goods and strategies for minimizing and controlling aggression."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Eskimo",
"Inuit-Sprache"
] | [
"bllo:bll-341091448"
] | [
[
"Culture",
"Kultur"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12438 | Arguments and information management in Inuktitut | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Research on a variety of structurally different languages suggests that information is assigned to grammatical form in way of preferred representations of arguments. These preferences can be captured by four interacting constraints which are based on the analysis of spoken and written discourse. These constraints represent measurable discourse preferences: pragmatically unmarked utterances seem to follow them blindly and widely. Consequently, the preferences motivating these constraints seem to represent the default structuring of discourse in immediate relation to elementary grammatical form. Discourse is no longer viewed as acting upon grammatical form, but as being ‘grammatical’ itself."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Inuktitut"
] | [
"bllo:bll-195090896"
] | [
[
"Shape",
"Form"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12439 | Is Inuktitut a morphological argument language? | eng | doc-type:report | [
"In the following I will discuss grammatical structures of Inuktitut, an Eskimo language spoken in the Canadian Eastern Arctic. Inuktitut is a polysynthetic language exhibiting an exceedingly elaborate verbal inflectional system including polypersonal marking. Furthermore, Inuktitut features free word order and optionality of noun phrases crossreferenced with the predicate. But Inuktitut also exhibits a number of features which seem to contradict the possibility of its being a \"pronominal argument language\" -- or as I would prefer to express it, a morphological argument language."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Inuktitut"
] | [
"bllo:Noun",
"bllo:bll-133073947",
"bllo:Word",
"bllo:bll-13311905X",
"bllo:bll-133073408",
"bllo:Eskimo",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:Inuktitut"
] | [
[
"Noun",
"Nomen"
],
[
"Word order",
"Wortfolge"
],
[
"Word",
"Wort"
],
[
"Predicate",
"Prädikat"
],
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
],
[
"Eskimo",
"Eskimo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Inuktitut",
"Inuktitut"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133094367",
"bll-133095452",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-335853242",
"Eskimo",
"bll-133094367",
"bll-133095452",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Eskimo-Aleut languages",
"Eskimo-Aleutische Sprachen"
],
[
"Paleoasiatic languages",
"Paläoasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Inuit-Inupiaq",
"Inuit-Inupiaq"
],
[
"Eskimo",
"Eskimo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Eskimo-Aleut languages",
"Eskimo-Aleutische Sprachen"
],
[
"Paleoasiatic languages",
"Paläoasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12440 | Relating propositions : subordination and coordination strategies in a polysynthetic language | eng | doc-type:workingPaper | [
"This paper discusses the relationship between the morphological structure of language and its syntactic structure. Although it is primarily a single language which is analysed in detail, namely, Inuktitut, an Eskimo language of the Canadian Eastern Arctic, the findings seem to be of general relevance."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Inuktitut"
] | [
"bllo:Inuktitut",
"bllo:Eskimo"
] | [
[
"Inuktitut",
"Inuktitut"
],
[
"Eskimo",
"Eskimo-Sprachen"
]
] | [
[
"bll-335853242",
"Eskimo",
"bll-133094367",
"bll-133095452",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133094367",
"bll-133095452",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Inuit-Inupiaq",
"Inuit-Inupiaq"
],
[
"Eskimo",
"Eskimo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Eskimo-Aleut languages",
"Eskimo-Aleutische Sprachen"
],
[
"Paleoasiatic languages",
"Paläoasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Eskimo-Aleut languages",
"Eskimo-Aleutische Sprachen"
],
[
"Paleoasiatic languages",
"Paläoasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12445 | Norwegian retroflexion : licensing by cue or prosody? | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"A common topic in recent literature on phonology is the question of whether phonological processes and segments are licensed by prosodic position or by perceptual cues. The former is the traditional view, as represented by e.g. Lombardi (1995) and Beckman (1998), and holds that segments occur in specific prosodic positions such as the coda. In a licensing by cue approach, as represented by Steriade (1995, 1999), on the other hand, segments are assumed to occur in those positions only where their perceptual cues are prominent, independent of the prosodic position. In positions where the cues are not salient, neutralization occurs."
] | ddc:439 | [
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133072827",
"bllo:bll-133113728",
"bllo:Neutralisation"
] | [
[
"Phonology",
"Phonologie"
],
[
"Licensing",
"Lizenzierung"
],
[
"Neutralization",
"Neutralisation"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalTheory",
"TheoreticalFramework",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological theory",
"Phonologische Theorie"
],
[
"Theoretical framework",
"Theoretischer Ansatz"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
12447 | How do voiced retroflex stops evolve? Evidence from typology and an articulatory study | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory and aerodynamic requirements for voiced but not voiceless alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East-Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) did not necessarily emerge from implosives, as argued by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983). Instead, we propose that the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favours retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Voiced",
"bllo:bll-133088979",
"bllo:Malayo-Polynesian",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133076989",
"bllo:Voiceless",
"bllo:bll-230708331",
"bllo:Afar",
"bllo:bll-133111784"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Voiced",
"Stimmhaft"
],
[
"Dental",
"Dental"
],
[
"Malayo-Polynesian",
"Malayo-Polynesisch"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Alveolar",
"Alveolar"
],
[
"Voiceless",
"Stimmlos"
],
[
"Dhao",
"Dhao"
],
[
"Afar",
"Afar"
],
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"VoicingFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133078795",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"VoicingFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-223881716",
"CentralMalayo-Polynesian",
"bll-353108294",
"Malayo-Polynesian",
"bll-133078795",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133087093",
"EastCushitic",
"bll-133112586",
"bll-133074870",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Voicing feature",
"Stimmhaftigkeit"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Austronesian languages",
"Austronesische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Voicing feature",
"Stimmhaftigkeit"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Bima-Sumba languages",
"Bima-Sumba-Sprachen"
],
[
"Central Malayo-Polynesian",
"Zentral-Malayo-Polynesisch"
],
[
"Central-Eastern Austronesian languages",
"Zentral-Ost-Austronesische Sprachen"
],
[
"Malayo-Polynesian",
"Malayo-Polynesisch"
],
[
"Austronesian languages",
"Austronesische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Saho-Afar",
"Saho-Afar"
],
[
"East Cushitic",
"Ostkuschitisch"
],
[
"Cushitic languages",
"Kuschitische Sprachen"
],
[
"Afro-Asiatic languages",
"Afroasiatische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12448 | Variation in the perception of an L2 contrast : a combined phonetic and phonological account | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The present study argues that variation across listeners in the perception of a non-native contrast is due to two factors: the listener-specic weighting of auditory dimensions and the listener-specic construction of new segmental representations. The interaction of both factors is shown to take place in the perception grammar, which can be modelled within an OT framework. These points are illustrated with the acquisition of the Dutch three-member labiodental contrast [V v f] by German learners of Dutch, focussing on four types of learners from the perception study by Hamann and Sennema (2005a)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-31572529X",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133112675",
"bllo:bll-133116948"
] | [
[
"Perception",
"Wahrnehmung"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Labiodental",
"Labiodental"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Niederländisch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133112659",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Labial",
"Labial"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12449 | The phonetics and phonology of retroflexes : Fonetiek en fonologie van retroflexen (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) | eng | doc-type:book | [
"At the outset of this dissertation one might pose the question why retroflex consonants should still be of interest for phonetics and for phonological theory since ample work on this segmental class already exists. Bhat (1973) conducted a quite extensive study on retroflexion that treated the geographical spread of this class, some phonological processes its members can undergo, and the phonetic motivation for these processes. Furthermore, several phonological representations of retroflexes have been proposed in the framework of Feature Geometry, as in work by Sagey (1986), Pulleyblank (1989), Gnanadesikan (1993), and Clements (2001). Most recently, Steriade (1995, 2001) has discussed the perceptual cues of retroflexes and has argued that the distribution of these cues can account for the phonotactic restrictions on retroflexes and their assimilatory behaviour. Purely phonetically oriented studies such as Dixit (1990) and Simonsen, Moen & Cowen (2000) have shown the large articulatory variation that can be found for retroflexes and hint at the insufficiency of existing definitions."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:Motivation",
"bllo:bll-133072576",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:PhonologicalTheory",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133077136",
"bllo:Distribution"
] | [
[
"Motivation",
"Motiviertheit"
],
[
"Phonetics",
"Phonetik"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Phonological theory",
"Phonologische Theorie"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Work",
"Arbeit"
],
[
"Distribution",
"Distribution"
]
] | [
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"TheoreticalFramework",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Theoretical framework",
"Theoretischer Ansatz"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
12453 | Loanword adaptation as first-language phonological perception | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"We show that loanword adaptation can be understood entirely in terms of phonological and phonetic comprehension and production mechanisms in the first language. We provide explicit accounts of several loanword adaptation phenomena (in Korean) in terms of an Optimality-Theoretic grammar model with the same three levels of representation that are needed to describe L1 phonology: the underlying form, the phonological surface form, and the auditory-phonetic form. The model is bidirectional, i.e., the same constraints and rankings are used by the listener and by the speaker. These constraints and rankings are the same for L1 processing and loanword adaptation."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Lehnwort"
] | [
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-195090896",
"bllo:bll-133111733",
"bllo:bll-133072827"
] | [
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Shape",
"Form"
],
[
"Korean",
"Koreanisch"
],
[
"Phonology",
"Phonologie"
]
] | [
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Koreanic",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Koreanic",
"Koreanische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
12454 | Modelling the formation of phonotactic restrictions across the mental lexicon | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Experimental data shows that adult learners of an artificial language with a phonotactic restriction learned this restriction better when being trained on word types (e.g. when they were presented with 80 different words twice each) than when being trained on word tokens (e.g. when presented with 40 different words four times each) (Hamann & Ernestus submitted). These findings support Pierrehumbert’s (2003) observation that phonotactic co-occurrence restrictions are formed across lexical entries, since only lexical levels of representation can be sensitive to type frequencies."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:Word"
] | [
[
"Word",
"Wort"
]
] | [
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12455 | An acoustic study of plain and palatalized sibilants in Ocotepec Mixe | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In Ocotepec Mixe, the stem-initial sibilants /s tÉs ß/ undergo a palatalization process when the prefix /j/ is added. Descriptions of other Mixe languages report that this palatalization is realized either as addition of a glide (in the case of the alveolar and retroflex sibilants) or as a change in the primary place of articulation (in the case of the affricate). The acoustic measurements in the present study indicate that all palatalized sibilants in Ocotepec have an additional glide, unless they are followed by the high front vowel(s) /i (e)/, and that both the affricate and retroflex fricative show a consistent change in primary place of articulation under palatalization."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Zischlaut"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133106098",
"bllo:bll-13311760X",
"bllo:bll-133072959",
"bllo:bll-133073009",
"bllo:bll-133073424",
"bllo:bll-133073521",
"bllo:bll-133098664",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133076989",
"bllo:bll-13307613X"
] | [
[
"Mixe",
"Mixe"
],
[
"Palatalization",
"Palatalisierung"
],
[
"Vowel",
"Vokal"
],
[
"Glide",
"Halbvokal"
],
[
"Case",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Prefix",
"Präfix"
],
[
"Fricative",
"Frikativa"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Alveolar",
"Alveolar"
],
[
"Affricate",
"Affrikata"
]
] | [
[
"Mixe-Zoque",
"bll-133075117",
"bll-133107264",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Segment",
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133122948",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073513",
"bll-133073378",
"MorphologicalCategory",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Mixe-Zoque",
"Mixe-Zoque"
],
[
"Indigenous languages of North and Central America",
"Indigene Sprachen Nordamerikas und Zentralamerikas"
],
[
"Native American languages",
"Indigene amerikanische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Speech sound",
"Sprachlaut"
],
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Sonorant",
"Sonorant"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Affix",
"Affix"
],
[
"Morpheme",
"Morphem"
],
[
"Morphological category",
"Morphologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12456 | The evolution of auditory contrast | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper reconciles the standpoint that language users do not aim at improving their sound systems with the observation that languages seem to improve their sound systems. Computer simulations of inventories of sibilants show that Optimality-Theoretic learners who optimize their perception grammars automatically introduce a so-called prototype effect, i.e. the phenomenon that the learner’s preferred auditory realization of a certain phonological category is more peripheral than the average auditory realization of this category in her language environment. In production, however, this prototype effect is counteracted by an articulatory effect that limits the auditory form to something that is not too difficult to pronounce. If the prototype effect and the articulatory effect are of a different size, the learner must end up with an auditorily different sound system from that of her language environment. The computer simulations show that, independently of the initial auditory sound system, a stable equilibrium is reached within a small number of generations. In this stable state, the dispersion of the sibilants of the language strikes an optimal balance between articulatory ease and auditory contrast. The important point is that this is derived within a model without any goal-oriented elements such as dispersion constraints."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Prototype",
"bllo:bll-195090896",
"bllo:bll-31572529X",
"bllo:bll-133084698",
"bllo:bll-133073408",
"bllo:bll-217289088",
"bllo:PhonologicalCategory"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Prototype",
"Prototyp"
],
[
"Shape",
"Form"
],
[
"Perception",
"Wahrnehmung"
],
[
"State",
"Zustandsbezeichnung"
],
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
],
[
"Initial",
"Initiale"
],
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Abbreviation",
"Residual",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Abbreviation",
"Abkürzung"
],
[
"Residual",
"Restkategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12457 | The diachronic emergence of retroflex segments in three languages | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The present study shows that though retroflex segments can be considered articulatorily marked, there are perceptual reasons why languages introduce this class into their phoneme inventory. This observation is illustrated with the diachronic developments of retroflexes in Norwegian (North- Germanic), Nyawaygi (Australian) and Minto-Nenana (Athapaskan). The developments in these three languages are modelled in a perceptually oriented phonological theory, since traditional articulatorily-based features cannot deal with such processes."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:PhonologicalTheory",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:bll-133072843",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133098036",
"bllo:bll-133118428",
"bllo:bll-133117081",
"bllo:bll-133070166"
] | [
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Phonological theory",
"Phonologische Theorie"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phoneme",
"Segment"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Athapaskan",
"Athapaskisch"
],
[
"Phoneme inventory",
"Phoneminventar"
],
[
"Norwegian",
"Norwegisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
]
] | [
[
"TheoreticalFramework",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Athabaskan-Eyak",
"bll-133075117",
"bll-133107264",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"NorthGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Theoretical framework",
"Theoretischer Ansatz"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Athabaskan-Eyak",
"Athabaskan-Eyak"
],
[
"Indigenous languages of North and Central America",
"Indigene Sprachen Nordamerikas und Zentralamerikas"
],
[
"Native American languages",
"Indigene amerikanische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"North Germanic",
"Nordgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12458 | The violability of backness in retroflex consonants | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper addresses remarks made by Flemming (2003) to the effect that his analysis of the interaction between retroflexion and vowel backness is superior to that of Hamann (2003b). While Hamann maintained that retroflex articulations are always back, Flemming adduces phonological as well as phonetic evidence to prove that retroflex consonants can be non-back and even front (i.e. palatalised). The present paper, however, shows that the phonetic evidence fails under closer scrutiny. A closer consideration of the phonological evidence shows, by making a principled distinction between articulatory and perceptual drives, that a reanalysis of Flemming’s data in terms of unviolated retroflex backness is not only possible but also simpler with respect to the number of language-specific stipulations."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133073408",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:Even",
"bllo:bll-133072959"
] | [
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Even",
"Even"
],
[
"Vowel",
"Vokal"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133088472",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"Segment",
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tungus",
"Tungusisch"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Speech sound",
"Sprachlaut"
],
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12460 | Acoustic differences between German and Dutch labiodentals | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The present article is a follow-up study of the investigation of labiodentals in German and Dutch by Hamann & Sennema (2005), where we looked at the perception of the Dutch labiodental three-way contrast by German listeners without any knowledge of Dutch and German learners of Dutch."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-197692737",
"bllo:bll-31572529X",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:bll-133112675",
"bllo:bll-133116948"
] | [
[
"Knowledge",
"Wissen"
],
[
"Perception",
"Wahrnehmung"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Labiodental",
"Labiodental"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Niederländisch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133112659",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Labial",
"Labial"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12461 | Voiced labiodental fricatives or glides – all the same to Germans | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Dutch has a three-way contrast in labiodental sounds, which causes problems for native speakers of German in their acquisition of Dutch, since German contrasts only two labiodentals. The present study investigates the perception of the Dutch labiodental fricative system by German L2 learners of Dutch and shows that native Germans with no or little knowledge of the Dutch language categorize the Dutch labiodental voiced fricative and approximant as their native voiced fricative. Advanced learners, however, succeed in acquiring a category for the voiced fricative, illustrating that plasticity in the perception of a second language develops with the amount of exposure to the language."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:Voiced",
"bllo:bll-197692737",
"bllo:bll-31572529X",
"bllo:bll-133098664",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133112675",
"bllo:bll-133116948"
] | [
[
"Voiced",
"Stimmhaft"
],
[
"Knowledge",
"Wissen"
],
[
"Perception",
"Wahrnehmung"
],
[
"Fricative",
"Frikativa"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Labiodental",
"Labiodental"
],
[
"Dutch",
"Niederländisch"
]
] | [
[
"VoicingFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133112659",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Voicing feature",
"Stimmhaftigkeit"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Labial",
"Labial"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12462 | Airflow in stop-vowel sequences of German | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This study reports on the results of an airflow experiment that measured the duration of airflow and the amount of air from release of a stop to the beginning of a following vowel in stop vowel-sequences of German."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133127532",
"bllo:bll-133072959",
"bllo:bll-133070158"
] | [
[
"Stop",
"Verschlusslaut"
],
[
"Vowel",
"Vokal"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Segment",
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Speech sound",
"Sprachlaut"
],
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12463 | The phonetic motivation for phonological stop assibilation | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In the following study we present the results of three acoustic experiments with native speakers of German and Polish which support implications (a) and (b). In our experiments we measured the friction phase after the /t d/ release before the onset of the following high front vocoid for four speakers of German and Polish. We found that the friction phase for /tj/ was significantly longer than that of /ti/, and that the friction phase of /t/ in the assibilation context is significantly longer than that of /d/."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133078272",
"bllo:bll-133118894",
"bllo:bll-133070158"
] | [
[
"Assibilation",
"Assibilation"
],
[
"Polish",
"Polnisch"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-290184835",
"bll-133073041",
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Spirantization",
"Spirantisierung"
],
[
"Consonant alternation",
"Konsonantenwechsel"
],
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Slavic",
"Westslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12464 | German glide formation functionally viewed | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Glide formation, a process whereby an underlying high front vowel is realized as a palatal glide, is shown to occur only in unstressed prevocalic position in German, and to be blocked by specific surface restrictions such as *ji and *“j. Traditional descriptions of glide formation (including derivational as well as Optimality theoretic approaches) refer to the syllable in order to capture its conditions. The present study illustrates that glide formation (plus the distribution of long and short tense /i/) in German can better be captured in a Functional Phonology account (Boersma 1998) which makes reference to stress instead of the syllable and thus overcomes problems of former approaches."
] | ddc:430 | [
"Phonem"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133073068",
"bllo:bll-133072959",
"bllo:bll-133073009",
"bllo:bll-133073165",
"bllo:bll-133087352",
"bllo:Tense",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133072827",
"bllo:bll-133117596",
"bllo:bll-133120139",
"bllo:Distribution"
] | [
[
"Syllable",
"Silbe"
],
[
"Vowel",
"Vokal"
],
[
"Glide",
"Halbvokal"
],
[
"Stress",
"Tonstärke"
],
[
"Functional phonology",
"Funktionale Phonologie"
],
[
"Tense",
"Gespannt"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Phonology",
"Phonologie"
],
[
"Palatal",
"Palatal"
],
[
"Reference",
"Referenz"
],
[
"Distribution",
"Distribution"
]
] | [
[
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"Segment",
"PhonologicalCategory",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133122948",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"ProsodicPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"PhonologicalTheory",
"TheoreticalFramework",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"TensenessFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-13309121X",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"SemanticRelation",
"SemanticPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Speech sound",
"Sprachlaut"
],
[
"Phonological category",
"Phonologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Sonorant",
"Sonorant"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Prosodic phenomenon",
"Prosodisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological theory",
"Phonologische Theorie"
],
[
"Theoretical framework",
"Theoretischer Ansatz"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Tenseness feature",
"Spannung"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Dorsal",
"Dorsal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Semantic relation",
"Semantische Relation"
],
[
"Semantic phenomenon",
"Semantisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"SemanticPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
12465 | Towards a typology of stop assibilation | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In this article we propose that there are two universal properties for phonological stop assibilations, namely (i) assibilations cannot be triggered by /i/ unless they are also triggered by /j/, and (ii) voiced stops cannot undergo assibilations unless voiceless ones do. The article presents typological evidence from assibilations in 45 languages supporting both (i) and (ii). It is argued that assibilations are to be captured in the Optimality Theoretic framework by ranking markedness constraints grounded in perception which penalize sequences like [ti] ahead of a faith constraint which militates against the change from /t/ to some sibilant sound. The occurring language types predicted by (i) and (ii) will be shown to involve permutations of the rankings between several different markedness constraints and the one faith constraint. The article demonstrates that there exist several logically possible assibilation types which are ruled out because they would involve illicit rankings."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Zischlaut"
] | [
"bllo:Voiced",
"bllo:bll-133122492",
"bllo:bll-31572529X",
"bllo:bll-133078272",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Markedness",
"bllo:Universal",
"bllo:Constraint",
"bllo:Voiceless",
"bllo:bll-133127532"
] | [
[
"Voiced",
"Stimmhaft"
],
[
"Sibilant",
"Sibilant"
],
[
"Perception",
"Wahrnehmung"
],
[
"Assibilation",
"Assibilation"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Markedness",
"Markiertheit"
],
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
],
[
"Constraint",
"Constraint"
],
[
"Voiceless",
"Stimmlos"
],
[
"Stop",
"Verschlusslaut"
]
] | [
[
"VoicingFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-290184835",
"bll-133073041",
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"VoicingFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133117154",
"MannerFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Voicing feature",
"Stimmhaftigkeit"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Spirantization",
"Spirantisierung"
],
[
"Consonant alternation",
"Konsonantenwechsel"
],
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Voicing feature",
"Stimmhaftigkeit"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Obstruent",
"Obstruent"
],
[
"Manner feature",
"Artikulationsmodus"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12519 | Perceptual and acoustic cues of Polish coronal fricatives | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"On the basis of perceptual experiments we show that alveolo-palatal fricatives and palatalized post-alveolars are two separate sounds which are distinguished not only by Polish native speakers but also by German ones. This claim is partly attested by centre of gravity measurements of the two sibilants. In this paper we revise the claim made by Halle & Stevens [1] and Maddieson & Ladefoged [2] that the Polish alveolo-palatal fricatives [˛, ¸] are palatalized postalveolars [SJ, ZJ]. On the basis of perceptual experiments we show that alveolo-palatal fricatives and palatalized post-alveolars are two separate sounds which are distinguished not only by Polish native speakers but also by German ones. This claim is partly attested by centre of gravity measurements of the two sibilants."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133118894",
"bllo:bll-133070158"
] | [
[
"Polish",
"Polnisch"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
]
] | [
[
"WestSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"West Slavic",
"Westslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12520 | Postalveolar fricatives in Slavic languages as retroflexes | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"The present study poses the question on what phonetic and phonological grounds postalveolar fricatives in Polish can be analyzed as retroflex and whether postalveolar fricatives in other Slavic languages are retroflex as well. Velarization and incompatibility with front vowels are introduced as articulatory criteria for retroflexion, based on crosslinguistic data. According to these criteria, Polish and Russian have retroflex fricatives, whereas Bulgarian and Czech do not. In a phonological representation of these Slavic retroflexes, the necessity of perceptual features is shown. Lastly, it is illustrated that palatalization of retroflex fricatives both in Slavic languages and more generally causes a phonetic and phonological change to a non-retroflex sound."
] | ddc:490 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:bll-13311760X",
"bllo:bll-133127060",
"bllo:bll-133122794",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133118894",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:bll-133126447",
"bllo:bll-133121011",
"bllo:bll-133083667"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Palatalization",
"Palatalisierung"
],
[
"Velarization",
"Velarisierung"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Polish",
"Polnisch"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Czech",
"Tschechisch"
],
[
"Russian",
"Russisch"
],
[
"Bulgarian",
"Bulgarisch"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073041",
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"EastSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"SouthSlavic",
"bll-133122794",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Consonant alternation",
"Konsonantenwechsel"
],
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Slavic",
"Westslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Slavic",
"Westslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"East Slavic",
"Ostslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"South Slavic",
"Südslawisch"
],
[
"Slavic languages",
"Slawische Sprachen"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12521 | Retroflexion and retraction revised | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Arguing against Bhat’s (1974) claim that retroflexion cannot be correlated with retraction, the present article illustrates that retroflexes are always retracted, though retraction is not claimed to be a sufficient criterion for retroflexion. The cooccurrence of retraction with retroflexion is shown to make two further implications; first, that non-velarized retroflexes do not exist, and second, that secondary palatalization of retroflexes is phonetically impossible. The process of palatalization is shown to trigger a change in the primary place of articulation to non-retroflex. Phonologically, retraction has to be represented by the feature specification [+back] for all retroflex segments."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Phonetik",
"Retroflex"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13311760X",
"bllo:bll-133120694",
"bllo:bll-133078108"
] | [
[
"Palatalization",
"Palatalisierung"
],
[
"Retroflex",
"Retroflex"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133074889",
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133111784",
"PlaceFeature",
"ConsonantTypeFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Phoneme alternation",
"Phonemwechsel"
],
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Coronal",
"Koronal"
],
[
"Place feature",
"Artikulationsstelle"
],
[
"Consonant type feature",
"Konsonantenart"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12522 | Nominalization – lexical and syntactic aspects | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The main tenet of the present paper is the thesis that nominalization – like other cases of derivational morphology – is an essentially lexical phenomenon with well defined syntactic (and semantic) conditions and consequences. More specifically, it will be argued that the relation between a verb and the noun derived from it is subject to both systematic and idiosyncratic conditions with respect to lexical as well as syntactic aspects."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Nominalisierung",
"Syntax"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Noun",
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:LexicalPhenomenon",
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:bll-133073351",
"bllo:bll-133116999"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Noun",
"Nomen"
],
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Morphology",
"Morphologie"
],
[
"Nominalization",
"Nominalisierung"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073505",
"bll-133074846",
"MorphologicalProcess",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Derivation",
"Derivation"
],
[
"Word formation",
"Wortbildung"
],
[
"Morphological process",
"Morphologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12523 | Bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Sprache die Grenzen meiner Welt? | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Daß die Sprache Voraussetzung und Grundlage für die Gesamtheit menschlicher Vollzüge und kultureller Gestaltung ist, dieser Gedanke ist nicht erst in der sprachanalytischen Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts zum Thema geworden. Allerdings nimmt er hier mit der These von der Unhintergehbarkeit der Sprache, also der Feststellung, daß nur in der Sprache die Grundlagen der Sprache behandelt und geklärt werden können, einen zentralen Platz ein. Aber die Reihe der Vorläufer ist lang. Herder etwa hatte befunden \"Ohne Sprache hat der Mensch keine Vernunft, und ohne Vernunft keine Sprache.\" (1772), und Heidegger hat in seiner raunenden Art die Sprache zum \"Haus des Seins\" (1947) erklärt. Über die möglichen Grenzen dieses unhintergehbaren Mediums haben auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise Ludwig Wittgenstein und Samuel Beckett gegrübelt. Die Titelfrage dieses Beitrags beruht auf Wittgensteins These 5. 6 in der Logisch-philosophischen Abhandlung: Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Psycholinguistik"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
12524 | Linguistik, Poetik, Ästhetik | deu | doc-type:article | [
"The paper briefly summarizes the proposal made in 1965 that \"Poetic Competence\" is the basis for creating and evaluating poetry. That this competence lives on, but is different from linguistic competence is exemplified by a close look at the segmental and supra-segmental, morpho-syntactic, lexical, and conceptual structure of Hölderlin's poem \"An Zimmern\", revealing a surprisingly complex and balanced structure of the apparently simple four lines. The second part of the paper discusses the question whether judgments about poetry are to be studied as based on the relation between specific properties of poems and persons. Finally the problem is raised, whether literary art is based on a specific Poetic Competence, or instantiates a general aesthetic ability applied to linguistic objects. This is construed as a speculative, but still empirical question."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Ästhetik",
"Poetik"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
12525 | Semantic form as interface | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The term interface had a remarkable career over the past several decades, motivated largely by its use in computer science. Although the concept of a \"surface common to two areas\" (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 1980) is intuitively clear enough, the range of its application is not very sharp and well defined, a \"common surface\" is open to a wide range of interpretations."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Semantik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:Dictionary"
] | [
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Dictionary",
"Wörterbuch"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LexicalOrConceptualResource",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
12526 | Thematic roles – universal, particular, and idiosyncratic aspects | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Thematic Roles (or Theta-Roles) are theoretical constructs that account for a variety of well known empirical facts, which are more or less clearly delimited. In other words, Theta-Roles are not directly observable, but they do have empirical content that is open to empirical observation. The objective of the present paper is to sketch the nature and content of Theta-Roles, distinguishing their universal foundation as part of the language faculty, their language particular realization, which depends on the conditions of individual languages, and idiosyncratic properties, determined by specific information of individual lexical items."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Semantik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Universal"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
] |
12527 | German reflexives as proper and improper arguments | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Reflexive pronouns as central anaphoric elements are subject to general principles determined by Universal Grammar and shared by all languages that use reflexives as part of their grammatical structure. In addition to these general conditions, there are language particular properties, which different languages can exhibit on the basis of different regulations. One variation of this sort is the particular role of Reflexives in German, which can show up as improper Arguments, which are subject to standard syntactic and morphological conditions, but do not represent an argument of the head they belong to. Hence the particular property is the effect of syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions. A simple illustration of the phenomena I will explore in this contribution is based on the following observation."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Lexikologie",
"Reflexivpronomen"
] | [
"bllo:Universal",
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133070158"
] | [
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
],
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
]
] | [
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12528 | BECOME and its presuppositions | eng | doc-type:report | [
"In hindsight, the debate about presupposition following Frege’s discovery that the referential function of names and definite descriptions depended on the fulfillment of an existence and a uniqueness condition was curiously limited for a very long time. On the one hand, it was only in the 1960s that linguists began to take an interest and showed that presupposition was an allpervasive phenomenon far beyond this philosophers’ pet definite descriptions. And on the other hand, and this is our real concern, it is now only too obvious that the uniqueness condition is too restrictive to be applicable to the general case. An utterance of “The cat is on the mat” should not imply that there is only one cat and one mat in the whole world. The obvious move is to limit the uniqueness condition to some notion of utterance context."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Semantik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101010",
"bllo:bll-133087697",
"bllo:bll-133073424"
] | [
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
],
[
"Case",
"Kasus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"CaseFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12529 | Generative grammar | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Generative Grammar is the label of the most influential research program in linguistics and related fields in the second half of the 20. century. Initiated by a short book, Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1957), it became one of the driving forces among the disciplines jointly called the cognitive sciences. The term generative grammar refers to an explicit, formal characterization of the (largely implicit) knowledge determining the formal aspect of all kinds of language behavior. The program had a strong mentalist orientation right from the beginning, documented e.g. in a fundamental critique of Skinner's Verbal behavior (1957) by Chomsky (1959), arguing that behaviorist stimulus-response-theories could in no way account for the complexities of ordinary language use. The \"Generative Enterprise\", as the program was called in 1982, went through a number of stages, each of which was accompanied by discussions of specific problems and consequences within the narrower domain of linguistics as well as the wider range of related fields, such as ontogenetic development, psychology of language use, or biological evolution. Four stages of the Generative Enterprise can be marked off for expository purposes."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Generative Grammatik",
"Chomsky, Noam"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133073475",
"bllo:bll-197692737",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133073408"
] | [
[
"Aspect",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Knowledge",
"Wissen"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Number",
"Numerus"
]
] | [
[
"AspectFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Aspect feature",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
""
] |
12530 | Das Organ des Denkens und die Grenzen des Ausdrückbaren | deu | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Metaphern bestimmen nicht nur unser alltägliches Leben, etwa wenn wir vom Rad der Geschichte oder der Bühne des Lebens sprechen, sie geben auch nützliche Orientierung in vielen Bereichen der Wissenschaft, von den schwarzen Löchern der Physiker bis zur Computermetapher des Gehirns in der Kognitionswissenschaft. Eine solche Metapher ist auch die Deutung der Sprache als Werkzeug."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Psycholinguistik"
] | [
"bllo:bll-202330354",
"bllo:bll-197234038"
] | [
[
"Verbal behaviour",
"Sprechen"
],
[
"Life",
"Leben"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12531 | Lexical information from a minimalist point of view | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Simplicity as a methodological orientation applies to linguistic theory just as to any other field of research: ‘Occam’s razor’ is the label for the basic heuristic maxim according to which an adequate analysis must ultimately be reduced to indispensible specifications. In this sense, conceptual economy has been a strict and stimulating guideline in the development of Generative Grammar from the very beginning. Halle’s (1959) argument discarding the level of taxonomic phonemics in order to unify two otherwise separate phonological processes is an early characteristic example; a more general notion is that of an evaluation metric introduced in Chomsky (1957, 1975), which relates the relative simplicity of alternative linguistic descriptions systematically to the quest for explanatory adequacy of the theory underlying the descriptions to be evaluated. Further proposals along these lines include the theory of markedness developed in Chomsky and Halle (1968), Kean (1975, 1981), and others, the notion of underspecification proposed e.g. in Archangeli (1984), Farkas (1990), the concept of default values and related notions. An important step promoting this general orientation was the idea of Principles and Parameters developed in Chomsky (1981, 1986), which reduced the notion of language particular rule systems to universal principles, subject merely to parametrization with restricted options, largely related to properties of particular lexical items. On this account, the notion of a simplicity metric is to be dispensed with, as competing analyses of relevant data are now supposed to be essentially excluded by the restrictive system of principles."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatiktheorie"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Underspecification",
"bllo:bll-385494750",
"bllo:bll-133072835",
"bllo:Markedness",
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:Universal",
"bllo:bll-133101010",
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:bll-133120244"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Underspecification",
"Unterspezifikation"
],
[
"Economy",
"Wirtschaft"
],
[
"Theory",
"Theorie"
],
[
"Markedness",
"Markiertheit"
],
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Universal",
"Universalie"
],
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
],
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Rule",
"Regel"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"LinguisticRule",
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Linguistic rule",
"Linguistische Regel"
],
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12533 | The semantics of gradation | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The term 'gradation' is meant to cover a range of phenomena which for the time being I shall call quantitative evaluations regarding dimensions or features. I shall actually be looking into the principles governing the way gradation is expressed in language. The quantitative aspect of the adjectives of dimension occupies a key position which can be systematically explained and this aspect will be the crucial point of the discussion. I shall focus on the various grammatical forms of comparison: comparative, equative, superlative and some related constructions, and indications of measurement and adverbial indications of degree."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Lexikologie"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133106543",
"bllo:bll-133073475",
"bllo:bll-13312486X",
"bllo:bll-133087697",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:bll-133103072",
"bllo:bll-133073564"
] | [
[
"Equative",
"Äquativ"
],
[
"Aspect",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Superlative",
"Superlativ"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Measurement",
"Masseinheit"
],
[
"Comparison",
"Komparation"
]
] | [
[
"DegreeFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"AspectFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"DegreeFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Degree feature",
"Komparation"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Aspect feature",
"Aspekt"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Degree feature",
"Komparation"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
""
] |
12535 | Musik und Sprache. Überlegungen zu ihrer Struktur und Funktionsweise | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Sprache und Musik in ihrer Wirkungsweise und in ihrem Aufbau etwas genauer zu verstehen, indem man sie miteinander vergleicht: das ist das Ziel der Überlegungen, die ich im folgenden anstellen will. Gesichtspunkte für diesen Vergleich entnehme ich vor allem der modernen Sprachwissenschaft."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Kommunikationssystem"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101827",
"bllo:bll-133102203"
] | [
[
"Music",
"Musik"
],
[
"Man",
"Mann"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12536 | Syntactic features in morphology : general problems of so-called pronominal inflection in german | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Morphological analysis of inflectional categories has been for a long time a favored field of classical structuralism. American scholars, in this respect, concentrated on the representation of inflected forms in terms of concatenated morphemes."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Syntax"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133087697"
] | [
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12537 | Some semantic universals of german adjectivals | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The structure of natural languages as studied by linguists is connected in several ways with phenomena outside this domain. Problems of this kind are, to mention only three: (a) the acoustical and physiological interpretation of the primitive elements in which the sound structure is represented; (b) the conceptual or referential interpretation of the primitive elements that build up the meanings of the utterances; (c) the structural relationships that go beyond the single sentences, usually taken as the largest units to be analyzed linguistically, i.e., the question as to the conditions that two or more sentences must meet in order to form a connected text. ..."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Syntax"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133098893",
"bllo:Text",
"bllo:bll-195090896"
] | [
[
"Mossi",
"More"
],
[
"Text",
"Text"
],
[
"Shape",
"Form"
]
] | [
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MediumTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12538 | Sprache – Musik – Bild: Zeichentypen und ihre Konsequenzen | deu | doc-type:preprint | [
"Die drei Bereiche, die hier verglichen werden sollen, entsprechen in etwa der überkommenen Trias von Literatur, Musik und bildender Kunst, einer Gliederung, die im Medienzeitalters mit Videos, CDs, Installationen oder Happenings eigentlich obsolet ist. Allerdings geht es hier nur um die Eigenart der Zeichensysteme, auf denen die verschiedenen Bereiche beruhen, nicht um die Werke, die dadurch möglich werden, obgleich natürlich auch die Kunstwerke im emphatischen Sinn, die bedeutenden und die banalen, die großen und die misslungenen Gestaltungen nur möglich und verstehbar sind aufgrund der Zeichen, auf denen sie beruhen.",
"Characteristic similarities and differences of language, music, and visual art are shown to depend to a large extent on the types of sign systems they rely on. Two major aspects of signs are explored: the nature of their physical signal and the relation between the signal and its meaning, characterized in terms of Peirce’s concept of iconic and symbolic signs. Language, music and pictures are all based on the possibility to combine constituent parts into signs of unlimited complexity. Their compositional principles are radically different, though. Physical signals of language and music are basically acoustic, time-dependent, and linear, while signals of pictures is visual, two-dimensional, and permanent."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Kommunikationsforschung",
"Zeichen"
] | [
"bllo:Complexity",
"bllo:Constituent",
"bllo:bll-133101037",
"bllo:bll-133101827",
"bllo:bll-133101827"
] | [
[
"Complexity",
"Komplexität"
],
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Concept",
"Konzept"
],
[
"Music",
"Musik"
],
[
"Music",
"Musik"
]
] | [
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12539 | Focus markers that link topic and comment | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This talk deals with the interdependence between the pragmatic categories topic and focus as displayed by certain alleged focus marking particles of some West African languages."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101517",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Particles",
"Partikelwörterbuch"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"DictionaryTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12541 | What is it about? The topic in some Ghanaian Gur grammars | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This talk deals with the pragmatic notion topic and its encoding in Buli and some related Ghanaian Gur languages and reveals that it is responsible for several intricate phenomena in the grammar of these languages."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101010",
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:Grammar"
] | [
[
"Notion",
"Begriff"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
] |
12542 | To be or not to be? About the copula system in Buli (Gur) | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This talk concerns the copula system in Buli, a Ghanaian language which has also been attested in Bahia (Rodrigues 1935, Zwernemann 1968). Special focus will be put on the categorization of two copula-reminiscent elements for which I will propose a discoursepragmatic analysis."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13308681X",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Copula",
"Kopula"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133079244",
"bll-133127125",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Auxiliary",
"Auxiliarverb"
],
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12547 | Focus in Gur and Kwa | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"The project investigates focus phenomena in the two genetically relatedWest African Gur and Kwa language groups of the Niger-Congo phylum. Most of its members are tone languages, they are similar with respect to word order typology (all are SVO languages), but of divergent morphological type (agglutinating Gur versus isolating Kwa)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:Word",
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:bll-133073947",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Word",
"Wort"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Word order",
"Wortfolge"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"LexicalCategory",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical category",
"Lexikalische Kategorie"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12549 | Sentence-medial adverbials in Buli (Gur, Northern Ghana) | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Research on adverbials in sentence-medial position in the North- Ghanaian Gur language Buli suggests that the language offers two divergent slots for adverbials between subject and verb. Special attention is paid to the group of sentence-medial deictic temporal adverbials. While they have the potential to develop into tense markers, this process seems to depend on special information structural conditions."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:Tense",
"bllo:bll-133127125"
] | [
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Tense",
"Gespannt"
],
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
]
] | [
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"TensenessFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Tenseness feature",
"Spannung"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12550 | Vom GURren und KWAken und anderen Zungen | deu | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Wenngleich Brigitte Reineke vieler Zungen mächtig ist, möchte ich mich im Folgenden der von ihr Zeit ihres Lebens besonders präferierten Gruppe der Gur- und Kwasprachen und ihren aktuellen Forschungsinteressen in diesen widmen."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133087697"
] | [
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12554 | Focal aspects in the Lelemi verb system | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"In our presentation we will outline the verb system of Lelemi and concentrate on certain “focal” aspects which are of primary interest to us. Lelemi has two TAMP paradigms: one constituting the so-called “simple tenses”, the other the so-called “relative tenses” (Allan 1973), although not every “simple tense” has a counterpart in the “relative tenses”. The simple paradigm is formed by subject prefixes (prefixed pronouns for 1st or 2nd person and noun class pronouns for 3rd persons) and the verb form whereas the relative paradigm is build up by the obligatory use of an external subject noun, an invariable verb prefix, and the verb form. While the simple paradigm is used in quite a lot of syntactic environments the relative paradigm only shows up in relative clauses with the subject being the head as well as in subject and sentence focus constructions including questions concerning the subject. We will show some interesting interactions between the grammatical expression of focus and the verb system and sketch the grammaticalisation path of the morpheme nà."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:Noun",
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:Sentence",
"bllo:bll-133073378",
"bllo:bll-195090896",
"bllo:bll-133073521",
"bllo:bll-133124703",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:PersonFeature",
"bllo:Tense"
] | [
[
"Noun",
"Nomen"
],
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Sentence",
"Satz"
],
[
"Morpheme",
"Morphem"
],
[
"Shape",
"Form"
],
[
"Prefix",
"Präfix"
],
[
"Subject",
"Subjekt"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Person feature",
"Person"
],
[
"Tense",
"Gespannt"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphologicalCategory",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133073513",
"bll-133073378",
"MorphologicalCategory",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"SyntacticRole",
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"AgreementFeature",
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"TensenessFeature",
"bll-133072851",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphological category",
"Morphologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Affix",
"Affix"
],
[
"Morpheme",
"Morphem"
],
[
"Morphological category",
"Morphologische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphological phenomenon",
"Morphologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic role",
"Syntaktische Rolle"
],
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Agreement feature",
"Kongruenz"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Tenseness feature",
"Spannung"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphologicalPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12559 | Focus or narrative constructions? : Morphosyntactically marked focus constructions in some Gur and Kwa languages | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"0. Introduction 1. Observations concerning the structure of morphosyntactically marked focus constructions 1.1 First observation: SF vs. NSF asymmetry 1.2 Second observation: NSF-NAR parallelism 1.3 Affirmative ex-situ focus constructions (SF, NSF), and narrative clauses (NAR) 2. Grammaticalization 2.1 Cleft hypothesis 2.2 Movement hypothesis 2.3 Narrative hypothesis 2.3.1 Back- or Foregrounding? 2.3.2 Converse directionality of FM and conjunction 3. Language specific analysis 4. Conclusionary remarks References"
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133116018",
"bllo:bll-133111199",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Movement",
"Movement"
],
[
"Conjunction",
"Konjunktion"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12560 | Tonal focus reflections in Buli and some Gur relatives | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Buli is an Oti-Volta tone language spoken in Northern Ghana. This paper outlines the basic features of its tonal system and explores whether and in which way pitch respectively phonemic tone is approached as a means to indicate the pragmatic category of focus. Pursued are cases with focus-related surface tone changes as well as cases where pitch could help to disambiguate between broad and narrow foci. It is argued that focus is not consistently encoded by pitch or tone. Parallel findings for the closely related languages Kopen o (phonetic symbol)nni and Dagbani suggest that the apparent lack of significant prosodic focus signals in Buli might pertain to a larger group of tonal languages of the Gur family."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:bll-133073157",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-13309846X",
"bllo:bll-133072851",
"bllo:bll-315461179",
"bllo:Oti-Volta"
] | [
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Pitch",
"Tonhöhe"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Dagbani",
"Dagbani"
],
[
"Features",
"Merkmale"
],
[
"Symbol",
"Symbol"
],
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"ProsodicPhenomenon",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"Oti-Volta",
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"GraphemicPhenomenon"
],
[
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
]
] | [
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Prosodic phenomenon",
"Prosodisches Phänomen"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Graphemic phenomenon",
"Graphemisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon",
"GraphemicPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
] |
12561 | How many focus markers are there in Konkomba? | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This article discusses the divergent status of the two particles lé and lá in the grammar of Konkomba, a Gur language (Niger-Congo) of the Gurma subgroup. While previous studies claim that both particles are focus markers, this author argues that only the particle lá should be analyzed as a pure pragmatic device. Distributional studies suggest that the use of particle lé, on the other hand, is only required under specific focus conditions, and primarily represents a syntactic device."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:bll-133101517",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Grammar",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:bll-133117987"
] | [
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Particles",
"Partikelwörterbuch"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Grammar",
"Grammatik"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Particle",
"Partikel"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"DictionaryTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"LanguageDescription",
"LanguageResourceType",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12562 | Informationsstruktur : die sprachlichen Mittel der Gliederung von Äußerung, Satz und Text | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Welchen Bedingungen unterliegt menschliche Kommunikation? Welche sprachlichen Mittel verwendet ein Sprecher um sicherzustellen, dass sein Zuhörer tatsächlich das versteht, was er kommunizieren möchte? Wie also »verpacken« wir wichtige und weniger wichtige Informationen im alltäglichen Diskurs? Diesen und anderen Fragen geht der SFB 632 »Informationsstruktur«, ein gemeinsames Forschungsunternehmen von Linguisten verschiedener Teildisziplinen der Universität Potsdam und der Humboldt-Universität, nach."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133126064",
"bllo:bll-13307904X"
] | [
[
"Information structure",
"Informationsstruktur"
],
[
"Communication",
"Kommunikation"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12576 | Preverbal negative markers in Buli | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This article deals with some aspects of negation in Buli, a Gur language spoken by the Bulsa people in Northern Ghana."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:Negation",
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:bll-133078108"
] | [
[
"Negation",
"Negation"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
]
] | [
[
"GeneralLinguisticNotion",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"General linguistic notion",
"Allgemeinlinguistisches Konzept"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12577 | Low tone spreading in Buli | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In Buli, tone indicates lexical information as well as grammatical information. The changing of tone patterns regularly observed on lexemes is covered best by an autosegmental approach with autonomous tonal and segmental tiers. It reveals considerable deviations between underlying and surfacing tones at several morpho- yntactic points. Realization of tone is sometimes oppressed or delayed. Cause for such disturbances is in all cases a low tone which spreads to the right and affects following high tones with different results. The aim of this paper is to show how L spreading acts and how it is integrated in the system of tonal contrast."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur",
"ddc:490"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133092348"
] | [
[
"Spreading",
"Spreading"
]
] | [
[
"PhonologicalProcess",
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Phonological process",
"Phonologischer Prozess"
],
[
"Phonological phenomenon",
"Phonologisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"PhonologicalPhenomenon"
] |
12578 | Focus expressions in Yom | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper deals with the means for expressing the pragmatic category of focus in Yom, which is an Oti-Volta language of the Yom-Nawdem group spoken by about 74,000 people (Gordon 2005, online version) in the department of Donga in Northern Benin. The study is based on results of my field research carried out in March/April 2005 in Djougou (Benin), within the framework of the project “Focus in Gur and Kwa languages”. Main aim of this fieldwork was to study the expression of focus in Yom. Regarding the basic grammatical structure of the language, I mainly rely on various publications by Beacham (1969, 1991, and 1997)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133095932",
"bllo:bll-133102556",
"bllo:Oti-Volta",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Kwa languages",
"Kwa-Sprachen"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Oti-Volta",
"Oti-Volta"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"NorthernGur",
"CentralGur",
"bll-133102556",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Northern Gur",
"Nord-Gur"
],
[
"Central Gur",
"Zentral-Gur"
],
[
"Gur",
"Gur-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12581 | Fokus im Aja | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Im folgenden Beitrag sollen die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Markierung von Fokus im Aja dargestellt werden. Das Aja, oder Ajagbe, umfaßt eine Gruppe von Varietäten, die zum Gbe-Kontinuum, von Westermann als Ewe bezeichnet, gehören. Die im Beitrag herangezogenen Daten stammen aus dem Hwe- sowie dem Dogbo-Dialekt (Daten von Tchitchi 1984) des Aja, die im Süden Benins und Togos gesprochen werden.",
"Cette contribution a pour but d’examiner les différentes possibilités pour exprimer la fonction pragmatique du focus dans la langue Aja (langue Gbe du Sud du Bénin et du Togo). Selon Dik (1989:277) le focus est défini comme suit: „The focal information in a linguistic expression is that information which is relatively the most important or salient in the given communicative setting, …”."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:Gbe",
"bllo:bll-133094960",
"bllo:bll-322353483",
"bllo:Focus",
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Gbe",
"Gbe"
],
[
"Ewe",
"Ewe"
],
[
"Aja",
"Aja"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
],
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"bll-133095932",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"Gbe",
"bll-133095932",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"Gbe",
"bll-133095932",
"bll-133076199",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
],
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Kwa languages",
"Kwa-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Gbe",
"Gbe"
],
[
"Kwa languages",
"Kwa-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Gbe",
"Gbe"
],
[
"Kwa languages",
"Kwa-Sprachen"
],
[
"Niger-Congo languages",
"Niger-Kongo-Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"DiscoursePhenomenon",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12582 | Let’s focus it: Fokus in Gur- und Kwasprachen | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, allgemeine Frage- und Problemstellungen bei der Untersuchung des Phänomens Fokus in ausgewählten Gur- und Kwasprachen vorzustellen, d.h. unsere Forschungsvorhaben kurz zu skizzieren, ohne dass wir bereits auf Ergebnisse eingehen können. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über das Forschungsfeld, damit verbundene Problemstellungen und die von uns anvisierten Aufgaben und Methoden: - Was verstehen wir unter Fokus? - Warum sind die Gur- und Kwasprachen für diese Untersuchung von Relevanz? - Welche Korrelationen lassen sich zwischen Struktur und semantisch/pragmatischen Merkmalen erkennen? - Welche Entwicklung haben Fokusstrukturen genommen? - Welche methodischen Grundlagen liegen unseren Untersuchungen zugrunde?"
] | ddc:400 | [
"Informationsstruktur"
] | [
"bllo:Focus"
] | [
[
"Focus",
"Fokus"
]
] | [
[
"PragmaticUnit",
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Pragmatic unit",
"Pragmatische Einheit"
],
[
"Discourse phenomenon",
"Diskursphänomen"
]
]
] | [
"DiscoursePhenomenon"
] |
12583 | Haben kopflose Relativsätze tatsächlich keine Köpfe? | deu | doc-type:book | [
"Kopflose Relativsätze werden wie abhängige Fragesätze durch ein w-Element (seltener auch ein d-Element) eingeleitet. Von besonderem Interesse ist hier, daß das w-Element in kopflosen Relativsätzen in den Subkategorisierungsrahmen des Matrixverbs passen muß, während w-Elemente in abhängigen Fragesätzen völlig unabhängig davon sind."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Relativsatz"
] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |
12584 | AcI-Konstruktionen und Valenz / Karin Bausewein | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Hier sollen verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die Valenz von AcI-Verben zu analysieren, diskutiert werden. Dabei werden nicht nur Ansätze berücksichtigt, die sich explizit auf den Valenzbegriff beziehen, sondern auch neuere Vorschläge im Rahmen der generativen Syntax zur Analyse der AcI-Konstruktionen. Es handelt sich im wesentlichen um drei verschiedene Analysemöglichkeiten, die auf ihre empirische Adäquatheit und die theoretischen Probleme, die sie aufwerfen, untersucht werden. Als adäquateste Lösung wird sich eine Analyse von AcIVerb und infinitem Verb als Verbalkomplex erweisen, wobei für die Wahrnehmungsverben, kausatives und nicht-kausatives lassen ein unterschiedlicher Grad an Auxiliarisierung vorliegt."
] | ddc:400 | [] | [
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:bll-13307384X",
"bllo:ValencyFeature"
] | [
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Syntax",
"Syntax"
],
[
"Valency feature",
"Valenz"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"SyntacticFeature",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Syntactic feature",
"Syntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12585 | Freie Relativsätze und die Kasushierarchie | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Für die Bildung von freien Relativsätzen existieren in verschiedenen Sprachen unterschiedliche Regeln. In einer Reihe von Sprachen muß der Kasus des Relativpronomens mit dem Kasus übereinstimmen, den das Matrixverb für die NP fordert, an deren Stelle der freie Relativsatz auftritt. Diese sogenannten \"Matching-Effekte\" sind jedoch nicht in allen Sprachen vorhanden. Es gibt Sprachen, in denen Matching generell nicht oder unter bestimmten Bedingungen nicht erforderlich ist. Deutsch wird im allgemeinen zu den Sprachen gerechnet, in denen freie Relativsätze Matching-Effekte aufweisen müssen. Ein Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist, zu zeigen, daß dies nicht uneingeschränkt gilt. Auch im Deutschen gibt es freie Relativsätze, die kein Matching aufweisen. Bei dem Kasuskonflikt zwischen dem vom Matrixverb und dem Verb innerhalb des freien Relativsatzes geforderten Kasus kann ersterer unrealisiert bleiben, wenn er höher auf der Kasushierarchie rangiert als der vom Verb im freien Relativsatz geforderte Kasus. Unabhängige Evidenzen für diese Hierarchie werden aufgezeigt. Abschließend werden die Konsequenzen dieses Befunds für die Struktur von freien Relativsätzen diskutiert."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Relativsatz",
"Kasus"
] | [
"bllo:CaseFeature",
"bllo:bll-133070158",
"bllo:bll-133127125",
"bllo:bll-133074072"
] | [
[
"Case feature",
"Kasus"
],
[
"German",
"Deutsch"
],
[
"Verb",
"Verb"
],
[
"Relative clause",
"Relativsatz"
]
] | [
[
"MorphosyntacticFeature",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"WestGermanic",
"bll-133070166",
"bll-133095894",
"LanguageRelatedTerm"
],
[
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133074056",
"FiniteClause",
"Clause",
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Morphosyntactic feature",
"Morphosyntaktisches Merkmal"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"West Germanic",
"Westgermanisch"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanisch"
],
[
"Indo-European languages",
"Indoeuropäische Sprachen"
],
[
"Language-related term",
"Sprachbezeichner"
]
],
[
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Subordinate clause",
"Nebensatz"
],
[
"Finite clause",
"Finiter Teilsatz"
],
[
"Clause",
"Teilsatz"
],
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageRelatedTerm",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12586 | So und wie in Redekommentaren | deu | doc-type:article | [
"In diesem Aufsatz werden syntaktische und semantisch-pragmatische Eigenschaften von wie- und so- Sätzen in redekommentierender Funktion (z.B. wie er sagte, so meinte sie) untersucht. Verschiedene Unterschiede zwischen diesen beiden Satztypen resultieren daraus, daß wie-Sä tze Verbendstellung, so- Sätze dagegen Verbzweitstellung aufweisen. Beide Satztypen können parenthetisch eingeschoben werden, wobei sie - entgegen üblichen Annahmen zur Stellung von Parenthesen - die Satzgliedgrenzen durchbrechen können. Dies wird auf ihre metakommunikative Funktion zurückgeführt. Es wird dafür plädiert, wie-Sä tze zu den Adverbialsätzen zu rechnen, die sich auf den Sprechakt beziehen. Die ihrer Form nach selbständigen so-Sätze haben keine Satzgliedfunktion im kommentierten Satz. Abschließend werden Unterschiede in den semantisch-pragmatischen Eigenschaften der so- und wie- Sätze diskutiert. Die beobachteten Unterschiede lassen sich darauf zurückführen, daß so die aktuelle Äußerung mit der wiedergegebenen identifiziert, wie dagegen eine Beziehung zwischen der aktuellen und einer anderen Äußerung herstellt, die jedoch keine Identifikation beinhaltet.",
"This article investigates syntactic and semantic-pragmatic characteristics of speech commenting clauses introduced by the particles so and wie (e.g. wie er sagte, so meinte sie). Various differences between so-clauses and wie-clauses result from V-E-position in wie-clauses and V-2-position in soclauses. Both clause types can occur parenthetically within the major constituents, contrary to common assumptions with regard to the positions of parentheticals. This is possible because of their metacommunicative function. It is argued that wie-clauses are speech act modifying adverbial clauses. The so-clauses, which exhibit the form of independent clauses, have no function in the surrounding clause. Semantic and pragmatic differences between the clause types are pointed out, which hint at a basic difference: So-clauses identify the present utterance with the reported utterance, whereas wie-clauses relate the present utterance to another one without identifying the two."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Parenthese"
] | [
"bllo:bll-133101517",
"bllo:bll-195090896",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Clause",
"bllo:Sentence"
] | [
[
"Particles",
"Partikelwörterbuch"
],
[
"Shape",
"Form"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Clause",
"Teilsatz"
],
[
"Sentence",
"Satz"
]
] | [
[
"DictionaryTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"LexicalPhenomenon",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
12587 | Psychologische Verben und ihre Argumentstrukturen: drei Erklärungsansätze zur syntaktischen Variabilität der Experiencer-Rolle | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Zur Zeit erweckt die Frage großes Interesse, wie die Semantik und die Syntax von Kasusrahmen zusammenhängen. Dabei geht es darum, herauszufinden, nach welchen Regeln bestimmte thematische Rollen mit bestimmten syntaktischen Positionen verknüpft werden. Dieser Vorgang wird als Argumentselektion oder auch argument linking bezeichnet."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Lexikologie"
] | [
"bllo:bll-13307384X",
"bllo:bll-13307448X",
"bllo:bll-133087697"
] | [
[
"Syntax",
"Syntax"
],
[
"Semantics",
"Semantik"
],
[
"Time",
"Zeit"
]
] | [
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"bll-133073661",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Lexical field",
"Wortfeld"
],
[
"Lexical phenomenon",
"Lexikalisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"LexicalPhenomenon"
] |
12588 | Zur Syntax von Parenthesen | deu | doc-type:article | [
"In diesem Aufsatz sollen die syntaktischen Eigenschaften der als \"Parenthesen\" oder auch \"Einschübe\" bezeichneten Einheiten untersucht werden. Dabei wird sich zeigen, daß die gemeinhin unter Parenthesen subsumierten Strukturen überhaupt keine einheitlichen syntaktischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die häufig behauptete und als Definitionskriterium eingesetzte strukturelle Unabhängigkeit gegenüber dem Trägersatz erweist sich dabei als äußerst problematisch und gilt zumindest für einen Teil der Einschübe nicht.",
"The article deals with the syntax of parentheticals with special regard to their position and their relations to the surrounding clause. On the basis of scope data it is argued that, contrary to common assumptions, some parentheses can have a place in the constituent structure of the surrounding clause. On the basis of scope data it is argued that, contrary to common assumptions, some parentheses can have a place in the constituent structure of the surrounding clause. With regard to binding, various types of parentheses behave differently. It is shown that certain constructions commonly regarded as the result of extraction exhibit the characteristics of constructions with V-1-parentheses. It emerges that parentheses cannot be characterized uniformly on a syntactic level. The second part of the paper deals with the possibilities to characterize parentheses on other levels of text description. The result is that parentheticals typically contain information units with a secondary value."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Parenthese"
] | [
"bllo:Constituent",
"bllo:bll-133121895",
"bllo:bll-133078108",
"bllo:Text",
"bllo:bll-13307384X",
"bllo:Clause"
] | [
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Scope",
"Scopus"
],
[
"Article",
"Artikel"
],
[
"Text",
"Text"
],
[
"Syntax",
"Syntax"
],
[
"Clause",
"Teilsatz"
]
] | [
[
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept"
],
[
"bll-133089118",
"MorphosyntacticCategory",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon"
],
[
"MediumTypeFeature",
"LanguageResourceFeature",
"LanguageResourceInformation"
],
[
"ResearchTopic",
"OtherLinguisticTerm"
],
[
"Constituent",
"SyntacticCategory",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
]
] | [
[
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
"Unclassified linguistic concept",
"Nichtklassifiziertes linguistisches Konzept"
]
],
[
[
"Determiner",
"Determiner"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic category",
"Morphosyntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Morphosyntactic phenomenon",
"Morphosyntaktisches Phänomen"
]
],
[
[
""
]
],
[
[
"Research topic",
"Forschungsthema"
],
[
"Other linguistic term",
"Anderer linguistischer Begriff"
]
],
[
[
"Constituent",
"Konstituente"
],
[
"Syntactic category",
"Syntaktische Kategorie"
],
[
"Syntactic phenomenon",
"Syntaktisches Phänomen"
]
]
] | [
"SyntacticPhenomenon",
"UnclassifiedLinguisticConcept",
"MorphosyntacticPhenomenon",
"LanguageResourceInformation",
"OtherLinguisticTerm",
"SyntacticPhenomenon"
] |
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