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Delhi Sightseeing
Description :
On arrival at New Delhi Airport/Railway station India Holiday, Representatives will receive you and help to proceed to Hotel. After refreshment Proceed to local sightseeing as per the availability of time.
Delhi - Agra
Taj Mahal
Agra Fort
Description :
After breakfast drive to Agra by road (210 kms-2.30 Hrs) Check in at Hotel and After Refreshment Proceed for City Tour.Vist the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Sikandra Fort. Overnight stay at Hotel.
Jaipur - Delhi
Travel back to Delhi after breakfast.Evening for Half day Delhi sightseeing/shopping or other activities. Overnight stay at Hotel.
Departure
Description :
Today in time set foot for return journey with sweet memories of the Golden Triangle tour.
Package Terms & Conditions :
General Rules The package is completely subject to availability at the time of making the booking. We do not hold any booking. The company will not be responsible for any Refund, Compensation or Claim for shortage of Tour Days or for Cancellation, Postponement, fog, Curfew and roadblock and landslides or any natural calamities beyond our control. The normal Cancellation charges will be applicable in such conditions. All Disputes will be subject to jurisdiction of courts in Delhi Only. Booking India Holiday, will come in to a contract with you after conformation of your booking. You can book this tour after paying at least 25% of the total tour Cost; remaining amount can be paid before the commencement of tour. Frequent customers may be exempted from the advance payment. The booking amount may be increased during the peak seasons. Cancellation Policy You can cancel Your Booking by email and request for Cancellation should receive our office by email from the person/representative of the person who made the booking. Cancellation Charges Up to 45 Days Prior to Departure - Service Charge of INR 950.00 Per Person per Tour. 44- 30 Days Prior to Departure - 50% Charge of the Total Package cost. 29-14 Days Prior to Departure - 75% Charge of the Total Package Cost. Within 14 days of Arrival Date/ No Show: No Refund.
|
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Microsoft ResX Schema
Version 2.0
The primary goals of this format is to allow a simple XML format
that is mostly human readable. The generation and parsing of the
various data types are done through the TypeConverter classes
associated with the data types.
Example:
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<resheader name="writer">System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader>
<data name="Name1"><value>this is my long string</value><comment>this is a comment</comment></data>
<data name="Color1" type="System.Drawing.Color, System.Drawing">Blue</data>
<data name="Bitmap1" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64">
<value>[base64 mime encoded serialized .NET Framework object]</value>
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type or mimetype. Type corresponds to a .NET class that support
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Classes that don't support this are serialized and stored with the
mimetype set.
The mimetype is used for serialized objects, and tells the
ResXResourceReader how to depersist the object. This is currently not
extensible. For a given mimetype the value must be set accordingly:
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that the ResXResourceWriter will generate, however the reader can
read any of the formats listed below.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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class GenerateConsoleViewTask < Rake::TaskLib
attr_accessor :layout, :views
def initialize(name)
yield self if block_given?
define(name)
end
def define(name)
task name => [:environment] do
views.each_pair do |view_path, file|
File.open(File.join(Rails.root, 'public', file), 'w') do |f|
f.write(render(view_path))
end
end
end
end
protected
def render(template)
view.render :template => template.dup, :layout => layout
end
def controller_class
ConsoleController
end
def controller
controller = controller_class.new
controller.request = ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new({'SCRIPT_NAME' => ENV['RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT']})
controller.request.host = host
controller.env = controller.request.env
controller
end
def add_view_helpers(view, routes)
view.class_eval do
include routes.url_helpers
include Console::CommunityAware
include Console::LayoutHelper
include Console::HelpHelper
include Console::Html5BoilerplateHelper
include Console::ModelHelper
include Console::SecuredHelper
include Console::CommunityHelper
include Console::ConsoleHelper
def active_tab
nil
end
def account_settings_redirect
account_path
end
end
end
def subclass_view(view, routes)
host = self.host
view.class_eval do
def protect_against_forgery?
false
end
def default_url_options
{:host => host}
end
end
end
def view
view = ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {}, controller)
routes = Rails.application.routes
routes.default_url_options = {:host => self.host}
add_view_helpers(view, routes)
subclass_view(view, routes)
view
end
def host
ENV['RAILS_HOST'] || 'localhost'
end
end
namespace :assets do
GenerateConsoleViewTask.new(:public_pages) do |t|
t.layout = 'layouts/console'
t.views = {
'console/not_found' => '404.html',
'console/error' => '500.html',
}
end
end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Introduction:
It would be boring for me to simply say that Supergiant Games’ Transistor is a gorgeous-looking, wonderfully designed, mechanically fun, and brilliantly soundtracked title, even though all of that is true. It would be slightly less boring for me to defend Transistor‘s much-maligned brevity in the same spirit as I have defended other cheap, brief indie campaigns, even though I clearly would be willing to defend it. But the least boring thing for me to do, I feel, is to discuss the one area of the game that I am inclined to critique: Transistor‘s presentation of its plot.
Supergiant Games has an attraction to endings. And not just to the ending of games, but to the ending of worlds. Each of their wildly successful indie titles, Bastion and Transistor, has presented a vividly imagined world right around the moment of its ultimate demise (the world of Pyre had better watch its back). And I’ve loved this aesthetic decision in both cases. But in both cases the series of events leading up to the end of the world (and so leading up to the start of the game) is not easily discerned—which, in the oft-dense RPG genre, is saying something.
A Summary of Transistor‘s Story:
Yes, the one complaint that I might have about Transistor (and it is a complaint I also had for Bastion, though to a much lesser extent) pertains to the game’s story. It is a complaint that I feel bad making, because this game does with its narrative so much more and so much better than many other titles. But here it is: the plot details of Transistor either do not fit together or are not sufficiently communicated to the player.
At moments when there are potential gaps and complications, Transistor opts for mystery over clarity. Mysteries are welcome, but not if they’re never resolved. Even ambiguities are welcome, provided they do not become a crutch or seem like careless omissions. And this isn’t a matter of being unacquainted with the game’s background; I’ve read every word in the terminals, function biographies, and limiter logs twice over (while playing through the campaign, and while playing through New Game +).
Here is a brief account of the story, as I understand it. Independently, several citizens of Cloudbank grew tired of living in the constant flux of the simulated city. They teamed up, took on the name ‘Camerata,’ and drafted the mission statement, “When everything changes, nothing changes.” One of their members, while toying with the math of the world, stumbled upon the underlying Process that creates Cloudbank (as well as the tool, the eponymous transistor, that grants total control of that Process).
The Camerata plotted to use the transistor and Process to change the city to somehow better reflect their vision. They began kidnapping influential and useful members of the Cloudbank community to broaden their control. In attempting to kidnap protagonist Red, they were foiled by the intervention of her significant other (the wistful, romantic narrator of the game), losing the transistor and control over the Process in the ensuing hours. The Process begins running amok, and the game begins.
A Critique of Transistor‘s Story:
Alright, so in broad strokes it seems okay. But if you ask any questions about any part of it, it just starts falling apart:
So they were kidnapping people to broaden their control. Are the kidnapped people brainwashed? Are they replaced with Process puppets? Are they subsumed into the transistor? Were they just hoping to win hearts and minds legitimately after some underhanded beginnings? We get a hint at answering one of these questions in some visuals near the game’s end, but nothing substantial.
A lot is said about the apocalypse not being the Camerata’s goal, but it’s never clear what the Camerata actually wanted for Cloudbank in the first place—more stability? less superficiality? would stopping the seasons changing really alter everyone’s minds?
There are a lot of references to government cover-ups and forcibly quieted dissenters, but there is basically no information about Cloudbank’s government or administration available. The player never learns whether the administration really was overly controlling; the player never learns if the administration or the city’s artists knew about the Process; the player never even learns the most basic account of the origin of Cloudbank.
Even details that should be obvious are sometimes obfuscated. For instance, what is the relationship between Grant Kendrell and Asher Kendrell? Asher’s biography alludes to him joining the Camerata after meeting an influential adminstrator—presumably Grant. But if they met at work, and Grant is (according to his biography) probably about twice Asher’s age, then why do they have the same last name? Are they related? Are they romantic partners? Did Grant . . . adopt Asher? It’s just not clear.
And whenever such a question seems close to having an answer, a character dismisses the possibility with something vague and seemingly deep. I say ‘seemingly’ because it’s the sort of depth that one aims to create when writing a forum roleplay as a young teen—if the sentiment is sad and the phrasing is pretty, it sounds deep (even if the content is shallow or confusing). The biggest culprits here are Royce Bracket (always) and the narrator (during his periods of blurred consciousness near the Spine).
So, unfortunately, all of these inscrutable details make an interpretation of what is otherwise a very interesting set of ideas, narrative elements, and world details difficult. There is something here regarding metafiction—concerning characters whose entire existence is in a program (Cloudbank, the Process, Transistor, the endless other computing terms and labels). But the ambiguities make a full interpretation of these details difficult. And there is something here regarding relationships—concerning either loss or arduous long-distance separation. But one could interpret that part of the tale while completely setting aside almost the entire plot of the game.
Instead one is left with a reading as vague as the details of Transistor‘s plot: it’s about some kind of tension between creativity and incompatibilist determinism, between diversity and conformity, between color and sterility, between distraction and stability, and/or between texture and smoothness. Perhaps the theme is that one must balance these dichotomies; perhaps the theme is that the former always trumps the latter. I’m inclined to think, because of a few happenings toward the end of the game, and because of the separated planning and execution in the battle mechanic, that the game’s thematic stress is on creativity and actualization. But it’s difficult to say.
Conclusion:
So, how could this state of affairs have been averted? Supergiant Games could have allowed the third tier of biography unlocks to contain more substantive plot details and answers; much of the meandering dialogue of Royce could have been replaced with (still meandering) clear exposition of the Camerata’s true motivations, obstacles, and end goals; and the early-game terminals could have been populated with full articles that give a clear picture of the city’s existing administration and atmosphere, so that we get some concrete sense of why the Camerata would want to do . . . whatever unchanging thing it is that they want to do.
But ultimately there’s one very big, overriding gameplay problem that results from having the game’s narrative as it is now, and it involves a spoiler of a late-game event, so if you haven’t played the game, skip to the trailer with my hearty endorsement and pedantic whining in your mind.
The problem is this: the narrative issues devalue the final boss fight. It does not feel as though the whole game has built up to it. As far as the player knows, the only reason for them to dislike Royce Bracket—besides his apparent incompetence in lending the transistor to Grant, who promptly loses it, and thus loses control of the Process—is that Royce selfishly attacks Red so that he can escape at the end. Like a miniboss in a classic sidescroller, one’s only reason for fighting the enemy is that it physically attacked you a few seconds ago. It is ultimately unclear if the Camerata’s goal was noble or terrible, and not because of moral ambiguity; just because we have no idea what that goal might be. A final boss fight should be the emotional climax of the playthrough as well as the final test of the player’s abilities. Transistor‘s final fight may deliver on the latter, but does not deliver on the former.
So that final fight is a poignant synecdoche for the whole Transistor experience: a fun, tight, beautiful session with great music, yet lacking in needed plot details on closer inspection. For this reason (and some of my own feature and atmosphere preferences), I find Bastion to be the studio’s stronger contender overall. But all pedantry aside, with a track record this strong, you can bet I’ll be keeping my eye on Pyre regardless.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Google tag
Drill down on Google search:
Liquid Robotics announced its Pacific Crossing (PacX) Challenge is now open to scientists around the world. During the PacX Challenge, four of the company’s Wave Gliders marine robots will launch off the coast of Northern California and attempt to travel...
Liquid Robotics, Inc., developer of the wave-powered Wave Glider marine robot, has announced that Edward (Ed) T. Lu, has joined the company as chief of innovative applications. Lu, whose resume lists positions at Google and NASA, will be tasked with...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Would you drink a secret tea that has the power to make you feel very horny? Good, because Jeruka is ready to show you her secret ritual to some of the best sex ever! Put on your VR headset and let this sexy Thai babe serve you with her secret tea and her cock craving pussy in Virtual Reality.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
How do I make my store private in React reflux
How do I enforce my store functions and model private. If my store is
var employeeActions = Reflux.createActions(['addEmployee']);
var empStore = Reflux.createstore({
listenables: [employeeActions],
model: {
Total:0,
employees:[]
}
onAddEmployee: function(employee){
this.model.employees.push(employee);
}
});
Even though flux says Actions->Store. The current object structure doesnt stop a developer in the team from calling empStore.OnAddEmployee ?
A:
Your store should be in a module, assuming you are using browserify or webpack or something similar and you require your modules. So any variable / object / function you declare in the module but don't include in the object sent to the Reflux.createStore() is private.
So something like this:
var employeeActions = Reflux.createActions(['addEmployee']);
var model: {
Total:0,
employees:[]
}
var empStore = Reflux.createstore({
listenables: [employeeActions],
onAddEmployee: function(employee){
model.employees.push(employee);
}
});
I would suggest keeping the onAddEmployee function on the object and rely on reflux to wire everything up if you're using the listenables mixin. Otherwise, just follow the examples on github: https://github.com/reflux/refluxjs#creating-data-stores and using the same principle, keep the function private, outside the object you are passing to the factory method.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
How to using the loop and bulk load tasks to insert the name of the csv files being looped?
Description
I have created an SSIS package imports data from hundreds of csv files on a daily bases
I have used the bulk load and foreach loop container
Problem
I have created a column on a database table and wanted to know if it is possible to add the source file name on each row of data.
A:
If you have the filename in a variable (which you could do in the for each loop) then you just use the variable as the data source for the column. Or ther may be a system variable that contains the file name, pole around a bit inthe system varaibles available to you and see.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
No one argues with the need to fix NCLB. But the bills that have passed both Houses, with a few important exceptions, really do nothing but go backward to policies of the 1980s. The sponsors fall over themselves to claim that under this legislation "every child will achieve." The truth: when these policies were last in effect, NAEP scores were much lower, dropout rates were much higher, and the achievement gap was much wider.It's rather pathetic in our great nation that our leaders are 8 years late in re-authorizing our main education law and have now come up with something this lame and unambitious. The Washington Post Editorial Board hits the nail on the head in exposing "the hollow core" of this effort.http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-hollow-core-at-the-center-of-the-main-education-laws-rewrite/2015/07/17/cb7e406e-2bf9-11e5-a250-42bd812efc09_story.html?postshare=7971437402534886
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Introduction {#s1}
============
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia. AD affects 27 million people world-wide with steadily increasing numbers, thereby raising significant economic problems and tremendous personal suffer [@pone.0041457-Brookmeyer1]. The two pathological hallmarks that characterize AD are the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular neuritic plaques that can be found *post mortem* in the brains of patients [@pone.0041457-Braak1], [@pone.0041457-Braak2], [@pone.0041457-Selkoe1]. Neurofibrillary tangles consist of twisted filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein [@pone.0041457-Duff1], whereas plaques are primarily composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) [@pone.0041457-Selkoe1], [@pone.0041457-Dickson1], a 39--43 amino acid (aa) peptide derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic processing [@pone.0041457-Selkoe1], [@pone.0041457-Vetrivel1]. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis (16), Aβ peptides and, more specifically, their aggregated forms initiate cellular events leading to the pathologic effects of AD [@pone.0041457-Haass1], [@pone.0041457-Hardy1].
*Pre mortem,* AD is usually diagnosed after the appearance of symptoms by application of tests for cognitive impairment like the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) or the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS) [@pone.0041457-Folstein1], [@pone.0041457-Mohs1]. However, it is a great challenge to correctly diagnose AD at early presymptomatic stages [@pone.0041457-Ganguli1], [@pone.0041457-Knopman1], [@pone.0041457-Visser1]. Several publications support the finding that plaques start to accumulate 10 to 20 years before clinical symptoms appear, leading to substantial and progressive neuronal loss [@pone.0041457-Braak2], [@pone.0041457-Mintun1], [@pone.0041457-Price1]. Therefore, detection and quantitation of amyloid species in the brains of patients during the course of the disease for early diagnosis of AD and for monitoring AD-treatments is a promising and emerging field in AD research. An efficient tool for presymptomatic characterization of the brain may be imaging approaches making use of amyloid specific ligands and positron emission tomography (PET) [@pone.0041457-Silverman1] or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Currently, only a few amyloid PET ligands have been applied in clinical studies (for review, see ref. [@pone.0041457-Nordberg1], [@pone.0041457-Nordberg2]). Numerous efforts are devoted to develop new, target-specific imaging agents for the detection of amyloid plaques *in vivo*. To be suitable, they should provide highly specific binding to Aβ aggregates, very selective labeling and efficient brain penetration. Moreover, imaging probes are desired with specificity for Aβ1--42 over other Aβ isoforms.
The present study used a small, specific Aβ1--42 binding peptide comprising solely of D-enantiomeric amino acids, termed "D1" [@pone.0041457-vanGroen1], [@pone.0041457-Wiesehan1], [@pone.0041457-Wiesehan2], or alternatively, ACI-80 [@pone.0041457-JahanM1], [@pone.0041457-GulysB1]. ACI-80 was identified employing a mirror image phage display selection using aggregated Aβ1--42 as a target. *In vitro*, ACI-80 binds preferentially to aggregated Aβ1--42 with a K~D~ in the submicromolar range, whereas monomers are bound to a much less extent. In brain tissue sections derived from patients that suffered from AD, amyloid plaques and leptomeningeal vessels containing Aβ aggregates were stained specifically with a fluorescence-labeled derivative of ACI-80. Fibrillar deposits derived from other amyloidosis were not labeled by ACI-80 [@pone.0041457-Wiesehan1], [@pone.0041457-Wiesehan2], [@pone.0041457-Bartnik1]. We also demonstrated *in vivo* and *in vitro* that ACI-80 binds specifically to aggregated Aβ1--42 in the brains of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, where diffuse amyloid-β deposits, which do not contain Aβ1--42, were not stained [@pone.0041457-vanGroen1].
10.1371/journal.pone.0041457.t001
###### Pyroglutamate content of ACI-80, ACI-80-Kϕ and \[^127^I\]-ACI-80.
{#pone-0041457-t001-1}
ACI-80~solid~ ACI-80-Kϕ~solid~ \[^127^I\]-ACI-80~aqueous\ solution~
-------------------------------------------------- --------------- ------------------ --------------------------------------
Identified amino acid at the N-terminal position
glutamine \>91.2% \>94.4% 62.6%
pyroglutamate \<8.8% \<5.6% 37.4%
Molecular weight 1421 Da 1907 Da 1548 Da
Kϕ presents a lysine (K) linked to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ).
Here, we investigate the properties of several derivatives of ACI-80. The novel compounds showed increased binding affinity and are promising candidates for further development into *in vivo* imaging compounds.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Peptides {#s2a}
--------
For the list of all investigated D-enantiomeric compounds see [Table 1](#pone-0041457-t001){ref-type="table"}. Aβ1--42 peptide was purchased as reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography purified product (JPT Biotech, Berlin, Germany; or Bachem AG, Bubendorf, Switzerland). Identity was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).
General Method for Synthesis of D-peptide Compounds {#s2b}
---------------------------------------------------
The non-fluorinated peptides shown in [Table 1](#pone-0041457-t001){ref-type="table"} were synthesized by JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
10.1371/journal.pone.0041457.t002
###### List of investigated D-enantiomeric peptide compounds.
{#pone-0041457-t002-2}
Name of compound Amino acid sequence Modification
--------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------
ACI-80 QSHYRHISPAQV D1
ACI-80-Kϕ QSHYRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Kϕ
ACI-87-Kϕ QSHYRHISPAQ**K**Kϕ D1-V12K-Kϕ
\[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ QSHYRHISPAQ**K**K\[^19^F\]ϕ D1-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ
ACI-83- Kϕ **P**SHYRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1P-Kϕ
ACI-89-Kϕ **P**SHYRHISPAQ**K-**Kϕ D1-Q1P-V12K-Kϕ
\[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ **P**SHYRHISPAQ**K**K\[^19^F\]ϕ D1-Q1P-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ
ACI-86- Kϕ **P**S**F**YRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1P-H3F- Kϕ
ACI-82- Kϕ SHYRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1X- Kϕ
ACI-88-Kϕ SHYRHISPAQ**K**Kϕ D1-Q1X-V12K-Kϕ
\[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ SHYRHISPAQ**K**K\[^19^F\]ϕ D1-Q1X-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ
ACI-85- Kϕ S**F**YRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1X-H3F-Kϕ
ACI-81 **Z**SHYRHISPAQV D1-Q1Z
ACI-81- Kϕ **Z**SHYRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1Z-Kϕ
ACI-84- Kϕ **Z**S**F**YRHISPAQVKϕ D1-Q1Z-H3F-Kϕ
Modifications in the original amino acid sequence of ACI-80 are printed in bold. Amino acid residues are given in the one-letter-code. All amino-acids are D-enantiomers. Kϕ presents a lysine (K) linked to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ).
Synthesis of ^19^F-D-peptide Compounds {#s2c}
--------------------------------------
\[^19^F\]-D-peptide synthesis was performed as described earlier [@pone.0041457-JahanM1]. Briefly, to an aqueous solution of peptide, borate buffer (0.5 M, pH 8.61) was added and the color of the solution changed from yellow to dark orange. Slightly excess amount of \[^19^F\]-*N*-succinimidyl−4-fluorobenzoate (SFB) in acetonitrile was added into this above solution and the reaction mixture was kept at RT for 10 min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. The crude product was purified by an analytical HPLC column (3×300 mm, 10 µm, waters) using water with 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and an acetonitrile (MeCN) gradient (20% to 50%, v/v) as eluent with a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Retention time of the three reference peptides were from 9 to 12 min at a wavelength at 234 nm. Then the product fraction was collected into a pre-filled slightly basic aqueous solution (40 ml, pH was adjusted by NaOH). This diluted fraction was passed through a C18 Sep-Pak plus cartridge (preconditioned with 10 ml ethanol +10 ml water) and the desired product was eluted with 1 ml of ethanol. The reference compounds were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. The purity and the stability of the products were checked by HPLC.
10.1371/journal.pone.0041457.t003
###### Results of the binding assays for ACI-80-Kϕ derivatives to Aβ1--42 fibrils using surface plasmon resonance.
{#pone-0041457-t003-3}
Derivative/Modification Name Interaction \[%\] Dissociation \[%\]
------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------------
D1-Kϕ ACI-80-Kϕ used as standard and set to 100%
D1-V12K-Kϕ ACI-87-Kϕ 324 443
D1-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ 153 67
**D1-Q1P** **ACI-83**
D1-Q1P-Kϕ ACI-83-Kϕ 600 200
D1-Q1P-V12K-Kϕ ACI-89-Kϕ 518 533
D1-Q1P-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ 476 0
D1-Q1P-H3F-Kϕ ACI-86-Kϕ 21 40
**D1-Q1X** **ACI-82**
D1-Q1X-Kϕ ACI-82-Kϕ 393 300
D1-Q1X-V12K-Kϕ ACI-88-Kϕ 365 667
D1-Q1X-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ 294 1233
D1-Q1X-H3F-Kϕ ACI-85-Kϕ 229 40
**D1-Q1Z** **ACI-81**
D1-Q1Z-Kϕ ACI-81-Kϕ 129 40
D1-Q1Z-H3F-Kϕ ACI-84-Kϕ 93 40
Interaction and dissociation was measured with respect to the maximal interaction signal during injection and the response 60 s after the end of injection, respectively. ACI-80-Kϕ binding was defined as 100%. Kϕ presents a lysine (K) linked to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ).
![Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the interaction between immobilized Aβ1--42 fibrils and ACI-80-Kϕ and various derivatives (Kϕ presents a lysine (K) covalently linked to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ).\
ACI-80 derivatives were solved in running buffer (PBS, pH 7.4). The injected volume of ACI-80 derivatives was 10 µl of a 50 µg/ml concentration using a flow rate of 5 µl/min. The response of ACI-80-Kϕ in resonance units \[RU\] was defined as 100%. Values \>100% denote increased Aβ interaction of the ACI-80 derivative in comparison to ACI-80-Kϕ. All derivatives were ϕ-labeled. Only the variations in comparison to ACI-80-Kϕ are indicated in the figure.](pone.0041457.g001){#pone-0041457-g001}
Analysis of ACI-80 Stability {#s2d}
----------------------------
In solution, N-terminal glutamine peptides such as D1 are prone to convert into N-terminal pyroglutamate species: *Gln-SHYRHISPAQV → Pyr-SHYRHISPAQV*. Therefore, the stability of solid ACI-80, solid ACI-80-Kϕ (ϕ: fluorescein isothiocyanate, covalently linked to the peptide via a lysine (K)) and \[^127^I\]-ACI-80 in solution was investigated by JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany using HPLC/ESI-MS whereby the relative content of N-terminal Gln peptide and N-terminal Pyr peptide was assessed.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) {#s2e}
-------------------------------
Aβ1--42 was dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). After overnight incubation, HFIP was removed by evaporation. The Aβ1--42 film was dissolved in PBS buffer pH 7.4 to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and incubated for 7 days at 37°C.
For the measurements, a Biacore 1000 (GE Healthcare) instrument was used. Aβ1--42 fibrils (6800 RU) were immobilized on a CM5 sensorchip (GE Healthcare) via amine coupling. The running and sample buffer was PBS, pH 7.4. To allow comparison between the ACI-80 compounds, but to avoid potential over-interpretation of the data by fitting multiple *k* ~on~ and *k* ~off~ values for a yet undefined number of different binding sites, only two values have been taken for further evaluation. Response units achieved under identical injection conditions allow comparison of binding strengths of the compounds. Dissociation rates among the compounds have been compared by measuring the remaining response units 60 s after end of injection as a measure for dissociation (*k* ~off~). All measurements have been carried out using the same flow cells with identical concentrations and injection conditions. ACI-80-Kϕ derivatives were injected as analytes in a concentration of 50 µg/ml at a flow rate of 5 µl/min for 2 minutes at ambient temperature. The data were evaluated using BiaEvaluation 4.1. The interactions between Aβ1--42 and ACI-80-Kϕ derivatives are given in resonance units (RU) and in % of ACI-80-Kϕ response units.
10.1371/journal.pone.0041457.t004
###### ELISA: Mean binding values for compounds with concentration of 10 µg/ml.
{#pone-0041457-t004-4}
Modification Nomenclature Binding values and % binding relative to ACI-80-Kϕ for 10 ug/mL compoundconcentration
------------------------- --------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- -------- -----
D1-Kϕ ACI-80-Kϕ 0.49 100 0.90 100
D1-V12K-Kϕ ACI-87-Kϕ \*0.79 122 \*0.93 103
D1-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ \*0.86 176 \*1.26 140
D1-Q1Z-Kϕ ACI-81-Kϕ 0.13 27 0.20 22
D1-Q1Z-H3F-Kϕ ACI-84-Kϕ 0.31 63 0.58 64
D1-Q1X-Kϕ ACI-82-Kϕ 0.82 167 1.28 142
D1-Q1X-H3F-Kϕ ACI-85-Kϕ 0.63 129 1.00 111
D1-Q1X-V12K-Kϕ ACI-88-Kϕ \*1.29 263 \*1.78 198
D1-Q1X-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ \*1.05 214 \*1.76 196
D1-Q1P-Kϕ ACI-83-Kϕ 1.05 214 1.50 167
D1-Q1P-H3F-Kϕ ACI-86-Kϕ 0.80 163 1.24 138
D1-Q1P-V12K-Kϕ ACI-89-Kϕ \*1.06 216 \*1.49 165
D1-Q1P-V12K-K\[^19^F\]ϕ \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ \*1.19 243 \*1.86 207
All values were compared to that of ACI-80-Kϕ. Compound binding to compound film, containing predominantly monomers and to fibrils was measured. Average values of two or three experiments unless marked otherwise. \*value of one single experiment only. Kϕ presents a lysine (K) linked to a fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ).
{#pone-0041457-g002}
Surface Plasmon Resonance: Single Cycle Experiments {#s2f}
---------------------------------------------------
Aβ1--42 fibrils were prepared as described above. Thereafter, the sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 16000×g, the supernatant discarded and this procedure repeated for 3 times. Formation of fibrils was confirmed by a standard Thioflavin-T fluorescence assay [@pone.0041457-vanGroen2]. Aβ1--42 fibrils were covalently immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip via amine coupling. Prior to immobilization of Aβ1--42 fibrils the sample was centrifuged and fibrils resuspended in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 4.0. Flow cell sensor surfaces were activated with a freshly prepared solution of 0.2 M 1-ethyl--3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and 0.05 M N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) at a constant flow rate of 10 µl/min for 420 s. Aβ1--42 fibrils (∼ 110 µM monomeric Aβ1--42) were injected for 600 s with a flow rate of 10 µl/min. Deactivation of the surface was performed by injection of 1 M ethanolamine-HCl pH 8.5 at the same flow rate and duration as in the activation step. In the reference cells the deactivation step was performed directly after the activation step.
{#pone-0041457-g003}
10.1371/journal.pone.0041457.t005
###### Results for compound -- Aβ fibril interactions obtained with the heterogeneous ligand model.
{#pone-0041457-t005-5}
Analyte R~max~1 R~max~2 *k* ~on~1 *k* ~off~1 *k* ~on~2 *k* ~off~2 *K* ~D~1 *K* ~D~2
--------------- --------- --------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ---------- ----------
**ACI-80-Kϕ** 12.2 43.7 469 0.0252 1.37e4 1.58 5.38e-05 1.15e-04
**ACI-87-Kϕ** 43.3 36.2 206 1.84e-3 1.57e3 0.0407 8.93e-06 2.59e-05
**ACI-88-Kϕ** 9.96 63.3 1.71e4 7.22e-3 930 0.0553 4.22e-07 5.95e-05
**ACI-89-Kϕ** 21.8 19.4 2.03e4 0.162 3.34e3 0.0118 8.00e-06 3.53e-06
All SPR experiments were performed on a Biacore T100 system with series S CM5 sensor chips at 25°C. The system was run with the Biacore T100 Control Software Version 1.1.1. PBS (10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl) was chosen as running buffer (as previously during fibril formation) in order to minimize alterations of fibril organization. All buffers were sterile filtered (0.22 µm). After each docking of a sensor chip the detector was normalized with BIAnormalizing solution (70% glycerol, GE Healthcare) to compensate for slight differences in detector responses of individual sensor chips. For all interaction analyses the Type 1 reagent rack was used. Siliconized sample vials were used with their corresponding rubber caps (Type 2, GE Healthcare) to minimize evaporation effects. Throughout all runs the flow rate was set to 30 µl/min.
All interaction studies were performed in single-cycle mode [@pone.0041457-Karlsson1]. Here, five different concentrations of analyte were passed through a reference cell and subsequently through flow cells with immobilized ligand within the same binding cycle for 60 seconds, starting with the lowest concentration. Successive injections were performed in the order of increasing concentrations. Each following concentration was a fivefold increase of the previous. The lowest analyte concentration was chosen to be 100 nM and therefore the following were 500, 2500, 12500 and 62500 nM.
{#pone-0041457-g004}
Biacore data were evaluated using BiaEvaluation 4.1.1 (GE Healthcare) and Biacore T100 Evaluation Software (GE Healthcare). Obtained binding data with compounds were double referenced. This was achieved by collecting the data in dual-channel mode with a reference flow cell connected upstream of the flow cell with immobilized Aβ1--42 fibrils and the subtraction of the obtained binding responses with a blank buffer injection (PBS). The double-referenced binding curves of the three lowest concentrations of each single cycle kinetics injection that showed a significant binding response were fit to a heterogeneous ligand binding model [@pone.0041457-Morton1] including a factor correcting for different refractive indices (R~I~).
{#pone-0041457-g005}
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) {#s2g}
------------------------------------------
### Preparation of Aβ1--42 species {#s2g1}
Aβ1--42 peptide film was prepared from lyophilized powder (Bachem). The powder was reconstituted in HFIP to a final concentration of 1 mM, sonicated for 15 min at room temperature (RT), agitated overnight (ON), and aliquoted into non-siliconized microcentrifuge tubes (12 µl corresponding to 55 µg). The HFIP was evaporated under a stream of argon. The resulting peptide film was vacuum dried for 10 min and stored at -80°C. For direct use as peptide film, an aliquot of Aβ1--42 peptide film was reconstituted with 0.54% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to obtain a final concentration of 10 µg/ml and then used for the ELISA as described below. To prepare fibrils, 55 µg aliquot of peptide film was dissolved in 55 µl of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and incubated at 37°C for five days. Next, the sample was centrifuged (10'000 rpm for 5 min) and the pellet was diluted in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4.
D-peptide Compound Binding to Immobilized Aβ1--42 {#s2h}
-------------------------------------------------
Aβ1--42 peptide preparations were diluted in 0.05 M bicarbonate-carbonate buffer pH 9.6, to the final concentration of 10 µg/ml and coated onto ELISA plates (MaxiSorp, Nunc). After blocking (PBS; 0.05% Tween; 1% BSA), plates were incubated with 2- or 3-fold dilutions of D-compounds (starting concentration: 10 µg/ml) and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Plates were then washed and incubated for 2 h at 37°C with the detection antibody Rabbit-a-fluorescein isothiocyanate-AP (Sigma; 1∶10'000 dilution) followed by the incubation for 2.5 h at room temperature (RT) with 1 mg/ml of phosphatase substrate (pNPP, Sigma). The absorbance signal was read at 405 nm wavelength using a Tecan plate reader (Tecan Group Lt, Männedorf, Switzerland).
D-peptide Compound Binding to Aβ1--42 in Solution {#s2i}
-------------------------------------------------
ELISA plates (MaxiSorp, Nunc) were coated with anti-Aβ antibody 6E10 (Covance) at a concentration of 5 µg/ml. Either monomeric Aβ1--42 peptide film (mainly monomeric) or Aβ1--42 fibrils, which were prepared as described above, were diluted in PBS to the final concentration 10 µg/ml and mixed with 10-fold dilutions of D-peptide compounds in Eppendorf tubes (starting concentration of D-peptide compounds: 10 µg/ml). The tubes were incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Next, samples were distributed onto the ELISA plate and kept for 2 h at 37°C. Plates were washed and incubated for 2 h at 37°C with the detection antibody Rabbit-a-fluorescein isothiocyanate-AP (Sigma; 1∶10′000 dilution) following the incubation overnight (ON) at RT with 1 mg/ml of phosphatase substrate (pNPP, Sigma). The absorbance signal was read at 405 nm wavelength using the Tecan plate reader (Tecan Group Ltd, Männedorf, Switzerland).
Ex vivo Staining of Mouse Brain Slices by FITC Labeled Compounds {#s2j}
----------------------------------------------------------------
*In vitro* tissue section staining was performed according to previously described protocols [@pone.0041457-vanGroen1] with slight modifications. Mouse brains were obtained from male transgenic (tg) APP (London mutation V717l) x PS1 (A246E) mice aged 13--21 months and from female wild type (wt) mice aged 9--10 months [@pone.0041457-Dewachter1]. The mice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with saline. The brains were removed and snap frozen. 10 µm thick sagittal cryostat sections through the whole mouse brain were produced and mounted onto glass slides. ϕ-labeled compounds were applied to investigate binding. Thus, the slides were thawed, washed in PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (20 min at RT) just before incubation with ϕ-labeled compounds. One series of sections was treated only with fluorescent compounds (0.01 mg/ml, incubation time 2 h) while another series of sections were incubated with anti-Aβ antibody 6E10 at 1∶500 dilution (SIG-39320, Covance; final antibody concentration was 2 µg/ml) in addition to ϕ-labeled compounds (0.01 mg/ml). The slices were washed in PBS. The sections incubated with ϕ-labeled compound and 6E10 antibody were further incubated for 2 h at RT with Goat-anti-Mouse IgG1-- AlexaFluor 555 (A21127, Invitrogen, 1∶1000 dilution) and washed with PBS. Finally, all sections were counterstained with 4'--6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 32670, Sigma, incubation 5 min at RT) for the visualization of cell nuclei. The slides were mounted using Prolong Gold Antifade mounting medium (P36930, Invitrogen) and coverslipped.
The tissues were analyzed using a fluorescent Zeiss Axioscope 2 Plus microscope using the AxioVision 4 image analysis software.
A further series of slices was stained using a primary anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody combined with alkaline phosphatase reaction for visualization of ϕ-labeled peptides. Briefly, the sections were treated with blocking solution (10% normal goat serum (NGS), 0.25% Triton X-100 in PBS for 1 h at RT) and incubated with primary antibody (rabbit-anti-FITC; Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1∶500. The sections were then washed and incubated for 2 h at RT with the secondary antibody goat-anti-rabbit-alkaline phosphatase (Sigma) at a dilution of 1∶100. After washing, the slides were incubated with BCIP/NBT substrate (Sigma) for 3 min, washed, dehydrated and mounted using Eukitt mounting medium.
Results {#s3}
=======
Analysis of ACI-80 Amino-terminal Residue Identity {#s3a}
--------------------------------------------------
An important observation during initial compound stability characterization experiments was the partial conversion of the N-terminal glutamine of \[^127^I\]-ACI-80 into pyro-glutamate. It is known that peptides with an N-terminal glutamine are prone to conversion of this residue into a pyroglutamate [@pone.0041457-Abraham1]. Therefore, the composition of freshly synthesized and untreated ACI-80 and ACI-80-Kϕ as well as \[^127^I\]-ACI-80 after iodination were investigated. The results are displayed in [Table 1](#pone-0041457-t001){ref-type="table"}. It was observed that freshly synthesized ACI-80 and ACI-80-Kϕ contained only minor fractions of pyroglutamic acid while about one third of \[^127^I\]-ACI-80 in solution already converted into N-terminal pyroglutamate species.
Thus, a number of novel ACI-80-derivatives were designed and synthesized with one or several amino acid deletions and/or substitutions with the aim to increase compound stability, but also Aβ binding capability. Specifically, the N-terminal glutamine was either substituted by pyroglutamate (Q1Z) or proline (Q1P) or deleted (Q1X). Furthermore, a replacement of His-3 by phenylalanine (H3F) was investigated. The Q1X deletion as well as Q1P and H3F substitutions have been proposed based on semiquantitative saturation mutagenesis peptide spot data, which predicted that the mutations would enhance Aβ binding. In the peptide spot approach, all amino-acids of ACI-80 were substituted against all other natural amino acids and the variants were tested for their ability to bind Aβ fibrils (data not shown). In addition valine was replaced by lysine at position 12 (V12K) to enable fluorination of the compound for imaging purposes. Finally, the compound was also fluorescein isothiocyanate (ϕ)-labeled via an additional C-terminal lysine residue to enable detection through fluorescence or via anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibodies. For a summary of all ACI-80 derivatives see [Table 2](#pone-0041457-t002){ref-type="table"}.
Surface Plasmon Resonance and ELISA {#s3b}
-----------------------------------
To characterize the ACI-80 derivatives in respect to their Aβ binding capabilities in comparison to ACI-80-Kϕ, a number of *in vitro* assays were performed.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays were performed to analyze their interaction with immobilized Aβ1--42 fibrils ([Table 3](#pone-0041457-t003){ref-type="table"}). Aβ1--42 fibrils were immobilized on a Biacore sensor-chip as described in the methods section, and the interactions of the ϕ-labeled ACI-80 derivatives were measured and compared with original ACI-80-Kϕ. Due to the fact that Aβ1--42 fibrils represent an inhomogeneous mixture of different fibril aggregates, it is hardly possible to form a homogenous Aβ1--42 loaded SPR chip surface. Therefore we decided for semi-quantitative comparison between all compounds only. The maximal responses in resonance units (RU) of the ϕ-labeled ACI-80 derivatives during the analyte injection and the remaining response 60 s after injection end (as a semi-quantitative measure for the dissociation rate), have been related to the respective values obtained from identical concentrations of ACI-80-Kϕ in percent. The results are summarized in [Table 3](#pone-0041457-t003){ref-type="table"} and [Figure 1](#pone-0041457-g001){ref-type="fig"}.
ACI-80-Kϕ derivatives ACI-82-Kϕ and ACI 83-Kϕ (aa modifications Q1X and Q1P) yielded an increased response of up to 600% as compared to ACI-80-Kϕ ([Table 3](#pone-0041457-t003){ref-type="table"}). The response for ACI-81-Kϕ (aa substitution Q1Z) was not significantly increased. The substitution at the third amino acid position (H3F) did not lead to improved binding to Aβ. While ACI-84-Kϕ behaved slightly worse than ACI-81-Kϕ, the binding efficiencies of ACI-85-Kϕ and ACI-86-Kϕ were drastically reduced as compared with those of ACI-82-Kϕ and ACI-83-Kϕ, respectively. The single substitution at aa position 12, valine to lysine (ACI-87-Kϕ), resulted in a response increase to more than 300%. Compounds ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ with two substitutions, the first one at amino acid position 1 (Q1X, Q1P) and the second one at amino acid position 12 (V12K), yielded a response increase to 350% (Q1X-V12K) and more than 500% (Q1P-V12K). The substitution V12K had an important impact with respect to dissociation. All three compounds with a V12K substitution showed decreased dissociation rates (increased remaining response 60 s after injection end) as compared to the compounds without the V12K substitution. Therefore, ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ, and ACI-89-Kϕ were the most promising compounds for further studies. In order to investigate, whether \[^18^F\]-labeling will change their binding affinities, the respective \[^19^F\]-labeled compounds have been investigated as well. Except for \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ (Q1X-V12K), which showed a decreased response in comparison to the compound without label, the \[^19^F\]-labeled compounds showed virtually the same behavior with respect to maximum binding. The remaining response 60 s after injection end, however, was significantly changed in all three cases. Based on the remaining response 60 s after injection end, \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ exerted the slowest off-rate of all tested compounds indicating the most suitable binding behavior for being used as a molecular probe.
To verify the SPR results, ELISA was employed to assay the interaction of the ACI-80 derivatives ACI-80-Kϕ, ACI-81-Kϕ, ACI-82-Kϕ, ACI-83-Kϕ, ACI-84-Kϕ, ACI-85-Kϕ, ACI-86-Kϕ, ACI-87-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ, ACI-89-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ) with Aβ1--42 fibrils and Aβ peptide film in solution containing mostly monomers and smaller oligomers ([Table 4](#pone-0041457-t004){ref-type="table"}). To avoid any bias by possible conformational influences the ELISA has been carried out in two versions, once with immobilized antibody and once with immobilized Aβ1--42 as described in the methods section. Both assays yielded similar results and confirmed each other. All experiments were performed twice and showed reproducible results. Panels A and B in [Figure 2](#pone-0041457-g002){ref-type="fig"} show the results for binding to Aβ1--42 fibrils and panels C and D in [Figure 2](#pone-0041457-g002){ref-type="fig"} show the results for binding to freshly prepared Aβ1--42 peptide film, which contains mostly monomeric Aβ. In [Table 4](#pone-0041457-t004){ref-type="table"}, the performance of the peptides is expressed relative to that of ACI-80-Kϕ.
Briefly summarized, the binding of the ACI-80 derivatives to Aβ1--42 fibrils was generally stronger than that to monomer-enriched freshly prepared Aβ1--42. In addition, for both Aβ species a similar order of binding strengths could be established. All variants, except ACI-81-Kϕ and ACI-84-Kϕ, showed stronger Aβ binding than ACI-80-Kϕ. Substitution of glutamine to proline at position 1 or glutamine deletion had a positive effect on binding to Aβ1--42. Inversely, binding to Aβ1--42 was reduced for ACI-84-Kϕ as compared to ACI-80-Kϕ. ACI-81-Kϕ and ACI-84-Kϕ are peptides with glutamine to pyroglutamate substitution. Thus, the substitution of glutamine to pyroglutamate decreased binding to Aβ1--42. An order of binding comparing fluorinated with respect to non-fluorinated D-peptides versions was difficult to establish. The results clearly show that the fluorinated ϕ-labeled peptides \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ bound well to Aβ1--42 fibrils, \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ being even among the very best of all variants. The order of binding strengths for the fluorinated peptides was \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ binds stronger than \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ much stronger than \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ. These peptides with \[^19^F\] replaced by \[^18^F\] were used in autoradiography assays for testing the binding to human Alzheimer's brain tissue sections [@pone.0041457-GulysB1]. Briefly, the experiments, using *post mortem* human brain autoradiography in whole hemisphere human brains obtained from deceased AD patients and age matched control subjects, support the visualization capacity of the radiolabeled ACI-80 analogues of amyloid deposits in the human brain [@pone.0041457-GulysB1].
In general, the ELISA results corresponded well with the SPR results identifying the substitution of glutamine to proline or glutamine deletion at the N-terminus as useful mutation with strong benefits for the binding to Aβ fibrils and monomers.
As the compounds ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ, ACI-89-Kϕ were the most promising candidates for further development, we tried to obtain more quantitative binding data and compared them to ACI-80-Kϕ. Different concentrations of the analytes were applied to an SPR chip loaded with Aβ fibrils ([Fig. 3](#pone-0041457-g003){ref-type="fig"}). A brief look at the data already revealed that about a five-fold concentrations of ACI-87-Kϕ and ACI-80-Kϕ were necessary to obtain comparable RU responses as compared to ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ. All three ACI-80 derivatives showed tighter binding to fibrils as compared to ACI-80-Kϕ. As already mentioned above, any effort to obtain an exact quantitative analysis of experimental data from SPR experiments with Aβ fibrils is prone to mis- and over-interpretation. We found, however, that the heterogeneous ligand binding model (see methods section for details) was able to yield potentially meaningful results for all four compounds without introducing too many fit parameters. With all necessary caution and taking into account only the lowest *K* ~D~ value of the two obtained from the heterogeneous binding model, the fitted *K* ~D~ values given in [Table 5](#pone-0041457-t005){ref-type="table"} confirm the order of binding: with an obtained dissociation constant in the submicromolar range ACI-88-Kϕ binds stronger than ACI-89-Kϕ and ACI-87-Kϕ, and all three of them bind stronger than ACI-80-Kϕ.
Ex vivo Staining of Mouse Brain Slices by FITC Labeled Compounds {#s3c}
----------------------------------------------------------------
Brain sections from transgenic (tg) APP (London mutation V717l) x PS1 (A246E) mice were stained using ACI-80-Kϕ, ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ, ACI-89-Kϕ. Also, anti-Aβ plaque staining (using the 6E10 antibody) and DAPI nuclei counterstaining was performed on the same slides. Photomicrographs of the stained slices and triple overlay images are shown in [Figure 4](#pone-0041457-g004){ref-type="fig"}.
Aβ plaques were identified in all tg animals using 6E10 anti-Aβ antibody. Moreover, plaques were stained by all tested compounds, although to different extent and with different intensity and background. Specifically, ACI-89-Kϕ and ACI-88-Kϕ stained plaques most intensively, whereas ACI-88-Kϕ additionally yielded the lowest background signal of all peptides. As shown in [Figure 4](#pone-0041457-g004){ref-type="fig"}, ACI-89-Kϕ and ACI-88-Kϕ match 6E10 anti-Aβ staining quite well giving rise to a large extent of overlay in the triple exposure.
For the peptide ACI-87-Kϕ, nearly no overlay with 6E10 anti-Aβ was detected by means that only a very small fraction of the plaques identified with anti-Aβ antibody 6E10 have been stained with the D-peptide. The detection of overlay by the eye is additionally hindered by high background fluorescence. Moreover, ACI-89-Kϕ and ACI-88-Kϕ showed a slightly different staining pattern by means that ACI-88-Kϕ stained the core of plaques while ACI-89-Kϕ has a staining pattern which is more similar to the one of 6E10 which also stains diffuse Aβ plaques.
Therefore, the qualitative assessment demonstrates that the peptides are able to recognize plaques in tg mouse brains with different intensities and background signals. Overall, \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ and ACI-88-Kϕ showed a good overlap with 6E10 Aβ staining and have thus confirmed their leading roles as candidates for further evaluation.
To further proof with a fluorescent independent read-out that ACI-89-Kϕ binds to plaques after peripheral injection, an antibody recognizing the FITC group in ACI-89-Kϕ was used ([Figure 5](#pone-0041457-g005){ref-type="fig"}). This antibody binds to ϕ-labeled peptides that are bound to Aβ plaques in ϕ-peptide immersed tg mouse brain slices. The alkaline phosphatase reaction showed abundant chromogenic deposits resembling the expected distribution and number of Aβ plaques in these brains identified by ACI-89-Kϕ. Thus confidence was provided that ACI-89-Kϕ binds to brain Aβ plaques following peripheral application.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
One of the hallmarks of AD is Aβ accumulation in plaques, probably long time before manifestation of clinical symptoms. Here, we have characterized novel ligands that we believe can have the potential to be used for diagnostic imaging in patients with AD and also in individuals that score as MCI. There is strong demand for imaging probes that allow early diagnosis of the disease, thus enabling novel therapies that allow early intervention. Also such probes will be important to monitor disease progression and therapy success in longitudinal studies. The ligands also have the potential to be used for PET imaging, for example in transgenic mouse models, that overexpress the amyloid precursor proteins and develop amyloid plaques, or in aged monkeys. Imaging of parenchymal Aβ plaques, which mainly consist of the isoform Aβ1--42 in both, transgenic animals and humans, heavily relies on molecular probes that are specifically binding to Aβ1--42 fibrils. In order to discriminate between the two most relevant Aβ depositions in AD, namely vascular Aβ, which mainly consists of Aβ1--40, and parenchymal Aβ, which mainly contains Aβ1--42, there is an urgent need for such a specific PET ligand, as it is not clear if the currently most advanced \[^11^C\]-PIB-PET compound discriminates between Aβ1--40 and 1--42 *in vivo* [@pone.0041457-Svedberg1].
The lead compounds ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ of this program were derived from ACI-80, which is a D-enantiomeric, 12 amino acid peptide that originally was selected by mirror-image phage display (24). D-peptides have several advantages over L-enantiomeric peptides. Most importantly, they are resistant to most proteases [@pone.0041457-Milton1], which can dramatically increase serum [@pone.0041457-Sadowski1] and saliva [@pone.0041457-Wei1] half-life.
The need for exploring derivatives of ACI-80 was dictated by the observation that the N-terminal amino acid residue of ACI-80 converted from glutamine to pyroglutamate in aqueous solution. In addition, ACI-80 derivatives with increased binding affinity to aggregated Aβ species were desirable. The lead compounds ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ were stable in aqueous solution and showed even superior Aβ binding characteristics as compared to ACI-80-Kϕ. This was confirmed by ELISA and SPR *in vitro* binding assays. The ELISA results were fully compatible with the results from SPR. In general, a stronger binding of ACI-80-Kϕ and its derivatives to aggregated Aβ forms, in comparison to monomeric forms, could be verified by ELISA. This is in accordance to the observation previously reported for ACI-80 [@pone.0041457-Bartnik1]. Whether the ACI-80 derivatives also inherited the ACI-80 property to preferentially bind Aβ1--42 over Aβ1--40, was not investigated in the present study.
All *in vitro* binding data agree that Q1X and Q1P mutations lead to an increase of binding and a decrease of dissociation rate, whereas the H3F mutation led to a decrease in binding. In line with the SPR results, the ELISA data confirmed that the substitution of glutamine to proline and the glutamine deletion increased binding to Aβ1--42 whereas the substitution of glutamine to pyroglutamate decreased binding to Aβ. Also, fluorinated, ϕ-labeled D-compounds bound well to Aβ fibrils.
The SPR measurements that were carried out to compare the binding capabilities of ACI-80-Kϕ, ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ to Aβ-fibrils once more confirmed the binding order: ACI-88-Kϕ binds stronger than ACI-89-Kϕ stronger than ACI-87-Kϕ much stronger than ACI-80-Kϕ. Although not all of the fitted binding curves do perfectly fit to the experimental data, the applied evaluation procedure yielded some values for binding affinities that allowed comparison between the four compounds.
*Ex vivo* staining of transgenic mouse brains showed that the FITC labeled compounds ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ and their fluorinated derivatives \[^19^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ, \[^19^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ, and \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ readily recognized amyloid plaques in the mouse brain sections. This is important evidence that these compounds can be used to monitor therapy progress in AD mouse models. Interestingly, \[^19^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ showed a different staining pattern in comparison to the other compounds, being more diffuse and comparable to the staining of 6E10 Aβ antibody.
As already described in two other reports [@pone.0041457-JahanM1], [@pone.0041457-GulysB1] positive autoradiography (ARG) signals, compatible with Aβ staining, have been found in cortical gray matter using \[^18^F\]-ACI-87-Kϕ, \[^18^F\]-ACI-88-Kϕ, \[^18^F\]-ACI-89-Kϕ, \[^125^I\]-ACI-80 and \[^125^I\]-ACI-80-Kϕ ARG on human whole hemisphere brain sections of patients with AD. Brain sections from non-Alzheimer's control subjects were significantly less stained in the cortical gray matter, underpinning the specificity of the ARG signal.
In conclusion, especially the ACI-80 derivatives ACI-87-Kϕ, ACI-88-Kϕ and ACI-89-Kϕ show superior binding affinities and specificities suggesting them as potential probes for specific Aβ aggregate and plaque detection in the living brain.
**Competing Interests:**K.P. is employee of AC Immune. U.W. was employee of AC Immune. A.M. serves as Chief Scientific Officer, A.P. as Chief Executive Officer of AC Immune. C.S. serves as Chief Executive Officer of Prodema Management AG. This does not alter the authors\' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
**Funding:**The authors have no support or funding to report.
[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: SAF AP CS AM DW. Performed the experiments: DB JMG KP UW KW. Analyzed the data: DB JMG KP UW BG CH DW. Wrote the paper: SAF CS AP CS AM DW.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Russia invades Georgia
I have tried to avoid this story, as this entire subject matter frightens me. I remember being young in the 80s afraid of the Cold War. After President Reagan said, “Tear down these walls” things were looking up. No one talked about WWIII anymore in regards to Russia.
Granted, the war in both Afghanistan and Iraq bring back those feelings. No one can fully understand a person who would knowingly leave their family behind to become a suicide bomber…Most people that I know had feelings that this would bring about WWIII.
These feelings have mostly subsided because of the growing ideology that the war is bad and we need to bring our troops home as well as it being almost 7 years since 9/11.
However, Russia has invaded Georgia…and now has conducted a full scale ground invasion. Apparently, Russia claims ethnic cleansing – but in reality, doesn’t appreciate the democracy occurring in Georgia. Between the obvious political ramifications, we now are faced with an almost for certain increase in fuel because of the strategic location of a major pipeline. Some timing, huh – right as our costs are decreasing…..hmmm
Now, we all know I have no inside information on this….this is primarily MY opinion, but –
How did Russia coordinate this offensive so quickly? They HAD to have planned this. Military operations do NOT happen overnight.
Scores of citizens in Georgia are without homes, their hospital has been damaged with patients in a basement with no running water…..many dead – Granted, this is par for the course during war, but Russia will not back down and they are not heeding cease-fire. What needs to happen is real consequences for Russia –
Even with our government condemning Russia, nothing has been said what will happen if they do not stop their invasion. And this is where fear plays in….will this be the start of WWIII?
Mayans claim the “end of the world” by 2012…..Are we on our way there?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Живой поиск имени клиента при добавлении заказа
Есть две базы.
Клиенты
Заказы
При добавлении заказа, есть поле Имя клиента (client_name), которое нужно брать из первой базы (также же client_name). При введении первых букв имени клиента, выводится список. Выбираю нужное имя и оно вставляется в мой input (referal), но почему-то при добавлении в базу что-то идет не так и оно остается пустым в MySQL, другие поля нормально добавляются. Где моя ошибка?
Input
<label>Имя и Фамилия Клиента</label>
<input type="text" name="referal" class="who form-control" autocomplete="off">
<ul class="search_result"></ul>
search.js
$(function(){
//Живой поиск
$('.who').bind("change keyup input click", function() {
if(this.value.length >= 2){
$.ajax({
type: 'post',
url: "search.php", //Путь к обработчику
data: {'referal':this.value},
response: 'text',
success: function(data){
$(".search_result").html(data).fadeIn(); //Выводим полученые данные в списке
}
})
}
})
$(".search_result").hover(function(){
$(".who").blur(); //Убираем фокус с input
})
//При выборе результата поиска, прячем список и заносим выбранный результат в input
$(".search_result").on("click", "li", function(){
s_user = $(this).text();
$(".who").val(s_user).attr('disabled', 'disabled'); //деактивируем input, если нужно
$(".search_result").fadeOut();
})
})
search.php
$mysqli = new mysqli(DB_HOST, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD, DB_NAME);
$mysqli -> query("SET NAMES 'utf8'") or die ("Ошибка соединения с базой!");
if(!empty($_POST["referal"])){
$db_table = "clients";
$referal = trim(strip_tags(stripcslashes(htmlspecialchars($_POST["referal"]))));
$db_referal = $mysqli -> query("SELECT * from ".$db_table." search WHERE client_name LIKE '%$referal%'")
or die('Ошибка №'.__LINE__.'<br>Обратитесь к администратору сайта пожалуйста, сообщив номер ошибки.');
while ($row = $db_referal -> fetch_array()) {
echo "\n<li>".$row["client_name"]."</li>";
}
}
Обработчик добавления заказов, то есть после выбора нужного клиента
$client_name = $_POST["referal"];
$db_table = "orders"; // Имя Таблицы БД
// Подключение к базе данных
$db = mysql_connect($host,$user,$password) OR DIE("Не могу создать соединение ");
// Выборка базы
mysql_select_db("crm",$db);
// Установка кодировки соединения
mysql_query("SET NAMES 'utf8'",$db);
$result = mysql_query ("INSERT INTO ".$db_table." (client_name,status,date) VALUES ('$client_name','$status','$date')");
A:
Заменил
$(".who").val(s_user).attr('disabled', 'disabled');
на
$(".who").val(s_user)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The present invention relates to a crystal oscillator in the shape of a tuning fork, an angular velocity sensor element, an angular velocity sensor, and a method of fabricating a tuning fork shaped crystal oscillator, and, in particular, to an angular velocity sensor element and a method of fabrication thereof.
Angular-velocity sensor elements are used in applications such as vehicle guidance systems and devices for preventing camera shake. The present applicants have already applied for a Japanese patent for an angular velocity sensor element obtained by using direct bonding to attach two tuning fork shaped crystal elements.
A perspective view of a prior-art example of an angular velocity sensor element is shown in FIG. 7.
This angular velocity sensor element is provided with a composite tuning fork shaped crystal element 1 obtained by attaching two tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b by direct bonding, as shown in FIG. 7. The width of each of the tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b is arranged on the X-axis of the crystalline axes (XYZ) of the crystal, with the length thereof on the Y-axis and the thickness thereof on the Z-axis. When one of these tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b is viewed in an upright attitude, the negative direction along the X-axis is to the right-hand side and the positive direction thereof is to the left-hand side. In other words, the −X face of the crystal that is orthogonal to the −X-axis direction is taken to be the right-side surface of the tuning fork shaped crystal. The tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b are bonded together with the ±X-axis directions thereof oriented in opposite directions.
When the composite tuning fork shaped crystal element 1 is fabricated, two Z-cut crystal wafers 2a and 2b are first bonded together directly, with the ±X-axis directions thereof oriented in opposite directions. Etching masks 3 as shown in FIG. 8 in the shape of a tuning fork are then formed on the front and rear of this directly bonded composite crystal wafer 2. These etching masks 3 are formed in such a manner that the right-hand direction (as seen when the composite tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1 that will be formed later are stood upright) is arrayed along the −X-axis direction. The composite crystal wafer 2 is then selectively etched by wet etching, to obtain a large number of the composite tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1 (which will become angular velocity sensor elements).
An electrode for driving the tuning fork in resonance is provided on each of the tines of the tuning fork of the angular velocity sensor element, in order to detect the Coriolis force imposed thereon. In this case, a surface electrode 6a on one tine of the tuning fork (on the right-hand side in the linkage diagram of FIG. 9) and a rear-surface electrode 7b on the other tine of the tuning fork (the left-hand side in FIG. 9) are connected in common and lead out to a first drive terminal D1. Similarly, a rear-surface electrode 6b on the other tine of the tuning fork leads out to a second drive terminal D2.
Electrodes 6c and 7c on the inner side surfaces of the two tines of the tuning fork are connected together, electrodes 6d and 7d on the outer side surfaces thereof are also connected together, and these connections lead out to first and second sensor terminals S1 and S2, respectively. A surface electrode 7a on the other tine of the tuning fork leads out to a monitor terminal M as shown in FIG. 9.
A schematic configurational diagram of a prior-art example of an angular velocity sensor is shown in FIG. 10. The angular velocity sensor shown in FIG. 10 is formed of an oscillation circuit 8 connected to the first and second drive terminals D1 and D2, to excite the tuning fork into resonance; charge amplifiers 9a and 9b and a differential amplifier 10 connected to the sensor terminals S1 and S2, to amplify the electrical charge due to the Coriolis force; a synchronization detection circuit 11 that detects the amount of electrical charge due to the Coriolis force from the differential amplifier 10; a low-pass filter 12 that obtains a DC voltage that is a smoothed output from the synchronization detection circuit 11 in response to angular velocity (a detected angle of rotation); a charge amplifier 9c connected to the monitor terminal M, to amplify the electrical charge due to the resonance of the tuning fork; and an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 13 that fixes the amplitude of the tuning fork's resonance in accordance with the magnitude of the thus amplified electrical charge. Note that the synchronization frequency for the synchronization detection circuit 11 is supplied from the monitor terminal M in this case. The electrical charge caused by the Coriolis force is detected by the thus-configured angular velocity sensor, to reliably determine the angle of rotation thereof.
However, the angular velocity sensor element of this prior-art example does not have a favorable configuration from the viewpoints of improving the crystal impedance (hereinafter abbreviated to CI) when acting as a tuning fork shaped oscillator, and the breaking strength, frequency stability, and CI stability with respect to the drive power (in other words, the drive level characteristics thereof), as well as the uniformity between elements.
The problems with the angular velocity sensor element of this prior-art example are discussed below. The angular velocity sensor element of the above-described configuration is obtained by using wet etching to etch the composite crystal wafer 2 shown in FIG. 8 and thus obtain the individual composite tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1 (see FIG. 7). Since the crystal has etching anisotropy, the etching speed is different in the different crystalline axis directions. Moreover, the etching mask is formed on the composite crystal wafer 2 in this case in such a manner that the two crystal wafers 2a and 2b in this case are connected together with the X-axis directions thereof oriented in opposite directions and the right side surface of each completed tuning fork form the −X face, when the tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b are viewed in an upright attitude. For that reason, a distinctive configuration is formed in the handle portion of the tuning fork (the lower surface portion of the groove of the tuning fork).
An exploded perspective view of the tuning fork with the tines cut away is shown in FIG. 11A, to illustrate this distinctive configuration of the handle portion of the tuning fork. As is clear from this FIG. 11A, a mountain-shaped portion 100 is created where the connective interface forms a peak in the handle portion of the tuning fork. The inner side surfaces of the root portions of tines 101 and 102 of the tuning fork are connected to the mountain-shaped portion 100. An inclined surface 100a that is the main part of this mountain-shaped portion 100 configures a surface that is called the R face of the crystal and surfaces 100b and 100c to the left and right thereof configure r faces of the crystal. This is because the etching speed of the R face is greater than that of the r faces.
A perspective view of a cutaway through the base portion of the tuning fork and the tine 101 of the tuning fork is shown in FIG. 11B. As is clear from this perspective view, a protruberance 101a caused by etching anisotropy is created in the side surface of the tine portion of the tuning fork that abuts the +X face of the crystal. The ridge line of this protruberance 101a is on the +X face of the tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b and is created along the longitudinal direction of the tine portion of the tuning fork in the vicinity of a boundary 105 at which the tuning fork shaped crystal elements 1a and 1b are connected. This ridge line crosses the above-described mountain-shaped portion 100 at a position that is slightly offset from the ridge line of the mountain-shaped portion 100.
The above-described physical shape of the handle portion of the tuning fork obstructs the previously mentioned electrical characteristics. For example, when the left and right tines of the turning fork resonate, stresses are generated in the vertical direction in the handle portion of the tuning fork. However, since the mountain-shaped portion 100 suppresses any change in position in the vertical direction, the resonance of the tuning fork is also suppressed. In other words, the left and right tines 101 and 102 of the tuning fork are restrained mechanically by the mountain-shaped portion 100, increasing the load on the resonance of the tuning fork. This increases the CI.
In addition, since stress concentrations can easily occur in the vicinity of an intersection P between the ridge line of the protruberance 101a and the mountain-shaped portion 100 (see FIG. 11B) when the tines of the tuning fork are resonating, this could cause problems such as cracks when the electrical power applied to the tuning fork is increased. This is a cause of deterioration in the drive level characteristics.
In particular, when the amplitude level is low in an angular velocity sensor that is designed to maintain a fixed amplitude level for the tuning fork resonance by the AGC circuit provided with the monitor terminal of the above-described configuration, there is an increase in the electrical power that automatically drives the amplitude to be constant. This can easily cause damage to the tuning fork shaped crystal oscillator. (See Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-188922, hereinafter referred to as Reference Document 1).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Agonopterix nanatella
Agonopterix nanatella is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Fennoscandia, Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic region and most of the Balkan Peninsula.
The wingspan is 15–19 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.
The larvae of ssp. nanatella feed on Carlina vulgaris. They initially mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine. Older larvae vacate their mines and continues feeding from within a rolled leaf. The larvae of ssp. aridella feed on Cirsium species. They may also create a blotch mine, which is full depth and little contracted. It is mostly limited to the leaf tip. Not all larvae mine though, some live freely on the leaves of their host. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
Larvae can be found from April to May (aridella) or June (nanatella). They are pale yellowish green with a black head.
Subspecies
Agonopterix nanatella nanatella
Agonopterix nanatella aridella Mann, 1869 (southern Europe)
References
Category:Moths described in 1849
Category:Agonopterix
Category:Moths of Europe
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
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Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
published:04 Nov 2018
Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
published:04 Nov 2018
views:1007860
Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
Sure seeing photos of people having a bad day is funny but seeing photos of people having a good day will surely cheer you up! f you\'re currently not having the best day ever, don\'t worry... there\'s still hope, here we have some happy people and animals having their best day ever...
Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
published:04 Nov 2018
views:1007860
Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
Sure seeing photos of people having a bad day is funny but seeing photos of people having a good day will surely cheer you up! f you\'re currently not having the best day ever, don\'t worry... there\'s still hope, here we have some happy people and animals having their best day ever...
EXPECTATIONS vs REALITY of having a Sibling
published:15 Apr 2017
EXPECTATIONS vs REALITY of having a Sibling
EXPECTATIONS vs REALITY of having a Sibling
published:15 Apr 2017
views:43008573
So here\'s our Expectations vs. Reality of having a Sibling! In this video you guys will see the TRUTH of what it\'s like to have a brother or sister. Let us know if your sibling reality looks similar!! Thumbs up for Brothers and Sisters!!!
Subscribe for more cool videos! http://bit.ly/2nCf9L4
SIS vs BRO instagram @ sisvsbro_karina_ronald
Karina has a new instagram @ kurzawa_karina
Ronald\'s new instagram @ ronaldkurzawa
NEW MERCH: https://www.sisvsbro.com
Welcome to SIS vs BRO! This is where Karina and Ronald join forces to challenge each other in countless fun videos! Challenges, gaming, and more!!! Be sure to SUBSCRIBE and we will see you in the next video!!!
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/karinavsronald/
We LOVE you guys!!!...
EXPECTATIONS vs REALITY of having a Sibling
published:15 Apr 2017
views:43008573
So here\'s our Expectations vs. Reality of having a Sibling! In this video you guys will see the TRUTH of what it\'s like to have a brother or sister. Let us know if your sibling reality looks similar!! Thumbs up for Brothers and Sisters!!!
Subscribe for more cool videos! http://bit.ly/2nCf9L4
SIS vs BRO instagram @ sisvsbro_karina_ronald
Karina has a new instagram @ kurzawa_karina
Ronald\'s new instagram @ ronaldkurzawa
NEW MERCH: https://www.sisvsbro.com
Welcome to SIS vs BRO! This is where Karina and Ronald join forces to challenge each other in countless fun videos! Challenges, gaming, and more!!! Be sure to SUBSCRIBE and we will see you in the next video!!!
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/karinavsronald/
We LOVE you guys!!!...
Have Having in English Grammar | Use of Has Have Had | All Concepts, Uses with examples in Hindi - How to use {has had, have had and had had}
Dear students, you must watch this video. I promise you will easily understand the concept of Have & Having in sentences.
It Video Lecture:
https://youtu.
This video is about \"Having + v3rd\'
It is perfect participle used for the given hindi situation:
Ex: Khana kha kar main bazaar gaya.
Kapde dho kar usne khana pakay.
Rule[Having + v3rd + ob], [Sentence]
Ex: Having eaten food, I went to market.
Having washed clothes, she cooke
Here are the nine hilarious stages girls go through on their period. From the pregnancy scare to the mood swings, girls can\'t be tamed during their time of the month.
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Lucky Ones Having The Best Day Ever!
Sure seeing photos of people having a bad day is funny but seeing photos of people having a good day will surely cheer you up! f you\'re currently not having the best day ever, don\'t worry... there\'s still hope, here we have some happy people and animals having t
So here\'s our Expectations vs. Reality of having a Sibling! In this video you guys will see the TRUTH of what it\'s like to have a brother or sister. Let us know if your sibling reality looks similar!! Thumbs up for Brothers and Sisters!!!
Subscribe for more cool videos! http://bit.ly/2nCf9L4
SIS v
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
---
abstract: 'Magnetic excitations in an array of single crystals have been measured using inelastic neutron scattering. Until now, has been thought of as a two-leg antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin ladder with chains running in the $a$-direction. The present results show unequivocally that is best described as an alternating spin-chain directed along the crystallographic $b$-direction. In addition to the expected magnon with magnetic zone-center energy gap $\Delta = 3.1$ meV, a second excitation is observed at an energy just below $2\Delta$. The higher mode may be a triplet two-magnon bound state. Numerical results in support of bound modes are presented.'
address: |
$^1$Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6393, USA\
$^2$University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1501, USA\
$^3$University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0448, USA\
$^4$Insituto de Fisica Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina\
author:
- 'D.A. Tennant$^1$, S.E. Nagler$^1$, T. Barnes$^{1,2}, $ A.W. Garrett$^3$, J. Riera$^4$, and B.C. Sales$^1$'
title: '**Excitations and Possible Bound States in the $S=1/2$ Alternating Chain Compound** '
---
\#1
[**Abstract**]{}
[**Keywords:** ]{} Bound Magnons, Alternating Heisenberg Chain.\
[**Corresponding Author:** ]{}\
Dr Alan Tennant\
Bldg 7962 MS 6393, Solid State Division\
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6393, U.S.A.\
tel.: +1-423-576-7747\
fax.: +1-423-574-6268\
email: alan@phonon.ssd.ornl.gov\
The S=1/2 alternating Heisenberg chain (AHC) is a fascinating quantum system that is currently the subject of much interest. We have established [@gntsb] that the material , previously considered to be a spin ladder, is in fact an excellent realization of the AHC. The physics of the AHC is also very relevant to spin-Peierls materials such as CuGeO3 [@nishi]. Recent theoretical work [@uhrig] on the AHC underscored the potential importance of two-magnon bound modes. In this paper, we review our neutron scattering experiments on the alternating chain material . In addition to the expected one-magnon excitations, we observe an extra mode, which may be a two-magnon bound state. We follow with a discussion of some related theoretical issues.
The crystal structure of is nearly orthorhombic, with a slight monoclinic distortion so that the space group is P2$_{1}$[@nhs]. The room temperature lattice parameters are $a$=7.73Å, $b$=16.59Å, $c$=9.58Åand $\beta$=89.98$^{\circ}$. The magnetic properties of arise from $S=1/2$ V$^{4+}$ ions situated within distorted VO$_6$ octahedra. Face-sharing pairs of VO$_6$ octahedra are stacked in two-leg ladder structures oriented along the $a$-axis. The ladders are separated by large, covalently bonded PO$_4$ complexes. The structure is illustrated schematically in figure 1.
The susceptibility of powder [@jjgj] can be accurately reproduced by either a spin ladder (with $J_\| \approx J_\perp$) or by an alternating chain [@jjgj; @br], but the expectation that the PO$_4$ group would provide a weak superexchange path led to a general acceptance of the spin ladder interpretation of . Pulsed inelastic neutron scattering measurements on powders [@ebbj] showed a spin gap of 3.7 meV, which was interpreted as further support for the ladder model.
Beltrán-Porter [*et al.*]{}[@euro_chemists] examined the superexchange pathways in several vanadyl phosphate compounds, and were led to question the spin-ladder interpretation of . Instead they proposed that an alternating V-O-V-PO$_4$-V chain in the $b$-direction was a more likely magnetic system. The observation of a second spin excitation near 6 meV (not predicted by the ladder model) in a recent triple-axis neutron scattering experiment [@gnbs] on powder, and the discovery of strong superexchange through PO$_4$ groups in the precursor compound [@vodpo_paper], also cast doubt on the spin ladder interpretation. For these reasons we undertook studies of the spin dynamics in single crystals.
Measurements of the excitations were made using a single crystal array of approx. 200 oriented crystals of typical size 1x1x0.25 mm$^3$. The resulting sample had an effective mosaic spread of $8-10^\circ$ FWHM. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements were carried out using triple-axis spectrometers at the HFIR reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; full experimental details can be found in [@gntsb].
Scans [@gntsb] at $T=10$K showed two modes of roughly equal strength at the antiferromagnetic zone-centre $(0,\pi,0)$ at energies of $\Delta_{l}=3.12(3)$ meV and $\Delta_{u}=5.75(2)$ meV. Full resolution convolutions with the fitted dispersion showed these modes to be resolution limited. The disappearance of both modes at higher temperatures confirmed their magnetic origin. The modes were found to track approximately in $Q$ close to $(0,\pi,0)$ (see Figure (2)). At the zone-boundary $(0,\pi/2,0)$ only a single mode was observed at an energy of $\approx 15$meV. Because of poor instrumental resolution it was not possible to tell whether the modes had coalesced or were simply not resolved.
Fig. 2 shows the measured dispersion for both modes along $a^*,b^*$ and $c^*$. The excitation energy is almost independent of $Q_{c}$ (middle panel), implying a very weak coupling along $c$. The dependence of energy on $Q_{a}$ is much weaker than on $Q_{b}$ and is ferromagnetic. The strong $Q_{b}$ dependence implies that the exchange coupling is dominantly one-dimensional along the $b$-direction, confirming the V-O-V-PO$_4$-V alternating chain proposed in [@euro_chemists] and [@vodpo_paper].
For any exchange alternation $-$ as occurs with the two inequivalent exchanges along $b$ $-$ a gap should appear in the dispersion (as observed) and the absence of magnetic ordering in is consistent with a singlet ground state. However the observation of an extra mode requires a more thorough theoretical investigation. Since the high temperature limit of the magnetic susceptibility[@jjgj] is consistent with expectations for simple $S=1/2$, $g=2$ spins, the possibility that the upper mode is an additional low lying single ion excitation can be ruled out. Two other plausible explanations of the second peak are (a) splitting due to an exchange anisotropy, and (b) a physical two-magnon bound state.
Although a pseudo-Boson calculation including exchange anisotropy gave an excellent fit to the dispersion [@gntsb] $-$ the solid line in Figure (2) is a fit to this model [@gntsb] $-$ considerable exchange anisotropy ($\approx 15 \%$) was necessary to account for the mode splitting. Recent single crystal magnetic susceptibility measurements [@thompson] were quantitatively consistent with the previous powder results[@jjgj] and found little if any evidence for anisotropy. Also the coupling in the precursor compound was found to be consistent with isotropic exchange [@vodpo_paper] suggesting that one should seek another explanation for the second mode, and because the energy of the upper mode at $(0,\pi,0)$, $\Delta_{u}$, is just below $2\Delta_{l}$, a bound two-magnon mode may provide a good explanation. In support of this explanation, preliminary high-field measurements show splitting of both modes which is consistent with both modes being triplets [@vopo_field].
To gain some insight into the formation of two-magnon modes in we have studied the $S=1/2$ AHC using numerical techniques. The isotropic AHC Hamiltonian is $$H =
\sum_{i=1}^{L/2}
\ J \; {\vec S_{2i-1}} \cdot {\vec S_{2i}}
+ \alpha J \; {\vec S_{2i}} \cdot {\vec S_{2i+1}} \ ,$$ where $J>0$ and $1 \ge \alpha \ge 0$. Equation (1) has been studied analytically and numerically over many years, but it had not been appreciated until recently that $S=0$ and $S=1$ bound magnon states may form. Uhrig and Schulz [@uhrig] have used field theory and RPA methods to study these modes at $k=\pi/2$ and $k=0,\pi$. The existence of these bound states depends subtly on the kinetic and potential energies of pair formation, and occur for only certain values of $k$.
Perturbation theory in $\alpha$ about the dimer limit ($\alpha=0$) provides a quantitative basis for understanding the excitations for small $\alpha$, and also provides insight into the competition between potential and kinetic energy effects in bound states [@brt]. Figure (3) shows the one- and two-magnon excitation spectra calculated within a simplified approximate first order (one- and two-magnon manifold) treatment of the AHC. At $k=\pi/2$ there is a node in the two-magnon continuum which corresponds to a degeneracy in the total kinetic energy $\omega(k_{1})+\omega(\pi/2-k_{1})$ of two magnons. The $S=0$ and $S=1$ bound states lie well below the continuum lower boundary. However at $k=0$ and $\pi$ only the $S=0$ bound state is seen. The continuum is much broader at $k=0,\pi$ indicating larger mixing effects which disrupt the $S=1$ bound state. Although no $S=1$ bound state forms, the attractive potential still leads to a strongly enhanced scattering cross-section $S(Q,\omega)$ at the continuum lower boundary [@brt], see dashed line in Figure (4). The $S=1$ bound state appears clearly at the $k=\pi/2$ point (solid line in Figure (4)). It should be noted that the neutron scattering cross-section for the $S=0$ mode is zero, however this mode may be visible by light scattering [@brt].
Harris [@abh] used a reciprocal space perturbation theory to calculate the ground state and excited state energy up to $O(\alpha^3)$. This gives a $k=0,\pi$ energy gap of $E_{gap}=J(1-\alpha/2-3 \alpha^2 /8 + \alpha^3 /32)$. However these results can be derived more easily in real space [@brt], and in the case of the ground state energy, we have extended the calculation to $O(\alpha^5)$, $$\begin{aligned}
e_0(\alpha)/J=-3/2^3-(3/2^6) \cdot \alpha^2 - (3/2^8) \cdot \alpha^3
\nonumber \\
- (13/2^{12}) \cdot \alpha^4 - (95/3) \cdot (1/2^{14}) \cdot
\alpha^5 - O(\alpha^6) .\end{aligned}$$ The perturbation series appears to be rapidly converging for $\alpha \le 0.5$, and may have a radius of convergence of unity.
Because has $\alpha \approx 0.8$ [@gntsb], we have used a numerical Lanczos algorithm on finite $L=4n$ lattices of up to $L=28$ and with approximately 14 place accuracy to study the ground states and binding energies up to similar values of $\alpha$. Full details will be given elsewhere [@brt]. Figure (4) shows the calculated binding energies of the $S=0$ bound mode at $k=\pi/2$, and $k=0$, as well as those for the $S=1$ bound mode at $k=\pi/2$. The results show strong binding at $\alpha=0.8$ of the $S=0$ mode at $k=\pi/2$ but the situation is not clear for $k=0$. They also suggest weak binding for the S=1 mode at $\pi/2$ at the alternation for . Unfortunately finite size effects precluded an accurate determination of this binding energy.
In order to make a quantitative comparison with $S(Q,\omega)$ is required for the bound modes and continuum. We are currently undertaking calculations to quantify this. The effects of interchain coupling have been neglected and these may enhance the binding. Next-nearest neighour exchange within the chains may have a similar effect. The $\alpha$ perturbation theory provides a useful quantitative guide to such effects, and further theoretical studies are in progress. We also note that similar dynamics are also important in many other low-dimensional Hamiltonians such as spin ladders and we shall present some work on those in the future.
In conclusion, we have measured an extra mode in the alternating chain system . The evidence suggests that this is a two-magnon bound state. Perturbation theory and Lanczos calculations give an insight into the formation of bound modes.
We thank J.Thompson for sharing his susceptibility results with us prior to publication. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed for the U.S. D.O.E. by Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464. Work at U.F. is supported by the U.S. D.O.E. under contract DE-FG05-96ER45280.
A.W. Garrett, S.E. Nagler, D.A. Tennant, B.C. Sales and T. Barnes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 745 (1997).
M. Nishi [*et al.*]{} Phys. Rev. B 32, 6508 (1994).
G.S.Uhrig and H.J.Schulz, Phys. Rev. B 54, R9624 (1996).
P.T. Nguyen, [*et al.*]{} Mat. Res. Bull. 30, 1055 (1995).
D.C. Johnston [*et al.*]{}, Phys. Rev. B 35, 219 (1987).
T.Barnes and J.Riera, Phys. Rev. B 50, 6817 (1994).
R.S.Eccleston [*et al.*]{} Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2626 (1994).
D. Beltrán-Porter P. Amorós, R. Ibáñez, E. Martínez, A. Beltrán-Porter, A. LeBail, G. Ferey, and G. Villeneuve, Solid State Ionics 32-33, 57 (1989).
A.W.Garrett, S.E.Nagler, T.Barnes and B.C.Sales, Phys. Rev. B 55, 3631 (1997).
D.A.Tennant, S.E.Nagler, A.W.Garrett, T.Barnes, and C.C.Torardi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4998 (1997).
J.R. Thompson and K.J. Song, private communication
S.E. Nagler, D.A. Tennant, A.W. Garrett, B.Sales, and T.Barnes, in preparation.
T. Barnes, J. Riera, and D.A. Tennant, in preparation.
A.B. Harris, Phys. Rev. B. 7, 3166 (1973).
[Figure Captions]{}
[Figure 1. Schematic depiction of the structure and magnetic interactions in VOPO. The spin ladder model previously thought to describe VOPO has nearest neighbor exchange constants $J_{\parallel}$ along the $a$ (“ladder”) direction and $J_{\perp}$ along the $b$ (“rung”) direction. In the alternating chain model, nearest neighbor V$^{4+}$ ions are alternately coupled by constants $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$ along the $b$ (chain) direction. Neighboring spins in adjacent chains are coupled by $J_{a}$. Magnetic coupling in the $c$ direction is negligible. ]{}
[Figure 2. Measured dispersion of magnetic excitations in VOPO at T = 10K. When not visible error bars are smaller than the size of the plotted symbols. Filled circles (open diamonds) are points from the lower (upper) energy mode. The solid lines are dispersion curves calculated using parameters obtained by fitting to a pseudo-Boson model [@gntsb]. Wavevectors are plotted in units corresponding to the VOPO reciprocal lattice. ]{}
[Figure 3. Schematic depiction of the one- and two-magnon excitation spectra of the $S=1/2$ AHC with an alternation of $\alpha=0.2$. An $S=1$ bound mode appears below the continuum at $k \approx \pi/2$. The more deeply bound $S=0$ mode (dashed line) is not visible to neutrons scattering. ]{}
[Figure 4. Calculated $S(Q,\omega)$ for constant-Q scans at $k=\pi/2$ (solid line) and $k=\pi$ (dashed line) using the first order perturbation approach with $\alpha=0.2$. ]{}
[Figure 5. Calculated binding energies of the $S=0$ and $S=1$ bound states using a Lanczos method [@brt] at $k=0$ and $\pi/2$. The binding energies are given in units of $J$. ]{}
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Restriction of the human in vivo immune response against the mouse monoclonal antibody OKT3.
The murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 (IgG2a) was administered prophylactically to 17 renal allograft recipients (5 mg/day, i.v.), either alone or in association with corticosteroids (0.25 mg/kg/day) and azathioprine (3 mg/kg/day). In all patients the kinetics of the IgM and IgG anti-OKT3 response was monitored by means of immunofluorescence and ELISA. All patients treated with OKT3 alone showed a rapid and strong sensitization that completely neutralized the therapeutic effectiveness of the monoclonal antibody. The anti-OKT3 sensitization was manifested by accelerated OKT3 clearance and abrupt reappearance of circulating OKT3+ cells before the end of treatment. This immune response was significantly delayed and reduced in its incidence and intensity in patients receiving low dose corticosteroids and azathioprine in association to OKT3; mainly IgM anti-OKT3 antibodies that did not accelerate OKT3 clearance were then observed. The fine specificity of the antibodies produced was studied, using patients whole sera and various mouse IgG2a-affinity chromatography-purified serum fractions. The results obtained showed that the anti-OKT3 response was remarkably restricted to two main categories of antibodies: a) anti-idiotypic antibodies that inhibited OKT3 binding to T cells and abrogated its therapeutic activity and b) anti-mouse IgG2a (anti-isotypic) antibodies that did not neutralize OKT3 immunosuppressive activity. These results suggest that OKT3-immunized patients might still be sensitive to the immunosuppressive effect of other anti-T cell monoclonals that do not share the OKT3 idiotype and possibly isotype.
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Translator to Portuguese Medical Translation Services
Translator to Portuguese medical translation services provided by official Portuguese translators in Manchester
Translator to Portuguese Medical Translation Services
The translation of medical documents from Translator to Portuguese constitutes a significant part of Manchester Translator's core business. To ensure accuracy and precision, we always use specialised translators (holding a medical degree as well as their translation degree) to carry out Translator to Portuguese medical translations. If you have medical reports, letters or notes that require translation from Translator to Portuguese, Manchester Translator can take care of this for you.
Below you will find a list of only the most common Translator medical documents that Manchester Translator has translated into Portuguese over the past two years:
Translator Medical reports
Treament schedules
Bill of health statements
Prognosis summaries
Translator Medical Articles
Translator Medical Journals
Further information about our Translator to Portuguese medical translators and their qualifications in providing medical translations can be found here:
Translator to Portuguese Medical Translation Pricing
Manchester Translation offers competitive rates for all types of medical translation projects, and as with all of our Translator to Portuguese translation services, a free quotation is provided without commitment.
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Opinion
PEASE: The CIA spies on the U.S. Senate, is there nobody safe from spying?
In yet another emerging scary scandal, not well publicized, the CIA recently acknowledged that it “had secretly searched Senate computer files related to an investigation of the agency’s Bush-era harsh interrogation program.” Searched Senate computer files! Good grief, that is our own government that they spied on! Is there nobody safe from spying? Their admission that they had lied for several months when accused of having done so and their apology to the senators to whom they had spied, does not make such acceptable. They readily placed the blame on three lower level technology staff members who, they said, “demonstrated a lack of candor” when doing so. Is there no punishment?
Left out of their “limp” apology is who directed them to spy on the Senate in the first place? Also minimized by existing coverage is the fact that this wasn’t just any group of U.S. Senators that the CIA decided to spy on, it was the Senate Intelligence Committee, charged with overseeing all spying sponsored by our government. In effect, the CIA was spying on its congressional boss.
The loudest complainant, and the one to take to the Senate floor to blast the unruly organization of lifting material from committee computers, was the Senate Intelligence Committee Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein. Six months ago, Feinstein insisted that the CIA removed from committee computers information that cast the agency’s post-9/11 interrogation tactics in a harsh and negative light, this presumably to avoid embarrassment and legal entanglements. Meddling with the Oversight Committee’s findings effectively tramples on the constitutional separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government and, if not checked, destroys that balance.
What caused the CIA to spy on its own government was that the Senate was investigating them and about to release its incriminating findings. Despite CIA interference the Committee voted 11-3 to release a 431-page summary of its four-year 6,200 page, $40 million scathing indictment. Just why the complete document will remain classified, and thus secret, has not been disclosed but it can be assumed that the released version is the sanitized version. As a result the extent of the Bush-era CIA torture practice continues into the Obama-era and CIA misdeeds will not come to light fully until those responsible are safely out of danger of prosecution. With respect to the part that remains classified Committee Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein threatened, “If someone distributed any part of this classified report, they broke the law and should be prosecuted.” Perhaps she should be reminded that secrecy and free government are incompatible.
The part released concluded “that the CIA’s use of brutal interrogation measures did not produce valuable intelligence and that the agency repeatedly misled government officials about the severity and success of the program.” Feinstein called the torture practice shocking, “The report exposes brutality that stands in stark contrast to our values as a nation. It chronicles a stain on our history that must never again be allowed to happen,” she said. She was referring to the CIA’s use of water-boarding and other harsh tactics against dozens of terrorism suspects.
Maine Senator Angus King, an independent on the Committee, called the practice torture. “I don’t have any doubts on that fact. It’s a pretty hard read. It’s very disappointing.” But he was especially bothered by the amount of inaccurate statements emanating from the CIA that influenced the president and congress for years. He might have included the mainstream media and the falsehoods that will continue for decades in our history textbooks until everything is declassified and scrutinized by historians.
What appears clear is that the CIA used interrogation methods reportedly not approved by the Justice Department, that the agency evaded congressional oversight, and that the agency self-empowered itself as though independent and accountable to only itself. Also, clear is that the extent of its wrongdoing will remain hidden and classified so that no one is punished. This is the sanitized version.
But back to our original concern, apparently the CIA is so brazen that it spies on, and removes evidence from, the Senate Intelligence Committee charged with its oversight. Amazingly this to the point that they too, knowing more than any other organization the power and danger of the way-ward child, participated in keeping a part of the organizations wrong doings secret. One wonders if the U.S. Senate is that independent of the CIA, especially when this organization receives little more than a verbal retribution for spying and lifting evidence on it, an activity that should be criminal.
Dr. Harold Pease is an expert on the United States Constitution. He has dedicated his career to studying the writings of the Founding Fathers and applying that knowledge to current events. He has taught history and political science from this perspective for over 25 years at Taft College. To read more of his weekly articles, please visit www.LibertyUnderFire.org.
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h/t Breitbart – President Trump blocked Nancy Pelosi and her entourage from using an Airforce jet for a seven day tour of Europe, Egypt and Afghanistan – though he suggested they could book commercial flights if they want.
President Trump apparently caught Democrats by surprise – their Air Force bus was photographed circling Capitol Hill after President Trump’s order.
Bus for lawmakers on Pelosi’s codel is circling Capitol Hill, awaiting some definitive answers. pic.twitter.com/bpSpPeCZOk — Leo Shane III (@LeoShane) January 17, 2019
Members including House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff getting off the bus in front of the Capitol. pic.twitter.com/G6JMtVCg8h — Jason Donner (@jason_donner) January 17, 2019
I am sure you will all join me in commending President Trump for helping Nancy Pelosi and her fellow Democrats avoid the hideous carbon cost they would have incurred, had they used an airforce jet for their world tour.
House Democrats no doubt deep down appreciate President Trump’s reminder of their climate responsibilities; Nancy Pelosi and her fellow Democrat’s believe that climate change is an existential crisis.
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Civic and Coincover Announce the First-of-its-Kind Crypto Wallet With a $1 Million Protection Guarantee
Civic Wallet, protected by Coincover, is Multisig and Non-Custodial, Giving Users More Control When Storing and Transacting With Digital Currency
Civic Technologies, a leading innovator in digital wallet solutions, today announced that Civic Wallet is the first and only non-custodial crypto wallet to offer a $1 million (USD) digital currency guarantee provided by Coincover, the leader in high security, risk prevention and mitigation solutions, insured by Lloyd’s of London underwriters. Civic Wallet is currently in private beta.
"We believe that everyone needs access to a neutral, trustworthy place to store their digital currency, especially in this extraordinary new financial climate. People are looking to move their digital currency so that they have more control and reliable, easy restoration if they ever lose access to their funds," said Vinny Lingham, CEO and co-founder of Civic. "Together with Coincover, we’re now ensuring that Civic Wallet users have this unique protection."
The Coincover Cryptocurrency Protection Guarantee covers all Civic Wallet customer holdings up to a value of $1 million per wallet. This protection comes automatically when signing up for Civic Wallet, and there are no extra steps users must take to be eligible.
"Protection for consumer level cryptocurrency is long overdue. This collaboration reflects the tremendous progress Coincover has made in bringing safety, trust, transparency and accessibility to the market for consumers," said Coincover CEO, David Janczewski.
The Coincover and Civic alliance and Cryptocurrency Protection Guarantee represent continuous efforts from both Coincover and Civic to provide consumers with peace of mind as they enter into the crypto space in greater numbers. The timing couldn’t be more apt. The world economy is shifting rapidly, and governments have taken emergency measures to stabilize global markets, including cutting the interest rates to nearly zero. For crypto holders navigating economic turbulence, a Civic Wallet with a Coincover Cryptocurrency Protection Guarantee provides an additional layer of protection.
Civic Wallet offers a safe way for people around the world to store and transact with digital currency. With the inaugural Civic Wallet, users may onboard, store and buy digital currencies, including USDC, Bitcoin and Ethereum directly in the app with a bank account.* Users may also send crypto and money to friends and family easily with low fees via usernames or addresses to third party blockchain wallets. In the event a user loses their phone or otherwise cannot open their wallet, digital wallet recovery is simple and intuitive.
Civic is offering its private beta to its list of pre-registered users in a phased rollout. The company will be announcing new features and capacities in future versions of the product with easy referrals to friends around the world.
* Buying cryptocurrencies in the following states is currently not supported for licensing reasons: Connecticut, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia.
About Civic
Civic enables consumers to securely send and receive money, including cryptocurrencies, around the world. Civic Wallet, a non-custodial digital wallet for consumers, provides a seamless way to transact. Civic uses identity.com's open-source, blockchain-based ecosystem to verify credentials. Civic was co-founded in 2015 by serial entrepreneurs Vinny Lingham and Jonathan Smith.
About Coincover
Coincover was founded in 2018 in Cardiff with the aim of making owning cryptocurrency safer and more accessible. It is the first and only service to guarantee digital funds will not be lost or stolen. By combining insurance developed in partnership with Lloyd’s of London underwriters with the latest security features, Coincover significantly reduces risk and makes digital currency investments simple, safe and secure for retail and business customers across the world.
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Lessons from Limbo
Fr. John Breck
The Roman Catholic Church recently announced that it is closing the doors on "limbo." For important theological reasons, this is a good thing. Yet it gives us cause to reflect a little on our own
understanding of the state of existence after death and on the development of theology within the
Church.
Developed by medieval Latin theologians, limbo was conceived on the one hand as the abode of
deceased pious souls of the Old Covenant who were awaiting the coming of the Messiah. This is the
limbus patrum, not unlike "sheol" in biblical and Orthodox iconographic tradition. (Our Paschal
icon, often referred to as "the Descent of Christ into Hell," is in fact a descent into hades or
sheol.) More significant, and much more problematic, was the hypothesis, put forth by medieval
Latin Doctors of the Church, that there exists as well a limbus infantium, a place where unbaptized
infants spend eternity. According to Aquinas, these children victims of miscarriage, abortion or
infant mortality dwell forever in this domain of "natural happiness," but they are deprived of
the full blessedness of heaven and, consequently, of the hope that they will dwell in communion
with other redeemed family members. These versions of limbo, by the way, were quite distinct from
the teaching about purgatory, which is conceived as a place of purifying punishment for "venial"
(as opposed to "mortal") sins, for which forgiveness is necessary in order for the deceased person
to attain the "beatific vision" or salvation. Neither purgatory nor limbo has found a place in
traditional Orthodox teaching.
Before he ascended to the Papacy, Pope Benedict XVI had already expressed doubts about the
usefulness (or accuracy) of limbo, calling it a "theological hypothesis." Since Vatican II,
Catholic theologians and pastors have tended to ignore this theologoumenon, but the dogma behind it
was never formally reassessed. Originating with Augustine, that dogma reflects a Latin
understanding of the effects of "original sin." Passages such as Romans 5:12 were (mis)interpreted
so as to imply that the "original sin" of Adam is transmitted, rather like a defective gene, to all
future generations. Therefore any conceived child bears "the sin of Adam" and consequently bears
Adam's guilt. That guilt, and its mortal consequences, are removed only by baptism. If a child dies
before being baptized, according to this view, it is still stained with original sin and cannot
enjoy the beatific vision.. Yet it was also recognized that such children are innocent of any
personal sin. Thus it became necessary to conceive of a domain, realm or state in which such
children would spend eternity, one that is distinct from the punishments of hell but equally devoid
of eternal blessedness. This conundrum, based on a noble but defective theological logic, led to
the notion of limbo.
If the logic is defective, it is because the underlying presupposition is false. The consensus of
Eastern patristic tradition, and of Orthodox theologians today, is that the "original sin" of Adam
is not transmitted (sexually or by any other means) from generation to generation like an inherited
disease. Rather, what we inherit or receive from creation of the "first man Adam" (who represents
all of humanity) is the consequence of sin, namely mortality, death. "As sin came into the world
through one man [Adam], and death through sin, so death spread to all men because all men sinned . . . "
(Rom 5:12).
The first lesson from limbo, then, is that it is usually not enough to do away with unfortunate
(i.e., useless, deceptive or simply incorrect) theological hypotheses. It is just as necessary to
look at the underlying theological reasoning behind those hypotheses, and correct that as well.
Many Roman Catholic theologians have done just that, and many have modified the traditional Latin
view of the transmission of original sin. But many have not, and the consequence is twofold. On the
one hand, one must still presume that Catholic teaching holds that infants are conceived, bearing
Adam's guilt; yet on the other, without "limbo" the consequences of that state of being are totally
up in the air: theoretically they cannot be admitted into heaven, but they surely cannot be
consigned to eternal hell.
The real issue is far broader than the matter of limbo. It concerns nothing less than the Latin
understanding of redemption and the role of baptism in that process. By eliminating limbo, are
Catholic theologians saying as well that in fact there is no real "inheritance" or transmission of
original sin as such, but only of its deadly consequences? Are they now accepting a view of
redemption that is less juridical (a forensic removal of sin and guilt) and more existential and
ecclesial (incorporating the believer into the death and resurrection of Christ)? And does this
mean that they now hold that unbaptized babies and all children not yet conscious of sin and able
to repent are admitted upon death into the full glory of heaven, by a God whose mercy far
outstrips His requirements for justice? If so, they are aligning themselves more closely with the
Orthodox position than with their own theological heritage. (Such a realignment has in fact been in
evidence since Vatican II. See especially the Catechism of the Catholic Church, §1257-1284, on the
sacrament of baptism. This very biblical elaboration makes no mention of limbo, but states
regarding children who have died without baptism: "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of
God, as she does in her funeral rites for them" [1261].)
Limbo was conceived as a response, misguided as it was, to a specific theological problem within
Roman Catholicism. That problem concerned the very concept of God that the Latin Church held and
taught. In the late and post medieval periods, the Orthodox were exposed to varying degrees of
Latin influence, and that influence has carried over, in North America especially, with the
conversion to Orthodoxy of many former "Uniates," Eastern Christians who had been in communion with
Rome. Other influences, from exaggerated monastic asceticism to misleading interpretations of
Scripture in our church schools, has created in the minds of many of our own faithful an image of
God that is more judgmental than merciful: a God of Justice, whose primary concern is to punish
those who do not fulfill His commandments.
Like limbo, this conception of God is a popular one. It certainly does not reflect the traditional
teaching of the Orthodox Church. Yet like limbo among many Catholics, it dwells in the back of many
Orthodox people's minds, a good number of whom respond either by living in dread before divine
wrath or by fleeing the Church altogether.
Perhaps the most important lesson in all of this is that the Holy Spirit is calling and directing
us constantly to return to the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Particular theologoumena, theological
opinions, always need reassessing not just for their specific content, but for the impact they
might have on the lives of our faithful. (A case in point is the "toll houses," spheres of
purification through which deceased persons pass on their journey toward heaven. There is room, to
be sure, for some such teaching within the Church purification as an ongoing process, for example
as long as it does not become, as it so often does, distorted into a Gnostic image of
purification through what amounts to torture, inflicted by powers more demonic than angelic.)
The primary question, made clear by the history of "limbo," is this: To what degree does any given
teaching or exposition of the faith actually reflect the witness of Holy Scripture and the Church's
authentic Tradition? To the extent that it does, then it should be retained; where it does not,
then the teaching needs to be reinterpreted so that it conforms faithfully to revealed Truth.
Because pious traditions even erroneous ones can have such a hold on the popular mind, it
requires courage, patience and a great deal of prayerful discernment in order to make this
continual reassessment of our various theological interpretations. Nevertheless, we should not fear
the process. We should accept it as a function of the Church's Living Tradition, given and
sustained by the Spirit of Truth.
Read the entire article on the Orthodox Church of America website (new window will open). Reprinted with permission of the author.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Derivatives : Exchange-traded products : Joel Clark
Why listed derivatives struggle to address risk
Some traders have been critical of listed products designed to replicate OTC derivatives, but exchanges are working hard to develop appropriate listed instruments. Joel Clark reports.
Why would a buy-side firm want to trade an over-the-counter (OTC) instrument, with all its associated costs, if the same risk exposure could be obtained in a cheaper and more standardised format through a listed product? Exchange-traded alternatives to OTC products offer the potential to free up significant amounts of margin and capital while also opening up access to a broader investor base.
Yet in spite of these advantages, some buy-side firms remain frustrated with what they see as the slow pace of successful product innovation among the main exchanges. Despite vastly increased central clearing of interest rate and credit derivatives in recent years – driven by regulatory mandates – a full transition into listed products appears to be tougher to bring to reality.
“Exchanges have created some very successful fixed income products over the years, but the major drivers of risk in the portfolio – including different types of credit and sector exposure – are still not covered by listed products,” says Eric Böss, global head of trading at Allianz Global Investors (AGI). “I would like to see more liquid and accessible instruments available on exchange, with a diverse ecosystem of liquidity providers and investors.”
Jason Radzik, head of Americas derivatives execution and clearing at BNP Paribas, is similarly ambivalent, noting that despite some early success with the launch of interest rate swap futures, the drive to bring other OTC products onto exchange appears to have stalled.
“The momentum to move from bilateral to listed fixed income products has plateaued and while there is still demand, it becomes more difficult when you get to the esoteric products. There are many more intricacies in how those products are processed and risk managed, which has slowed things down,” Radzik explains.
It has now been several years since the first swap futures became available, typically designed to combine the economic structure of an OTC swap with the flexibility and lower cost of a future. Among the early proponents were Eris Exchange, Intercontinental Exchange, CME Group and Eurex.
Swap futures have remained a popular product, with open interest in Eris US dollar interest rate swap futures rising to nearly 210,000 contracts this year. The product appears to have become a viable and efficient alternative to the traditional OTC market. On 11 May, 2018 CME Group and Eris Exchange announced a licensing agreement to migrate Eris USD Interest Rate Swap Futures to CME Group and the CME Globex trading platform in Q4 2018. This ought to deliver margin offsets for users, given some 30 million contracts of USD interest rate futures open interest are held at CME Clearing.
“Eris swap futures are convexity neutral with OTC swaps, meaning the implied cashflows of Eris are the same as if the transaction had been an OTC swap. This allows users to benefit from the protection, cost and operational advantages of exchange trading without having to compromise on what would be achieved bilaterally, or with a cleared OTC swap,” says Geoffrey Sharp, head of sales at Eris Exchange.
Given the success of swap futures, exchanges have naturally been keen to expand this product push and look to bring other OTC structures onto exchange. Eurex, for example, has been particularly active in product innovation in recent years, with recent launches in late 2017 including exchange traded fund (ETF) options and Italian Government Bond (BTP) options. Average daily volume (ADV) in ETF options has surpassed 400 contracts this year, while for BTP options, ADV since launch is now 2,500 contracts.
Lee Bartholomew, head of fixed income product research and development at Eurex, believes the implementation of the second Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) in January 2018 created added impetus for market participants to consider listed alternatives wherever possible.
“MiFID II and the drive for best execution is pushing the buy side more towards listed solutions, and we see this as a major growth opportunity for Eurex,” he says. “Among OTC instruments, credit and fixed income ETFs are areas where Eurex has developed listed solutions and there is growing demand among real money investors and hedge funds.”
He adds: “We have had a very busy year in listed products with new launches including BTP options, OAT options, fixed income ETF options and corporate bond index futures, but the challenge is not so much in launching a new product but rather in attracting participants and building liquidity.”
It may be too soon to know whether adoption of such products will accelerate, but traders are clear that they must be developed in close collaboration with the industry. Some believe there is a greater role to be played by industry bodies in bringing participants together to determine the most appropriate listed solutions for different user groups.
“Exchanges can do a lot of work to bring new products to market, but if they don’t put themselves in the position of the executing brokers, futures commission merchant (FCMs) and buy-side clients to properly understand their concerns and challenges, they can’t be sure of success. They need to work closely with all stakeholders in the industry to find common themes to progress the business,” says Radzik of BNP Paribas.
It is a prescient warning for exchanges of the need to be clear on the target user base for any new product and ensure that user base is consulted as broadly as possible to determine product suitability. For its part, Eris Exchange believes the need for listed alternatives to OTC products is most acute on the buy side.
“Over time we anticipate dealers will become active participants and recognise the benefits of Eris futures, but we are primarily focused on the buy side community at this stage. OTC swaps serve big players well, albeit for a higher overall cost, so we target firms that get immediate economic benefit from the product,” explains Sharp.
“We have to get to a certain critical mass to attract the larger participants and our biggest challenge is not necessarily finding users, but rather finding users with all of the pipes and plumbing that is needed to access the contract and process it through their internal systems.”
At Eurex, officials acknowledge that listed products won’t ever replace the OTC market, and there will always be a need for those bespoke hedging solutions that can only be structured on a bilateral basis. But given the significant pressures on the buy side, there is still ground to be gained in the listed space.
“Generating target returns is becoming more difficult for portfolio managers because of the rising costs of capital and margin pressures and this plays to the greater standardisation of OTC products, including credit. Exchanges have historically focused mostly on rates within the fixed income space, but as the market evolves it is important that we consider alternative products in this area as well, like ETF options,” says Bartholomew.
The efforts of Eurex, Eris and other exchanges have not gone unnoticed by the buy side, but there remains some disappointment at the slow pace of change. Böss of AGI welcomes product innovation, but believes more could be done to bring liquid instruments onto exchange.
“Some exchanges have been creative in structuring new products rather than simply trying to bring an OTC product directly onto exchange, but there needs to be thorough due diligence in advance. In some cases, the listed products are still too complicated for exchange trading, while sometimes institutional investors already have access to liquid and efficient swap markets so there is less incentive to move to listed,” says Böss.
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https://tinyurl.com/yarnw4pa
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
HYDERABAD: In yet another case of honour killing , a young couple in love was allegedly murdered by the girl’s family in Anantapur district. The incident came to light when their bodies were found near the railway tracks in Nakkanadoddi village in Guntakal mandal on Thursday morning.
To mislead the police, the accused allegedly dumped the bodies of Gopal, 21, and Mangamma, 18, close to the railway tracks to portray it as a suicide. The couple, who had been in love for the past two years, were tortured and later hit with boulders by the accused, including Mangamma’s father Linganna, leading to their instantaneous death in the late hours of Tuesday.
The victims hailed from Bollanagadda village in Bommanahal mandal of Anantapur district.
Gopal was son of ex-sarpanch Chintala Ramanjaneyulu of Bollanagadda. When both the families learnt about the couple’s relationship some time ago, Linganna confined her daughter to the house and warned her of dire consequences if she did not stop seeing Gopal.
In August, the couple planned to elope and marry as they got worried and realised that their elders would never approve of their marriage, the young couple ran away from their homes on August 21 and took shelter in a relative’s house in Chayapuram village in Vajrakorur mandal.
As ill luck would have it, an auto driver of Bollanagadda saw them and immediately informed Linganna who rushed to Chayapuram with his relatives – Govindu, Vannuru Swamy, Nagaraju, Parameshwarappa and Venkatesh.
They convinced Gopal and Mangamma to come out and took them out on Tuesday evening with a promise to perform their marriage. The unsuspecting couple followed them.
On their way back, the accused tied the couple at Nakkandadoddi, tortured them and later hit them with boulders. To keep their crime a secret, they flung the bodies near the railway tracks and fled the scene.
Some farmers found the bodies late on Wednesday evening and informed the railway police of Gutti mandal. Police recovered the bodies on Thursday morning and shifted them to hospital for an autopsy. A case has been registered based on a complaint by Gopal’s father.
A manhunt has been launched for the killers.
The couple ran away from their homes and took shelter in a relative’s house on Aug. 21. When the accused found them on Tuesday, they promised to perform their wedding, but tortured and killed them on the way to home AU has confirmed the allegations against the accused scientist and ordered an inquiry into the sexual harassment charges. The accused scientist had misbehaved with a student of geology depatment and also asked for sexual favours.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The problems caused by large-volume aerostatic balloons capable of withstanding high overpressures while remaining of a relatively moderate weight, are presently being solved. Such balloons, for instance those described in French patent application No. 84.18798 by the same applicant, comprise of at least one inner envelope containing helium and one outer envelope containing both the inner envelopes and air which imparts its generally cylindrical shape to the balloon. The capability of the outer envelope to withstand high overpressures makes it possible to use such balloons as high-load transports, with the lifting of the load and the aerostatic vertical control being implemented by merely ballasting the air.
For operations where lifting is predominant, one application comprises an aerostatic lift device associated with a horizontal mechanical winch means. This device involves a captive balloon tethered to the ground at three fixed or automotive points. It may comprise a simple aerostatic balloon devoid of any means of its own for displacement, or it may also include, for lifting more substantial loads, an aerostatic machine comprising the combination of several balloons secured to external structures. Such an application moves large loads over short distances but is restricted in operations by the presence of cables and the need for a clear field.
This situtation may be improved by implementing the horizontal winching of the device by the use of a separate aircraft that can be reduced to a point (helicopter or blimp). However these two applications require large tractions in order to achieve the horizontal winching by the balloons(s). These transverse forces are transmitted by the coupling means to the pole pieces of the balloons. Considering the small size of these pole pieces and the inertia of the assembly, the stresses applied to the envelope at the pole pieces, therefore, are quite high and may bring about the degradation and even the rupture of the connection between this envelope and the pole piece. The devices coupling the envelope and the horizontal winch means for an isolated balloon or the envelope and the external structure therefore must be carefully designed to permit transmitting high transverse forces.
Beyond those two applications, more ambitious projects combine aerostatic balloons into airships equipped with sets of horizontal propulsion plants and all means required to move bulky and high loads over long distances. Such airships require an aerodynamic design reducing the drag of the assembled balloons. This drag reduction may be achieved in significant manner by rotating these balloons about their longitudinal axis. This rotation also allows setting up artificial gravity. Considering the inertia of these balloons, rotation demands coupling them to external structures by means of devices allowing to transmission of large couples.
The object of the present invention is to provide a solution for the above discussed problems and to create a device coupling an envelope and an external element and allowing to transmit large forces to the envelope.
To that end, the main object of the invention is to have all or a great part of the envelope absorb the point stresses or torques transmitted in the vicinity of the pole of the envelope.
Another object of the invention is to create a coupling member which can act as damper between an envelope and an external element.
Still another object is to provide a coupling member capable of adapting itself to the differences in shape of an envelope subjected to variation in its inner overpressure.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
namespace GraphQL.Types.Relay
{
public class EdgeType<TNodeType> : ObjectGraphType<object>
where TNodeType : IGraphType
{
public EdgeType()
{
Name = string.Format("{0}Edge", typeof(TNodeType).GraphQLName());
Description = string.Format(
"An edge in a connection from an object to another object of type `{0}`.",
typeof(TNodeType).GraphQLName());
Field<NonNullGraphType<StringGraphType>>()
.Name("cursor")
.Description("A cursor for use in pagination");
Field<TNodeType>()
.Name("node")
.Description("The item at the end of the edge");
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Severe hypertension caused by alleles from normotensive Lewis for a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 2.
Pursuing fully a suggestion from linkage analysis that there might be a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for blood pressure (BP) in a chromosome (Chr) 2 region of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat (DSS), four congenic strains were made by replacing various fragments of DSS Chr 2 with those of Lewis (LEW). Consequently, a BP QTL was localized to a segment of around 3 cM or near 3 Mb on Chr 2 by comparative congenics. The BP-augmenting alleles of this QTL originated from the LEW rat, a normotensive strain compared with DSS. The dissection of a QTL with such a paradoxical effect illustrated the power of congenics in unearthing a gene hidden in the context of the whole animal system, presumably by interactions with other genes. The locus for the angiotensin II receptor AT-1B (Agtr1b) is not supported as a candidate gene for the QTL because a congenic strain harboring it did not have an effect on BP. There are approximately 19 known and unknown genes present in the QTL interval. Among them, no standout candidate genes are reputed to affect BP. Thus the QTL will likely represent a novel gene for BP regulation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
NestJS - Use service inside Interceptor (not global interceptor)
I have a controller that uses custom interceptor:
Controller:
@UseInterceptors(SignInterceptor)
@Get('users')
async findOne(@Query() getUserDto: GetUser) {
return await this.userService.findByUsername(getUserDto.username)
}
I have also I SignService, which is wrapper around NestJwt:
SignService module:
@Module({
imports: [
JwtModule.registerAsync({
imports: [ConfigModule],
useFactory: async (configService: ConfigService) => ({
privateKey: configService.get('PRIVATE_KEY'),
publicKey: configService.get('PUBLIC_KEY'),
signOptions: {
expiresIn: configService.get('JWT_EXP_TIME_IN_SECONDS'),
algorithm: 'RS256',
},
}),
inject: [ConfigService],
}),
],
providers: [SignService],
exports: [SignService],
})
export class SignModule {}
And Finally SignInterceptor:
@Injectable()
export class SignInterceptor implements NestInterceptor {
intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler): Observable<any> {
return next.handle().pipe(map(data => this.sign(data)))
}
sign(data) {
const signed = {
...data,
_signed: 'signedContent',
}
return signed
}
}
SignService works properly and I use it. I would like to use this as an interceptor
How can I inject SignService in to SignInterceptor, so I can use the functions it provides?
A:
I assume that SignInterceptor is part of the ApiModule:
@Module({
imports: [SignModule], // Import the SignModule into the ApiModule.
controllers: [UsersController],
providers: [SignInterceptor],
})
export class ApiModule {}
Then inject the SignService into the SignInterceptor:
@Injectable()
export class SignInterceptor implements NestInterceptor {
constructor(private signService: SignService) {}
//...
}
Because you use @UseInterceptors(SignInterceptor) to use the interceptor in your controller Nestjs will instantiate the SignInterceptor for you and handle the injection of dependencies.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
How do I write equations with sin in .NET Math class?
I know how to solve this using a calculator, but how do I solve it using the Math class in .NET?
(15/sin(v))=(10/sin(37))
A:
Math doesn't offer a solver; it simply provides a few tools for common math operations. You would have to solve it manually, or fine a solver lib.
But anecdotally:
var v = 180 * Math.Asin(15 * Math.Sin(37 * Math.PI / 180) / 10) / Math.PI;
// ~= 64.518 degrees
assuming you want your units in degrees.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
What is better: select duplicates check OR making a unique index?
I have a table like this:
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`torderid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`tuid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`tcontid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`tstatus` varchar(10) DEFAULT 'pending',
the rule here is that the same user UID can't have more than one pending order with the same contid.
so the first thing i could do is to check if there is a pending order like this:
select count(id) into @cnt from tblorders where tuid = 1 and tcontid=5 and tstatus like 'pending';
and if it is > 0 then can't insert.
or i can just make a unique index for the three columns and that way the table won't accept new records of the duplicates.
the question is:
WHICH WAY IS FASTER? because thats gonna be a large database...
A:
Few suggestions.
use tstatus = 'pending'; instead of tstatus like 'pending';
Creating composite primary keys for tid, tcontid, tstatus may not work if you are considering only for 'pending' status. What about other statuses?
If you decide to index the columns, I would recommend you create a separate table for tstatus and use the foreign key reference here. So it will save the space for the indexed columns and also your query will always run on the indexed fields.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells in a serum-free culture system depends on epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, corticosterone, and cyclic AMP.
A culture system for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes based on a serum-free chemically defined medium containing fetuin, transferrin, and pantothenate is described. In this system, adipose conversion depends on the following conditions. 1) In the presence of high insulin concentrations (1 microM), addition of corticosterone together with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) for not more than the first 4 days after confluence to the culture medium induces maximal adipose conversion within 12-14 days. MIX may be replaced by forskolin or permeable analogues of cAMP, indicating that its effect is due to elevated cellular cAMP levels. 2) At low insulin concentrations (1 nM), adipose conversion is reduced. Growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor I together with epidermal growth factor have to be present as a medium supplement together with corticosterone and MIX to get maximal adipose conversion. 3) The induction of adipose conversion by corticosterone and MIX in the presence of either high insulin concentrations or insulin-like growth factor I together with epidermal growth factor is accompanied by post-confluent mitoses. Inhibitors of DNA replication markedly reduce adipose conversion. Fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, although acting as potent mitogens on 3T3-L1 cells, do not support adipose conversion induced by corticosterone and MIX.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Pd-Catalyzed Selective Remote Ring Opening of Polysubstituted Cyclopropanols.
The distant functionalization of ω-ene cyclopropanols is induced by a Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction triggering a "metal-walk" and selective ring-opening of the three-membered ring. This approach provides a new class of acyclic aldehydes possessing concomitantly a stereodefined double bond and a quaternary carbon stereocenter α to the carbonyl group.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Can I have applications using Java 1.4.2_12 and Java 1.5 on the same windows server
I have a couple of applications running on Java 1.4.2_12 and now need to add an new application that uses Java 1.5. Can I have both java versions on a windows server?
A:
Yes. You just need to make sure that each has the correct version of Java/the JRE on its CLASSPATH, PATH and JAVA_HOME environment variables.
A:
Yes: actually JDK or JRE can be just "copied" wherever you want, not "installed" (avoiding putting anything in c:\Windows\System32)
I would also recommend not using global environment variables.
That way, your applications depend entirely on local settings (local to the application), and not on external Java installation side-effects
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Sometimes we’re given tasks out of left field that seem rather strange. Other times, we see oddball tasks, and we latch on with reckless abandon. I’ve done one of those second ones.
There’s a decent chance that, within the next year, I’m going to need to support an increased user base. Well, it’s not going to happen with the existing infrastructure, I can tell you that.
Right now, I’m stretched for wall jacks, our desks are a collection of an old set plus the occasional folding table, and I’ve currently got a hutch sitting on the ground acting as a table. We’re going to need more stuff. Preferably different stuff, actually, because what we’ve got right now are glorified tables. The occasional cable grommet carved into the top is about all I can say these desks do for me. I want better. We all run laptops. I want desks with electrical, network, and phone ports on the desktop. I want walls. I want world peace, too, but I’d settle for not having to fear for my life every time I push too hard on a hutch and it threatens to tip over because it isn’t attached by anything.
Of course, I can’t actually buy anything, or even make the decisions. According to all of those forms I fill out to read whitepapers, I “influence” the decision. But if I’m going to influence the decision, I’m going to know what I want, and I’m going to make sure it’s the right resource for the job. It was for that reason that I started asking around. “Do we have building plans for the office?”
As an aside, there’s an old saying that I’m fond of. “Beware of programmers carrying screwdrivers.” Sysadmins who ask for building plans can’t be too far behind.
As it turns out, we do have schematics from when we ordered the construction done on the office, before we moved in. It’s not entirely up to date, but it gives me all of the measurements that I needed to produce a to-scale drawing in Visio. I worked on it for a while, and produced a pretty respectable diagram, I think.
If you’ve ever used Visio for any kind of layout like this, you’ve probably seen the built-in shapes for things like cubicles, desks, office chairs, etc etc. I was using the default “cubicle” shape, at the default size, and I started to realize that what I was seeing on paper didn’t add up to what I had experienced in real life. Never one to take a challenge to my reality while sitting down, I broke out my tape measure and started looking.
I found out that while the average workspace in my office is 7ft x 7ft, the default Visio cubicle is 8ft x 8ft. That sounds more reasonable, but as I said, we’ve been working fine with 7ft². I looked at a couple of sites and they make cubicles from 10ft down to 5ft, and everywhere in between.
So here’s my dilemma…how big should the cubicles be. On one hand, I have a certain number of people that will be necessary to add, and a finite amount of space. On the other hand, I don’t want anyone to go insane and shoot people. Or gut fish in the office.
Do you have a full on office, desk, or cube? How big is your workspace, and how cramped do you feel? I’m interested in hearing from a lot of people to try to get a feel, so please, drop me a comment below. Thanks!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Erro ao abrir nova Activity
Estou apanhando aqui para conseguir fazer com que ao clicar em um botão, seja aberta uma nova Activity.
Olhei a documentação do Android sobre Activity, Intent, os métodos para criar e ainda sim, não funciona.
Basicamente, fiz os seguintes passos:
Criei um novo Android XML Layout File com a estrutura da nova Activity
Criei uma nova classe para controlar essa nova Activity
Fui no AndroidManifest.xml e add essa nova Activity lá.
Fui no Main.java e configurei o .onClickListener para disparar a Intent e abrir a tela.
Mas, ao clicar no botão que dispara a chamada da 'segunda Activity', o emulador dá pau.
Onde está o problema?
Segue arquivos para análise:
MainActivity.java
package com.emanuel.teste;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Button;
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
TextView lblSaldo;
Button btSoma;
Button btSub;
Button btAjuda;
int saldo;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
lblSaldo = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tvSaldo);
btSoma = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btSoma);
btSub = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btSub);
btAjuda = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btAjuda);
btSoma.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
saldo++;
lblSaldo.setText("O saldo é: " +saldo);
}
});
btSub.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
saldo--;
lblSaldo.setText("O saldo é: " +saldo);
}
});
btAjuda.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Intent itAjuda = new Intent("com.emanuel.teste.ajuda");
startActivity(itAjuda);
}
});
}
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
return true;
}
}
ajuda.java
Essa é a classe que controla a tela que desejo abrir
package com.emanuel.teste;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.View.OnClickListener;
import android.widget.Button;
public class ajuda extends Activity{
Button btAjudaVoltar;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.ajuda);
btAjudaVoltar = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btAjudaVoltar);
btAjudaVoltar.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
finish();
}
});
}
}
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.emanuel.teste"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="8"
android:targetSdkVersion="18" />
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name="com.emanuel.teste.MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<activity
android:name=".ajuda"
android:label="@string/app_name">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.emanuel.teste.AJUDA"/>
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
Logcat
05-30 01:24:11.402: D/AndroidRuntime(333): Shutting down VM
05-30 01:24:11.402: W/dalvikvm(333): threadid=1: thread exiting with uncaught exception (group=0x40015560)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): android.content.ActivityNotFoundException: No Activity found to handle Intent { act=com.emanuel.teste.ajuda }
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.app.Instrumentation.checkStartActivityResult(Instrumentation.java:1409)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.app.Instrumentation.execStartActivity(Instrumentation.java:1379)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.app.Activity.startActivityForResult(Activity.java:2827)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.app.Activity.startActivity(Activity.java:2933)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at com.emanuel.teste.MainActivity$3.onClick(MainActivity.java:53)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:2485)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:9080)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:587)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:92)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:123)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:3683)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:507)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:839)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:597)
05-30 01:24:11.423: E/AndroidRuntime(333): at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)
A:
Tente alterar a linha:
Intent itAjuda = new Intent("com.emanuel.teste.ajuda");
para
Intent itAjuda = new Intent("com.emanuel.teste.AJUDA");
OU entao chame assim:
Intent openStartingPoint = new Intent(MainActivity.this, AJUDA.class);
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
**To the Editor:**
The utility of additional fixations for sliding hip screws has been well demonstrated in the study entitled "Additional fixations for sliding hip screws in treating unstable pertrochanteric femoral fractures (AO type 31-A2): short-term clinical results."[@B1] I have read with great interest the recent study, "The effect of positive medial cortical support in reduction of pertrochanteric fractures with posteromedial wall defect using a dynamic hip screw," by Cho et al.[@B2] While I appreciate citation of my paper in this article, I have some concerns as follows.
First, reasoning from Table 3 of Ref. 2 and the total number of enrolled cases, I can conclude that all the cases were additionally fixed with either wire or trochanter stabilizing plate (TSP), or both: 26 cases were fixed with a wire alone; 72, with TSP alone; and 2, with both wire and TSP. Therefore, no use of wire for fragment fixation (n = 72) refers to cases with TSP alone and no use of TSP (n = 26) refers to cases with wire alone.
Second, the authors[@B2] divided 100 cases into three groups by intraoperatively assessing the status of medial cortical support after reduction. In group 2, 28 of 42 cases did not undergo additional posteromedial fixation, so they could be presumed to have undergone TSP because all the cases were additionally fixed with either wire or TSP, or both. The other 14 cases underwent additional posteromedial wire fixation. The authors[@B2] stated that "Patients with additional posteromedial fixation showed significantly lower lag screw sliding (*p* = 0.02) 'than patients with TSP' might have been omitted." They consequently stated that cases with wire fixation showed significantly lower lag screw sliding than cases with TSP because there were no cases without any additional fixation (wire or TSP) and posteromedial fixation meant wiring. By the way, the authors described the effect of neck-shaft angle and lag screw sliding contingent upon the use of TSP or wire fixation of posteromedial cortex as statistically null in page 295 of Ref. 2. Therefore, they made inconsistent statements. Did they imply "no" statistical significance in the overall comparison of three groups while some statistical significance in the comparison of between two groups? This was not clearly described in the article and it does not make sense to me that there was no difference in the effect of posteromedial wiring and TSP, let alone the medial cortical variance, on the sliding distance and neck shaft angle. The effect of posteromedial wire fixation on sliding distance or neck-shaft angle should be studied between one group with it and the other group without it. It should not be studied by comparing with a group with TSP fixation because the effect of TSP should also be considered.
**CONFLICT OF INTEREST:** No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
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The Center for a New American Security is a national security research and policy institution committed to the highest standards of organizational, intellectual and personal integrity. The Center retains sole editorial control over its ideas, projects and products, and the content of its publications reflects only the views of their authors. In keeping with its mission and values, CNAS does not engage in lobbying activity and complies fully with all applicable federal, state and local laws. Accordingly, CNAS does not engage in any representation or advocacy on behalf of any entities or interests and, to the extent that the Center accepts funding from foreign sources, its activities are limited to bona fide scholastic, academic, and research-related activities, consistent with applicable federal law.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
In this game, you are robot (#). Your job is to find kitten. This task
is complicated by the existence of various things which are not kitten.
Robot must touch items to determine if they are kitten or not. The game
ends when robotfindskitten.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
package com.uwsoft.editor.proxy;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Color;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Pixmap;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.Texture;
import com.uwsoft.editor.renderer.data.*;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
import com.badlogic.gdx.Files;
import com.badlogic.gdx.Gdx;
import com.badlogic.gdx.files.FileHandle;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.BitmapFont;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.ParticleEffect;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.TextureAtlas;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.TextureRegion;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.freetype.FreeTypeFontGenerator;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.glutils.ShaderProgram;
import com.badlogic.gdx.utils.Json;
import com.puremvc.patterns.proxy.BaseProxy;
import com.uwsoft.editor.data.SpineAnimData;
import com.uwsoft.editor.Overlap2DFacade;
import com.uwsoft.editor.renderer.resources.FontSizePair;
import com.uwsoft.editor.renderer.resources.IResourceRetriever;
import com.uwsoft.editor.renderer.utils.MySkin;
/**
* Created by azakhary on 4/26/2015.
*/
public class ResourceManager extends BaseProxy implements IResourceRetriever {
public String packResolutionName = "orig";
private static final String TAG = ResourceManager.class.getCanonicalName();
public static final String NAME = TAG;
private HashMap<String, ParticleEffect> particleEffects = new HashMap<String, ParticleEffect>(1);
private TextureAtlas currentProjectAtlas;
private HashMap<String, SpineAnimData> spineAnimAtlases = new HashMap<String, SpineAnimData>();
private HashMap<String, TextureAtlas> spriteAnimAtlases = new HashMap<String, TextureAtlas>();
private HashMap<String, FileHandle> spriterAnimFiles = new HashMap<String, FileHandle>();
private HashMap<FontSizePair, BitmapFont> bitmapFonts = new HashMap<>();
private HashMap<String, ShaderProgram> shaderPrograms = new HashMap<String, ShaderProgram>(1);
private TextureRegion defaultRegion;
private ResolutionManager resolutionManager;
public ResourceManager() {
super(NAME);
}
@Override
public void onRegister() {
super.onRegister();
facade = Overlap2DFacade.getInstance();
resolutionManager = facade.retrieveProxy(ResolutionManager.NAME);
// TODO: substitute this with "NO IMAGE" icon
Pixmap pixmap = new Pixmap(50, 50, Pixmap.Format.RGBA8888);
pixmap.setColor(new Color(1, 1, 1, 0.4f));
pixmap.fill();
defaultRegion = new TextureRegion(new Texture(pixmap));
}
@Override
public TextureRegion getTextureRegion(String name) {
TextureRegion reg = currentProjectAtlas.findRegion(name);
if(reg == null) {
reg = defaultRegion;
}
return reg;
}
public TextureAtlas getTextureAtlas() {
return currentProjectAtlas;
}
@Override
public ParticleEffect getParticleEffect(String name) {
return new ParticleEffect(particleEffects.get(name));
}
@Override
public TextureAtlas getSkeletonAtlas(String animationName) {
SpineAnimData animData = spineAnimAtlases.get(animationName);
return animData.atlas;
}
/**
* Sets working resolution, please set before doing any loading
* @param resolution String resolution name, default is "orig" later use resolution names created in editor
*/
public void setWorkingResolution(String resolution) {
ResolutionEntryVO resolutionObject = getProjectVO().getResolution("resolutionName");
if(resolutionObject != null) {
packResolutionName = resolution;
}
}
@Override
public FileHandle getSkeletonJSON(String animationName) {
SpineAnimData animData = spineAnimAtlases.get(animationName);
return animData.jsonFile;
}
@Override
public FileHandle getSCMLFile(String name) {
return spriterAnimFiles.get(name);
}
@Override
public TextureAtlas getSpriteAnimation(String animationName) {
return spriteAnimAtlases.get(animationName);
}
@Override
public BitmapFont getBitmapFont(String fontName, int fontSize) {
FontSizePair pair = new FontSizePair(fontName, fontSize);
return bitmapFonts.get(pair);
}
@Override
public MySkin getSkin() {
//return textureManager.projectSkin;
// not sure if we are going to use skins for labels
return null;
}
@Override
public ProjectInfoVO getProjectVO() {
ProjectManager projectManager = facade.retrieveProxy(ProjectManager.NAME);
return projectManager.getCurrentProjectInfoVO();
}
@Override
public SceneVO getSceneVO(String name) {
SceneDataManager sceneDataManager = facade.retrieveProxy(SceneDataManager.NAME);
// TODO: this should be cached
FileHandle file = Gdx.files.internal(sceneDataManager.getCurrProjectScenePathByName(name));
Json json = new Json();
json.setIgnoreUnknownFields(true);
return json.fromJson(SceneVO.class, file.readString());
}
public void loadCurrentProjectData(String projectPath, String curResolution) {
packResolutionName = curResolution;
loadCurrentProjectAssets(projectPath + "/assets/" + curResolution + "/pack/pack.atlas");
loadCurrentProjectSkin(projectPath + "/assets/orig/styles");
loadCurrentProjectParticles(projectPath + "/assets/orig/particles");
loadCurrentProjectSpineAnimations(projectPath + "/assets/", curResolution);
loadCurrentProjectSpriteAnimations(projectPath + "/assets/", curResolution);
loadCurrentProjectSpriterAnimations(projectPath + "/assets/", curResolution);
loadCurrentProjectBitmapFonts(projectPath, curResolution);
loadCurrentProjectShaders(projectPath + "/assets/shaders/");
}
private void loadCurrentProjectParticles(String path) {
particleEffects.clear();
FileHandle sourceDir = new FileHandle(path);
for (FileHandle entry : sourceDir.list()) {
File file = entry.file();
String filename = file.getName();
if (file.isDirectory() || filename.endsWith(".DS_Store")) continue;
ParticleEffect particleEffect = new ParticleEffect();
particleEffect.load(Gdx.files.internal(file.getAbsolutePath()), currentProjectAtlas, "");
particleEffects.put(filename, particleEffect);
}
}
private void loadCurrentProjectSpineAnimations(String path, String curResolution) {
spineAnimAtlases.clear();
FileHandle sourceDir = new FileHandle(path + "orig/spine-animations");
for (FileHandle entry : sourceDir.list()) {
if (entry.file().isDirectory()) {
String animName = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(entry.file().getName());
TextureAtlas atlas = new TextureAtlas(Gdx.files.internal(path + curResolution + "/spine-animations/" + File.separator + animName + File.separator + animName + ".atlas"));
FileHandle animJsonFile = Gdx.files.internal(entry.file().getAbsolutePath() + File.separator + animName + ".json");
SpineAnimData data = new SpineAnimData();
data.atlas = atlas;
data.jsonFile = animJsonFile;
data.animName = animName;
spineAnimAtlases.put(animName, data);
}
}
}
private void loadCurrentProjectSpriteAnimations(String path, String curResolution) {
spriteAnimAtlases.clear();
FileHandle sourceDir = new FileHandle(path + curResolution + "/sprite-animations");
for (FileHandle entry : sourceDir.list()) {
if (entry.file().isDirectory()) {
String animName = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(entry.file().getName());
TextureAtlas atlas = new TextureAtlas(Gdx.files.internal(entry.file().getAbsolutePath() + File.separator + animName + ".atlas"));
spriteAnimAtlases.put(animName, atlas);
}
}
}
private void loadCurrentProjectSpriterAnimations(String path, String curResolution) {
spriterAnimFiles.clear();
FileHandle sourceDir = new FileHandle(path + "orig" + "/spriter-animations");
for (FileHandle entry : sourceDir.list()) {
if (entry.file().isDirectory()) {
String animName = entry.file().getName();
FileHandle scmlFile = new FileHandle(path + "orig" + "/spriter-animations/" + animName + "/" + animName + ".scml");
spriterAnimFiles.put(animName, scmlFile);
}
}
}
public void loadCurrentProjectAssets(String packPath) {
try {
currentProjectAtlas = new TextureAtlas(Gdx.files.getFileHandle(packPath, Files.FileType.Internal));
} catch (Exception e) {
currentProjectAtlas = new TextureAtlas();
}
}
public ArrayList<FontSizePair> getProjectRequiredFontsList() {
HashSet<FontSizePair> fontsToLoad = new HashSet<>();
for (int i = 0; i < getProjectVO().scenes.size(); i++) {
SceneVO scene = getSceneVO(getProjectVO().scenes.get(i).sceneName);
CompositeVO composite = scene.composite;
if (composite == null) {
continue;
}
FontSizePair[] fonts = composite.getRecursiveFontList();
for (CompositeItemVO library : getProjectVO().libraryItems.values()) {
FontSizePair[] libFonts = library.composite.getRecursiveFontList();
Collections.addAll(fontsToLoad, libFonts);
}
Collections.addAll(fontsToLoad, fonts);
}
return new ArrayList<>(fontsToLoad);
}
public void loadCurrentProjectBitmapFonts(String path, String curResolution) {
bitmapFonts.clear();
ArrayList<FontSizePair> requiredFonts = getProjectRequiredFontsList();
for (int i = 0; i < requiredFonts.size(); i++) {
FontSizePair pair = requiredFonts.get(i);
FileHandle fontFile;
try {
fontFile = getTTFSafely(pair.fontName);
FreeTypeFontGenerator generator = new FreeTypeFontGenerator(fontFile);
FreeTypeFontGenerator.FreeTypeFontParameter parameter = new FreeTypeFontGenerator.FreeTypeFontParameter();
parameter.size = Math.round(pair.fontSize * resolutionManager.getCurrentMul());
BitmapFont font = generator.generateFont(parameter);
bitmapFonts.put(pair, font);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
private void loadCurrentProjectShaders(String path) {
Iterator<Entry<String, ShaderProgram>> it = shaderPrograms.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Entry<String, ShaderProgram> pair = it.next();
pair.getValue().dispose();
it.remove();
}
shaderPrograms.clear();
FileHandle sourceDir = new FileHandle(path);
for (FileHandle entry : sourceDir.list()) {
File file = entry.file();
String filename = file.getName().replace(".vert", "").replace(".frag", "");
if (file.isDirectory() || filename.endsWith(".DS_Store") || shaderPrograms.containsKey(filename)) continue;
// check if pair exists.
if(Gdx.files.internal(path + filename + ".vert").exists() && Gdx.files.internal(path + filename + ".frag").exists()) {
ShaderProgram shaderProgram = new ShaderProgram(Gdx.files.internal(path + filename + ".vert"), Gdx.files.internal(path + filename + ".frag"));
System.out.println(shaderProgram.getLog());
shaderPrograms.put(filename, shaderProgram);
}
}
}
/**
* @param fontPath
* @deprecated
*/
private void loadCurrentProjectSkin(String fontPath) {
/*
File styleFile = new File(fontPath, "styles.dt");
FileHandle f = new FileHandle(styleFile);
if (styleFile.isFile() && styleFile.exists()) {
projectSkin = new MySkin(f);
ObjectMap<String, BitmapFont> map = projectSkin.getAll(BitmapFont.class);
for (ObjectMap.Entry<String, BitmapFont> entry : map.entries()) {
projectSkin.getFont(entry.key).getRegion().getTexture().setFilter(Texture.TextureFilter.Linear, Texture.TextureFilter.Linear);
}
}
*/
}
public FileHandle getTTFSafely(String fontName) throws IOException {
FontManager fontManager = facade.retrieveProxy(FontManager.NAME);
ProjectManager projectManager = facade.retrieveProxy(ProjectManager.NAME);
String expectedPath = projectManager.getFreeTypeFontPath() + File.separator + fontName + ".ttf";
FileHandle expectedFile = Gdx.files.internal(expectedPath);
if (!expectedFile.exists()) {
// let's check if system fonts fot it
HashMap<String, String> fonts = fontManager.getFontsMap();
if (fonts.containsKey(fontName)) {
File source = new File(fonts.get(fontName));
FileUtils.copyFile(source, expectedFile.file());
expectedFile = Gdx.files.internal(expectedPath);
} else {
throw new FileNotFoundException();
}
}
return expectedFile;
}
public void addBitmapFont(String name, int size, BitmapFont font) {
bitmapFonts.put(new FontSizePair(name, size), font);
}
public void flushAllUnusedFonts() {
//List of fonts that are required to be in memory
ArrayList<FontSizePair> requiredFonts = getProjectRequiredFontsList();
ArrayList<FontSizePair> fontsInMemory = new ArrayList<>(bitmapFonts.keySet());
for (FontSizePair font : fontsInMemory) {
if (!requiredFonts.contains(font)) {
bitmapFonts.remove(font);
}
}
}
public boolean isFontLoaded(String shortName, int fontSize) {
return bitmapFonts.containsKey(new FontSizePair(shortName, fontSize));
}
public void prepareEmbeddingFont(String fontfamily, int fontSize) {
flushAllUnusedFonts();
if (isFontLoaded(fontfamily, fontSize)) {
return;
}
FontManager fontManager = facade.retrieveProxy(FontManager.NAME);
FreeTypeFontGenerator.FreeTypeFontParameter parameter = new FreeTypeFontGenerator.FreeTypeFontParameter();
parameter.size = fontSize;
FreeTypeFontGenerator generator = new FreeTypeFontGenerator(fontManager.getTTFByName(fontfamily));
BitmapFont font = generator.generateFont(parameter);
addBitmapFont(fontfamily, parameter.size, font);
}
public HashMap<String, SpineAnimData> getProjectSpineAnimationsList() {
return spineAnimAtlases;
}
public HashMap<String, TextureAtlas> getProjectSpriteAnimationsList() {
return spriteAnimAtlases;
}
public HashMap<String, FileHandle> getProjectSpriterAnimationsList() {
return spriterAnimFiles;
}
public TextureAtlas getProjectAssetsList() {
return currentProjectAtlas;
}
public HashMap<String, ParticleEffect> getProjectParticleList() {
return particleEffects;
}
@Override
public ResolutionEntryVO getLoadedResolution() {
if(packResolutionName.equals("orig")) {
return getProjectVO().originalResolution;
}
return getProjectVO().getResolution(packResolutionName);
}
@Override
public ShaderProgram getShaderProgram(String shaderName) {
return shaderPrograms.get(shaderName);
}
public HashMap<String, ShaderProgram> getShaders() {
return shaderPrograms;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
---
abstract: 'We apply the machinery of relative tensor triangular Chow groups [@1510.00211] to the action of $\mathcal{T}=\mathrm{D}(\Qcoh(X))$, the derived category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a noetherian scheme $X$, on the derived category of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{A}$modules $\mathcal{K}=\mathrm{D}(\Qcoh(\mathcal{A}))$, where $\mathcal{A}$ is a (not necessarily commutative) quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra. When $\mathcal{A}$ is commutative and coherent, we recover the tensor triangular Chow groups of $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$. We also obtain concrete descriptions for integral group algebras and hereditary orders over curves, and we investigate the relation of these invariants to the classical ideal class group of an order. An important tool for these computations is a new description of relative tensor triangular Chow groups as the image of a map in the $\mathrm{K}$-theoretic localization sequence associated to a certain Verdier localization.'
author:
- 'Pieter Belmans[^1]'
- 'Sebastian Klein[^2]'
bibliography:
- 'arxiv.bib'
- 'bibliography.bib'
- 'mr.bib'
title: Relative tensor triangular Chow groups for coherent algebras
---
Introduction
============
In [@1510.00211], the second author defined and began the study of *relative tensor triangular Chow groups*, a family of $\mathrm{K}$-theoretic invariants attached to a compactly generated triangulated category $\mathcal{K}$ with an action of a rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{T}$ in the sense of [@MR3181496]. While in [@1510.00211], they were used to improve upon and extend results of [@MR3423452], the initial observation of the present work is that they allow us to enter the realm of *noncommutative* algebraic geometry: if $X$ is a noetherian scheme and $\mathcal{A}$ a (possibly noncommutative) quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra, then the derived category $\mathcal{K}:=\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ admits an action by $\mathcal{T}:=\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ which is obtained by deriving the tensor product functor $$\begin{aligned}
\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \times \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X) &\to \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})\\
(M,F) &\mapsto M \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} F~.\end{aligned}$$ In this situation, the general machinery of [@1510.00211] gives us abelian groups $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i}(X,\mathcal{A})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$, the dimension $i$ tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups of $\mathcal{K}$ relative to the action of $\mathcal{T}$. In the test case where $\mathcal{A}$ is coherent and commutative, and hence $\mathcal{A}$ corresponds to a scheme $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$ and a finite morphism $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A}) \to X$, we show that $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i}(X,\mathcal{A})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$ agree with the dimension $i$ tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups of $\mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A}))$ as defined in [@MR3423452], and hence with the usual dimension $i$ cycle and Chow groups of $\mathrm{Z}_i(\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})),\mathrm{CH_i}(\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A}))$ when $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$ is a regular algebraic variety (see Theorem \[thmcommrecover\]). This computation serves as a motivation to study the groups $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i}(X,\mathcal{A})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$ for noncommutative coherent $\mathcal{A}$.
We obtain computations of both invariants when $\mathcal{A}$ is a sheaf of hereditary orders on a curve in Section \[sectionorders\], and in particular $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$ recovers the classical *stable class group* in this case. We also briefly touch upon the subjects of maximal orders on a surface and orders over a singular base, in the context of noncommutative resolutions of singularities. The case of a finite group algebra over $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb{Z})$ is discussed as a final example. Let us highlight that the main ingredient for the calculations carried out in this article is a new exact sequence which is established in Section \[sectionexseq\] for a general rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{T}$ acting on a compactly generated triangulated category $\mathcal{K}$, and for the case $\mathcal{K}:=\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})), \mathcal{T}:=\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ gives $$0 \to \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(X, \mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c\right) \to \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p+1}(X, \mathcal{A})~.$$ The middle term of the sequence is the Grothendieck group of the subcategory of compact objects of a subquotient of the filtration of $\mathcal{K}$ by dimension of support in $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$.
The article is structured as follows: in Section \[sectionttprelims\] we recall all relevant notions from tensor triangular geometry and the definition of relative tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups. We then establish the exact sequence mentioned above in Section \[sectionexseq\]. In Section \[sectiondercatalg\] we prove some auxilliary results concerning the categories $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ and $\mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A}))$, most of which should be known to the experts. In Section \[sectionrelgroupsalg\] we discuss the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ and contemplate the definition of tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups in this more specific context, including a map $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{CH}_i(X)$ for regular $X$, induced by the forgetful functor $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$. We then have a look at commutative coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebras in Section \[sectioncommcohalg\] and carry out our computations for orders in Section \[sectionorders\].
#### Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Greg Stevenson for interesting discussions.
Pieter Belmans was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship of the Research Foundation–Flanders (FWO). Sebastian Klein was supported by the ERC grant no. 257004–HHNcdMir
Tensor triangular preliminaries {#sectionttprelims}
===============================
In this section we recall the categorical notions we need. None of the following material is new, our main sources are [@MR2827786; @MR2806103; @MR3181496; @1510.00211].
Tensor triangular geometry {#subsection:ttgeometry}
--------------------------
Let us quickly recall the basics of Balmer’s tensor triangular geometry. See e.g. [@MR2827786] for a reference that covers all the material we need (and much more).
A *tensor triangulated category* is an essentially small triangulated category $\mathcal{C}$ equipped with a symmetric monoidal structure $\otimes$ with unit $\mathbb{I}$ such that the functors $a \otimes -$ are exact for all objects $a \in \mathcal{C}$. \[dfnsmallttcat\]
To every tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{C}$, we associate its *Balmer spectrum* $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$, a topological space that is constructed in analogy with the prime ideal spectrum of a commutative ring. By construction of $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$, every object $a \in \mathcal{C}$ has a closed *support* $\mathrm{supp}(a) \subset \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$, which satisfies the identities
- $\mathrm{supp}(0) = \emptyset$ and $\mathrm{supp}(\mathbb{I}) = \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$,
- $\mathrm{supp}(\Sigma a) = \mathrm{supp}(a)$,
- $\mathrm{supp}(a \oplus b) = \mathrm{supp}(a) \cup \mathrm{supp}(b)$,
- $\mathrm{supp}(a \otimes b) = \mathrm{supp}(a) \cap \mathrm{supp}(b)$,
- $\mathrm{supp}(b) \subset \mathrm{supp}(a) \cup \mathrm{supp}(c)$ whenever there is a distinguished triangle $$a \to b \to c \to \Sigma a~.$$
for all objects $a,b,c \in \mathcal{C}$. One can show that, in a precise sense, the space $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$ and the support function $\mathrm{supp}$ are optimal among all pairs of spaces and support functions satisfying the above criteria.
If $X$ is a quasi-compact, quasi-separated scheme, then $\mathcal{C} = \mathrm{D^{perf}}(X)$, the derived category of perfect complexes on $X$, is a tensor triangulated category with tensor product $\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^{\mathrm{L}}$. We have $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C}) \cong X$ and under this identification the support $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet})$ of some complex $C^{\bullet}$ is identified with the complement of the set of points $x \in X$ such that $C^{\bullet}_x$ is acyclic, or equivalently with the support of the total cohomology sheaf $\mathrm{H}^*(C^{\bullet}):= \bigoplus_{i}\mathrm{H}^i(C^{\bullet})$. \[exschemereconstruct\]
The spectrum $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$ is always a *spectral* topological space, i.e. it is homeomorphic to the prime ideal spectrum of some (usually unknown) commutative ring. Hence, it makes sense to talk about the Krull (co)-dimension of points in $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$. For a subset $S \subset \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{C})$, we define $$\mathrm{dim} (S) := \max_{P \in S} \mathrm{dim}(P) \quad \text{and} \quad \mathrm{codim} (S) := \min_{P \in S} \mathrm{codim}(P)~,$$ where we set $\mathrm{dim}(\emptyset) = - \infty, \mathrm{codim}(\emptyset) = \infty$.
Supports in large categories
----------------------------
Let $\mathcal{T}$ be a triangulated category.
The category $\mathcal{T}$ is called a *rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category* if
1. *$\mathcal{T}$ is compactly generated.* We implicitly assume here that $\mathcal{T}$ has set-indexed coproducts. Note that this implies that $\mathcal{T}$ is not essentially small.
2. *$\mathcal{T}$ is equipped with a compatible closed symmetric monoidal structure $$\otimes: \mathcal{T} \times \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}$$ with unit object $\mathbb{I}$*. Here, a symmetric monoidal structure on $\mathcal{T}$ is *closed* if for all objects $A \in \mathcal{T}$ the functor $A \otimes -$ has a right adjoint $\underline{\mathrm{hom}}(A,-)$. A *compatible* closed symmetric monoidal structure on $\mathcal{T}$ is one such that the functor $\otimes$ is exact in both variable and such that the two ways of identifying $\Sigma(x) \otimes \Sigma(y)$ with $\Sigma^2(x \otimes y)$ are the same up to a sign. Since adjoints of exact functors are exact (see [@MR1812507 lemma 5.3.6]) we automatically have that the functor $\underline{\mathrm{hom}}(A,-)$ is exact for all objects $A \in \mathcal{T}$.
3. *$\mathbb{I}$ is compact and all compact objects of $\mathcal{T}$ are rigid.* Let $\mathcal{T}^c \subset \mathcal{T}$ denote the full subcategory of compact objects of $\mathcal{T}$. Then we require that $\mathbb{I} \in \mathcal{T}^c$ and that all objects $A$ of $\mathcal{T}^c$ are rigid, i.e. for every object $B \in \mathcal{T}$ the natural map $$\underline{\circ}: \underline{\mathrm{hom}}(A,\mathbb{I}) \otimes B \cong \underline{\mathrm{hom}}(A,\mathbb{I}) \otimes \underline{\mathrm{hom}}(\mathbb{I},B) \to \underline{\mathrm{hom}}(A,B)~,$$ is an isomorphism.
The subcategory $\mathcal{T}^c$ of a rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{T}$ is a tensor triangulated category in the sense of Definition \[dfnsmallttcat\]. Hence, it makes sense to talk about the spectrum $\Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$.
Throughout this section we assume that $\mathcal{T}$ is a compactly-rigidly generated tensor triangulated category. *We also assume that $\Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ is a noetherian topological space.* \[convbasiccat\]
If $X$ is a quasi-compact, quasi-separated scheme, then $\mathcal{T} = \mathrm{D_{Qcoh}}(X)$, the derived category of complexes of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules with quasi-coherent cohomology is a rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category with tensor product $\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^{\mathrm{L}}$. The rigid-compact objects are the perfect complexes in $\mathcal{T}$. By Example \[exschemereconstruct\], $\Spc(\mathcal{T}^c) = X$ and the condition of Convention \[convbasiccat\] hence holds whenever the space $|X|$ is noetherian, e.g. when $X$ is noetherian. If $X$ is noetherian and separated, $\mathrm{D_{Qcoh}}(X)$ is equivalent to $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$.
Rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated categories come with an associated support theory that extends the notion of support in an essentially small tensor triangulated category. Let us briefly review the theory as introduced in [@MR2806103]. First recall the concepts of Bousfield and smashing subcategories:
A thick triangulated subcategory $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{T}$ is *Bousfield* if the Verdier quotient functor $\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ exists and has a right adjoint. A Bousfield subcategory $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{T}$ is called *smashing* if the right-adjoint of the Verdier quotient functor $\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ preserves coproducts.
If $\mathcal{I}$ is a Bousfield subcategory, there exists a localization functor $L_{\mathcal{I}}: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}$ (given as the composition of the Verdier quotient $\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ and its right-adjoint) such that $\mathcal{I} = \mathrm{ker}(L_{\mathcal{I}})$ and the composition of functors $$\mathcal{I}^{\perp} \rightarrow \mathcal{T} \rightarrow \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$$ is an exact equivalence, where $\mathcal{I}^{\perp}$ is the full subcategory consisting of those $t \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{T})$ such that $\mathrm{Hom}(c,t) = 0$ for all $c \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{I})$. A quasi-inverse of the equivalence is given by the right adjoint of the Verdier quotient functor $\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$. This says that we can actually realize the Verdier quotient $\mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ inside of $\mathcal{T}$ and we will freely (and slightly abusively) confuse $\mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ with $\mathcal{I}^{\perp}$. Also recall, that for every object $a \in \mathcal{T}$ there is a distinguished *localization triangle* $$\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(a) \to a \to L_{\mathcal{I}}(a) \to \Sigma(\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(a))$$ which is unique among triangles $x \to a \to y \to \Sigma(x)$ with $x \in \mathcal{I}$ and $y \in \mathcal{I}^{\perp}$, up to unique isomorphism of triangles that restrict to the identity on $a$. This defines a functor $\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(-)$ on $\mathcal{T}$ with essential image $\mathcal{I}$. The functor $\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}$ is a *colocalization functor*, i.e. $\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}^{\mathrm{op}}$ is a localization functor on $\mathcal{T}^{\mathrm{op}}$.
A triangulated subcategory $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{T}$ is called
- *$\otimes$-ideal* if $\mathcal{T} \otimes \mathcal{I} = \mathcal{I}$.
- *smashing ideal* if it is a $\otimes$-ideal, a Bousfield subcategory and $\mathcal{I}^{\perp} \subset \mathcal{T}$ is also a $\otimes$-ideal.
Smashing ideals are well-behaved: as they are Bousfield subcategories there exists a unique triangle $$\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}) \to \mathbb{I} \to L_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}) \to \Sigma(\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}))~,$$ and by tensoring this triangle with $a \in \mathcal{T}$, we see that we must have $L_{\mathcal{I}}(a) = L_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}) \otimes a$ and $\Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(a) = \Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}) \otimes a$.
Smashing ideals are smashing subcategories: $L_{\mathcal{I}} = \Gamma_{\mathcal{I}}(\mathbb{I}) \otimes -$ preserves coproducts since it has a right adjoint by definition of a rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category. It follows that the Verdier quotient functor $\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{T}/\mathcal{I}$ must preserve coproducts as well.
An important tool for extending the notion of support from $\mathcal{T}^c$ to $\mathcal{T}$ is the following theorem:
Let $\mathcal{S} \subset \mathcal{T}^c$ be a thick $\otimes$-ideal in $\mathcal{T}^c$ (i.e. $\mathcal{T}^c \otimes \mathcal{S} = \mathcal{S}$). Let $\langle \mathcal{S} \rangle$ denote the smallest triangulated subcategory of $\mathcal{T}$ that is closed under taking arbitrary coproducts (in $\mathcal{T}$). Then $\langle \mathcal{S} \rangle$ is a smashing ideal in $\mathcal{T}$ and $\langle\mathcal{S}\rangle^c = \mathcal{S}$. \[thmmiller\]
Let $V \subset \Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ be a specialization-closed subset. We denote by $\mathcal{T}_{V}$ the smashing ideal $\langle \mathcal{T}^c_V \rangle$, where $\mathcal{T}^c_V \subset \mathcal{T}^c$ is the thick $\otimes$-ideal $\lbrace a \in \mathcal{T}^c: \supp(a) \subset V \rbrace$. We denote the two associated localization and acyclization functors by $L_V$ and $\Gamma_V$. \[deftelescopelocacyc\]
Now let $x \in \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$ be a point. The sets $\overline{\lbrace x \rbrace}$ and $Y_x:= \lbrace y: x \notin \overline{\lbrace y \rbrace}\rbrace$ are both specialization-closed.
Let $x \in \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$ and let $\Gamma_x$ denote the functor given as the composition $L_{Y_x}\Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x \rbrace}}$. Then, for an object $a \in \mathcal{T}$, we define its *support* as $$\supp(a) := \lbrace x \in \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c) : \Gamma_x(a) \neq 0\rbrace~.$$ \[dfnbigsupport\]
Suppose $X = \mathrm{Spec}(A)$ is an affine scheme with $A$ a noetherian ring. Then $\mathrm{D_{Qcoh}}(\mathrm{Spec}(A)) \cong \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(A))$ and $$\mathrm{Spc}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(A))^c) = \mathrm{Spc}(\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{perf}}(A)) = \mathrm{Spec}(A)~.$$ Let $\mathfrak{p} \in \mathrm{Spec}(A)$ be a prime ideal. Then the functor $\Gamma_{\mathfrak{p}}$ is given as $\mathrm{K}_{\infty}(\mathfrak{p}) \otimes A_{\mathfrak{p}} \otimes -$, where $\mathrm{K}_{\infty}(\mathfrak{p})$ is the *stable Koszul complex* of the prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}$. In particular, if $\mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet})$ denotes the complement of the set of points where $C^{\bullet}$ is acyclic, then we see that $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \subset \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet})$. The set $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet})$ is sometimes known as the *small support* of $C^{\bullet}$ and coincides with the set of prime ideals $\mathfrak{p}$ such that $\mathrm{k}(\mathfrak{p}) \otimes^{\mathrm{L}} C^{\bullet} \neq 0$.
In comparison to the notion of support of an essentially small tensor triangulated category, the support of an object of $\mathcal{T}$ is still a well-behaved construction. For example, we have $\mathrm{supp}(\bigoplus_i a_i) = \bigcup_i \mathrm{supp}(a_i)$, but $\mathrm{supp}(a)$ needs not be closed. If $a \in \mathcal{T}^c$, then $\mathrm{supp}(a)$ coincides with the notion of support from Section \[subsection:ttgeometry\] and hence it will be closed.
Relative supports and tensor triangular Chow groups {#subsection:relative-tensor-triangular-chow-groups}
---------------------------------------------------
We shall now adapt to a situation where we consider triangulated categories $\mathcal{K}$ that don’t necessarily have a symmetric monoidal structure themselves, but rather admit an *action* by a tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{T}$. Let us recall from [@MR3181496] what it means for $\mathcal{T}$ to have an action $\ast$ on $\mathcal{K}$.
We are given a biexact bifunctor $$\ast: \mathcal{T} \times \mathcal{K} \to \mathcal{K}$$ that commutes with coproducts in both variables, whenever they exist. Furthermore we are given natural isomorphisms $$\begin{aligned}
\alpha_{x,y,a}:& (X \otimes Y) \ast a \overset{\sim}{\longrightarrow} x \ast (y \ast a)\\
l_a:& \mathbb{I} \ast a \overset{\sim}{\longrightarrow} a
\end{aligned}
\label{eqnassocunitiso}$$ for all objects $x,y \in \mathcal{T}, a \in \mathcal{K}$. These natural isomorphisms should satisfy a list of natural coherence relations that we omit here, but rather refer the reader to [@MR3181496].
Any rigidly-compactly generated tensor triangulated category has an action on itself via its monoidal structure.
Let us now assume that we are given a tensor triangulated category $\mathcal{T}$ with an action $\ast$ on a triangulated category $\mathcal{K}$, where $\mathcal{K}$ is assumed to be compactly generated as well (and so we implicitly mean that it has all coproducts). As in the previous section, we still assume that $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$ is a noetherian topological space. Let us first describe a procedure to construct smashing subcategories of $\mathcal{K}$.
Suppose $V \subset \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T})$ is a specialization-closed subset. Then the full subcategory $$\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K} = \lbrace a \in \mathcal{K}: a \cong \Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast b~\text{for some}~b \in \mathcal{K}\rbrace$$ is smashing. The corresponding localization and colocalization functors are given by $L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$ and $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$, respectively. \[lmarelativesmash\]
It is shown in [@MR3181496 Lemma 4.4] that the subcategory $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$ is Bousfield with $$(\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K})^{\perp} = L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K} := \lbrace a \in \mathcal{K}: a \cong L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast b~\text{for some}~b \in \mathcal{K}\rbrace~.$$ Both $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$ and $L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$ are $\mathcal{T}$-submodules, and we have a localization triangle $$\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \to \mathbb{I} \to L_V(\mathbb{I}) \to \Sigma(\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}))~.$$ Applying the functor $- \ast a$ to this triangle shows that the localization and colocalization functors associated to the Bousfield subcategory are given by $L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$ and $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$, respectively. Since $L_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$ preserves coproducts by defintion of an action, it follows that $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K} $ is indeed smashing.
Following [@MR3181496], we can now assign to any object $a \in \mathcal{K}$ a support in $\Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ as follows:
Let $x \in \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$. Then, for an object $a \in \mathcal{K}$, we define its *support* as $$\supp_{\mathcal{T}}(a) := \lbrace x \in \mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c) : \Gamma_x(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \neq 0\rbrace~.$$
If there is no risk of confusion, we will usually drop the subscript $\mathcal{T}$ and write $\supp(a)$ instead. Furthermore, we will abbreviate the expression $\Gamma_x(\mathbb{I}) \ast a $ by $\Gamma_x a$.
Let us state two important properties of the support.
Let $V$ be a specialization-closed subset of $\Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ and $a$ an object of $\mathcal{K}$. Then $$\supp(\Gamma_V(a)) = \supp(a) \cap V$$ and $$\supp(L_V(a)) = \supp(a) \cap (\Spc(\mathcal{T})^c \setminus V)~.$$ \[propstevesuppprop\]
For every specialization-closed subset $V\subset \Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$, the subcategory $\mathcal{K}_V$ is defined as the essential image of the functor $\Gamma_V(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$. The subcategory $\mathcal{K}_{(p)}$ is defined as $\Gamma_{V_\leq p}(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$, where $V_{\leq p} \subset \Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ is the subset of all points $x$ such that $\mathrm{dim}(x) \leq p$. \[dfnsubsetsubcat\]
In [@1510.00211], $\mathcal{K}_{(p)}$ is defined differently, namely as the full subcategory of $\mathcal{K}$ on the collection of objects $\lbrace a \in \mathcal{K}: \mathrm{dim}(\supp(a)) \leq p \rbrace$. This coincides with Definition \[dfnsubsetsubcat\] whenever $\mathrm{supp}$ detects vanishing, i.e. whenever $\mathrm{supp}(a) = \emptyset \Leftrightarrow a= 0$ holds. Indeed, if $a \in \Gamma_{V_\leq p}(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$, then $a \cong \Gamma_{V \leq p}(\mathbb{I}) \ast b$ for some $b \in \mathcal{K}$ and it follows from Proposition \[propstevesuppprop\] that $\mathrm{supp}(a) \subset V_{\leq p}$. Conversely, if $$\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{supp}(a)) \leq p \Leftrightarrow \mathrm{supp}(a) \subset V_{\leq p}~,$$ we have a localization triangle $$\Gamma_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \to a \to L_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \to \Sigma(\Gamma_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}))~,$$ and it follows from Proposition \[propstevesuppprop\] that $\mathrm{supp}(L_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I})) = \emptyset$ and hence $L_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) = 0$. This implies $\Gamma_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \cong a$ and shows that $a \in \Gamma_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast \mathcal{K}$. By [@MR3181496 Theorem 6.9], $\mathrm{supp}$ detects vanishing when the action of $\mathcal{T}$ on $\mathcal{K}$ satisfies the *local-to-global principle*, see Remark \[remlocglob\]. \[remdifferentsubcatdef\]
Let $V\subset \Spc(\mathcal{T}^c)$ be specialization-closed. The category $\mathcal{K}_V$ is compactly generated. \[propsubsetsubcatcompgen\]
We now come to the definition of the central invariant that is studied in this article. For a triangulated category $\mathcal{C}$, we shall denote by $\mathcal{C}^{\natural}$ its *idempotent completion*, a triangulated category with a fully faithful inclusion $\mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{C}^{\natural}$ which is universal for the property that all idempotents in $\mathcal{C}^{\natural}$ split (see [@MR1813503] for a detailed discussion). Let us first write down a diagram of Grothendieck groups: $$\xymatrix{
\Knought(\mathcal{K}^c_{(p)}) \ar[r]^-{q^{\natural}}\ar[d]^{i} &\Knought((\mathcal{K}^c_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}^c_{(p-1)})^{\natural}) ~(= \Knought((\mathcal{K}_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)})^c))\\
\Knought(\mathcal{K}^c_{(p+1)})
}$$ Here, $q^{\natural}$ is the map induced by the composition of the Verdier quotient functor $\mathcal{K}^c_{(p)} \to \mathcal{K}^c_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}^c_{(p-1)}$ and the inclusion into the idempotent completion of the latter category. The morphism $i$ is induced by the inclusion functor. The identification $$(\mathcal{K}^c_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}^c_{(p-1)})^{\natural} \cong (\mathcal{K}_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)})^c$$ holds by [@MR2681709 Theorem 5.6.1] since $\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}$ is compactly generated by Proposition \[propsubsetsubcatcompgen\].
The *dimension $p$ tensor triangular cycle group* of $\mathcal{K}$ relative to the action $\ast$ is defined as $$\Cyc^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{T},\mathcal{K}) := \Knought((\mathcal{K}^c_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}^c_{(p+1)})^{\natural})~.$$ The *dimension $p$ tensor triangular Chow group* of $\mathcal{K}$ relative to the action $\ast$ is defined as $$\CH^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{K}) := \Cyc^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{K})/q^{\natural}(\ker(i))~.$$ \[definition:1510.00211\]
In [@1510.00211], the definition of relative tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups was given under the assumption that another technical condition, the *local-to-global principle*, is satisified. While it is not necessary for the statement of Definition \[definition:1510.00211\], the local-to-global principle makes dealing with these invariants easier (see Remark \[remdifferentsubcatdef\]), and it is satisfied very often. In particular, it will be satisfied in our main case of interest by [@MR3181496 Theorem 6.9], when we consider actions of the derived category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a noetherian separated scheme. In order to keep the exposition of the article at hand a bit lighter, we will not go into further details concerning this topic. \[remlocglob\]
Let us illustrate our definitions with an example that explains the name “tensor triangular Chow group”. The following theorem is a slight variation of [@1510.00211 Corollary 3.6].
Let $X$ be a separated regular scheme of finite type over a field. Consider the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on itself via $\otimes^{\mathrm{L}}$. Then for all $p \geq 0$, we have isomorphisms $$\begin{aligned}
\Cyc^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))) &\cong \Cyc_{p}(X) \\
\CH^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))) &\cong \CH_{p}(X)~,
\end{aligned}$$ where $\Cyc_{p}(X)$ and $\CH_{p}(X)$ denote the dimension $p$ cycle and Chow groups of $X$. \[thmchowrecover\]
This is [@1510.00211 Corollary 3.6], with codimension replaced by dimension. The former statement is proved by showing that the groups $\Cyc_{\Delta}^{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)))$ and $\CH_{\Delta}^{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)))$ which are defined analogously via a filtration by *co*dimension of support, are isomorphic to certain terms on the $E^1$ and $E^2$ page of Quillen’s coniveau spectral sequence associated to $X$, which happen to be isomorphic to $\Cyc^{p}(X)$ and $\CH^{p}(X)$, respectively. In order to prove the “dimension” version of the statement, we see that the same argument shows that $\Cyc^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)))$ and $\CH^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)),\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)))$ are isomorphic to the terms $E^1_{p,-p}$ and $E^2_{p,-p}$ of the *niveau* spectral sequence of $X$, which happen to be isomorphic to $\Cyc_{p}(X)$ and $\CH_{p}(X)$ (see e.g. [@MR2648734] for the identification of $E^1_{p,-p}$ and $E^2_{p,-p}$ with $\Cyc_{p}(X)$ and $\CH_{p}(X)$).
We can actually do better and also recover $\CH_{p}(X)$ for singular schemes. In order to do so, one lets $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ act on $\mathrm{K}(\mathrm{Inj}(X))$, the homotopy category of quasi-coherent injective sheaves on $X$, instead of considering the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on itself. Later on, we shall be interested in the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on the derived category of a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra. \[remcoderived\]
An exact sequence {#sectionexseq}
=================
In this section we derive an exact sequence that will give us a new description of $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K})$ as an image of a map in a $\mathrm{K}$-theoretic localization sequence. It will be especially useful for computing $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{0}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K})$ when $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)) =1$. Let $\mathcal{T}$ be a rigidly-compactly generated triangulated category that has an action $\ast$ on a compactly generated triangulated category $\mathcal{K}$ and assume that $\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)$ is a noetherian topological space. Then we know that $\mathcal{K}_{(p)}$ is a compactly generated subcategory of $\mathcal{K}$ for all $p \geq 0$ and we have an exact sequence of triangulated categories $$\mathcal{K}_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)} \to \mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)} \to \mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}~.
\label{eqnexseqdimdiff2}$$ Since the inclusion $\mathcal{K}_{(p)} \to \mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}$ admits a coproduct-preserving right-adjoint $\Gamma_{V_{\leq p}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$, the same is true for both functors in the sequence (\[eqnexseqdimdiff2\]). Hence it restricts to a sequence of compact objects $$\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c \to \left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c \to \left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}\right)^c$$ which is exact up to factors. Applying $\mathrm{K}_0$ to this diagram yields a sequence of abelian groups $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K}) \xrightarrow{\iota} \mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c\right) \xrightarrow{\pi} \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p+1}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K})$$ which is exact at the middle term.
The map $\pi$ is surjective if and only if $\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c$ is idempotent complete. \[lmaidcompsurj\]
We have $\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}\right)^c = \left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c\right)^{\natural}$ and hence $\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c$ is a dense triangulated subcategory of $\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}\right)^c$. Thomason’s classification of these subcategories (see [@MR1436741]) then shows that $\mathrm{im}(\pi)$ is maximal if and only if the inclusion $\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c \hookrightarrow \left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}\right)^c$ is essentially surjective which happens if and only if the former category is idempotent complete.
We shall now be concerned with the kernel of $\iota$. Our goal is to prove the following statement:
\[propchowexseq\] In the notation of Definition \[definition:1510.00211\], we have $\mathrm{ker}(\iota) = q^{\natural}(\ker(i))$. Hence, we obtain an exact sequence $$0 \to \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K}) \xrightarrow{\overline{\iota}} \mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c\right) \xrightarrow{\pi} \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p+1}(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K})$$ which is exact on the right if and only if $\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c$ is idempotent complete.
Let $\mathcal{K}$ be a triangulated category and $\mathcal{L} \subset \mathcal{K}$ a triangulated subcategory. Consider the full triangulated subcategories $\mathcal{L}^{\natural}, \mathcal{K} \subset \mathcal{K}^{\natural}$. Then $\mathcal{L}^{\natural} \cap \mathcal{K} = \mathcal{L}$ as full subcategories of $\mathcal{K}^{\natural}$. \[lmacapsubcats\]
It is clear that an object $A \in \mathcal{L}$ is both contained in $\mathcal{L}^{\natural}$ and $\mathcal{K}$. For the converse inclusion, suppose that $A$ is in $\mathcal{L}^{\natural} \cap \mathcal{K}$. Any object $A \in \mathcal{L}^{\natural}$ can be written as a pair $(A',e)$, where $A'$ is an object of $\mathcal{L}$ and $e$ is an idempotent endomorphism $A' \to A'$ in $\mathcal{L}$. Similarly, the objects $B$ of $\mathcal{K}$ in $\mathcal{K}^{\natural}$ are identified with exactly the pairs $(B', \mathrm{id}_B)$. It follows that $A$ can be written in the form $(A',\mathrm{id}_{A'})$ with $A' \in \mathcal{L}$. Hence, $A$ is in the image of the inclusion functor $\mathcal{L}^{\natural} \to \mathcal{K}^{\natural}$.
In the situation of Lemma \[lmacapsubcats\], assume that $\mathcal{L}, \mathcal{K}$ are essentially small and consider the diagram of Grothendieck groups $$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{L}) \arrow{r}{\alpha} \arrow{d}{\rho} & \mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}) \arrow{d}{\sigma} \\
\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{L}^{\natural}) \arrow{r}{\beta} & \mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}^{\natural})
\end{tikzcd}$$ induced by the inclusion functors. Then $\mathrm{ker}(\beta) = \rho(\mathrm{ker}(\alpha))$. \[lmaidcompkers\]
By the commutativity of the diagram, it is clear that $\mathrm{ker}(\beta) \supseteq \rho(\mathrm{ker}(\alpha))$, so let us prove the converse inclusion. Consider an element $[a] \in \mathrm{ker}(\beta)$, i.e. $[a] = 0$ in $\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}^{\natural})$. By Thomason’s classification of dense triangulated subcategories (see [@MR1436741]) applied to $\mathcal{K} \subset \mathcal{K}^{\natural}$, we have $$\mathcal{K} = \lbrace x \in \mathcal{K}^{\natural}: [x] \in \mathrm{im}(\sigma) \rbrace~.$$ Since $0 \in \mathrm{im}(\sigma)$, we must have $a \in \mathcal{K} \subset \mathcal{K}^{\natural}$, and by Lemma \[lmacapsubcats\] it follows that $a \in \mathcal{L}$. Thus, $[a] \in \mathrm{im}(\rho)$ and since $\sigma$ is injective (see [@MR1436741 Corollary 2.3]), it follows that $[a] \in \mathrm{ker}(\alpha)$.
Consider the commutative diagram $$\begin{gathered}
\xymatrix{
\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c) \ar[r]^i \ar[d]^q& \mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c) \ar[d]^h\\
\mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}^c\right) \ar[r]^{k} \ar[d]^j & \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}^c\right) \ar[d]^l \\
{\underbrace{\mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}^c\right)^{\natural}\right)}_{ = \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_p(\mathcal{T}, \mathcal{K})}} \ar[r]^{\iota} & {\underbrace{\mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}^c/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}^c\right)^{\natural}\right)}_{ = \mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathcal{K}_{(p+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(p-1)}\right)^c\right)}}
}
\end{gathered}
\label{eqncommdiagsubcats}$$ where all maps are induced by inclusions of subcategories or Verdier quotient functors and in particular, we have $q^{\natural} = j \circ q$. Since $\mathrm{ker}(h) = i(\mathrm{ker}(q))$, we obtain that $\mathrm{ker}(k) = q(\mathrm{ker}(i))$. Therefore, it suffices to show that $\mathrm{ker}(\iota) = j(\mathrm{ker}(k))$, which follows from Lemma \[lmaidcompkers\]. The last statement of the proposition is Lemma \[lmaidcompsurj\].
When $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Spc}(\mathcal{T}^c)) =1$, Proposition \[propchowexseq\] exhibits $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_0(\mathcal{T},\mathcal{K})$ as a subgroup of $\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{K}^c)$. If $X$ is a regular algebraic curve, $\mathcal{T} = \mathcal{K} =\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$, then we recover the well-known isomorphism $$\mathrm{K}_0(X) \cong \mathrm{CH}_0(X) \oplus \mathrm{Z}_1(X)$$ using Theorem \[thmchowrecover\]: the map $\pi$ is surjective by Lemma \[lmaidcompsurj\], since $$\begin{aligned}
\mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathrm{Coh}(X))_{(1)}/\mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathrm{Coh}(X))_{(0)} &\cong \mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(X))/\mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(X))_{(0)} \\
&\cong \mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(X)/\mathrm{Coh}(X)_{\leq 0})~,
\end{aligned}$$ (see [@MR3423452 §3.2], compare Corollary \[corverdiervsserre\]) and the latter category is idempotent complete since it is the bounded derived category of an abelian category (see [@MR1813503]). Furthermore, $\mathrm{Z}_1(X)$ is free abelian and hence the exact sequence splits. Again, as in Remark \[remcoderived\], we can drop the regularity assumption and consider the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on $\mathrm{K}(\mathrm{Inj}(X))$ instead. Then we obtain $$\mathrm{G}_0(X) \cong \mathrm{CH}_0(X) \oplus \mathrm{Z}_1(X)~.$$
Derived categories of quasi-coherent OX-algebras {#sectiondercatalg}
================================================
In this section, we first recall some well-known facts about the categories of quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$ and about $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$. We show how to realize the functor $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x))$ that takes stalks at $x \in X$ as a localization of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ and prove a technical result about the filtration of $\mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A}))$ by dimension of support.
Basics of quasi-coherent modules over quasi-coherent OX-algebras
----------------------------------------------------------------
Let $X$ be a scheme. In this section we recall some basic facts about modules over an $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra $\mathcal{A}$. The material we present here should be well-known (or at least hardly surprising) to most experts.
An $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra $\mathcal{A}$ is a sheaf of $\mathcal{O_X}$-modules $\mathcal{A}$ together with a multiplication map $\mathcal{A} \times \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{A}$ that is associative and has unit, and is $\mathcal{O}_X$-bilinear[^3]. An $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra $\mathcal{A}$ is *quasi-coherent*, if it is so as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. The pair $(X,\mathcal{A})$ is a ringed space, and hence it makes sense to talk about quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules. It is not hard to show that if $\mathcal{A}$ is a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra, then a right $\mathcal{A}$-module is quasi-coherent if and only if it is quasi-coherent as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. Furthermore, quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules over a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra $\mathcal{A}$ have a local description analogous to quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules.
Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra, $U \subset X$ an affine open and $A := \Gamma(U,\mathcal{A})$. Then the functor $\Gamma(U,-)$ induces an equivalence of categories $$\lbrace \text{quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}|_{U}$-modules} \rbrace \xrightarrow{\sim} \lbrace \text{right $A$-modules} \rbrace~.$$
Since the notion of coherence is general as well, it applies to right $\mathcal{A}$-modules. We shall primarily be interested in the case where $X$ is noetherian and $\mathcal{A}$ is a *coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra*, i.e. one that is coherent as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module.
Suppose $X$ is noetherian and $\mathcal{A}$ is a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra. Then a right $\mathcal{A}$-module $M$ is coherent if and only if it is coherent as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module.
Let us first notice that under the given conditions, $\mathcal{A}$ is a sheaf of right-noetherian rings. A right $\mathcal{A}$-module is hence coherent if and only if it is locally of finite type. Therefore, it suffices to show that a right $\mathcal{A}$-module is locally of finite type over $\mathcal{A}$ if and only if it is so over $\mathcal{O}_X$, which is straightforward.
The category $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$ is Grothendieck abelian. \[corqcohAGrothendieck\]
The category $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$ is exactly the category of modules over the right-exact monad corresponding to the adjunction $\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} - \dashv U$. Then [@MR3161097 lemma A.3] applies and shows that $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$ is Grothendieck abelian, since $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is so.
The following notion is central for our further considerations:
Let $M \in \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)$. The *support $\mathrm{Supp}(M)$ of $M$* is the set of points $P \in X$ such that $M_P \neq 0$. If $N \in \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$, then $\mathrm{Supp}(N) := \mathrm{Supp}(U(N)) \subset X$.
The derived category of a quasi-coherent OX-algebra {#subsection:derived-quasi-coherent-algebras}
---------------------------------------------------
In the following, *we shall always assume that $X$ is a noetherian separated scheme* and that $\mathcal{A}$ is a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra. While both assumptions on $X$ can certainly be weakened at certain points, we feel that this choice makes some arguments and notations easier and still provides a fairly general framework.
### Basic properties
In this section we study the category $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$, the derived category of quasi-coherent right-$\mathcal{A}$-modules. Let us first note that $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ exists, since $\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$ is Grothendieck abelian by Corollary \[corqcohAGrothendieck\]. Furthermore, since the forgetful functor $U$ is exact, it directly descends to give a functor $U : \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))\to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Its right adjoint $\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} -$ induces a left-derived functor $$\mathcal{A} \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} - : \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$$ which is computed by first taking $\mathrm{K}$-flat resolutions in $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ and then applying $\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} -$.
There is an adjunction $(\mathcal{A} \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} -) \dashv U$.
This is a consequence of a general criterion for the adjointness of derived functors, see Stacks Project, 09T5.
The category $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ is compactly generated, and a complex in $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ is compact if and only if it is perfect, i.e. it is locally quasi-isomorphic to a bounded complex of projective modules of finite rank. \[thmcompgen\]
This can be shown using Rouquier’s cocoverings. See [@1501.06023 theorem 3.14].
In the following, we shall denote the full subcategory of perfect complexes over $\mathcal{A}$ by $\mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A}) \subset \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$. Whenever $S \subset |X|$ is a subset, we shall denote by $\mathrm{D}_S(\mathcal{A})$ ($\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{b}}_S(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})), \mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{perf}}_S(\mathcal{A})$) the corresponding full subcategories consisting of complexes $C^{\bullet}$ with $\mathrm{Supp}(\mathrm{H}^*(C^{\bullet})) \subset S$. If $S=V_{\leq p}$, the subset of all points of dimension $\leq p$, we shall replace the subscript “$V_{\leq p}$” by “$\leq p$”.
### Taking stalks
Let us consider a point $x \in X$ and the inclusion $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}) \to X$. If we equip $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x})$ with the sheaf of rings $\mathcal{A}_x$, we obtain a morphism of ringed spaces $$i_x: (\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}, \mathcal{A}_x) \to (X,\mathcal{A})$$ and the general theory of ringed spaces gives us a pair of adjoint functors $$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x) \arrow[bend right,swap]{d}{(i_x)_*}\\
\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \arrow[bend right,swap]{u}{(i_x)^*}
\end{tikzcd}$$ which fits into a commutative diagram $$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}) \arrow[bend right,swap]{d}{(i_x)_*} & \mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x) \arrow[bend right, swap]{d}{(i_x)_*} \arrow[swap,]{l}{U}\\
\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X) \arrow[bend right,swap]{u}{(i_x)^*} &\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \arrow[bend right, swap]{u}{(i_x)^*} \arrow{l}{U}
\end{tikzcd}$$ and satisfies $(i_x)^* \circ (i_x)_* = \mathrm{id}$. The map $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}) \to X$ is quasi-separated and quasi-compact (recall that we assumed that $X$ noetherian). Therefore the functor $(i_x)_*$ indeed produces quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules, and hence also quasi-coherent $\mathcal{A}$-modules, since quasi-coherence can be checked after applying $U$.
Since $X$ was separated, the map $i_x$ is affine and thus the functor $(i_x)_*$ is exact on the level of $\mathcal{O}_{X,x}$-modules. Since $U$ preserves and reflects exactness, it follows that $(i_x)_*$ is exact on the level of $\mathcal{A}_x$-modules as well. Furthermore, the map $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{O}_{X,x}) \to X$ is flat and hence $(i_x)^*$ is exact on both levels as well.
By a general criterion for adjoints of derived functors (see Stacks Project, 09T5), we obtain an adjoint pair $$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x)) \arrow[bend right, swap]{d}{(i_x)_*}\\
\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \arrow[bend right, swap]{u}{(i_x)^*}
\end{tikzcd}$$ which still satisfies $(i_x)^* \circ (i_x)_* = \mathrm{id}$ since there was no need to derive any of the two functors.
Let $X$ be a noetherian separated scheme and $\mathcal{A}$ a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra. Let $x \in X$ and $\mathrm{D}_{Y_x}(\mathcal{A}) \subset \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ be the full subcategory of complexes $C^{\bullet}$ such that $\mathrm{Supp}(\mathrm{H}^*(C^{\bullet})) \subset Y_x = \lbrace y \in X | x \notin \overline{\lbrace y \rbrace} \rbrace$. Then $\mathrm{D}_{Y_x}(\mathcal{A}) = \mathrm{ker}(i_x)^*$ and the functor $(i_x)^*$ induces an exact equivalence $$\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))/\mathrm{D}_{Y_x}(\mathcal{A}) \xrightarrow{\sim} \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x))~.$$ \[propstalkquot\]
The first part follows from the identity $\mathrm{H}^*((i_x)^*C^{\bullet}) = (i_x)^*(\mathrm{H}^*(C^{\bullet}))$.
Since $(i_x)^* \circ (i_x)_* = \mathrm{id}$, we must have that $(i_x)_*$ is fully faithful. It is well-known (see e.g. [@MR2681712 lemma 3.4]) that we therefore get an exact sequence of triangulated categories $$\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))/\mathrm{ker}(i_x)^* \xrightarrow{\sim} \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x))~,$$ which finishes the proof by the first part of the proposition.
### Filtrations of the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves
Let us now assume that $X$ is a noetherian scheme and that $\mathcal{A}$ is a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra. We record the following, essentially trivial Lemma for later use.
Let $\mathcal{J} \subset \mathcal{O}_X$ be an ideal sheaf and $M$ an $\mathcal{A}$-module. Then $$\mathcal{J} M = 0 \Leftrightarrow (\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J}) M = 0~.$$\[lmaidealannihilate\]
Easy local computation.
A sheaf of ideals $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{A}$ is called *central*, if for any open $U \subset X$, the ideal $\mathcal{I}(U) \subset \mathcal{A}(U)$ can be generated by central elements.
Let $$0 \to A \to B \to C \to 0$$ be an exact sequence of coherent $\mathcal{A}$-modules with $\mathrm{Supp}(A) = V \subset X$. Then there exists a commutative diagram of $\mathcal{A}$-modules $$\begin{tikzcd}
0 \arrow{r} & A \arrow{r} \arrow{d}{\mathrm{id}} & B \arrow{r} \arrow{d} & C \arrow{d} \arrow{r} & 0 \\
0 \arrow{r} & A \arrow{r} & B' \arrow{r} & C' \arrow{r} & 0
\end{tikzcd}$$ with exact rows and such that $\mathrm{Supp}(B'), \mathrm{Supp}(C') \subset V$. \[propexseqext\]
Let $\mathcal{J} \subset \mathcal{O}_X$ denote the radical ideal corresponding to the closed subset $V$. Then there exists $n_0 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\mathcal{J}^n A= 0$ for all $n \geq n_0$, and by Lemma \[lmaidealannihilate\] it follows that $(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J}^n) A = (\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n A =0$ all $n \geq n_0$. For each $n$, we obtain a commutative diagram wit exact rows $$\begin{tikzcd}
0 \arrow{r}& A \arrow{r}{\iota} \arrow{d}{\mathrm{id}}& B \arrow{r}{\pi} \arrow{d}& C \arrow{d} \arrow{r} & 0 \\
& A \arrow{r}{\overline{\iota}} & B/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n B \arrow{r}{\overline{\pi}}& C/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n C \arrow{r} & 0
\end{tikzcd}
\label{eqexseq}$$ where $\overline{\iota},\overline{\pi}$ are induced by $\iota,\pi$ respectively and the non-labeled vertical maps are the canoncial projections. We claim that for $n$ large enough, $\overline{\iota}$ is a monomorphism. As we can check injectivity locally, let $X= \bigcup_{i=1}^r U_i$ with $U_{i} = \mathrm{Spec}(R_i)$ open affine. Then, on each $U_i$, the problem looks as follows: we are given an $R_i$-algebra $S_i$, an ideal $J_i \subset R_i$, an exact of $S_i$-modules $$0 \to A_i \to B_i \to C_i \to 0$$ and we know that for all $n \geq n_i$, $J^n A =0$. Diagram (\[eqexseq\]) translates as $$\xymatrix{
0 \ar[r]& A_i \ar[r]^{\iota_i} \ar[d]^{\mathrm{id}}& B_i \ar[r]^{\pi_i} \ar[d]& C_i \ar[d] \ar[r] & 0 \\
& A_i \ar[r]^-{\overline{\iota_i}} & B_i/(S_i \cdot J_i)^n B_i \ar[r]^-{\overline{\pi_i}}& C/(S_i \cdot J_i)^n C_i \ar[r] & 0
}$$ We will now use the Artin-Rees lemma, which is in general not valid for non-commutative rings, but does hold for central ideals like $S_i \cdot J_i$ (see [@MR0231816 Chapter 7.2, Theorem 1]): there exists $q_i \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $m_i \geq q_i$ we have $$A_i \cap (S_i \cdot J_i)^n B_i = (S_i \cdot J_i)^{n-q_i} (A_i \cap (S_i \cdot J_i)^{q_i} B_i)~.$$ Now note that $\ker(\overline{\iota_i}) = A_i \cap (S_i \cdot J_i)^n B_i$, and thus the Artin-Rees lemma tells us that if we choose $m_i$ such that $n-q \geq n_i$, then $\ker(\overline{\iota_i}) = 0$, i.e. $\overline{\iota_i}$ is injective. Now, if we choose $n = \max_i m_i$, then $\overline{\iota_i}$ will be injective for all $i$, proving that $\overline{\iota}$ is a monomorphism.
To conclude the proof, note that for any coherent $\mathcal{A}$-module $M$, we have that $\mathrm{Supp}(M) = \mathrm{V}(\mathrm{Ann}_{\mathcal{O}_X}(M))$ since $M$ is also $\mathcal{O}_X$-coherent. But by Lemma \[lmaidealannihilate\], we know that $\mathcal{J}^n$ annihilates $M/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n M = M/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J}^n) M$ as $\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J}^n$ does so. It follows that $$\mathrm{Supp}(B/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n B), \mathrm{Supp}(C/(\mathcal{A} \cdot \mathcal{J})^n C) \subset \mathrm{V}(\mathcal{J}^n) = \mathrm{V}(\mathcal{J}) = V~.$$
For $p \in \mathbb{Z}$, denote by $\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p}$ the full subcategory of $\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})$ consisting of those $\mathcal{A}$-modules $M$ with $\dim(\mathrm{Supp}(M)) \leq p$.
The properties of $\mathrm{Supp}(-)$ easily imply that $\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p}$ is a Serre subcategory of $\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq q}$ if $p \leq q$.
\[corollary:abelian-derived-filtration\] The natural functors $$\begin{aligned}
\derived^{\mathrm{b}}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p}) &\to \derived^{\mathrm{b}}_{\leq p}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})) \\
\derived^{\mathrm{b}}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p})/\derived^{\mathrm{b}}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p -1}) &\to \derived^{\mathrm{b}}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p}/\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p-1})
\end{aligned}$$ are equivalences of categories. \[corverdiervsserre\]
The statement of Proposition \[propexseqext\] is exactly the condition of [@MR1667558 Section 1.15, Lemma (c1)] which makes the above functors equivalences.
Relative tensor triangular Chow groups of a quasi-coherent OX-algebra {#sectionrelgroupsalg}
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In this section, we obtain a definition of the relative tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups of a (quasi-)coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra $\mathcal{A}$ by means of an action of the derived category of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on the derived category of quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$. We then derive some basic properties of these groups, including a group homomorphism induced by the forgetful functor that relates $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$ to $\mathrm{CH}_i(X)$ when $X$ is regular.
The general approach we use for the relative tensor triangular Chow groups works for all quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebras $\mathcal{A}$ but as we will see below, the coherent case will turn out to be more manageable, since then two notions of support will agree for bounded complexes of coherent $\mathcal{A}$-modules. Later on, this will allows us to actually do some concrete computations.
The action of D(Qcoh OX) on D(Qcoh A)
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The bifunctor $$- \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} - : \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X) \times \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$$ gives rise to a bifunctor $$- \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} - : \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)) \times \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$$ by taking $\mathrm{K}$-flat resolution in the first variable and applying $- \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} -$. This defines an action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$, where the unitor and associator isomorphisms (\[eqnassocunitiso\]) are induced by those on the level of complexes, i.e. the natural isomorphisms $$\begin{aligned}
(A^{\bullet} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} B^{\bullet}) \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} X^{\bullet} &\xrightarrow{\sim} A^{\bullet} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} (B^{\bullet} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} X^{\bullet})\\
\mathcal{O}_X \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X} X^{\bullet} &\xrightarrow{\sim} X^{\bullet}\end{aligned}$$ for $A^{\bullet},B^{\bullet}$ complexes of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules and $X^{\bullet}$ a complex of quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules.
The action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ satisfies the local-to-global principle (see Remark \[remlocglob\]) since the action $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on itself does so.
We will now continue to derive some properties of the notion of support that the action of $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ on $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ induces on objects of the latter category.
Let $V \subset X$ be a specialization-closed subset. Then $\mathrm{D}_V(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ coincides with the subcategory $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_V$ of all complexes $C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ such that $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \subset V$. In particular, the subcategories $\mathrm{D}_V(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ are smashing. \[propsubsetsubcatcoincide\]
If $C^{\bullet}$ is a complex of quasi-coherent right $\mathcal{A}$-modules, then we need to show that $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \subset V \Leftrightarrow \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}) \subset V$. If $X = \bigcup_i U_i$ is an open cover, then it suffices to show that $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i \subset V \cap U_i \Leftrightarrow \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i \subset V \cap U_i$ for all $i$. Let $U_i = \mathrm{Spec}(R_i), i= 1, \ldots, n$ be a cover of $X$ by affine opens with closed complements $Z_i$ and set $V_i := U_i \cap V$. Notice that the sets $V_i$ are still specialization-closed in $U_i$. We have $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}) = \mathrm{supp}(L_{Z_i}\mathcal{O}_X \ast C^{\bullet}) = \mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i$ by Proposition \[propstevesuppprop\] and $\mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}) = \mathrm{Supp}(L_{Z_i}\mathcal{O}_X \ast C^{\bullet}) = \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i$ since localization is exact. Hence we have reduced to showing that $$\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}) \subset V_i \Leftrightarrow \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}) \subset V_i$ for $i =1, \ldots n~.$$ But now, we can assume that $\mathcal{A}$ is given as an $R_i$-algebra $A$ and $C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}$ a complex of right $A$-modules. Since both $\mathrm{supp}$ and $\mathrm{Supp}$ can be computed by first applying the forgetful functor $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$, the result follows from [@1401.6925 Proposition 3.14], where it is shown that for the complex of $R_i$-modules $C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}$, the sets $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i})$ and $\mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i}) $ have the same minimal elements.
The last statement follows from the first and Lemma \[lmarelativesmash\].
Let us show that $\mathrm{supp}$ and $\mathrm{Supp}$ coincide for small complexes.
Let $C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ such that $\mathrm{H}^{\ast}(C^{\bullet})$ is bounded and coherent. Then $\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) = \mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet})$. \[propsupp=Supp\]
As in the proof of Proposition \[propsubsetsubcatcoincide\], we notice that if $X = \bigcup_i U_i$ is a cover by affine opens with complements $Z_i$, then it suffices to show that $$\underbrace{\mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i}_{= \mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i})} = \underbrace{\mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}) \cap U_i}_{=\mathrm{Supp}(C^{\bullet}|_{U_i})}$$ for all $i$. Hence, we have reduced to the affine case, where the result is implied from the corresponding one for complexes in $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$. But the latter is well known, see e.g. [@MR2489634].
Given a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra $\mathcal{A}$ (on which $\mathcal{O}_X$ acts by centrally by assumption) we can consider $\mathrm{Z}(\mathcal{A})$ as a commutative coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra. Let $$\pi\colon Z\coloneqq\mathbf{Spec}_X\mathrm{Z}(\mathcal{A})\to X$$ be the relative affine scheme defined by $\mathrm{Z}(\mathcal{A})$. We can consider $\pi^*(\mathcal{A})$ as a coherent $\mathcal{O}_Z$algebra, and by [@1501.06023 proposition 3.5] we have that $\Qcoh\mathcal{A}\cong\Qcoh\pi^*(\mathcal{A})$. The action of $\derived(\Qcoh X)$ and $\derived(\Qcoh Z)$ will be different in general.
Unwinding the definitions {#subsection:main-result}
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With all the technical material we have assembled so far, let us look once more at Definition \[definition:1510.00211\]. Let $\mathcal{T} = \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ and $\mathcal{K} = \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$.
We will write $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A}) \quad \text{and} \quad \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$$ for the groups $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_i(\mathcal{T},\mathcal{K})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(\mathcal{T},\mathcal{K})$, respectively.
We have $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathcal{K}_{(i)}/\mathcal{K}_{(i-1)})^c\right)$$ by definition, and both categories $\mathcal{K}_{(i)},\mathcal{K}_{(i+1)}$ are compactly generated. Hence, we have that $$(\mathcal{K}_{(i)}/\mathcal{K}_{(i-1)})^c = \left((\mathcal{K}_{(i)})^c/(\mathcal{K}_{(i-1)})^c\right)^{\natural}$$ by [@MR2681709 Theorem 5.6.1]. Furthermore, $(\mathcal{K}_{(i)})^c$ coincides with the full subcategory of $\mathcal{K}^c$ consisting of objects with support in codimension $\geq i$ by [@1510.00211 Proposition 2.23]. From Theorem \[thmcompgen\], we have $$\mathcal{K}^c = \mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A}) \subset \mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A}))~.$$ If we assume $\mathcal{A}$ coherent, then $\mathrm{Supp}$ and $\mathrm{supp}$ coincide for objects of $\mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A}))$ by Proposition \[propsupp=Supp\]. It follows that $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \mathrm{K}_0\left(\left(\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{perf}}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/ \mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{perf}}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A}) \right)^{\natural} \right)~.$$ If $\mathcal{A}$ is additionally of finite global dimension, $\mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{perf}}(\mathcal{A}) = \mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(\mathcal{A}))$ and we get from Corollary \[corverdiervsserre\] that $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A})= \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{D^b}\left(\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A})\right)\right) = \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A})\right)~.$$ Similarly, we deduce in this case an isomorphism of sequences of abelian groups $$\begin{gathered}
\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) \arrow{r} \arrow[equals]{d} & \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathcal{K}_{(i+1)}/\mathcal{K}_{(i-1)})^c\right) \arrow{r} \arrow[equals]{d} & \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i+1} (X,\mathcal{A}) \arrow[equals]{d} \\
\mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A})\right) \arrow{r}{\iota} & \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i+1}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A})\right) \arrow{r}{\pi} & \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i+1}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})\right)
\end{tikzcd}
\end{gathered}$$ which are exact in the middle. Hence, we deduce from Proposition \[propchowexseq\] an isomorphism $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{i}(X,\mathcal{A}) \cong \mathrm{im}(\iota) = \mathrm{ker}(\pi)$ for this situation. The lower sequence is the end of the $\mathrm{K}$-theory long exact localization sequence for the Serre localization $$\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i+1}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i+1}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})$$ and hence $$\label{equation:chow-as-cokernel}
\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) \cong \mathrm{coker}\left(\mathrm{K}_1\left( \mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i+1}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A}) \right) \to \mathrm{K}_0\left( \mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i}(\mathcal{A})/\mathrm{Coh}_{\leq i-1}(\mathcal{A}) \right)\right)~.$$
There is also a local description of $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A})$. Abstractly, it follows from [@1206.2721] and [@1510.00211 Proposition 2.18, Lemma 2.19], that $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \coprod_{x \in X_{(i)}} \mathrm{K}_0\left((\Gamma_x \mathcal{K})^c\right)~,
\label{eqnabstractsplitting}$$ where $X_{i}$ is the set of points $x \in X$ such that $\mathrm{dim}(x) = i$.
Suppose $\mathcal{A}$ is coherent. Then $$(\Gamma_x \mathcal{K})^c \cong \mathrm{D^{perf}_{\lbrace x \rbrace}}(\mathcal{A}_x)~.$$ \[lmasplitcomp\]
Since for any object $A \in \mathcal{K}$ we have, by definition, $\Gamma_x A = \Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x \rbrace}} L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^{\mathrm{L}} A$, it follows that $$\Gamma_x \mathcal{K} = \Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x \rbrace}} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \left(L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K}\right)~.$$ The subcategory $\mathrm{D}_{Y_x}(\mathcal{A})$ is smashing by Proposition \[propsubsetsubcatcoincide\] and it follows from Lemma \[lmarelativesmash\] and Proposition \[propstalkquot\] that $L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K} = \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x))$. The compact objects of $\Gamma_x \mathcal{K}$ are given by the compact objects $a$ of $L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K}$ with $\mathrm{supp}(a) \subset \overline{ \lbrace x \rbrace}$: the inclusion functor $I: \Gamma_x \mathcal{K} \to L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K}$ has a coproduct preserving right-adjoint $\Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast -$ and hence preserves compactness. Thus, the compact objects of $\Gamma_x \mathcal{K}$ embed into the compact objects of $L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K}$ with support in $\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}$. On the other hand, if $a$ is a compact object of $L_{Y_x} \mathcal{O}_X \ast \mathcal{K}$ with support in $\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}$, then the localization triangle $$\Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \to a \to L{\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \to \Sigma\left(\Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a\right)$$ and Proposition \[propstevesuppprop\] show that $\Gamma_{\overline{\lbrace x\rbrace}}(\mathbb{I}) \ast a \cong a$, and hence $a$ belongs to the essential image of the embedding $I$.
Since $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Mod}(\mathcal{A}_x))^c = \mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A}_x)$ and $\mathrm{supp} = \mathrm{Supp}$ for its objects by Proposition \[propsupp=Supp\], the desired description follows.
Let $(R,\mathfrak{m})$ be a commutative noetherian local ring and $A$ a (module-)finite $R$-algebra. Then a right $A$-module $M$ has finite length over $A$ if and only if it has finite length over $R$. \[lmaflsame\]
Recall that a right module has finite length if and only if it is both artinian and noetherian. Hence, if $M$ has finite length over $R$, it must also have finite length over $A$, since every chain of $A$-submodules of $M$ is also a chain of $R$-submodules.
In order to prove that right $A$-modules of finite $A$-length also have finite $R$-length, it suffices to show that all simple right $A$-modules have finite $R$-length: one can then refine finite composition series over $A$ to finite composition series over $R$. In order to study simple right $A$-modules it suffices to consider simple modules over $A/\mathrm{J}(A)$, since the Jacobson radical annihilates all simple modules, by definition. We have $\mathrm{J}(R) = \mathfrak{m}$ and by [@MR1125071 Corollary 5.9], it follows that $\mathfrak{m}A \subset \mathrm{J}(A)$, and hence we have a surjection $A/\mathfrak{m}A \twoheadrightarrow A/\mathrm{J}(A)$. By assumption, $A/\mathfrak{m}A$ is a finite $R$-module with support contained in $\lbrace \mathfrak{m} \rbrace$ and hence has finite length over $R$. It follows that $A/\mathrm{J}(A)$ has finite $R$-length as well. Hence, the finite length right modules over $A/\mathrm{J}(A)$ have finite length over $R$, which holds in particular for the simple ones.
Suppose $\mathcal{A}$ is coherent. Then $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \coprod_{x \in X_{(i)}} \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{D^{perf}_{fl.}}(\mathcal{A}_x)\right)~.$$ where $\mathrm{D^{perf}_{fl.}}(\mathcal{A}_x) \subset \mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A}_x)$ denotes the full subcategory of complexes with finite length cohomology. If furthermore $\mathcal{A}$ has finite global dimension, then $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \coprod_{x \in X_{(i)}} \mathrm{K}_0\left(\mathrm{D^b}(\mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.})\right)~,$$ where $\mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.}$ denotes the abelian category of right $\mathcal{A}_x$-modules of finite length. \[corsplitcycles\]
For the first statement, it suffices to prove that $\mathrm{D^{perf}_{\lbrace x \rbrace}}(\mathcal{A}_x) = \mathrm{D^{perf}_{fl.}}(\mathcal{A}_x)$ by Lemma \[lmasplitcomp\]. This follows from Lemma \[lmaflsame\] since a complex $C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A}_x)$ has support in $\lbrace x \rbrace$ iff $\mathrm{Supp}(\mathrm{H}^{\ast}(C^{\bullet})) \subset \lbrace x \rbrace$ iff $\mathrm{H}^{\ast}(C^{\bullet})$ has finite $\mathcal{O}_{X,x}$-length iff $\mathrm{H}^{\ast}(C^{\bullet})$ has finite $\mathcal{A}_x$-length.
For the second assertion, Corollary \[corverdiervsserre\] gives $$\mathrm{D^{perf}_{\lbrace x \rbrace}}(\mathcal{A}_x) = \mathrm{D}^{\mathrm{b}}_{\lbrace x \rbrace}(\mathrm{mod}(\mathcal{A}_x)) = \mathrm{D^{b}}(\mathrm{mod}(\mathcal{A}_x)_{\lbrace x \rbrace})~$$ Now a finitely generated right $A_{x}$-module has support in $\lbrace x \rbrace$ iff it has finite length as an $R$-modules iff it has finite length as a right $\mathcal{A}_x$-module by Lemma \[lmaflsame\]. This shows that $\mathrm{mod}(\mathcal{A}_x)_{\lbrace x \rbrace} = \mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.}$ and finishes the proof.
Corollary \[corsplitcycles\] makes it possible to give a computation of $\mathrm{Z}_i^{\Delta}(X,\mathcal{A})$ in large generality.
\[theorem:cycle-groups\] Let $X$ be a noetherian scheme and $\mathcal{A}$ a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra of finite global dimension. Then $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \bigoplus_{x \in X_{(i)}} \mathbb{Z}^{r_x}$$ where $r_x < \infty$ is the number of isomorphism classes of simple right modules of $\mathcal{A}_x$.
By Corollary \[corsplitcycles\], it suffices to show that $\mathrm{K}_0(\mathrm{D^b}(\mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.})) = \mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.})=\mathbb{Z}^{r_x}$ with $r_x < \infty$. From the proof of Lemma \[lmaflsame\] we see that the simple $\mathcal{A}_x$-modules correspond to the simple $\mathcal{A}_x/\mathrm{J}(\mathcal{A}_x)$-modules, and that the latter algebra is of finite length over $\mathcal{O}_{X,x}$. This implies that $\mathcal{A}_x/\mathrm{J}(\mathcal{A}_x)$ is right Artinian and hence has $r_x < \infty$ simple right modules (all of them occur in a composition series of $\mathcal{A}_x$ over itself by the Jordan-Hölder theorem). A standard induction on the composition multiplicities of these simple modules shows that $\mathrm{K}_0(\mathcal{A}_x\mathrm{-fl.})=\mathbb{Z}^{r_x}$ as desired.
Let us finish the section with an easy observation concerning the vanishing of $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A})$.
\[proposition:vanishing-outside-range\] Suppose $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{supp}(\mathcal{A})) = n$. Then $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_i (X,\mathcal{A})= \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A}) = 0$$ for all $i > n$.
If $i>n$, then $\mathcal{K}_{i} = \mathcal{K}_{i-1} = \mathcal{K}$ and hence $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{i} (X,\mathcal{A})= \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathcal{K}_{(i)}/\mathcal{K}_{(i-1)})^c\right) = 0~,$$ which also implies $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_i(X,\mathcal{A}) = 0$.
Comparison to Chow groups of X for coherent OX-algebras on regular schemes
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Suppose that $\mathcal{A}$ is a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra and that $X$ is regular. By definition of $\mathrm{supp}$, the forgetful functor $U: \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ induces functors $$\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)} \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}$$ for all $p \geq 0$. If $C^{\bullet}$ is a perfect complex in $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$, then $U(C^{\bullet})$ will be an object of $\mathrm{D^b}(\mathrm{Coh}(X)) = \mathrm{D^{perf}}(X)$ and hence $U$ preserves compactness. Hence, we obtain a commutative diagram of functors $$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)}^c \arrow{r} \arrow{d} \arrow{dr}& \underbrace{(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)}^c/\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p-1)}^c)^{\natural}}_{= (\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)}/\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p-1)})^c} \arrow{dr} &\\
\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p+1)}^c \arrow{dr} & \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}^c \arrow{r} \arrow{d}& \underbrace{(\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}^c/\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p-1)}^c)^{\natural}}_{= (\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}/\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p-1)})^c}\\
& \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p+1)}^c &
\end{tikzcd}
\label{eqncomptobase}$$ in which the horizontal arrows are given by the Verdier quotient followed by the inclusion into the idempotent completion, the vertical arrows are inclusions and the diagonal ones are induced by $U$.
It is possible to construct the above diagram without assuming $X$ to be regular: the main obstruction is for $U$ to preserve compactness. This happens for example, when $U$ admits a coproduct-preserving right-adjoint. But the functor $\mathrm{R}\mathcal{H}\mathrm{om}_{\mathcal{O}_X}(U(\mathcal{A}), -)$ is always right-adjoint to $U$. It will preserve coproducts if $U(\mathcal{A})$ is a perfect complex over $X$ by [@MR1308405 proof right after Example 1.13]. Hence, we see that, instead of assuming that $X$ is regular, it suffices that $U(\mathcal{A})$ is perfect. If $X$ is regular this is, of course, always the case. \[remcomparisonsingular\]
Suppose that $\mathcal{A}$ is a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra on a noetherian regular scheme $X$. Let $\mathcal{T} = \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))$ and $\mathcal{K} = \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$. Then the forgetful functor $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)} \to \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}$ induces group homomorphisms $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{O}_X) = \mathrm{Z}_p(X) \quad \text{and} \quad \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{O}_X) = \mathrm{CH}_p(X)$$ for all $p \geq 0$. \[propcomparisonmap\]
This follows immediately from Theorem \[thmchowrecover\] and the definitions of $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p}(X,\mathcal{A})$ and $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A})$ by applying $\mathrm{K}_0(-)$ to (\[eqncomptobase\]).
If in Proposition \[propcomparisonmap\] we only assume that $U(\mathcal{A})$ is perfect instead of $X$ being regular (see Remark \[remcomparisonsingular\]), then $U$ still gives group homomorphisms $$\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{O}_X) \quad \text{and} \quad \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{O}_X)$$ for all $p \geq 0$.
Extension of scalars $\mathcal{A} \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} -$ has a a coproduct preserving right-adjoint $U$ and hence preserves compact object. For $C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D^{perf}}(X)$, we have $$\mathrm{supp}(\mathcal{A} \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} C^{\bullet}) = \mathrm{supp}(\mathcal{A}) \cap \mathrm{supp}(C^{\bullet})$$ from which we deduce that $\mathcal{A} \otimes^{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathcal{O}_X} -$ restricts to $$\mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{O}_X)_{(p)} \to \mathrm{D^{perf}}(\mathcal{A})_{(p)}$$ for all $p \geq 0$. Hence, by a similar argument as for $U$, we obtain that extension of scalars induces morphisms $\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{O}_X) \to \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A})$. Note however, that if $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{supp}(\mathcal{A})) = q$, then these morphisms are necessarily trivial for $p >q$ since $\mathrm{Z}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) = \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p} (X,\mathcal{A}) = 0$ in this case by Proposition \[proposition:vanishing-outside-range\].
The case of coherent commutative OX-algebras {#sectioncommcohalg}
============================================
In the following, we will show, how the framework we have set up lets us deal with finite morphisms between noetherian schemes. Let $X$ be a noetherian separated scheme and $\mathcal{A}$ a *commutative* $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebra which is *coherent* as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. Then $\mathcal{A}$ corresponds to an affine morphism $\varphi: Y := \mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A}) \to X$ and there is an equivalence of categories $\Theta:\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \cong \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ that makes the following diagram commute up to natural isomorphism:
$$\begin{tikzcd}
\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \arrow{rr}{\Theta} \arrow{rd}{U} & & \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y) \arrow{ld}{\varphi_*} \\
& \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X)&
\end{tikzcd}
\label{eqncoherentcommutative}$$
Let us note that $\Theta$ also restricts to an equivalence between the subcategories of coherent modules and the restriction makes a diagram similar to (\[eqncoherentcommutative\]) commute, with $\mathrm{Qcoh}(-)$ replaced by $\mathrm{Coh}(-)$. The following three results should be well-known.
The morphism $\varphi$ is finite. In particular, $Y$ is noetherian and separated. \[lmacohalgfinmor\]
This is an immediate consequence of the construction of $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$: over each open affine $U = \mathrm{Spec}(R)$ of $X$ lies an open affine $\mathrm{Spec}(\mathcal{A}(U))$, and $\mathcal{A}(U)$ is a finite $R$-module since $\mathcal{A}$ was assumed to be a coherent sheaf on $X$.
Let $f: Y \to X$ be a morphism of schemes and assume $X$ locally noetherian.
1. For any coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $M$, we have $\mathrm{Supp}(f^*(M)) = f^{-1}(\mathrm{Supp}(M))$.
2. Suppose $f$ is finite. For any closed subset $Z \subset \mathrm{im}(f)$, we have $$\mathrm{dim}(f^{-1}(Z)) = \mathrm{dim}(Z)$$ and for any closed set $W \subset Y$, we have $$\mathrm{dim}(f(W)) = \mathrm{dim}(W)$$
\[lmadimfinmor\]
For the first assertion we can assume that $X,Y$ are affine, in this case the statement is proved in Atiyah-MacDonald, Chap. 3, exercise 19(viii). For the second statement, we consider the fibre square $$\begin{tikzcd}
f^{-1}Z \arrow{r} \arrow{d} & Y \arrow{d}{f} \\
Z \arrow{r} & \mathrm{im}(f)
\end{tikzcd}$$ and use that for finite and surjective morphisms, domain and codomain have the same Krull dimension. The last assertion follows from the second one by considering the composition $f|_W: W \to Y \xrightarrow{f} X$.
Suppose $X$ is a locally noetherian scheme and $f: X \to Y$ is an affine closed morphism and $M$ a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. Then $\mathrm{Supp}(f_*M) = f(\mathrm{Supp}(M))$. \[propsuppdirectcommute\]
We shall compute the stalks of the sheaf $f_*M$ at $y \in Y$. Since $f$ is closed, this can be done using all opens on $X$, i.e. $(f_*M)_y = \varinjlim_{V \supset f^{-1}(y)} M(V)$. The set $f^{-1}(y)$ will be contained in an affine open $\mathrm{Spec}(R) \subset X$ because $f$ is affine and hence, we can assume that $M$ is an $R$-module and $f^{-1}(y) =: P$ is a set of prime ideals of $R$. We rewrite $$(f_*M)_y = \varinjlim_{V \supset f^{-1}(y)} M(V) = \varinjlim_{D(r) \supset P} M_r,$$ where $D(r)$ runs over the basic opens of $\mathrm{Spec}(R)$ that contain $P$. From this, we see that $(f_*M)_y = S^{-1}M$, where $S := R \setminus \bigcup_{\mathfrak{p} \in P} \mathfrak{p}$. It follows that $(f_*M)_y = 0$ if and only if $M_{\mathfrak{p}} = 0$ for all $\mathfrak{p} \in P = f^{-1}(y)$, which proves the claim.
The equivalence $\Theta: \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}) \to \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ respects dimension of support: if $M \in \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})$, then $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_X(M)) = \mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_Y(\Theta(M))) $. Hence, $\Theta$ induces exact equivalences $$\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p} \xrightarrow{\sim} \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{\leq p}$$ for all $p \geq 0$. \[corfinitedimpres\]
By definition and (\[eqncoherentcommutative\]), we have $$\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}(M)) = \mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_X(U(M))) = \mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_X(\varphi_*(\Theta(M))))~.$$ Since $\mathcal{A}$ was assumed to be coherent, $\varphi$ is finite by Lemma \[lmacohalgfinmor\] and it follows from Proposition \[propsuppdirectcommute\] that $$\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_X(\varphi_*(\Theta(M)))) = \mathrm{dim}(\varphi(\mathrm{Supp}_X(\Theta(M))))$$ as finite morphisms are in particular affine and (universally) closed. By Lemma \[lmadimfinmor\], the latter quantity is equal to $\mathrm{dim}(\mathrm{Supp}_Y(\Theta(M)))$, which proves the claim.
The functor $\Theta$ induces an equivalence $$\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)} \cong \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y))_{(p)}$$ for all $p \geq 0$. \[corthetasubcatequiv\]
The equivalence $\Theta$ is exact (as any equivalence of abelian categories) and hence induces and equivalence $\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})) \cong \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y))$. Now, it suffices to remark that for $C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))$ we have $$\begin{aligned}
C^{\bullet} \in \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)} &\Leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}^{\ast}(C^{\bullet}) \in \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A})_{\leq p} \\
&\Leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}^{\ast}(\Theta(C^{\bullet})) \in \mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{\leq p} \\
&\Leftrightarrow \Theta(C^{\bullet}) \in \mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{O}_X))_{(p)}
\end{aligned}$$ where we used Proposition \[propsubsetsubcatcoincide\] and Lemma \[corfinitedimpres\].
Let $X$ be a separated scheme of finite type over a field and $\mathcal{A}$ a coherent sheaf of *commutative* $\mathcal{O}_X$-algebras. Then $$\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(X,\mathcal{A}) \cong \mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(Y,\mathcal{O}_Y)$$ for all $p \geq 0$. In particular if $\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A})$ is regular ($\Leftrightarrow \mathcal{A}$ has finite global dimension), then $$\mathrm{CH}^{\Delta}_{p}(X,\mathcal{A}) \cong \mathrm{CH}_p(\mathbf{Spec}(\mathcal{A}))~.$$ \[thmcommrecover\]
There is a diagram $$\xymatrix{
\mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)})^c\right) \ar[r] \ar[dr] \ar[d]& \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p)}/\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p+1)})^c\right) \ar[dr] & \\
\mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathrm{Qcoh}(\mathcal{A}))_{(p-1)})^c\right) \ar[dr] & \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{(p)})^c\right) \ar[r] \ar[d]& \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{(p)}/\mathrm{D}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{(p+1)})^c\right) \\
& \mathrm{K}_0\left((\mathrm{D}(\mathcal{O}_Y)_{(p-1)})^c\right)
}$$ where all diagonal arrows are isomorphisms induced by $\Theta$, as follows from Corollary \[corthetasubcatequiv\]. This immediately gives the desired isomorphisms of Chow groups.
Relative tensor triangular Chow groups for orders {#sectionorders}
=================================================
In this section we study relative tensor triangular Chow groups for a special class of coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebras: orders. These are particularly well-behaved *noncommutative* algebras, whose definition we recall in \[subsection:orders-preliminaries\]. In their modern incarnation they were defined in [@MR0117252] and the main reference is [@MR0393100]. The main goal is to show that they coincide with other invariants in the literature, as is the case in the commutative setting where tensor triangular Chow groups agree with the classical Chow groups, see [@MR3423452; @1510.00211].
We give some general results on cycle groups in \[subsection:cycle-groups\], based on \[theorem:cycle-groups\]. We get a description of the top degree cycle groups for any order in \[proposition:highest-cycle-group\].
Finally we will use the structure theory for hereditary orders over discrete valuation rings to describe all cycle groups of hereditary orders and the codimension one cycle groups of tame orders, making the result in \[theorem:cycle-groups\] concrete in a well-known example.
In \[subsection:chow-groups\] we discuss the Chow groups for orders. An easy corollary of the theory is a description of the top degree Chow group in \[corollary:highest-chow-group\]. More importantly, we recall the definition of various class groups in the theory of orders, and we show that these classical invariants agree with the appropriate tensor triangular Chow groups.
In \[subsection:group-rings\] we study the Chow groups of group rings over Dedekind domains, for which it is again possible to relate the tensor triangular Chow groups to classical invariants. We give some explicit examples on how one can compute them for integral group rings, using tools from algebraic number theory and representation theory.
Preliminaries on orders {#subsection:orders-preliminaries}
-----------------------
In this section we will introduce some basic results about orders on schemes. There are no new results here, but the literature at this level of generality is somewhat scattered.
Observe that for most of this section we will assume that we are working in a central simple algebra. This corresponds to the more geometric approach to the theory of orders. In \[subsection:group-rings\] we will relax this condition, and consider algebras which are only separable over the generic point, as is common in representation theory and algebraic number theory. We will explain how the results of \[subsection:cycle-groups,subsection:chow-groups\] change in this more general situation.
\[definition:order\] Let $X$ be an integral normal noetherian scheme with function field $K$. Let $A_K$ be a central simple $K$algebra. An *$\mathcal{O}_X$order* $\mathcal{A}$ in $A_K$ is a torsion-free coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra whose generic fibre is $A_K$.
We say that $\mathcal{A}$ is a *maximal order* if it is not properly contained in another order.
In [@MR0393100] (maximal) orders are studied in both the geometric and arithmetic setting, mostly in the case of dimension 1. The behaviour of orders in higher dimension quickly becomes more and more complicated.
We will need two more classes of orders, besides just the maximal ones. Recall that Auslander–Goldman characterized maximal orders as those orders which are reflexive as $\mathcal{O}_X$modules, and for which $\mathcal{A}_{\eta_Y}$ is a maximal order over the discrete valuation ring $\mathcal{O}_{X,\eta_Y}$, for all $\eta_Y$ a point of codimension 1. In dimension one there is a larger class of orders whose behaviour is as nice as that of the maximal orders.
Assume that $X$ is regular and of dimension 1. Then we say that $\mathcal{A}$ is an *hereditary order* if $\mathcal{A}(U)$ is of global dimension 1 for every affine open $U\subseteq X$.
For hereditary (and maximal) orders in dimension 1 there exists an extensive structure theory. Inspired by the Auslander–Goldman maximality criterion we can introduce a final class of orders, for which one can bootstrap the structure theory of hereditary orders.
We say that $\mathcal{A}$ is a *tame order* if it is reflexive as an $\mathcal{O}_X$module, and $\mathcal{A}_{\eta_Y}$ is an hereditary order over the discrete valuation ring $\mathcal{O}_{X,\eta_Y}$, for all $\eta_Y$ a point of codimension 1.
We now give some examples of orders for which we can describe the tensor triangular cycle and Chow groups.
The easiest examples of maximal orders are matrix algebras and their étale twisted forms: Azumaya algebras.
An example of an hereditary but non-maximal order on $\mathbb{P}_k^1$ is $$\mathcal{A}\coloneqq
\begin{pmatrix}
\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1} & \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1} \\
\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1}(-p) & \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1}
\end{pmatrix}$$ where $p\in\mathbb{P}_k^1$ is a closed point. The algebra structure is induced from the embedding in $\Mat_2(\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1})$.
For each closed point $q\neq p$ we see that $\mathcal{A}_q$ is isomorphic to the matrix ring over $\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1,q}$, whereas for the point $p$ we get the non-maximal order $$\mathcal{A}_p\cong
\begin{pmatrix}
\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1,p} & \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1,p} \\
\mathfrak{m} & \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}_k^1,p}
\end{pmatrix}.$$ It is precisely this non-maximality that will contribute to the structure of the relative Chow group, see \[corollary:quasiprojective-curve-matrix\].
Cycle groups {#subsection:cycle-groups}
------------
Using \[theorem:cycle-groups\] we have a complete description of cycle groups of coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebras. In this section we discuss what happens in the special case of orders. First we observe that the top-dimensional Chow group always is of the same form.
\[proposition:highest-cycle-group\] Let $X$ be an integral normal noetherian scheme of dimension $n$. Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an order on $X$. Then $$\ZZ_n^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A})\cong\mathbb{Z}.$$
Let $\eta$ be the unique generic point of $X$. Then $\mathcal{A}_\eta$ is a central simple algebra over the function field $\mathcal{O}_{X,\eta}$ and by Morita theory we can conclude from \[theorem:cycle-groups\], as there is a unique simple for a division algebra.
There are several issues in computing the cycle and Chow groups for orders in other degrees:
1. there is no general structure theory for (maximal) orders on local rings in arbitrary dimension;
2. even if there is such a description (as will be the case in dimension 1) the non-splitness of the central simple algebra over the generic point will play an important role, because the higher K-theory of central simple algebras (let alone orders) is different in general from the K-theory of the center.
Nevertheless, in the one-dimensional case we can obtain an explicit description.
First we consider the complete local case, for which there exists an explicit description of hereditary orders [@MR0393100 §39]. In this affine situation we will use ring-theoretical notation from op. cit. In particular, we consider a (complete) discrete valuation ring $(R,\mathfrak{m})$ whose field of fractions is denoted $K$, and an hereditary $R$order $\Lambda$ in a central simple $K$algebra $A\cong\Mat_n(D)$, where $D$ is a division algebra over $K$. Then there exists a unique maximal $R$order $\Delta$ in $D$, and we have a block decomposition $$\Lambda=
\begin{pmatrix}
\Delta & \rad\Delta & \rad\Delta & \ldots & \rad\Delta \\
\Delta & \Delta & \rad\Delta & \ldots & \rad\Delta \\
\Delta & \Delta & \Delta & \ldots & \rad\Delta \\
\ldots & & & & \ldots \\
\Delta & \Delta & \Delta & \ldots & \Delta \\
\end{pmatrix}^{n_1,\ldots,n_r}$$ where the block decomposition is given by putting $\Mat_{n_i\times n_j}(\Delta)$ (resp. $\Mat_{n_i\times n_j}(\rad\Delta)$) if $i\geq j$ (resp. $i<j$). In particular, $\sum_{i=1}^rn_i=n$.
The number of blocks $r$ in the block decomposition is the *type* of $\Lambda$.
The following result can be proved along the same lines as \[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\], but we give an alternative proof here using dévissage in algebraic K-theory [@MR0338129 §5].
\[proposition:cDVR-type\] Let $R$ be a complete discrete valuation ring, with fraction field $K$ and residue field $k$. Let $\Lambda$ be an hereditary $R$order in the central simple $K$algebra $A$. Then $$\ZZ_0^\Delta(R,\Lambda)\cong\mathbb{Z}^r$$ where $r$ is the type of $\Lambda$.
By dévissage for algebraic K-theory and the invariance of K-theory under nilpotent thickenings applied to [@MR0393100 corollary 39.18(iii)] we have that $$\Knought(\fl\Lambda)\cong\Knought(\Lambda/\rad\Lambda).$$ By [@MR0393100 (39.17)] we have $$\Knought(\Lambda/\rad\Lambda)\cong\bigoplus_{i=1}^r\Knought(\Mat_{n_i}(\Delta/\rad\Delta))\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus r}$$ where $\Delta/\rad\Delta$ is a skew field over $k$.
Similarly one can by dévissage appeal to [@MR0393100 corollary 39.18(v)] for the conclusion.
Chow groups in the regular case {#subsection:chow-groups}
-------------------------------
In this section we prove the main results for orders: \[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-affine\] shows that for an hereditary order over a Dedekind domain the 0th relative Chow group agrees with the reduced projective class group, and if the order is moreover maximal it agrees with the ideal class group. These are classical invariants that will be introduced below. In the setting of a quasiprojective curve over a field we get the analogous result in \[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-projective\], from which we obtain \[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\].
As an immediate corollary to \[proposition:highest-cycle-group\] and the description of the rational equivalence we have the following general result.
\[corollary:highest-chow-group\] With notation and assumptions as in \[proposition:highest-cycle-group\] we have that $$\CH_n^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A})\cong\mathbb{Z}.$$
We have that $q^\natural(\ker(i))$ from is zero because $i$ is an isomorphism if $p\geq n$.
A similar proof of course works for every coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra, where the cycle group is given by the Grothendieck group of a certain finite-dimensional algebra over the function field, in particular it is easy to construct examples for which $$\CH_n^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A})\neq\mathbb{Z},$$ e.g. by taking $\mathcal{A}=\mathcal{O}_X\oplus\mathcal{O}_X$.
#### Classical invariants
In the 1dimensional case the only other tensor triangular Chow group we need to describe is $\CH_0^\Delta$, see \[proposition:vanishing-outside-range\]. We will do this using \[propchowexseq\], which allows us to interpret the tensor triangular Chow groups in terms of classical invariants such as the ideal class group and the reduced projective class group, whose definitions we now recall in the affine setting.
Let $R$ be a Dedekind domain, and denote its quotient field by $K$. Let $\Lambda$ be an $R$order in a central simple $K$algebra $A$. Let $M,N$ be left $\Lambda$modules. We say that they are *stably isomorphic* if there exists an integer $r$ and an isomorphism $M\oplus\Lambda^{\oplus r}\cong N\oplus\Lambda^{\oplus r}$.
The *ideal class group* (or *stable class group*) $\Cl\Lambda$ of $\Lambda$ consists of the stable isomorphism classes of left $\Lambda$ideals (i.e. those submodules $I$ such that $KI=A$), where the group structure is defined in [@MR0393100 theorem 35.5].
It is a one-sided generalisation of the usual class group (or Picard group). There also exists a two-sided version, which is different in general, see \[remark:one-vs-two-sided\]. Because we are only considering the module structure on one side, it is the former and not the latter that is important to us.
In this case the localisation sequence that is used to define rational equivalence in the zeroth Chow group as in is also known as the *Bass–Tate sequence* [@MR712062; @MR925271]. We will now recall the description from [@MR0404410 §2]. In the relevant degrees the localization sequence takes on the form $$\label{equation:bass-tate}
\Kone(\Lambda)\to\Kone(A)\to\Knought(\fl\Lambda)\to\Knought(\Lambda)\to\Knought(A)\to 0.$$ We can also apply dévissage to the term $\Knought(\fl\Lambda)$, and obtain $$\Knought(\fl\Lambda)\cong\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in\Spec R\setminus\{0\}}\Knought(\fl\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}}).$$
The *reduced projective class group* $\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda)$ of $\Lambda$ is the kernel of the morphism $\Knought(\Lambda)\twoheadrightarrow\Knought(A)$ in .
In some texts the reduced projective class group is also denoted $\mathrm{SK}_0$.
Observe that the reduced projective class group is the kernel of a *split* epimorphism, because $\Knought(A)\cong\mathbb{Z}$ is projective. So to compute the reduced projective class group it suffices to compute $\Knought(\Lambda)$.
The connection between these two types of class groups is given by [@MR0393100 theorem 36.3] and [@MR0404410 (2.9)]. The first result says that for a maximal order we have that $$\Cl\Lambda\cong\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda),$$ whilst the latter describes the ideal class group in general as a *subgroup* of the reduced projective class group via the short exact sequence $$\label{equation:SES-Cl-K0red}
0\to\Cl\Lambda\to\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda)\overset{\lambda_0}{\to}\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in\Spec R\setminus\{(0)\}}\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}})\to 0$$ In particular, if $\Lambda$ is maximal, then $\lambda_0$ is the zero map: by [@MR0393100 theorem 18.7] we have indeed that $\Cl\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}}=\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}})$ is zero.
Moreover, we know by Jacobinski that $\Cl\Lambda\cong\Cl\Lambda'$, for $\Lambda\subseteq\Lambda'$ an inclusion of *hereditary* orders [@MR0393100 theorem 40.16]. In particular it suffices to compute the ideal class group of a maximal order containing $\Lambda$, provided one starts with an hereditary order.
It is possible to reprove Jacobinski’s result using and the results used in the proof of \[proposition:correct-reiten-vandenbergh\]: if $\Lambda$ is an hereditary order, then $\Knought(\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}})\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus r-1}$ for $\mathfrak{p}$ a maximal ideal of $R$, where $r$ is the type of $\Lambda_{\mathfrak{p}}$, because the last terms of reduce to the *split* short exact sequence $$0\to\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus r-1}\to\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus r}\to\mathbb{Z}\to 0.$$
As an immediate corollary to \[propchowexseq\] we have the following main result. In particular, by the above discussion we obtain an explicit description of the relative tensor triangular Chow groups in the case of an order $\Lambda$ over a Dedekind domain $R$.
\[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-affine\] We have that $$\CH_0^\Delta(R,\Lambda)\cong\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda).$$ If $\Lambda$ is moreover hereditary, then $$\CH_0^\Delta(R,\Lambda)\cong\widetilde{\Knought}(\Lambda)\cong\Cl\Lambda'\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{r-1}$$ where $\Lambda'$ is a maximal order containing $\Lambda$ and $r$ is the maximal length of a chain of inclusions of orders.
In \[subsection:group-rings\] we will encounter another situation in which we can express the relative tensor triangular Chow groups in terms of class groups of orders, but there the behaviour with respect to inclusions in maximal orders is different.
\[remark:one-vs-two-sided\] In [@MR0393100 theorem 40.9] a description of the (two-sided) Picard group is given. It combines information about the local type (see \[proposition:cDVR-type\]) and the ramification. This differs from the tensor triangular Chow groups, for which the local type shows up as copies of $\mathbb{Z}$, not in the form of torsion quotients.
#### Hereditary orders on curves
Up to now we only looked at hereditary orders on Dedekind domains. In [@MR1825805; @1412.0290] the case of hereditary orders on smooth (quasi)projective curves over a field $k$ is studied, mostly from a representation theory point of view.
Let $C$ be a quasiprojective curve over $\Spec k$. Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an hereditary order in the central simple $k(C)$algebra $A$.
\[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-projective\] We have that $$\CH_0^\Delta(C,\mathcal{A})\cong\ker\left( \Knought(\mathcal{A})\twoheadrightarrow\Knought(A)\cong\mathbb{Z} \right).$$
One can use the results of [@MR1825805] to compute Grothendieck groups of hereditary orders in this setting. The results in this paper are stated only for $k$ algebraically closed. In this case we have by Tsen’s theorem that $\Br(k)=\Br(k(C))=0$, which means that the central simple $k(C)$algebra $A$ is always of the form $\Mat_n(k(C))$, i.e. it is unramified.
If $k$ is not algebraically closed, then one should change the definition of $r$ in [@MR1825805 proposition 2.1]: it should only incorporate the local types of the hereditary order, not the ramification of a maximal order containing it. The reason why the definition using ramification works in the algebraically closed case is because every central simple $k(C)$algebra is automatically unramified, and so is every maximal order. But if $\Br(k(C))\neq 0$ there are ramified maximal orders.
The correct definition should only account for the length of a chain of orders containing $\mathcal{A}$ and terminating in a maximal order $\overline{\mathcal{A}}$. If $\mathcal{A}$ is itself already maximal we will say that this length is 0.
\[proposition:length-of-chain\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a sheaf of hereditary $\mathcal{O}_C$orders. Let $r_p$ be the type of the hereditary $\mathcal{O}_{C,p}$order $\mathcal{A}_p$. Then the maximal length of a chain of orders containing $\mathcal{A}$ is independent of the maximal order in which it terminates and is equal to $$\sum_{p\in C}(r_p-1).$$
This follows from the proof of [@MR0393100 theorem 40.8].
We can now formulate [@MR1825805 proposition 2.1] in such a way that it is also valid over non-algebraically closed fields. By the discussion above the formulation of loc. cit. can be misinterpreted if one does not assume throughout that $k$ is algebraically closed.
\[proposition:correct-reiten-vandenbergh\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a sheaf of hereditary $\mathcal{O}_C$orders in a central simple $k(C)$algebra $A$. Let $\overline{\mathcal{A}}$ be a maximal order containing $\mathcal{A}$. Then $$\Knought(\mathcal{A})\cong\Knought(\overline{\mathcal{A}})\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus\rho}$$ where $\rho\coloneqq\sum_{p\in C_{(0)}}(r_p-1)$.
This follows from \[proposition:length-of-chain\] and [@MR978602 theorem 1.14].
We are now ready to prove the main result for hereditary orders on quasiprojective curves.
\[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be a sheaf of hereditary $\mathcal{O}_C$orders in a central simple $k(C)$algebra $A$. Let $\overline{\mathcal{A}}$ be a maximal order containing $\mathcal{A}$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
\CH_0^\Delta(C,\mathcal{A})&\cong\Cl(\overline{\mathcal{A}})\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus\rho} \\
\CH_1^\Delta(C,\mathcal{A})&\cong\mathbb{Z}
\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho\coloneqq\sum_{p\in C_{(0)}}(r_p-1)$.
By [@MR1825805 proposition 2.1] we obtain that $$\Knought(\mathcal{A})\cong\Knought(\overline{\mathcal{A}})\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus\rho}.$$ Now we apply \[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-projective\] to conclude.
We now discuss some situation in which these Chow groups can be described more explicitly, which reduces to having an explicit description of the ideal class group of a maximal order in this geometric setting.
\[corollary:quasiprojective-curve-matrix\] Let $k$ be algebraically closed. Then for every $\mathcal{A}$ as in \[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\] we have that $$\CH_0^\Delta(C,\mathcal{A})\cong\Pic C\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus\rho}.$$ If $k$ is not algebraically closed the same description holds as long as $A\cong\Mat_n(k(C))$.
By Tsen’s theorem we know that $\Br(k(C))=0$, so $A\cong\Mat_n(k(C))$. The maximal orders in $A$ are all of the form $\End_X(\mathcal{E})$ for $\mathcal{E}$ a vector bundle of rank $n$, and by Morita theory we can conclude because $\Knought(\overline{\mathcal{A}})\cong\Knought(\mathcal{O}_C)\cong\Pic(C)\oplus\mathbb{Z}$.
It would be interesting to develop the notion of functoriality for relative tensor triangular Chow groups, as was done for the non-relative case in [@MR3423452]. One example would be the observation that the functor $$-\otimes_R\Mat_n(R)\colon R\mhyphen\mathrm{mod}\to\Mat_n(R)\mhyphen\mathrm{mod}$$ induces multiplication by $n$ on the level of Grothendieck groups. In more general settings (e.g. inclusions of orders) one expects similar interesting behaviour.
If $k$ is not algebraically closed we have an inclusion $$\label{equation:brauer-inclusion}
\Br C\hookrightarrow\Br k(C)$$ sending an Azumaya algebra to the central simple algebra at the generic point of $C$. In the special case of $C=\mathbb{P}_k^1$ we moreover have that $\Br(\mathbb{P}_k^1)\cong\Br(k)$.
If the class of the central simple $k(C)$algebra $\mathcal{A}_\eta$ in the Brauer group $\Br(k(C))$ actually comes from $\Br(C)$ in the inclusion we say that it is *unramified*. Because $C$ is nonsingular of dimension 1 we have that every maximal order in the unramified central simple algebra $\mathcal{A}_\eta$ is actually an Azumaya algebra [@MR3461057; @MR0121392], and we can describe the Chow groups up to *controlled* torsion. The situation of \[corollary:quasiprojective-curve-matrix\] is a special case of this where the Azumaya algebra is split, where $n=1$.
\[corollary:quasiprojective-curve-azumaya\] Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an hereditary order as in \[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\] such that $\mathcal{A}_\eta$ is an unramified central simple $k(C)$algebra, and denote $\rho=\sum(e_i-1)$. Let $n$ be the degree of $\mathcal{A}_\eta$ over $k(C)$. Then $$\CH_0^\Delta(C,\mathcal{A})\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Z}[1/n]\cong\left( \Pic C\oplus\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus\rho} \right)\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Z}[1/n].$$
Denote by $\overline{\mathcal{A}}$ any maximal order containing $\mathcal{A}$. By the assumptions it is necessarily an Azumaya algebra.
Using [@MR3056551 corollary 1.2] we have that there exists an isomorphism $$\label{equation:CH-maximal-up-to-torsion}
\Knought(C)\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Z}[1/n]\cong\Knought(\overline{\mathcal{A}})\otimes_{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Z}[1/n],$$ and by \[theorem:quasiprojective-curve\] we can conclude.
In this case op. cit. gives that the map induced on $\Knought$ by $-\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_C}\mathcal{A}$ has torsion (co)kernel of exponent $n^4$.
#### Maximal orders on surfaces
There is another invariant in the literature which is a special case of relative Chow groups for orders [@artin-dejong §3.7]. In op. cit. these are defined for a (terminal) maximal order $\mathcal{A}$ on a (smooth) projective surface $X$ over an algebraically closed field $k$. Here we don’t need a precise definition of a terminal maximal order, only that it has finite global dimension [@artin-dejong corollary 3.3.5].
Using this, we have that the filtration obtained by the tensor action is the same as the filtration by dimension of support \[corverdiervsserre\] on the abelian level, which is precisely the filtration used in op. cit. They define a divisor group for $\mathcal{A}$, and as the filtrations are the same we see that $$\mathrm{Div}(\mathcal{A})\cong\Cyc_1^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A}).$$ Moreover, they define a group $\mathrm{G}_1(\mathcal{A})$ (not to be confused with higher K-theory of coherent sheaves), using the localization sequence , as the two-dimensional analogue of the reduced projective class group. In particular, combining and [@artin-dejong proposition 3.7.8] we have that $$\mathrm{G}_1(\mathcal{A})\cong\CH_1^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A}).$$ Moreover, in [@artin-dejong proposition 3.7.12] an explicit description of $\mathrm{G}_1(\mathcal{A})$ (and hence the codimension-one Chow group) is given in their situation as $$0\to k(X)^\times/\det D^\times\to\CH_1^\Delta(X,\mathcal{A})\to\Pic X\to 0$$ where $D$ is the division algebra over $k(X)$ Morita equivalent to $\mathcal{A}_\eta$.
A point not addressed here is the relationship between relative tensor triangular Chow groups for hereditary orders on smooth quasiprojective curves and various Chow groups for “orbifold curves”. By [@MR2018958] there exists a correspondence between these when working over an algebraically closed base field of characteristic zero. Observe that by [@MR1005008] the Chow groups of the orbifold curve are (up to torsion) the same as the Chow groups of the coarse moduli space. Hence the relative tensor triangular Chow groups of an hereditary order on a smooth quasiprojective curve are different from the Chow groups of its associated orbifold curve, because the stackiness shows up as copies of $\mathbb{Z}$ and not as torsion.
This raises at least two questions:
1. is there a purely commutative (relative) setup that recovers the relative Chow groups of the order from the orbifold curve?
2. is there an analogue of [@MR3423452] identifying the Chow group defined by Vistoli with the tensor triangular Chow group of its derived category?
Chow groups of (integral) group rings {#subsection:group-rings}
-------------------------------------
In this section we consider the situation where the scheme $X$ is $\Spec R$ for a Dedekind domain $R$, and the coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$algebra is given by (the sheafification of) the integral group ring $RG$, for a finite group $G$ of order $n$. Observe that in this situation the global dimension of $RG$ is often infinite. Especially the case where $R$ is the ring of integers in an algebraic number field is interesting, where it combines the representation theory of finite groups and algebraic number theory.
As in \[subsection:chow-groups\] we obtain that we can express in the relative tensor triangular Chow groups in terms of classical invariants, see \[theorem:degree-zero-integral-group-ring\].
If we denote $K$ the field of fractions of $R$, then we will relax \[definition:order\] by allowing $KG$ to be a separable $K$algebra. By Maschke’s theorem this will be the case if the characteristic of $K$ does not divide $n$ and $K$ is a perfect field. We will assume this throughout, and it is of course satisfied in the case where $K$ is an algebraic number field.
By the Artin–Wedderburn decomposition theorem we have that $KG$ has a direct product decomposition $$KG\cong\prod_{i=1}^t\Mat_{n_i}(D_i)$$ whose factors are matrix rings over division rings over $K$. In particular we allow the conditions in \[definition:order\] to be relaxed in two directions: we can have multiple factors, and the division algebras can have centers which are larger than $K$.
This allows us to describe the top degree cycle and Chow groups.
\[theorem:top-chow-group-group-ring\] Let $R$ be a Dedekind domain such that $RG$ defines an order in $KG$. Then $$\Cyc_1^\Delta(R,RG)\cong\CH_1^\Delta(R,RG)\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus t}$$ where $t$ is the number of simple factors in the Artin–Wedderburn decomposition of $KG$.
This is a straightforward generalisation of \[proposition:highest-cycle-group,corollary:highest-chow-group\], taking the more general notion of order into account.
An easy example of the dependence on the field of fractions is given by considering the group rings $\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{Cyc}_p$ and $\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_p]\mathrm{Cyc}_p$, for a cyclic group of prime order $p\geq 3$, where $\zeta_p$ is a primitive $p$th root of unity.
\[example:cyclic-group-rings\] We have that $\mathbb{Q}\mathrm{Cyc}_p\cong\mathbb{Q}\times\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$, so $$\label{equation:chow-group-cyclic-group}
\CH_1^\Delta(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{Cyc}_p)\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus2}.$$ On the other hand $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)\mathrm{Cyc}_p\cong\prod_{i=0}^{p-1}\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$, hence $$\CH_1^\Delta(\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_p],\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_p]\mathrm{Cyc}_p)\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus p}.$$
More generally we have that the integral group ring $\mathbb{Z}G$ considered as a sheaf of algebras over $\Spec\mathbb{Z}$ has highest Chow group $$\CH_1^\Delta(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{Z}G)\cong\mathbb{Z}^t$$ where $t$ is the number of conjugacy classes of cyclic subgroups of $G$ [@MR0450380 corollary 13.1.2].
For the zero-dimensional Chow groups we obtain a result similar to \[corollary:reduced-projective-class-group-affine\]. We will not cover the zero-dimensional cycle groups explicitly: there is no uniform description possible but the techniques of \[theorem:top-chow-group-group-ring\] go through.
\[theorem:degree-zero-integral-group-ring\] Let $R$ be a Dedekind domain such that $RG$ defines an order in $KG$. Then $$\CH_0^\Delta(R,RG)\cong\widetilde{\Knought}(RG)\cong\Cl RG.$$
The first isomorphism follows from \[propchowexseq\]. The second isomorphism is [@MR892316 remarks 49.11(iv)].
The second isomorphism is indeed somewhat special to the situation of group rings: for an hereditary order $\Lambda$ we had that $\Cl\Lambda\cong\Cl\Lambda'$ if $\Lambda\subseteq\Lambda'$ is an inclusion of orders, reducing the computation of the class group to that of a maximal order. To compute the class group of a group ring, observe that $RG$ is maximal if and only if it is hereditary, which happens if and only if $n\in R^\times$ [@MR0393100 theorem 41.1].
Moreover, the inclusion of $RG$ into a maximal order $\Lambda'$ usually only induces an epimorphism of class groups. In particular one obtains a short exact sequence $$0\to\mathrm{D}(RG)\to\Cl(RG)\cong\widetilde{K}_0(RG)\to\Cl(\Lambda')\to 0$$ as in [@MR892316 (49.33)], independent of the choice of $\Lambda'$.
In the case where $R$ is the ring of integers in an algebraic number field, we get by the Jordan–Zassenhaus theorem that $\Cl RG$ (and therefore $\CH_0^\Delta(R,RG)$) is a finite abelian group, generalising the theory of class groups and class numbers of $R$ to the situation of group rings. This is significantly different from the situation for hereditary orders, where the inclusion in a maximal order was responsible for copies $\mathbb{Z}$ in the Chow groups. More information and some explicit expressions can be found in [@MR0175935; @MR0404410].
To end this discussion we give some examples of explicit computations of $\Cl\mathbb{Z}G$.
If one considers the situation of \[example:cyclic-group-rings\], then the (necessarily unique) maximal order in $\mathbb{Q}\times\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$ is $\mathbb{Z}\times\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_p]$, and we [@MR892316 theorem 50.2] we obtain the following $$\CH_0^\Delta(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{Cyc}_p)\cong\Cl(\mathbb{Z}[\zeta_p]).$$ The order of this group is the class number of the cyclotomic field $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$. For example if $p=23$ then $\CH_0^\Delta(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{Z}\mathrm{Cyc}_{23})\cong\mathbb{Z}/3\mathbb{Z}$.
Using the class numbers of cyclotomic fields it is possible to give a complete classification of the finite abelian groups for which $\Cl(\mathbb{Z}G)$ (and therefore $\CH_0^\Delta(\mathbb{Z},\mathbb{Z}G)$) is zero: by [@MR892316 corollary 50.17] this is only the case if $G$ is cyclic of order $\leq 11$, cyclic of order $13,14,17,19$ or the Klein group of order 4.
Chow groups in the singular case
--------------------------------
Finally we discuss a single example where the base is singular, but the order is a noncommutative resolution and in particular has finite global dimension. Observe that this case is covered by the general results in \[subsection:main-result\]. By no means is this a complete discussion, it is given to suggest possible future research.
We will work in the setting of [@MR2854109 remark 2.7]. Consider $$\begin{aligned}
R_1\coloneqq k[[x,y]]/(xy),
R_2\coloneqq k[[x,y]]/(y^2-x^3)
\end{aligned}$$ which are the complete local rings for the nodal (resp. cuspidal) curve singularity, with maximal ideals $\mathfrak{m}_i$. Denote their normalizations by $\widetilde{R}_i$. Then the *Auslander order* is introduced in op. cit., and it is given by $$A_i\coloneqq
\begin{pmatrix}
\widetilde{R}_i & \mathfrak{m}_i \\
\widetilde{R}_i & R_i
\end{pmatrix}$$ It can be seen that these orders have 3 (resp. 2) simple modules, in particular we get the following description of the cycle groups in dimension 0 $$\begin{aligned}
\Knought(A_1\mhyphen\mathrm{fl})&\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus3}, \\
\Knought(A_2\mhyphen\mathrm{fl})&\cong\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus2}.
\end{aligned}$$
[^1]: `pieter.belmans@uantwerpen.be`; Universiteit Antwerpen, Middelheimlaan 1, Antwerpen
[^2]: `sebastian.klein@uantwerpen.be`; Universiteit Antwerpen, Middelheimlaan 1, Antwerpen
[^3]: This last condition implies that $\mathcal{O}_X$ acts centrally on $\mathcal{A}$.
|
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1986 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1986 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Yellow Jackets were led by head coach Bill Curry, in his seventh and final year with the team, and played their home games at Grant Field in Atlanta. The team competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in fourth.
Schedule
Sources:
References
Georgia Tech
Category:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football seasons
Georgia Tech
|
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|
Q:
Is there a way to return a value with async/await instead of a Promise ? As a synchronous function do
Firstly I am familiar with the concept of asynchronous/synchronous function.
There is also a lot of questions related to mine. But I can't find my answer anywhere.
So the question is:
Is there a way to return a value instead of a Promise using async/await ? As a synchronous function do.
For example:
async doStuff(param) {
return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log('doStuff after a while.');
resolve('mystuffisdone'+param);
}, 2000);
});
}
console.log(doStuff('1'));
The only way to get the value of this function is by using the .then function.
doStuff('1').then(response => {
console.log(response); // output: mystuffisdone1
doOtherStuffWithMyResponse(response);
// ...
});
Now, what I want is:
const one = doStuff('1');
console.log(one) // mystuffisdone1
const two = doStuff('2');
console.log(two) // mystuffisdone2
To explain myself, I have an asynchronous library full of callbacks. I can turn this asynchronous behavior to a synchronous behavior by using Promises and async/await to faking a synchronous behavior.
But there is still a problem, it is still asynchronous in the end; outside of the scope of the async function.
doStuff('1').then((r) => {console.log(r)};
console.log('Hello wolrd');
It will result in: Hello world then mystuffisdone1. This is the expected behavior when using async/await functions. But that's not what I want.
Now my question would be: Is there a way to do the same thing as await do without the keyword async ? To make the code being synchronous ? And if not possible, why ?
Edit:
Thank you for all you answers, I think my question is not obsvious for all. To clear up what I think here is my comment to @Nikita Isaev answer.
"I understand why all I/O operations are asynchronously done; or done in parallel. But my question is more about the fact that why the engine doesn't block the caller of the sync function in an asynchronous manner ? I mean const a = doStuff(...) is a Promise. We need to call .then to get the result of this function. But why JavaScript or Node engine does not block the caller (just the block where the call is made). If this is possible, we could do const a = doStuff(...), wait and get the result in a without blocking the main thread. As async/await does, why there is no place for sync/wait ?"
Hope this is more clear now, feel free to comment or ask anything :)
Edit 2:
All precisions of the why of the answer are in the comments of the accepted answer.
A:
No, going from promise to async/await will not get you from async code to sync code. Why? Because both are just different wrapping for the same thing. Async function returns immediately just like a promise does.
You would need to prevent the Event Loop from going to next call. Simple while(!isMyPromiseResolved){} will not work either because it will also block callback from promises so the isMyPromiseResolved flag will never be set.
BUT... There are ways to achieve what you have described without async/await. For example:
OPTION 1: using deasync approach. Example:
function runSync(value) {
let isDone = false;
let result = null;
runAsync(value)
.then(res => {
result = res;
isDone = true;
})
.catch(err => {
result = err;
isDone = true;
})
//magic happens here
require('deasync').loopWhile(function(){return !isDone;});
return result;
}
runAsync = (value) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
// if passed value is 1 then it is a success
if(value == 1){
resolve('**success**');
}else if (value == 2){
reject('**error**');
}
}, 1000);
});
}
console.log('runSync(2): ', runSync(2));
console.log('runSync(1): ', runSync(1));
OR
OPTION 2: calling execFileSync('node yourScript.js') Example:
const {execFileSync} = require('child_process');
execFileSync('node',['yourScript.js']);
Both approaches will block the user thread so they should be used only for automation scripts or similar purposes.
A:
There are some hacky ways to do what is desired, but that would be an anti-pattern. I’ll try to explain. Callbacks is one of the core concepts in javascript. When your code launches, you may set up event listeners, timers, etc. You just tell the engine to schedule some tasks: “when A happens, do B”. This is what asynchrony is. But callbacks are ugly and difficult to debug, that’s why promises and async-await were introduced. It is important to understand that this is just a syntax sugar, your code still is asynchronous when using async-await. As there are no threads in javascript, waiting for some events to fire or some complicated operations to finish in a synchronous way would block your entire application. The UI or the server would just stop responding to any other user interactions and would keep waiting for a single event to fire.
Real world cases:
Example 1.
Let’s say we have a web UI. We have a button that downloads the latest information from the server on click. Imagine we do it synchronously. What happens?
myButton.onclick = function () {
const data = loadSomeDataSync(); // 0
useDataSomehow(data);
}
Everything’s synchronous, the code is flat and we are happy. But the user is not.
A javascript process can only ever execute a single line of code in a particular moment. User will not be able to click other buttons, see any animations etc, the app is stuck waiting for loadSomeDataSync() to finish. Even if this lasts 3 seconds, it’s a terrible user experience, you can neither cancel nor see the progress nor do something else.
Example 2.
We have a node.js http server which has over 1 million users. For each user, we need to execute a heavy operation that lasts 5 seconds and return the result. We can do it in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. What happens if we do it in async?
User 1 connects
We start execution of heavy operation for user 1
User 2 connects
We return data for user 1
We start execution of heavy operation for user 2
…
I.e we do everything in parallel and asap. Now imagine we do the heavy operation in a sync manner.
User 1 connects
We start execution of heavy operation for user 1, everyone else is waiting for it to accomplish
We return data for user 1
User 2 connects
…
Now imagine the heavy operation takes 5 seconds to accomplish, and our server is under high load, it has over 1 million users. The last one will have to wait for nearly 5 million seconds, which is definitely not ok.
That’s why:
In browser and server API, most of the i/o operations are asynchronous
Developers strive to make all heavy calculation asynchronous, even React renders in an asynchronous manner.
|
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Earlier Thursday, Syrian President Bashar Assad announced publicly that his country had formally applied to join the chemical weapons treaty. According to the treaty’s terms, Syria would be required to submit a declaration detailing the types, quantities, and locations of all its chemical weapons and the locations of all facilities for producing them within 60 days of formally joining the accord.
But Kerry said that the normal procedures were far too slow because Assad’s government had used chemical weapons against its own people.
“There is nothing standard about this process because of the way the regime has behaved,” Kerry said. “The words of the Syrian regime in our judgment are simply not enough.”
A spokeswoman for Samantha Power, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, made a similar point in a statement.
“Syria needs to take immediate actions to disclose, surrender, and eliminate its chemical weapons stockpile under international monitoring and verification,” the spokeswoman, Erin Pelton, said. “Statements without action are wholly insufficient for a country that has had a secret, enormous chemical weapons program for decades.”
Kerry and Lavrov stood side by side in a public show of joint purpose. But differences quickly reemerged, as Lavrov stressed that the “solution of this problem will remove any need for a strike.”
Kerry said that “only the credible threat of force” had prompted Assad to acknowledge that his nation possessed chemical weapons in the first place, and that a military option was needed to ensure that Assad fulfilled his promises.
At the end of their presentations, Lavrov seemed surprised by the length and tone of Kerry’s statement.
“I’m not prepared with the extended political statement,” Lavrov said. “Diplomacy likes silence.”
At the end of their appearance, Kerry said that he had not heard some of Lavrov’s remarks, and asked that the interpreter repeat them.
Turning to Kerry, Lavrov joked in English that that was not necessary.
“Don’t worry,” he said.
“You want me to take your word for it?” Kerry said with a smile. “It is a little early for that.”
The two men then left to meet together along with their teams of arms control experts. The American and Russian officials were to meet again Friday and probably Saturday.
Kerry and Lavrov met at the same Geneva hotel where Hillary Rodham Clinton, then the secretary of state, presented Lavrov with a red “reset” button in 2009 to symbolize the efforts of the administration of President Obama to improve ties with Moscow. It was an effort that has been largely stymied since Vladimir Putin resumed his role as Russia’s president.
American officials say they hope Kerry and Lavrov can work out an effective plan, but they are wary of the United States being drawn into prolonged talks that would serve as a tactic to delay, and perhaps prevent, an American-led military strike. One test will be the willingness of Russia and Syria to accept a rapid beginning to international control that would preclude the Assad government from gaining access to chemical weapons or using them, a senior State Department official said.
Coming up with a verifiable plan to inspect, control, and dispose of Syria’s chemical weapons during a civil war is a daunting task. Though Obama administration officials have said the problem of Syria’s chemical weapons has been discussed with the Russians for more than a year, the sides have not talked about it in detail.
For example, the United States and Russia have yet to compare intelligence on the quantities of Syria’s chemical stocks, their main elements, and their locations. American officials have declassified intelligence reports and plan to begin that process here.
“What we will be looking at is the chemical weapons stockpiles, the production facilities, precursor chemicals,” the State Department official said. “And to the extent that there are munitions that are used to spread those chemical weapons in whatever manner, that obviously is part of dismantling and destroying the chemical weapons that Assad has.”
A major concern is how to conduct inspections safely in the middle of a civil war.
Gary Samore, the senior aide on nonproliferation issues at the National Security Council during Obama’s first term, said that the Assad government would be reluctant to give up its entire arsenal because it valued poison gas as a deterrent against Israel and as a weapon to use against Syrian rebels.
“What Assad might make is a partial declaration of the chemical weapons he is willing to put under international control and keep a significant portion in his back pocket,” said Samore, the director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard.
But Obama’s decision to delay any military action and explore a disarmament plan with the Russians, who have been a main supplier of arms to the Assad government, has distressed much of the Syrian opposition and raised questions about whether the rebels would even take part in such a peace conference.
“They’re upset,” a senior State Department official said. “They don’t trust this at all.”
In a recent statement, General Salim Idris, the head of the military wing of the Syrian opposition, rejected the Russian initiative and said the Syrians who carried out the Aug. 21 chemical attack near Damascus that started the current crisis must be punished.
In an effort to address the opposition’s fears, Kerry spoke Thursday with Idris and Ahmad al-Jarba, the president of the Syrian opposition, and sought to assure them that the military option remained on the table, and that the Obama administration would insist that any understanding about Syria’s chemical weapons be verifiable and enforceable, a State Department official said.
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2 mg ATP mg−1 dry biomass being formed per mole of DMS oxidized t
2 mg ATP mg−1 dry biomass being formed per mole of DMS oxidized to DMSO (which is in the same order of magnitude as that produced during thiosulfate oxidation by M. thiooxydans [0.13 mg, Boden et al. (2010)]. It is interesting to note that the production of ATP here apparently follows an exponential rather than a logarithmic pattern – as observed in M. thiooxydans and Halothiobacillus selleck inhibitor neapolitanus during thiosulfate oxidation (Kelly & Syrett, 1964; Boden et al., 2010).
There is also a slight lag as ATP formation begins, suggesting that the oxidation of DMS is not immediate and that DMS must first be transported into the cells – possibly by active transport. Alternatively, this lag could be due to a high ATP demand of the cells for example, to fuel motility. This is in contrast to the immediate ATP formation during thiosulfate oxidation in M. thiooxydans and H. neapolitanus, which is thought to occur in the periplasm. The oxidation of DMS to DMSO alone provides 2 mol of electrons per mole of DMS oxidized. This is not sufficient to provide the 14–16% increases in Ymax observed here. The same amount of electrons Copanlisib from thiosulfate oxidation in M. thiooxydans provides only a 9% increase in Ymax during growth on methanol (Boden et al., 2010). This could indicate that, in addition to providing electrons to the respiratory chain, the oxidation affects some other system within the cell that generates
an increased yield of reducing equivalents that are responsible for a larger conservation of carbon into biomass. More complex radiorespirometric or metabolomic studies are required to the fully investigate the pathway of DMS-dependent energy metabolism in S. stellata; however, we have demonstrated
that DMS acts as an energy source for the chemoorganoheterotrophic growth of this organism on different carbon sources and that the oxidation of DMS to DMSO is coupled to ATP synthesis. Few data are available on the kinetics and growth yields in mixotrophic bacteria – particularly those capable of chemoorganoheterotrophy – and the data we present here add to this understudied area of bacterial physiology. The regulation and environmental significance of mixotrophic Bacteria are unknown, although the substrates and products of their energy-yielding oxidations can be compounds of global biogeochemical significance – such as DMS and DMSO, which we report here. Further work is required to better the understanding of these mixed metabolic modes, their use by Bacteria in the environment and their contribution to the flux of compounds through biogeochemical cycles. We thank Don Kelly for many stimulating discussions on growth kinetics and Gez Chapman is thanked for technical support. We thank the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) for funding via a studentship to R.B. and fellowships to H.S. (NE/B501404/1 and NE/E013333/1). Ann P. Wood and Ben Berks are thanked for the kind donation of strains.
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}
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Q:
SkyDrive is now OneDrive
OneDrive for Everything in Your Life
Today we are pleased to announce that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive.
We have more than a handful of questions about skydrive. Please re-tag them as onedrive and make "skydrive" a synonym.
A:
The simplest solution would be for someone to retag one question with onedrive then we can merge the tags.
This will have the effect of retagging the rest of the questions tagged skydrive and automatically convert "skydrive" to "onedrive" when anyone uses it on a new question.
This has now been done.
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Leafs Crumbling
Phil Kessel made a statement today. A big one. It’s now put Brian Burke between a rock and a hard place. A decision must be made and it looks as though the Leafs (arguably) best sniper has put that responsibility on Brian Burke and only Brian Burke.
“It’s not working out here,” said a frustrated Kessel after being demoted to the third line during practice on Sunday. He’s now sitting on the right wing of one Darryl Boyce and one Joey Crabb. “Maybe there needs to be a change.”
Phil Kessel has sounded an alarm today, and all Leafs fans should be listening.
It’s perhaps the understatement of the year, but looking at how streaky Kessel and the Leafs have been this year, there’s no question frustration has seeped through to each and every one of the members of the Toronto Maple Leafs. That said, Kessel’s next comment is what can make the All-Star poll for “worst coach” earth-shattering for Leafs fans.
“Me and Ron don’t really talk.”
Yeah. You trade away two first round picks to bring in a young player with the potential of breaking the 40 goal plateau, and while the Leafs have struggled this season you have a head coach that doesn’t even make an attempt to keep their (should be) best player in a positive frame of mind to aid him through difficulties?
Which leads me to my next question.
Why the hell hasn’t Ron Wilson been fired yet?
“He’s so focused on scoring goals, he’s forgetting about the other part of the game,” said Ron Wilson after practice. “If you’re struggling to score, don’t be scored against.”
Yeah, that’s nice. Ron Wilson seems to be forgetting another part of being the head coach – motivation. Yet every loss the Leafs earn themselves he tends to throw a player under the bus. Maybe it’s just me, but in any business, if you are struggling you tend to lift spirits, not crush them until you get what you want… unless what you want is failure or to find a new job, and perhaps that’s what Ron Wilson is looking for.
I’m no head coach, but it eventually gets to a point in which personalities will conflict and after reports over the summer that Tomas Kaberle does not get along with Ron Wilson, the All-Star break question putting Ron Wilson in a 25% voting of “coach I don’t want to play for” and now Kessel stating that they don’t even talk and a change is needed… something is up.
Meanwhile, Ron Wilson’s Team America counterpart, Brian Burke, remains silent in the shadows. I’d expect him to come out and say “we had a chat with Kessel and it’s been resolved.” But in all honesty, at this point, how can that be believed? Brian Burke must have an amazing PR because he’s been able to silence just about every crack that starts to leak from the Leafs damn.
I, personally, agree with Kessel. A change is needed, and maybe it needs to start at the top and work its way down. After all, we can all be frustrated with the Leafs lack of scoring ability this season, but Kessel and others are still on pace for 30 goals. The fact that Brian Burke is unable to get any deal done with pretty much any team not named the Boston Bruins to aid the franchise now is becoming a glaring difficulty. Add to that a coach who is unwilling to compromise his own strategies and you have a recipe for disaster.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
MITRE’s new ‘ATT&CK’ tool an encyclopedia of cyber threats
Improving cybersecurity across federal agencies requires staying on top of new and evolving threats. Now, the MITRE Corporation has a new tool, called ATT&CK, to further that mission.
Richard Struse, chief strategist of Cyber Threat Intelligence at MITRE Corporation, called ATT&CK an “encyclopedia of information” on cyber adversaries and their techniques for getting into systems.
“And it’s something that continues to grow and evolve as adversaries grow and evolve and then originated out of a MITRE internal research project,” Struse said on Federal Monthly Insights — Strategic Threat Intelligence Month. “We used it to solve some of our own problems. And we saw that it really had great utility. And since then, since we publicly released it, a lot of other folks have decided that it’s really valuable to have that kind of insight into what adversaries are doing.”
The tool’s website explains that ATT&CK takes publicly available information about adversary tradecraft and organizes it in two ways. One is to identify what those adversaries are trying to achieve technically.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Newton—North Delta
Newton—North Delta was a federal electoral district in the province of British Columbia, Canada, that had been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015, when it was abolished and redistributed to the Delta and Surrey—Newton electoral districts.
Geography
It is located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District, and consists of
the eastern part of the Corporation of Delta, and
the western and central parts of the City of Surrey.
Demographics
Newton—North Delta has the highest percentage of people of Sikh ethnic origin (27.6%); of native Punjabi speakers (33.4%); of those that use Punjabi as home language (26.8%); as well as of South Asians overall (42.7%), lagging only Richmond - 50.2% Chinese - in terms of population proportion of a single visible minority group.
In terms of religion, it is the federal riding with the highest percentage of Sikhs (27.6%) and, more generally, the highest percentage of people with a non-Judeo-Christian religion affiliation, 38.0% in particular (Sikh: 27.6%, Muslim: 4.3%, Hindu: 4.1%, etc.).
History
The electoral district was created in 2003 from parts of Delta—South Richmond and Surrey Central ridings.
Members of Parliament
The riding has elected the following Members of Parliament:
During the 40th Parliament, Dhaliwal was a member of the Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities.
Election results
See also
List of Canadian federal electoral districts
Past Canadian electoral districts
References
Notes
External links
Library of Parliament Riding Profile
Expenditures - 2004
Website of the Parliament of Canada
Map of Newton—North Delta riding archived by Elections Canada
Category:Defunct British Columbia federal electoral districts
Category:Federal electoral districts in Greater Vancouver and the Fraser Valley
Category:Politics of Delta, British Columbia
Category:Politics of Surrey, British Columbia
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
A bumbling Texas governor flirts with secession. Far right militias flock to his call and prepare for violence to bring about independence. A backlash from Indigenous Mexicans in Texas calls for the Aztlan Now movement, Mexicans wanting to secede FROM Texas and stay loyal to the US. Militias, Brown Power people, prison gangs, police, and FBI clash. From this comes new Mexican-majority US states.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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5.19.2011
61-year-old Edward Curtis was attacked at about 10 p.m. in the 2500 block of Pillsbury Avenue S. after he got out of his car. Curtis was beaten about the head and shoulders and suffered fractures to his face and nose, then robbed of his wallet. The attack ended when Curtis drew a concealed handgun and fired three shots. It's not known if he struck either of his attackers.
After the attack, Curtis said he was not proud of what he'd done but felt he had no choice. "I thought they were going to kill me," he said. "They didn't get a chance to."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Earthless Releasing "From The Ages" In October
Award-winning San Diego psych rock band Earthless has completed work on its brand new album "From the Ages." The first new studio album from the globally celebrated trio since the release of 2007's critically acclaimed "Rhythms from a Cosmic Sky," the LP was recorded in San Francisco with producer Phil Manley (Trans Am, The Fucking Champs, SubArachnoid Space).
An hour-long double LP, "From the Ages" will see an October 8th release date via Tee Pee Records. A rough version of the title track (and a second song not on the release), recorded live at Guadalest in 2009, is streaming below the album artwork and tracklisting.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
It will be the first meeting in Scotland since two goals from Paul Scholes gave England the advantage in a UEFA Euro 2000 play-off and will be played at Celtic Park due to the renovation of Hampden Park.
The fixture will be England's final match of 2014 and comes three days after their trip to Slovenia as part of the campaign to qualify for UEFA Euro 2016.
England's next match is at Wembley on Wednesday 3 September against Norway.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[White nevus of the oral mucosa].
A white sponge nevus of the oral mucosa is described in a 12-year-old girl and her 36-year-old mother. This anomaly, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, deserves no treatment. Because of the bilateral involvement, which is found in the majority of cases, the white sponge nevus is often misdiagnosed as therapy-resistant thrush.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Miscellaneous
These are perfect as a cake topper, party favor or add to your dessert buffet ... they have a delicious fruity flavor .... Diameter: 3/4 inches Licking Length: 4.0 inches Weight: .42 ounces Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations...
Unicorn Lolly Small
These are perfect as a cake topper, party favor or add to your dessert buffet or as a horn on your unicorn cakes ... they have a delicious fruity flavor .... Diameter: 3/4 inches Licking Length: 4.0 inches Weight: 1 ounces. ...
Use these fun sour belt streamer candys to create a rainbow effect on your cake and cupcakes ... You can also use them as a party favor for added fun !! They are approx 8 1/4" long ... 10 pcs. They may not be exactly as shown.
Note: This product...
Pirate Coin Chocolate ( 6 pc )
Have fun finding this cool treasure on your pirate themed cakes,cupcakes and more ... 6 pcs of chocolate coins that are foil wrapped. Can also be used for St Patricks's Day as a pot of gold
Sugar, whole milk...
Fries Gummy Candy
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these gummy fries .. they are alot of fun to use as a cake topper, border and more .. 1 pc Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations and also manufacturing...
Hamburger Gummy Candy
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these gummy hamburger .. they are alot of fun to use as a cake topper, border and more .. 1 pc Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations and also...
Hotdogs Gummy Candy
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these gummy fries .. they are alot of fun to use as a cake topper, border and more .. 1 pc Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations and also manufacturing...
Pizza Gummy Candy
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these gummy pizza .. they would be a fun addition to a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Cake .... they are alot of fun to use as a cake topper, border and more .. 1 pc Please Note:...
These pretzels are 7 " long and great for dipping, favors, chocolate, and more ... oh ya they are yummy to eat too !!! :) .. there is approx 25 per bag ....
Please Note: We take great care in packaging your pretzel rods for shipping. Unfortunately, we...
Rola Cola 1/2" Candy Balls
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these rola cola candy balls as a border or even a party favor .. these are 1/2" diameter. Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations and also...
Rola Cola 1/4" Candy Balls
Add some fun on your cakes and cupcakes with these rola cola candy balls as a border or even a party favor .. these are 1/4" diameter. Please Note: Due to the interenet there are color limitations and also...
Wafer Paper ( 10 pcs )
Wafer paper, also known as rice paper, can be easily manipulated and dyed to match any occasion. It can be shaped into things like flowers, or it can stay in its original form as flat paper to create an image. It is edible...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Case: 09-30697 Document: 00511028832 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/17/2010
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
February 17, 2010
No. 09-30697
Summary Calendar Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
PAUL RAY ROBBINS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CORRECTIONS CORPORATION OF AMERICA; TIM WILKINSON;
TIM MORGAN; ANGEL MARTIN; VIRGIL LUCUS; BOBBY JINDAL;
JAMES LEBLANC; MONA HEYSE; PAT THOMAS; LINDA RAMSY;
A. PACHECO; DOCTOR ENGELSON,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
No. 1:08-CV-1054
Before DAVIS, SMITH, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:*
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
Case: 09-30697 Document: 00511028832 Page: 2 Date Filed: 02/17/2010
No. 09-30697
Paul Robbins, a Louisiana prisoner, appeals the dismissal of his pro se, in
forma pauperis 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights suit as frivolous and for failure to
state a claim. We dismiss the appeal as frivolous.
As the magistrate judge (“MJ”) references in his report, Robbins’s initial
complaint was a sixty-one-page, typed screed outlining a host of alleged prob-
lems with the way defendant Corrections Corporation of America (“CCA”) ran
its facility. That identical complaint was submitted by eight prisoners, purport-
edly as a class action, and appears to be a general form working its way around
the prison yard. Indeed, the latest prisoner-plaintiff need only do as Robbins
did: Obscure the typed-in name and write his in its place.
The actual claims in the complaint were not at all of a personal nature,
and Robbins included nothing to suggest that, or how, he personally suffered in-
jury from the defendants’ alleged wrongful actions. The MJ ordered Robbins to
amend his complaint to provide specific factual allegations to support the claim
that his constitutional rights were violated,1 or his complaint would be dis-
missed.
The amended complaint was hardly better. In it, Robbins attempted to re-
tain each claim in the original complaint just by stating that “thease fact’s do
involve this inmate plantiff ‘personly’ and directly” [sic]. As the MJ put it, “[r]a-
ther than provide specific facts regarding the eighteen claims, Plaintiff simply
reiterated the allegations of the original complaint.” Nevertheless, the MJ tried
1
The MJ was precise about what information he needed:
Specifically, Plaintiff should provide: (A) the name(s) of each per-
son who allegedly violated Robbins’ constitutional rights; (B) a
description of what each defendant did to violate Robbins’ rights
(not the rights of other inmates); (C) the place and date(s) that
each event/violation occurred; and (D) a description of the alleged
injury Robbins sustained as a result of each alleged violation.
(Emphasis omitted.)
2
Case: 09-30697 Document: 00511028832 Page: 3 Date Filed: 02/17/2010
No. 09-30697
to tease out just what injuries Robbins claimed he suffered, addressing his “com-
plaints” relating to personal medical care, access to legal assistance, the pres-
ence of female guards, and his desire for a transfer to a state-run prison facility.
Ultimately, the MJ recommended dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B).
The district court agreed with the recommendation and dismissed the
complaint both as frivolous and for failing to state a claim. We review dismissals
under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) as frivolous for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Siglar v.
Hightower, 112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir. 1997). And we review dismissals under
§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for failure to state a claim de novo. Because the district court
did not state the subsection on which it relied, our review is de novo. Geiger v.
Jowers, 404 F.3d 371, 373 (5th Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
We have a “responsibility to construe pro se filings liberally.” Sossamon
v. Texas, 560 F.3d 316, 322 n.3 (5th Cir. 2009), petition for cert. filed, 77
U.S.L.W. 3657 (U.S. May 22, 2009) (08-1438). Nonetheless, “litigants must still
brief contentions in order to preserve them.” Longoria v. Dretke, 507 F.3d 898,
901 (5th Cir. 2007). To that end, the only claim from his amended complaint
that Robbins appears still to be arguing in any detail relates to his medical care.2
And, based on the record, we agree with the MJ that Robbins “essentially com-
plains that he suffers from a slew of illnesses, and that WCC [his facility] is not
following the treatment prescribed by the doctors at the LSU Medical Center in
Shreveport.” Robbins’s disagreement with WCC’s medical staff over his treat-
ment regimen does not come close to meeting the “extremely high standard” for
deliberate indifference claims. Domino v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice, 239 F.3d
752, 756 (5th Cir. 2001); see also Varnado v. Lynaugh, 920 F.2d 320, 321 (5th
2
Robbins also raises, for the first time on appeal, a claim that the prison lost his prop-
erty during a medical stay at LSU. “[I]ssues raised for the first time on appeal ‘are not review-
able by this court unless they involve purely legal questions and failure to consider them
would result in manifest injustice.’” United States. v. Garcia-Pillado, 898 F.2d 36, 39 (5th Cir.
1990) (quoting Self v. Blackburn, 751 F.2d 789, 793 (5th Cir. 1985)).
3
Case: 09-30697 Document: 00511028832 Page: 4 Date Filed: 02/17/2010
No. 09-30697
Cir. 1991). Thus, “even given the requisite liberal construction, [the prisoner]
has failed to advance any arguments that suggest that the district court erred
in dismissing his complaint.” Douglas v. Haynes, No. 09-20466, 2009 WL
3848670, at *2 (5th Cir. Nov. 18, 2009) (per curiam) (unpublished).
We direct Robbins’s attention to the PLRA’s three-strikes provision, 28
U.S.C. § 1915(g). The district court’s dismissal and the dismissal of this appeal
both count as strikes under § 1915(g). See Adepegba v. Hammons, 103 F.3d 383,
388 (5th Cir.1996). If a prisoner accumulates three strikes, he is not allowed to
bring another civil action in forma pauperis while incarcerated unless he is un-
der imminent danger of serious physical injury. Robbins is so warned.
The appeal is DISMISSED as frivolous. See 5 TH C IR. R. 42.2. All out-
standing motions are DENIED.
4
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
(CNN) Washington Gov. Jay Inslee will unveil a sweeping plan aimed at combating climate change on Friday that, if enacted, would mean a wholesale change to the way the United States builds buildings, manufactures cars and supplies the power grid and includes a proposal to cut US coal production by 2030.
The plan, Inslee's first major policy rollout of his presidential campaign , would implement 100% clean energy standards in three key sectors of the American economy -- electricity, vehicles and new buildings -- and represents the major bet Inslee is placing on the importance of climate change to Democratic primary voters as he vies for a chance to take on President Donald Trump in 2020.
"We as Americans face a choice. Do we rise to the challenge of defeating climate change? Or do we shrink from this existential crisis and let our kids and grandkids suffer," Inslee said in a statement to CNN. "In this campaign, I will put forward plans that will defeat climate change, create millions of jobs, and build a just transition to an economy run on clean energy."
He added: "This plan is ambitious in its scope, but practical in its aims, because it's based off our successes in Washington state this year. We can and must build an economy free from fossil fuels, and that is what I'm proposing today."
Inslee's newly released proposal would put a 10-year plan into place that would mandate the following by 2030: "Reach 100% zero emissions in new light- and medium-duty vehicles and all buses, achieve 100% zero-carbon pollution from all new commercial and residential buildings; and set a national 100% Clean Electricity Standard, requiring 100% carbon-neutral power by 2030, putting America on a path to having all clean, renewable and zero- emission energy in electricity generation by 2035."
Read More
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
ruby: fix mostly-utf8 strings
I have input data (via File.popen) that is mostly utf8, but occasionally there are iso8859-1 characters in them. I want everything that is not a valid utf8 sequence interpreted as iso8859-1 and replaced with the corresponding (two-byte) utf-8 sequence (and the result as an UTF-8 encoded string).
What is an efficient way to do this in ruby? This will treat an entire git log output, so it should be reasonably fast.
A:
since ruby 2.1.0 (afaik) you can use scrub to do this kind of ugly encoding stuff:
https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.0/String.html#method-i-scrub
If the string is invalid byte sequence then replace invalid bytes with
given replacement character, else returns self. If block is given,
replace invalid bytes with returned value of the block.
"abc\u3042\x81".scrub #=> "abc\u3042\uFFFD"
"abc\u3042\x81".scrub("*") #=> "abc\u3042*"
"abc\u3042\xE3\x80".scrub{|bytes| '<'+bytes.unpack('H*')[0]+'>' } #=> "abc\u3042<e380>"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
You
should now have an image that looks like this: (image sized reduced for
faster loading)
Use
your magic wand tool set to a tolerance of 20 to select a part of the
black on the design. Then select similar parts of the design.
("Selections"..."Modify"..."Select
Similar")
Pick a
color you would like your stamped image to be. Make a note of the RGB
values by clicking once on the color palette. I chose Red 195, Green
161, Blue 199. Write this down.
While
your image is still selected, apply the Emboss Works Color Tint filter
("Effects"..."Plug-in Filters"..."Emboss
Works"..."Colour Tint") using these settings: (either
highlight the sliders and use your arrow keys or highlight inside the
little boxes and type in your RGB values)
While
your image is still selected, add a drop shadow with Eye Candy
("Effects"..."Plug-in Filters"..."Eye
Candy"..."Drop Shadow") using these settings:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
3 Wis.2d 196 (1958)
GREEN COUNTY, Respondent,
vs.
CITY OF MONROE, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Wisconsin.
January 10, 1958.
February 4, 1958.
*197 For the appellant there was a brief by Cunningham & Buell of Janesville, and Arthur C. Benkert, city attorney, and oral argument by Mr. Robert J. Cunningham and Mr. Benkert.
*198 For the respondent there was a brief and oral argument by Franz W. Brand, district attorney, and Howard H. Moss, special assistant district attorney.
A brief amicus curiae was filed by Robert D. Sundby of Madison, legal counsel for the League of Wisconsin Municipalities.
BROADFOOT, J.
The sole issue in the case is whether the plaintiff county is subject to the terms, conditions, and provisions of the zoning ordinance of the defendant city in the location and construction of a county jail. There is little direct authority on the question presented. The reason therefor is apparent. Undoubtedly there have been many disputes between cities and counties as to the location of county courthouses and jails. They must have been settled in a spirit of compromise and comity. Such questions should be so settled.
It is admitted by the city that its zoning ordinance could not apply to the federal government or to the state. However, it contends that a county is not a sovereign power and therefore the exemption does not apply to counties. In so far as the text writers lay down a general rule the following are typical examples:
"Zoning restrictions cannot apply to the state or any of its agencies vested with the right of eminent domain in the use of land for public purposes." 8 McQuillin, Mun. Corp. (3d ed.), p. 43, sec. 25.15.
In 2 Law of Zoning by James Metzenbaum (2d ed.), p. 1280, the author states:
"When zoning had found itself firmly intrenched both in law and in practice, a rather novel question presented itself in the way of a challenge to the right of municipalities and other political subdivisions to use property for purposes other than those assigned under a zoning ordinance.
"It was argued that if the political subdivisions were compelled to comply with zoning ordinance requirements, the *199 public welfareintended to be one of the principal beneficiaries of zoningmight actually suffer and be injured because a denial of the right of a political subdivision to proceed with public buildings and public construction, might distinctly retard the public well-being.
"Most of the courts to which the question has been submitted, appear to have decreed that unless a different intention is clearly manifested, states, municipalities, the federal government, and other public subdivisions, are not to be bound by the requirements of a zoning ordinance, especially where the proposed use is not within a `nuisance' classification and where the buildings are used for `governmental' and not merely for `proprietary' uses."
At page 1289 the author states:
"It may conservatively be said that where a municipality, state, or county is aiming construction of a building which will be used exclusively for governmental functions, as distinguished from a corporate or quasi-private service, a municipal zoning ordinance does not apply, unless such use be inherently a nuisance."
Bassett in his book entitled "Zoning" on page 31, says:
"The need of a public building in a certain location ought to be determined by the federal, state, or municipal authority, and its determination on the question of necessary or desirable location cannot be interfered with by a local zoning ordinance."
The author further states on page 212:
". . . no zoning ordinance can prevent the municipal, state, or federal government from erecting buildings in the form and on the site needed by the public."
The trial court held that a county is a governmental arm and agency of the state performing primarily the functions of the state locally. State ex rel. Bare v. Schinz, 194 Wis. 397, 216 N. W. 509; Crowley v. Clark County, 219 Wis. 76, 261 N. W. 221. In the erection and operation of a county *200 jail a county is engaged in a governmental function and one that is necessary in the general administration of justice and particularly in the enforcement of the state's criminal laws.
The trial court further referred to the case of Milwaukee v. McGregor, 140 Wis. 35, 121 N. W. 642, wherein the city of Milwaukee attempted to enjoin the board of normalschool regents from erecting a normal-school building because the regents had not obtained a building permit pursuant to a city ordinance. An injunction was denied. It was held that the provisions of the local ordinance were not applicable to a state agency.
The city contends that the legislature granted to cities the power to zone in the broadest possible language. The city presents a complete history of the state statutes delegating zoning powers to cities and contends that because of the broad language therein contained the legislature intended to give cities the power to control the location and erection of public buildings by a county.
The city further contends that the best-reasoned cases in foreign jurisdictions sustain its position. It cites several cases from other jurisdictions dealing with the regulation of public buildings generally. The only case cited that involves the construction of a county jail is the case of Cook County v. Chicago, 311 Ill. 234, 142 N. E. 512. That case involved the applicability of a fire and building ordinance setting up construction standards. The case, however, cannot be a precedent because of a difference in the Illinois and Wisconsin statutes. The following quotations from the Illinois decision point out some of the differences:
"The county is not required to build a courthouse within the limits of any city, but may build it elsewhere if directed so to do by the people, or may maintain or condemn land of its own volition without a vote of the people. County of Mercer v. Wolff, supra. When the county builds a courthouse within the limits of a city, it may be held that in so *201 doing it acts voluntarily. No good reason, therefore, is perceived why it should not be made amenable to the reasonable police regulations imposed by the city in the interest of the general welfare." (p. 246.)
"It is the duty of the county to erect or otherwise provide, when necessary and finances will justify it, and to keep in repair, a suitable courthouse, jail, and other necessary county buildings. These, with a few other similar provisions, constitute the duties and powers delegated to the county and county boards by the legislature. There is no delegation of police power to the counties and townships of the state, and it would seem clear, therefore, that by the delegation of the police power to cities, villages, and incorporated towns the legislature intended that the exercise of that power over the property and inhabitants within the limits of the city or village should be by that municipality, subject, of course, to the right of the state, of which it is never divested, to exercise the police power." (p. 241.)
The Illinois court commented at length upon the case of Pasadena School Dist. v. Pasadena, 166 Cal. 7, 134 Pac. 985, which involved the question of whether in the construction of a school building the school district was governed by the fire and building ordinance of the city and whether it was required to pay fees for inspection. The supreme court of California held that it was. In the case of Hall v. Taft, 47 Cal. (2d) 177, 302 Pac. (2d) 574, decided in 1956, the supreme court of California overruled its opinion in the Pasadena School Dist. Case.
It is apparent from the above that our situation is entirely different. By statute the county board must construct the jail at the county seat. Under our statutes counties have extensive police powers. The state has its own building code governing the construction of public buildings. The state code is very comprehensive and covers safety in construction, sanitation, ventilation, and other details. The responsibility for the enforcement of the state building code *202 is not left to cities but is delegated to the state industrial commission and in the case of a county jail the plans are also subject to inspection and approval by the state department of public welfare. The general words of the statutes conferring zoning powers on cities cannot be construed to include the state, or in this instance the county, when in conflict with special statutes governing the location and construction of a county jail.
The trial court in his memorandum decision analyzed other cases from foreign jurisdictions and held that they were not applicable. His analysis of the whole question was thorough and his decision was based on Wisconsin cases and Wisconsin statutes, and the result he arrived at is manifestly correct.
By the Court.Judgment affirmed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of human erythrocyte membranes by hemolysis in isosmotic imidazole buffer. I. General properties of variously prepared membranes and the mechanism of the isosmotic imidazole effect.
1. Membranes prepared from human erythrocytes hemolyzed in isosmotic (310 imosM) imidazole buffer, pH 7.4, show enhanced and stabilized (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity compared with membranes prepared from erythrocytes hemolyzed in hypotonic (20 imosM) phosphate or imidazole buffer, pH 7.4. 2. Exposure of intact erythrocytes or well-washed erythrocyte membranes to isosmotic imidazole does not cause enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. 3. Exposure of erythrocyte membranes, in the presence of isosmotic imidazole, to the supernatant of erythrocyte hemolysis or to a partially purified endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator, promotes enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. Under appropriate conditions, NaCl can be shown to substitute for imidazole. The results demonstrate that imidazole does not act directly on the erythrocyte membrane but rather by promoting interaction between an endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2010-2012 Project SkyFire <http://www.projectskyfire.org/>
* Copyright (C) 2005-2012 MaNGOS <http://www.getmangos.com/>
* Copyright (C) 2008-2012 Trinity <http://www.trinitycore.org/>
* Copyright (C) 2005-2012 ScriptDev2 <http://http://www.scriptdev2.com/>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
#ifndef DEF_ONYXIAS_LAIR_H
#define DEF_ONYXIAS_LAIR_H
enum eData64
{
DATA_ONYXIA_GUID,
DATA_FLOOR_ERUPTION_GUID
};
enum eInstanceData
{
DATA_ONYXIA,
MAX_ENCOUNTER,
DATA_ONYXIA_PHASE,
DATA_SHE_DEEP_BREATH_MORE,
DATA_MANY_WHELPS_COUNT
};
enum eCreatures
{
NPC_WHELP = 11262,
NPC_LAIRGUARD = 36561,
NPC_ONYXIA = 10184
};
enum eOnyxiaPhases
{
PHASE_START = 1,
PHASE_BREATH = 2,
PHASE_END = 3
};
enum eGameObjects
{
GO_WHELP_SPAWNER = 176510,
GO_WHELP_EGG = 176511
};
enum eAchievementData
{
ACHIEV_CRITERIA_MANY_WHELPS_10_PLAYER = 12565, // Criteria for achievement 4403: Many Whelps! Handle It! (10 player) Hatch 50 eggs in 10s
ACHIEV_CRITERIA_MANY_WHELPS_25_PLAYER = 12568, // Criteria for achievement 4406: Many Whelps! Handle It! (25 player) Hatch 50 eggs in 10s
ACHIEV_CRITERIA_DEEP_BREATH_10_PLAYER = 12566, // Criteria for achievement 4404: She Deep Breaths More (10 player) Everybody evade Deep Breath
ACHIEV_CRITERIA_DEEP_BREATH_25_PLAYER = 12569, // Criteria for achievement 4407: She Deep Breaths More (25 player) Everybody evade Deep Breath
ACHIEV_TIMED_START_EVENT = 6601, // Timed event for achievement 4402, 4005: More Dots! (10, 25 player) 5 min kill
};
#endif
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Description
An exclusive platform to read addictive stories and meet friends. Tried to make an effort to pull out of your day-to-day routine? Meeting new people is a great breakthrough point. StoryFriend is a community dedicated to helping you find new friends.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Thomas Nordish
Thomas Nordish (baptised 25 March 1785 – 1 July 1842) was an English cricketer. He was a wicket-keeper batsman who played for Kent and England. He was born at Dodmore Manor Farm, Meopham, where he resided until his death.
Nordish made two "first-class" appearances, eight years apart. His debut came in 1815, in which, batting as an opener, along with Edward Winter, Nordish scored nine runs in the first innings of his debut match, and two runs in the second.
His second "first-class" appearance, in 1823, saw him bat at the top of the order with John Evans, once again with limited success, while the batsman he partnered went on to make a decent innings - Nordish scored a duck in the second innings, whilst partner Evans finished the second innings having carried the bat with 90 not out.
The family of Thomas Nordish lived at Dodmore Manor Farm located at The Street, Meopham. The family's surname was sometimes spelt as Nordash.
References
External links
Thomas Nordish at Cricket Archive
Category:1785 births
Category:1842 deaths
Category:English cricketers
Category:English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
Category:Kent cricketers
Category:People from Meopham
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an automotive instrument panel having a concealed airbag. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an instrument panel having a metal door overlying an aperture in a substrate with a molded flexible covering overlying the substrate and metal door.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known to manufacture an automotive airbag having a seamless covering. One such device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,328, issued Sep. 5, 1995. The device teaches a hinged metal door secured to a plastic substrate. The hinge is secured to both the plastic substrate and the metal door and folds when the airbag is inflated. A deep groove directly overlying the perimeter of the metal door forms a weakened section in the covering that tears when the door is opened. An airbag door and cover of this construction is difficult to manufacture because a metal hinge must be secured to only one edge of the plastic substrate. It is also difficult to form a deep groove in the covering that directly overlies the perimeter of the metal door. The groove construction taught in the 5,447,328 patent extends almost to the surface of the plastic substrate, making it difficult to inject foam in the vicinity of the groove. It is desirable to inject a foam between the cover and the door to secure the two components without causing the foam to impede the opening of the door.
It is also known that the rapid force needed to deploy an airbag causes stress on the molded plastic substrate when the door is attached to only one edge. Various frames may be attached to the perimeter of the airbag opening to make the substrate more rigid. An example of this construction is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,088 issued Feb. 28, 1995. A metal frame is secured within the aperture of a plastic substrate. A door is attached to one side of the frame with a hinge. The metal frame keeps the substrate from deforming under the impact of an inflating airbag.
Finally, it is also known to secure an airbag to the underside of a substrate using a chute that partially spaces the airbag from the door. Gaps or spaces between the chute and door may allow the airbag to partially inflate behind the panel.
It is an advantage of the present invention to provide a seamless airbag covering having an unhinged door that is secured to a substrate. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an easily manufacturable method of securing the airbag covering to the substrate and door. These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those of ordinary skills in the art upon reference to the attached drawings and following description.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
on
Ekim KILIÇ
New York
On Sept.26, The president of Cuba Miguel Diaz-Canel spoke at the event “Cuba Speaks for Itself”at the Riverside Church in Harlem, New York hosted by the September 25th Welcoming Committee and several solidarity groups from New York and New Jersey. In the wake of the former president of Cuba Fidel Castro Ruz’s visit in 2000, president Canel’s visit gathered around 2000 people. Although the room was packed, moderators of the event called guests to give space to other guests who were still waiting outside at the front of the event.
The crowd was so excited. At the beginning of the event, the chants “Cuba Libre / Free Cuba” and “Que Viva / Long Live” were heard a lot. After Gail Walker, Executive Director of IFCOO/ Pastors For Peace and Frank Velgara made opening remarks, the Healing Drum Collective, the Riverside Church Praise Team, and Cuban pianist Dayramir Gonzalez presented their musical performance to guests.
US graduates of the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM) took to the stage as well to introduce the opportunities that the Cuban state provided. Over 28,500 medical students from 103 countries have graduated, completely free of charge, from ELAM since the first graduation in 2005.
The Cuban Blockade Grows Stronger
In the event, a press releases issued by the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations was distributed to the press members and guests. According to the September 14, 2018 press release, the “National Security Presidential Memorandum on the Strengthening of the United States Policy toward Cuba” signed on June 16, 2017, in Miami by the current Donald Trump administration has caused a setback of the position of the previous Obama administration.
As a consequence, the US departments of Commerce, Treasury and State issued new provisions and regulations. Restrictions and limitations to trips and educational trips were imposed, which caused a decrease in travelers from the US to Cuba during 2018, negatively effecting tens of thousands of Cuban workers.
According to the same press release, the Department of State issued a “List of Restricted Cuban Entities and Subentities,” which included 179 companies. The aim of this measure is “to continue to impede the economic and commercial relations of Cuban companies with the potential US and third-country partners.”
The President of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro: “We have been the victim of unanimous imperialist aggression”
One of the last speakers of the event was Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro. After president Maduro addressed the general debate of the 73rd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, he attended the event “Cuba Speaks for Itself”
His stated reason for attending was “to bring the truth of Venezuela, and to expose it to the US people… to bring my love and solidarity to all of you and to share with my dear brother, the president of Cuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel and Cuban people in all”
He underlined that Venezuela has been “the victim of a great imperialist aggression.” However, he ended his speech by saying that “The Bolivarian revolution is standing, is alive and is victorious.”
Miguel Díaz-Canel, The President of Cuba, said Cuba is in favor of total disarmament and international solidarity
Newly elected president of Cuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel, made several remarks on the current struggle of the country, historical moments that took place in the church, and Cuban foreign policy.
President Canel stated that they are “in support of Venezuela, in support of Nicaragua, in support of Puerto Rico, and in support of all Latin America, Palestinian and Saharan people, and all just causes around the world, and also to denounce very unfair blockade that the US government has imposed on us for nearly 60 years”
He expressed and shared many emotions in the cathedral as he remembered the past, when the leader of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro Ruz, visited Harlem in 1960 and 2000. The Cuban president said “In order to for us to get here, we drove through the Harlem neighborhood. The place of legendary hotel Teressa, which welcome our first revolutionary delegation to the UN and hosted meetings of great men of the 20th century, for Fidel met Malcolm X, Nasser, Nehru, and Khrushchev.” He added one of Fidel Castro’s personal memory “He had personally told his comrades I am going to Harlem because that’s where my best friends are.”
President Canel also remarked that “Cuba is not a large or powerful country. Not rich in natural or resources, but these limitations have not stopped us from practicing solidarity on the basis of sharing what we have.”
He pointed out that “This is why when Cuba comes to the UN General Assembly and promotes cooperation and solidarity, as opposed to threats, competition, racism, and selfishness, Cuba does so with the authority of the people that have shown it is possible to achieve those goals in a country that has turned words into concrete actions.”
Cuba helped to educate more than 1 million professionals who have served several countries in Asia, Africa, Latin American and the Caribbean since the revolution. Over 42,000 professionals, particularly medical staff, currently are in the service of those countries for engineering, health and medical services, agronomy, and other important domains of development.
The Cuban president claimed that “I would dare to say that with 5% of that (armament) expenditure a lot of people would be lifted out poverty…The foreign policy of the Cuban revolution maintains its consistent position in favor of total disarmament and international solidarity.”
Categories: Cuba, International, U.S. News, Venezuela
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}
|
It seems that everyone loves to hate Scumbag Steve. We all know the guy: he comes to your house unannounced, eats your food, takes your last beer, and doesn’t think twice doing any of the above. He’s your least favorite friend: Scumbag Steve. Without further ado, we present 14 new Scumbag Steve memes:
Scumbag Steve also has a medieval ancestor, Scoundrel Stefano.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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The GP took time to listen to me and understood my concerns on this visit. I've always had good care from GPs in the practice and also all the practice nurse.
Reception staff are always helpful and accommodating where possible.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Well that was a close one wasn’t it? 4-3 Win for the Montreal Canadiens over the Toronto Maple Leafs. It was a good game a lot of back and forth action, weird lack of penalties and some weird goals especially the Tomas Plekanec game winning goal that managed to squeak by James Reimer, but this isn’t an analysis of this game, there are enough people out there who can do that, what I’m talking about is what I noticed after the game ended.
When the clock hit zero at the ACC twitter exploded with many Leaf fans complaining about one thing, James Reimer. The Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender is getting all the blame for this loss and all the blame for the last four loses and, yes, it makes sense you usually blame your goalie if you lose, but in this case I think the Leaf fans need to blame someone else in this case and that’s Randy Carlyle.
Long story short, when the Leafs lost against the Detroit Red Wings recently, when the media asked Carlyle what did he think of Reimer he said this “I thought he was okay, you know, just okay,” doesn’t seem like the worst thing ever said, but Carlyles tone was pretty harsh and of course the brilliant media immediately ran to Reimer to let him know what his coach said about him, nothing like kicking you while you’re right?
So fast forward to today and Reimer clearly has no confidence left, zero confidence, if this was a video game where your character had a confidence stat, you would need to cheat to get any of Reimer’s confidence back. So Leaf fans thank Carlyle for the problem and heck blame the media for create this little fire. Look I’m really not a Leafs fan, but this topic really gets on my nerves so I have to rant.
Yes I get it Jonathan Bernier is the Leafs starter, but he’s injured right now, so be confident in the kid, don’t treat him like crap and then expect him to be lights out, it just doesn’t work like that today. The Leafs are battling for a playoff spot and they clearly need Bernier back if they really want to make it cause at this rate, Washington, Columbus and Detroit are breathing down the Leafs back and they are very happy that they are having a melt down.
Now don’t get me wrong I am not a Maple Leafs fan what so ever, if they don’t make the playoffs it won’t affect me in any negative way. The only reason why I am talking about this is I actually feel bad for Reimer and I hope he will get a better team to play for, cause he isn’t being treated properly at all. If it wasn’t for him last year the Leafs playoff drought would have been longer. If the Leafs miss the playoffs this year don’t blame Reimer, blame Carlyle and pray his fat butt gets run out of Toronto, because in this particular case it isn’t just the goalies fault it’s the coaches fault and blame the media as well, they don’t get a free pass here either.
Well this has certainly been the longest blog I have written about the Maple Leafs, it felt weird, but honestly the way Reimer is getting treated is really bugging me, anyway on to a few NHL notes.
Canadiens: The Habs have a few funny stats and notes; first off, Dale Weise is 10-2-1 in the games he has actually played for the Canadiens. Tomas Vanek has 4 goals and one assist in the games he has played since being traded, why does this matter well not only does he make Desharnais and Pacioretty look better he also has more points and goals than Alex Kovalev did when he got traded to Montreal.
Ryan O’Reilly: I don’t want to jinx it, but how the heck has he not gotten a single penalty yet? The NHL might as well give him the Lady Byng trophy, unless he gets a bunch or major penalties and misconducts, this trophy is a lock for O’Reilly.
Sabres: Let’s face it the Sabres have a lot of draft picks in the first couple of rounds for the next could of seasons. One of the most interesting picks is the one they got when they traded Vanek away, it is an Islanders pick that can defer it to 2015 as opposed to using it this year if it is in the top 10 this year. It’s a bit confusing, but basically the they can use it in 2014 and 2015. Its kind of a hard decision, because there might be someone they really want this year, or they can hope that the Islanders are so bad next season that the Sabres get a really good prospect like I don’t know Conner Mcdavid. Its an interesting situation if it was up to me, I’d wait till 2015.
Thanks for reading Sorry for taking so long in writing another blog, I have been pretty busy with stuff, I hope to get another remember them soon.
Follow me on twitter for updates and to find links to my LWOS articles @NVincelli.
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Serum total cholesterol levels and risk of mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease in Japanese: the JACC study.
The relation between serum total cholesterol and coronary heart disease is well established, but the relations with total stroke and stroke subtypes are controversial. We conducted a nested case-control study as part of the JACC study. A total of 39,242 subjects, 40-79 years of age, provided serum samples at baseline between 1988 and 1990. During the 10-year follow-up, 345 deaths from total strokes (including 76 intraparenchymal hemorrhages) and 150 deaths from coronary heart diseases were recorded. The control subjects were matched for sex, age, community, and year of serum storage, and further adjusted for systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, ethanol intake category, smoking status, and diabetes. Serum total cholesterol levels were measured using an enzymatic method. Cases with total stroke and more specifically intraparenchymal hemorrhage had lower mean values of serum total cholesterol levels compared with control subjects. The risk of mortality from intraparenchymal hemorrhage was significantly higher for persons with low total cholesterol levels [less than 4.14 mmol/l (160 mg/dl)] than with those with higher levels. The risk of mortality from coronary heart disease for persons with serum total cholesterol levels more than or equal to 6.72 mmol/l (260 mg/dl) was significantly higher than those with levels less than 4.14 mmol/l (160 mg/dl). Low serum total cholesterol levels are associated with high mortality from intraparenchymal hemorrhage while high levels are associated with high mortality from coronary heart disease among Japanese.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Markab (horse)
Markab (foaled 4 February 2003) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. Originally trained in France, he did not race as a juvenile and won one minor race from six attempts as a three-year-old in 2006. He was then sold to race in England where he won three small handicap races in 2008 and the Great St. Wilfrid Stakes in the following year. After being transferred to the stable of Henry Candy he belatedly emerged as a top-class performer at the age of seven in 2010 when he won the Greenlands Stakes in Ireland before recording his biggest win in the Group One Betfred Sprint Cup. He remained in training for two more years, winning the Leisure Stakes in 2012 at the age of nine.
Background
Markab is a bay gelding with a small white star and white socks on his hind legs bred in England by his owner Hamdan Al Maktoum's Shadwell Stud. He was sired by Green Desert who finished second to Dancing Brave in the 2000 Guineas and won the July Cup in 1986. As a breeding stallion Green Desert sired the winners of over 1,000 races, including Oasis Dream, Desert Prince, Sheikh Albadou and Cape Cross. Markab's dam Hawafiz showed some ability as a racecourse, winning two of her five races in 2000 and 2001, and was a distant female-line descendant of the influential British broodmare Molly Adare.
Markab was initially sent into training with Freddy Head in France. His name is an Arabic word مركب meaning "the saddle".
Racing career
2006 & 2007: early career
Markab was unraced as a two-year-old and spent his 2006 season competing in minor races in France. After finishing sixth on his debut he won a maiden race over 1600 metres over heavy ground at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 31 March. He finished third in races at Saint-Cloud Racecourse and Maisons-Laffitte in May before being dropped to sprint distances. Racing over 1200 metres he was runner-up at Deauville Racecourse on 4 July before running third at Maisons-Laffitte later that month. He did not race again in 2006.
In March 2007 the colt was offered for sale at Doncaster and was bought for 33,000 guineas by the bloodstock agent E B Giles. He entered the ownership of the Tightlines Partnership and was moved to the stable of Kevin Morgan at Gazeley in Suffolk.
Markab did not run for his new connections until September when he contested a handicap race over seven and a half furlongs on good to firm ground at Chester Racecourse. He was never in contention and was tailed-off in last place when pulled up by his jockey Paul Mulrennan. After another lengthy break he ended the year by finishing seventh of the eight runners in a handicap on the synthetic Polytrack surface at Lingfield in December.
2008: five-year-old season
Markab's first two starts of 2008 saw little improvement as he finished unplaced in minor handicaps on synthetic tracks at Lingfield and Kempton in January. In March he recorded his first win in Britain as he "stayed on grimly" to win a seven furlong handicap at Kempton at odds of 16/1. He was ridden in the race by Pat Cosgreve, who became his regular jockey. Racing on turf at Newcastle Racecourse in April he won again, leading from the start and winning by two and a half lengths in another small handicap race. Later that month he ran fifth in a more valuable handicap at Newbury Racecourse and then had another prolonged absence.
Four and half months after his last appearance, Markab finished fourth in a handicap on the Lingfield polytrack on 5 September. He was seventeenth of twenty-nine runners in a valuable handicap at Ascot Racecourse later that month and then ran poorly when unplaced at Kempton in October. He returned to Lingfield for his last three races of the year beginning with a win in a seven furlong handicap on 6 November and then finishing second in similar events on 22 November and 7 December.
2009: six-year-old season
In 2009 Markab moved to the stable of the veteran Henry Candy at Kingston Warren in Oxfordshire although Cosgrave retained the ride on the gelding. From the start of the season he was moved up to compete in major handicap races on turf, starting with the Victoria Cup over seven furlongs at Ascot in May when he started a 25/1 outsider but raced prominently from the start before finishing sixth of the 27 runners behind Swift Gift. He then finished fourth of 26 to High Standing in the Wokingham Stakes and June and fourth of 26 again when favourite for the Stewards' Cup at Goodwood Racecourse on 1 August. Two weeks later the gelding was assigned a weight of 127 pounds for the Great St Wilfrid Stakes over six furlongs at Ripon Racecourse and started the 7/2 favourite against sixteen opponents. After racing prominently from the start he made a forward move in the last quarter mile gained the advantage inside the final furlong and won by a neck and a short head from Tamagin and Advanced. Cosgrave commented "I won on him when he was with Kevin Morgan and his owners wanted me to keep the ride. He was drawn on the wrong side in the Wokingham. At Goodwood I was criticised for making the running - which, incidentally, I didn't - but today I wanted to hang on to him. He always travels well and he has plenty of pace. I think he could be just as effective over a bit shorter."
Markab failed to win his two remaining races that year. He finished unplaced in the Portland Handicap and Doncaster Racecourse in September. He was then moved up to Group Three class for the first time to contest the Bengough Stakes at Ascot on 10 October and dead-heated for fifth place, three and a half lengths behind the winner Royal Rock.
2010: seven-year-old season
As a seven-year-old, Markab began his campaign in a minor stakes race at Thirsk Racecourse on 17 April and led from the start before winning by a neck from the Barry Hills-trained favourite Damien. In May he was sent to Ireland for the Group Three Greenlands Stakes over six furlongs at the Curragh and started 100/30 favourite in an eleven-runner field with the best-fancied of his rivals being Alfred Nobel, Jimmy Styles (Ayr Gold Cup) and the Listed winner Rain Delayed. He again led from the start and stayed on well in the closing stages to win by two lengths from Snaefell. Cosgrave commented "I thought he looked a lot better today than the last day, he clocked a very quick time at Thirsk and I thought he had improved about 5lb or 7lb for the run so I hoped he would go well".
At Royal Ascot in June Markab was dropped back in distance to five furlongs for the first time in his career when he contested the King's Stand Stakes. Starting at odds of 14/1 he started well and tracked the leaders before moving up to challenge in the final furlong and finished second of the twelve runners behind the five-year-old Equiano. In the Hackwood Stakes at Newbury in July he started favourite but after leading for most of the way he faded in the closing stages and finished sixth behind Regal Parade. On 4 September Markab was one of thirteen horses to contest the Group One Betfred Sprint Cup over six furlongs on good-to-firm ground at Haydock Park and started at odds of 12/1. Starspangledbanner was made favourite, whilst the other runners included Kingsgate Native, Regal Parade, Lady of the Desert (Lowther Stakes) and Borderlescott. Cosgrave sent the gelding into the lead from the start and set the pace on the stands-side (the right-hand side from the jockeys' viewpoint). Despite edging towards the centre of the track in the closing stages and won from Lady of the Desert, Genki, Kingsgate Native, Starspangledbanner and Regal Parade, all of whom were racing on the opposite side of the course. His winning time of 1:09.40 was a new course record, and he became the joint-oldest winner of the race equaling the achievement of Boldboy who won as a seven-year-old in 1977. After the race Henry Candy commented "He got jarred up a little at Ascot. He has now won a Group One and it is incredible. I'd say 99.9 per cent of horses his age don't carry on improving but he has, and still is. He's bigger and stronger than ever, a very happy horse".
2011 & 2012: later career
Markab failed to win in five starts in 2011, when he raced in the colours of Mosaic Racing. In May he finished unplaced in both the Duke of York Stakes and the Temple Stakes, after which Dane O'Neill took over from Cosgrave as his regular jockey. The gelding produced his best effort of the season in July when he finished second to the Wokingham Stakes winner Deacon Blues in the Hackwood Stakes. In his two remaining races he finished unplaced behind Moonlight Cloud in the Prix Maurice de Gheest and then ran fourth when favourite for the Listed Starlit Stakes at Goodwood in September.
Markab began his inal season by finishing fourth in a minor race over six furlongs at Haydock on 12 May. Sixteen days later he started 11/4 second favourite behind Genki (winner of the Chipchase Stakes) in the Leisure Stakes at Windsor Racecourse, with the other three runners being Elnawin (Sirenia Stakes), Angels Will Fall (Princess Margaret Stakes and Medicean Man. The nine-year-old led from the start and fought off the challenges of Elnawin and Angels Will Fall to win by three quarters of a length. Markab ended his racing career in the Listed Hopeful Stakes in which he set the pace before being overtaken in the final furlong and beaten a length into second place by Hitchens.
Pedigree
References
Category:2003 racehorse births
Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Category:Racehorses trained in France
Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Category:Thoroughbred family 14-c
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Prospective, five-year follow-up study of patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease.
The natural history of diverticular disease is largely unknown. Most studies are retrospective and treatment recommendations are derived from outdated literature. This study was a prospective, long-term assessment of the development of complications in patients with symptomatic diverticular disease. All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic diverticular disease between August 1999 and April 2001 were followed up prospectively for an average of five years. Hospital computerized discharges were assessed for any subsequent elective or emergency admission for diverticular disease-related complications, including surgical intervention. A telephone questionnaire was conducted on all patients and/or their family physician looking specifically for symptoms, complications, and surgical intervention. A total of 163 patients (106 females) were identified (median age, 74 (interquartile range, 64-80) years). The diagnosis was confirmed through colonoscopy (n = 106), flexible sigmoidoscopy (n = 57), and barium enema (n = 31). Nineteen were lost to follow-up and a further 19 died from unrelated causes. Twenty-five were excluded. After the initial diagnosis, two patients (1.7 percent) subsequently presented with an episode of diverticulitis, which was treated conservatively. A single patient (0.8 percent) required surgery for chronic symptoms. One hundred sixteen patients (97 percent) had no or mild symptoms after a median follow-up of 66 months. In this prospective long-term study, symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease seems to run a long-term benign course with a very low incidence of subsequent complications. Symptomatic disease, acute diverticulitis, and complicated diverticular disease seem to constitute distinct clinical entities with little crossover between groups.
|
{
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}
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[Screening for ovarian cancer-associated genes with cDNA microarrays].
The molecular mechanism leading to the development and progression of ovarian carcinoma are not completely understood. It may be the result of a series of molecular changes in the cell caused by changes in the expression level of numerous genes of tumor. In this report the authors used cDNA microarray to identify differentially expressed genes between ovarian cancer tissue and normal ovary tissue to screen ovarian cancer-associated genes. cDNA microarrays were prepared by spotting PCR products of 512 cDNA of human oncogene and tumor suppressor gene onto specially treated glass slides with robotics. The probes were prepared by labeling normal tissue mRNA and cancer tissue mRNA with Cy3-dUTP and Cy5-dUTP separately through reverse transcription PCR. The arrays were then hybridized against the cDNA probe mixture and the fluorescent signals were scanned. The obtained data were analyzed using ImaGene 3.0 software. Thirty-eight genes showed co-expression specificity in 3 or more than 3 cases. There were 15 upregulated genes and 23 downregulated genes in ovarian cancer tissues. Utilizing cDNA microarrays, 3 ovarian cancer-associated genes have been initially screened.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Introduction
============
One of the fundamental questions in developmental neurobiology centers on the development of various cognitive functions and how such development derails in mental disorders. The capacity of many cognitive functions develops from childhood to adulthood.^[@bib1],\ [@bib2],\ [@bib3]^ Both cognition and working memory start to deteriorate at adolescence and predicts the onset of later schizophrenia.^[@bib4],\ [@bib5],\ [@bib6],\ [@bib7],\ [@bib8],\ [@bib9],\ [@bib10]^ The developmental maturation of working memory starts to lag during a period from adolescence to adulthood in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).^[@bib11],\ [@bib12]^ Working memory correlates to IQ^[@bib13],\ [@bib14],\ [@bib15]^ and is less developed, throughout development and in adulthood, in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID).^[@bib16],\ [@bib17],\ [@bib18],\ [@bib19]^
Duplication, triplication and hemizygous deletion of a few hundred kb to a few Mb, collectively termed copy number variants, confer the most robust risk factors, to date, for developmental delays in cognitive function and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.^[@bib20],\ [@bib21],\ [@bib22]^ Carriers of a 1.5 Mb to 3 Mb duplication or triplication at human chromosome 22q11.2 exhibit high rates of developmental delays in cognitive capacities^[@bib23],\ [@bib24],\ [@bib25]^ and ASD and ID.^[@bib26]^ Duplication of this chromosomal locus is also enriched in individuals with ASD and ID.^[@bib20],\ [@bib21],\ [@bib22]^ However, the precise genetic elements within 22q11.2 responsible for atypical cognitive development remain elusive due to their large duplication sizes in humans.
Using mouse models with constitutive overexpression of small 22q11.2 segments,^[@bib27],\ [@bib28]^ we showed that an arrest in developmental maturation of working memory capacity is recapitulated by copy number elevation of a 190 kb region, including human catechol-*O*-methyl-transferase (*COMT*), *TXNRD2* and *ARVCF*.^[@bib29]^ Moreover, constitutive copy number elevation of another 200 kb 22q11.2 segment, containing human *SEPT5*, *GP1BB*, *TBX1* and *GNB1L*, resulted in impaired social behaviors and compulsively repetitive behaviors, the latter of which were attenuated by an antipsychotic drug, suggesting relevance of this chromosomal segment to developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.^[@bib30]^
Among these 22q11.2-encoded genes, a high activity single nucleotide polymorphism of *COMT* is associated with poor working memory after, but not before, 10 years of age, compared with a low activity *COMT* allele in humans.^[@bib31]^ Moreover, a gain-of-function mutation of *TBX1* has been identified in individuals with developmental delays in cognition.^[@bib32],\ [@bib33]^ Overexpression of no other 22q11.2 genes has been shown to impair working memory. However, mutation carriers also have other copy number variants and mutations^[@bib20],\ [@bib34]^ and the impacts of single nucleotide polymorphisms are often inconsistent, presumably due to their weak effect sizes^[@bib35]^ in humans. While *Comt* and *Tbx1* contribute to working memory and other ASD-related behavioral phenotypes in mice,^[@bib36],\ [@bib37],\ [@bib38]^ the precise neuronal and cellular mechanisms through which elevated levels of these genes contribute to developmental working memory maturation are not known in humans or mice.
The targeted cell type and developmental time points are justified for four reasons. First, excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampal dentate gyrus damage adult neural stem/progenitor cells as well as mature neurons, and impair working memory in mice ([Supplementary Results 1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Figures 1a--c](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Second, adult neural stem/progenitor cells have been functionally implicated in working memory in mice.^[@bib39],\ [@bib40],\ [@bib41]^ Third, adult neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus express both Tbx1^[@bib36]^ and COMT ([Supplementary Results 2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Figure 2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) in mice. As there is no reliable means to evaluate the proliferation and migration of adult neural progenitor cells in the brains of human carriers of 22q11.2 copy number elevation, we examined the mechanisms through which high gene doses of the two 22q11.2 genes COMT and Tbx1 affect adult neurogenesis in mouse and cell models. Fourth, constitutive overexpression of a 190 kb 22q11.2 segment, including COMT, attenuates working memory capacity at 2 months, but not at 1 month of age;^[@bib29]^ these mouse ages correspond to adulthood and periadolescence, respectively.^[@bib42]^ A similar phenomenon was observed from childhood to adulthood in humans who carry a high activity COMT allele.^[@bib31]^
Our data show that copy number elevations of the two 22q11.2 genes, *COMT* and *Tbx1*, in adult neural stem/progenitor cells of the hippocampus arrest the developmental maturation of working memory capacity and adult neurogenesis.
Materials and methods
=====================
We used male C57BL/6J mice. We constructed lentiviral vectors carrying enhanced green fluorescence protein (*EGFP*), *COMT*-*EGFP* or *Tbx1*-*EGFP*, all under a murine stem cell virus promoter (*MSCV*), pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). These vectors achieved a high degree of selectivity to infect adult neural stem/progenitor cells ([Supplementary Results 3](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Figures 3 and 4](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The vectors were bilaterally infused into the dorsal hippocampus and mice were evaluated 7--10 days later at 1 month or 2 months of age, in tasks designed to assess working memory, response to novelty, anxiety-like behaviors and motor behavior.^[@bib29]^ Cell types infected by the vectors were identified using flow cytometry and double fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The position of transduced cells was histochemically determined after completion of all behavioral tests. We examined the cell-autonomous effects of *COMT* or *Tbx1* overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis of adult neural stem/progenitor cells of the hippocampus in cell culture (see [Supplementary Information, Methods](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Results
=======
Copy number elevation of *COMT* and *Tbx1* blunts the developmental expansion of working memory capacity
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To examine the functional impact of *COMT* overexpression in adult neural stem/progenitor cells on the developmental trajectory of working memory, we infused the *COMT* vector 7--10 days before 1 or 2 months of age, corresponding with before and after adolescence, respectively,^[@bib42]^ and tested mice in a battery of behavioral assays ([Figure 1a](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
Copy number elevation of *COMT* reduced working memory accuracy at 2 months of age, but not at age 1 month ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). EGFP-infused mice showed 7, 10 and 13% higher rates of working memory at 0, 15 and 30 s delays, respectively, at age 2 months compared to 1 month ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} inset), thereby recapitulating the developmental maturation of human working memory capacity during this period in mice. In contrast, *COMT*-infused mice showed only 5 and 1% points higher and 13% points lower rates at 0, 15 and 30 sec delays, respectively, during the same developmental time span ([Figure 1b](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} inset); working memory with a heavy load was more severely affected. *COMT* copy number elevation reduced time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze ([Figure 1d](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) and increased time spent in the margin area of the open field ([Figure 1e](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}), indicative of heightened anxiety, at age 2 months, but not 1 month. In contrast, *COMT* copy number elevation had no effect on the exploration of a novel object ([Figure 1c](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) or motor activity in an inescapable open field([Figure 1f](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
We next tested the effects of copy number elevation of *Tbx1* in adult neural stem/progenitor cells on working memory capacity at 1 and 2 months of age. Such treatment reduced working memory with a long delay at 2 months but not 1 month of age ([Figure 2a](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}), but had no detectable effect on responses to a novel object ([Figure 2b](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}), anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze ([Figure 2c](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}), and thigmotaxis ([Figure 2d](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) or locomotor activity ([Figure 2e](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
Copy number elevation of *COMT* and *Tbx1* arrests migration of adult neural stem/progenitor cells
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We examined the distribution of transduced cells after completing behavioral testing, when some newly generated progenies of transduced adult neural stem/progenitor cells are expected to migrate into the granular layer from the subgranular zone. The majority of transduced cell bodies were located in and near the subgranular zone of the granular layer; their dendrites and axons reached the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus outward and extended toward the hilus and CA3 inward, respectively ([Figures 3a--d](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, upper images), a pattern consistent with that of maturing, migrating cells derived from adult neural stem/progenitor cells.
The total number of cell counts is not suitable to evaluate the impact of COMT or Tbx1 on proliferation, as the numbers are affected by the uncontrollable extent of infused viral vectors in the hippocampus. We thus used the proportion of cell numbers among the three zones for analysis. This index is independent of the extent of initial random infection. Even if proliferation is additionally affected, the proportion would not change if the same proportion of cells migrate to mid and outer zones. Thus, the ratio is a selective index for evaluation of the migration process. Transduced cells were distributed with a clear gradient from the subgranular/inner third zone to the outer third zone (see [Figures 3a--d](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, lower images). COMT-transduced cells remained in the subgranular/inner third zone more so at age 2 months than 1 month ([Figures 3a and b](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, bar graphs).
We observed the general gradient from the subgranular/inner third zone to the outer third zone in Tbx1-transduced cells at both 1 and 2 months of age. However, *Tbx1*-transduced cells remained more in the subgranular/inner third zone than EGFP-transduced cells at 2 months of age ([Figure 3d](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, bar graphs), but we observed a more dispersed distribution of Tbx1-transduced cells than EGFP-transduced cells at 1 month of age ([Figure 3c](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, bar graphs).
These data are consistent with our hypothesis that the migration of progenies of adult neural stem/progenitor cells is reduced by copy number elevation of *COMT* and *Tbx1* in the hippocampal granular layer at 2 months of age, when these gene over-dosages impaired working memory.
Copy number elevation of *COMT* and *Tbx1* arrests proliferation of adult neural stem/progenitor cells
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It is not possible to unequivocally evaluate how *COMT* and *Tbx1* overexpression in adult neural stem/progenitor cells alone affects the proliferation and apoptosis of transduced cells *in vivo.* To determine the cell-autonomous effects of gene overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis, we isolated adult neural stem/progenitor cells and transfected them with a plasmid containing either *EGFP*, *COMT-EGFP* or *Tbx1-EGFP* ([Figure 4a](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). *COMT* copy number elevation significantly blunted and *Tbx1* overexpression completely blocked the proliferation of adult neural stem/progenitor cells ([Figure 4b](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). The proportions of annexin+ cells were indistinguishable among the three groups ([Figure 4c](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that *COMT* and *Tbx1* overexpression reduced the proliferation of adult neural stem/progenitor cells in a cell-autonomous manner without altering apoptosis rate.
Discussion
==========
Our data demonstrate that copy number elevations of the two 22q11.2 genes, *COMT* and *Tbx1*, in the hippocampal dentate gyrus reduced developmental maturation of working memory capacity and the proliferation---and migration of the progenies---of adult neural stem/progenitor cells. Whereas association between a *COMT* high activity allele and working memory deficits has been amply and elegantly demonstrated,^[@bib43]^ our data show that overexpression of these two genes in adult neural stem/progenitor cells does not affect working memory *per se*, but the developmental expansion of its capacity from 1 to 2 months of age in mice.
COMT, but not Tbx1, overexpression in the adult, but not peri-adolescent, hippocampus exacerbated anxiety-related behaviors. This was a rather selective effect, as neither gene treatment altered novel response or motor activity. Ibotenic acid lesions severely impaired working memory, reduced response to a novel object and increased motor activity, but had no effect on anxiety-like behaviors (see [Supplementary Figures 1c--g](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). While all the treatments equally reduced working memory capacity, these variable effects of COMT and Tbx1 overexpression and excitotoxic lesions on other behaviors indicate that working memory deficits cannot be adequately accounted for by the indirect effects of these treatments on the other behaviors.
We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice constitutively overexpressing a 190 kb human chromosomal 22q11.2 segment, including *COMT*, *TXNRD2* and *ARVCF*, exhibited no maturation deficit of working memory in a no-delay version of spontaneous alternation at any age but showed deficits in working memory with delays in rewarded alternation at 2 months but not at 1 month.^[@bib29]^ Another report showed that the developmental maturation of working memory capacity is blunted from adolescence to adulthood in individuals with a high activity allele of COMT in humans.^[@bib31]^ Our current data expand these mouse and human studies in three ways. First, we identified COMT and Tbx1 in hippocampal adult stem/neural progenitor cells as a functional contributor, although we do not rule out the possibility that mature neurons in the hippocampus and elsewhere are also involved. Second, working memory with delay, as measured by spontaneous alternation, was also affected by increased *COMT* dose. Third, working memory with delay is affected by Tbx1 overexpression in the hippocampus at 2, but not 1, months of age.
Our data are unique in that specific contributory genes are identified but are consistent with studies that showed the detrimental impact of inhibition of adult stem/progenitor cells on working memory in rodents.^[@bib39],\ [@bib40]^ However, some aspects of our data are seemingly inconsistent with others. One study showed inhibition of adult neurogenesis did not impair working memory tasks where no delay is imposed in rats.^[@bib44]^ However, in this study, rats did not show a robust delay-dependent performance reduction in the non-matching-to-place task in this study,^[@bib44]^ raising the possibility that the task might not have been as sensitive to working memory load as our task. Our own data are consistent with this observation in that gene elevation of COMT and Tbx1 did not affect working memory with no delay as severely as working memory with delay ([Figures 1a](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and [2a](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).^[@bib29]^ The interval between inhibition of adult neurogenesis and testing of working memory is another parameter that could account for diverse results. Our mice were tested 7--10 days after gene overexpression. Other studies similarly showed that while working memory is severely impaired at 1 and 3 weeks after irradiation of adult stem cells,^[@bib40]^ performance is normal at 7 weeks^[@bib40]^ and 4--8 weeks^[@bib44]^ or enhanced at 2.5--3 months^[@bib41]^ after inhibition of adult neurogenesis. Such normal performance might reflect a recovery of adult stem/progenitor cells or compensatory processes.^[@bib40]^ Moreover, as it takes approximately 2 months for adult stem/progenitor cells to differentiate into mature neurons, stem cells or their immediate progenies (for example, immature neurons) might mediate the detrimental effect of gene overdose in or functional inhibition of adult stem/progenitor cells. Taken together, these seemingly inconsistent data collectively suggest that working memory with a heavy load is more severely affected by a functional inhibition or reduction of adult stem/progenitor cells and their immediate progenies (that is, immature neurons) than of mature neurons derived from adult stem/progenitor cells.
Overexpression of the protein products of these 22q11.2 genes might non-specifically reduce the functional capacity of adult stem cells in our mouse models and in human carriers of duplication and triplication. However, this possibility does not explain why the same gene overexpression did not affect working memory at 1 month of age. Certain intrinsic properties of adult neural stem/progenitor cells might underlie the age-dependent effect. There is a drastic decline in the neurogenesis rate in the hippocampal subgranular zone from age 1 month to 3 months in mice^[@bib45],\ [@bib46]^ and from infancy to adulthood in humans.^[@bib47],\ [@bib48],\ [@bib49]^ Given that *COMT* and *Tbx1* overexpressing cells tended to remain at the inner third of the granular layer more so at age 2 months than 1 month, the endogenously diminished proliferation and migration at age 2 months might make it increasingly difficult for stem cells to overcome the detrimental effects of increased gene dose.
Not incompatible with this possibility, an additional potential mechanism is a developmental change in the properties of COMT and its substrates. Developmental maturation of working memory capacity from age 1 to 2 months occurred when endogenous COMT enhanced its capacity to methylate substrates in the hippocampus, presumably reflecting a higher activity ratio of membrane bound-COMT to soluble-COMT at age 2 months, compared to 1 month ([Supplementary Results 4](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [Supplementary Figure 5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [Supplementary Table 1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Catecholamine depletion reduces the proliferation rate of adult neural stem/progenitor cells in the rodent subgranular zone under certain conditions.^[@bib50],\ [@bib51]^ As COMT also methylates any protein that contains catechol, catecholamines and other catechol-carrying molecules could serve as functional substrates for this age-dependent effect of COMT.
There might even be a distinct mechanism through which Tbx1 overexpression did not impair working memory at 1 month of age. Our data suggest that *Tbx1* overexpressed at 1 month facilitated migration, compared to EGFP; Tbx1 overexpression at 2 months induced the opposite pattern. It could be that newly generated cells at 1 month might have compensated for the impact of Tbx1 by facilitating migration of transduced cells due to their more active proliferation capacity, thus less detrimental effect on working memory.
One unique property of our study is that we evaluated the impact of gene overexpression on working memory and other behaviors following a 7--10-day recovery period after surgical gene transduction. Some newly dividing cells can start to differentiate into neuroblasts within a few days and into neurons after a few weeks in the adult mouse brain, although it takes more than 1 week for differentiation into astrocytes.^[@bib46]^ However, this time period is not sufficient for the majority of nascent neurons to mature to extend their axons to target neurons in the hilus and CA3^[@bib52]^ and their dendrites to express spines.^[@bib53]^ Thus, the impact of cells newly generated from transduced stem cells during adulthood would be expected to remain relatively localized under our experimental protocol. As immature and maturing neurons bear a slow excitatory response to GABA inputs, COMT and Tbx1 overexpression might impair working memory by such local effects within the granular layer. A future challenge is to identify a novel substrate through which copy number variants impact working memory by altering local electrophysiologic properties of newly generated immature neurons at the time when mice exhibit blunted working memory capacity.
Molecules and their associated cascades in neonatal and adult neural stem/progenitor cells can be further exploited to better understand the developmental trajectories of cognitive and affective anomalies associated with ASD, ID and schizophrenia.^[@bib37],\ [@bib54]^ The ultimate validation of our observations in mouse and cell models will be achieved only when it is shown that potential therapies developed from such hypothetical mechanisms provide beneficial effects on the atypical developmental maturation of working memory in humans.
We thank Dr Arthur Nienhuis of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital for providing us with pCL20c-*MSCV*-*EGFP* plasmid. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01MH099660 (NH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R21HD053114 and U54HD090260 (NH), National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA013330 (JZ), a NARSAD Independent Investigator Award and a Maltz Foundation award (NH), the Uehara Memorial Foundation and Senshin Medical Research Foundation (SB) and Senshin Medical Research Foundation (HN).The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. We thank Dr Takeshi Hiramoto for his critical comments on an early version of the manuscript, and Drs J. Roy-Chowdhury and Xia Wang of the Gene Therapy Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine for preparation of high titer viral particles.
**Author contributions**
The first three authors (SB, TI and SA) contributed equally to this work. SB, TI, SA, YN, HN, AN, TT, GK, AH, MN, SE and NH contributed to the overall design and execution of experiments and analyses. SB, TI, YN and NH wrote the manuscript. GD-T and PTM conducted Comt enzyme assays. GK, TI, TT conducted behavioral analyses. YN and KT carried out proliferation and apoptosis analyses *in vitro*. SA, HN, YN, JZ and NH conducted FACS. SK and KK provided the template plasmid of viral vectors and SB designed viral vectors. SB, TI, SA, AN, TT, AH, SE and MN carried out histochemical analyses.
[Supplementary Information](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} accompanies the paper on the *Molecular Psychiatry* website (http://www.nature.com/mp)
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material {#sup1}
======================
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Click here for additional data file.
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Click here for additional data file.
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[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Monday, April 12, 2010
A readers poll from the Oakland Tribune shows overwhelming support for keeping the A's in Oakland. 74 percent of respondents were against the A's moving, while just 26 percent were in favor.
Let's be clear, the poll was as unscientific as it gets. Yet, it's just one more sign that Oakland and East Bay residents strongly support keeping the A's in Oakland. Somehow, it was fitting that the poll results ran next to a letter to the editor from the event director of the Oakland Running Festival. That event was wildly successful, and it proved that Oakland officials and residents will step up to the plate and more-than-adequately support big events. Like, ahem, a new waterfront ballpark.
But our favorite letter to the editor actually accompanied the strong poll numbers published by the Tribune. It was written by our friend, Jorge Leon. Here it is:
JUST SAY NO
Please don't take our A's away!
As an Oakland A's fan, I would be brokenhearted and would not follow the A's if they were to move. If the team moves, you will erase a great history and tradition here in the city of Oakland, I've been an A's fan since '88.
The only good thing my father gave me was the passion to love my A's. We have potential here to be even greater than we are right now!
Lew Wolff has potential to become a great owner if he would just work with the community and keep the A's in Oakland, but I guess greed for the green plays a lot, too.
I just feel bad for the Haas family. Knowing then that the owner now would be trying to move the team, Walter Haas would've never sold the team for a discount price. No, please don't go: 42 great years! Keep it going. I live and die with my Oakland A's.
I/we dont want our Oakland Athletics to leave Oakland, California!! I/we would be broken Heart'd, I'm sure as Many Die Hard Fans would be. I have a long history with the A's, since they came to town! My late Mom started taking me to A's Baseball Games since the beginning. At 5 goin on 6 years of age the memories started to stick. I'm 46 now do the math, its all I've known. I have memories of clapping/shouting, "Lets Go A's" .. "Lets Go Oakland" Waving that felt Flag. Memories of that loud BANG! from fireworks everytime one of our players hit a Homerun. Even befor/after the game mom would take me to the Tuttle House Coffee shop on Seminary and E.14th were the player's used to hange out to get autographs. Its not there anymore, but when I drive by there it brings back memories. I have many memories of the A's, Historical or not. I have made many freinds hanging at tailgates. I grew up a few miles from the Colisium. Born and raised in Oakland! I havent stopped representing since, Till this day! Heck, we used to cut school to go to day games. I introduced my Children to the game to carry on the tradition, Even bringing back the Flag to the LF Bleachers, waving it high with PRIDE! Representing my beloved A's. I stopped attending A's games a few years ago becouse of the threat from the new owners trying to take them away... But I realized I cant let em get away with it! So now I'm makin a comback! To represent my Oakland Athletics! Keep'Em in Oakland! The Hass Family sold the team with a Adendom, That the team stay in Oakland. I thought this to be true, I was happy about this. Whatever happin to that loyalty? Please Lew Wolf and Company, Honer this, Be loyal, as many of us our and Keep our/your A's in Oakland. Our team has the last stadium in the MLB league with a multi purpouse stadium/colisium, Why? The Giants have been in the Bay Area For a Decade Longer than The Athletics, They have a New Ball Park and they arent as near successful as our A's! We have 4 World Championships - 6 American Titles - 14 American League Titles while in Oakland!!! Dont you think The A's, us Fans and The City of Oakland Deserve The Same? Build it, and they will come!! "KEEP OUR ATHLETICS IN OAKLAND"
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Vegetable expert Richard Hassell and his team recently revealed a new robotic system that grafts more quickly and efficiently than a human ever could. They modified a Korean-manufactured robot to grab two plants, precisely slice the upper shoot of one and the root stock of the other, and clamp the two parts together so they can grow into a single plant.
Think of the robot as a high-tech plant surgeon that makes precise slices and fuses together two organisms into a Franken-plant in a flash. In just an hour, the robot can graft together over 3,000 plants — a feat a human being could never accomplish.
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“Generally, grafting is done by hand,” explained Hassell. “It’s a learned skill, so it’s very time-consuming.” Grafting thousands of plants can be grueling, and the sensitivity of young vegetable plants means there's a high failure rate. Imprecise or too-quick grafters can damage the plant, and the slow-and-steady can never hope to graft to scale.
That’s simply not viable for the increasing number of companies that rely on grafting to create hardier, more disease-resistant plants. Crops like peppers and tomatoes have delicate roots, so they can collapse once they’re put in the soil. Commercial operations fuse such plants with others that have hardier roots, like squash, so they can thrive beyond their earliest stages.
There are other upsides, too: Grafted plants need fewer fertilizers because they piggyback on plants that are already growing successfully. And once red plants like watermelons and tomatoes get new root systems, they produce even more lycopene — which gives them their bright color.
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Grafting got its start in Asia millennia ago, and for the last several decades has been widely used to produce the continent’s commercial crops. But it’s been slower to catch on in the United States. Hassell thinks that's because it’s harder to find and pay laborers to learn the delicate technique.
Robotic laborers, on the other hand, require a higher one-time investment but yield endless bounties of precisely grafted plants. Once the metal gardener does its thing, plants are put into high-humidity chambers that promote the new graft to heal. In a week, they’re healthy enough to transfer to a greenhouse. A week later, they’ve adjusted to their newer, stronger roots and can be planted out in the field.
“Grafting is successful and it can improve the quality of the fruit that we devour,” said Hassell. Maybe it’s time to hang up the garden gloves and admit that our robot overlords are simply better gardeners than we could ever hope to be.
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Erin Blakemore (@heroinebook) is a freelance journalist from Boulder, Colo. She is the author of "The Heroine’s Bookshelf" (Harper).
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Results and complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has gained popularity and acceptance among bariatric surgeons, mainly due its low morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of SG on weight loss, and to determine the postoperative course, clinical presentation and treatment of complications after SG. Between January 2006 and October 2012, 153 consecutive patients underwent SG. All data were prospectively collected in a computerized database. This series comprised 119 females and 34 males with a median age of 46 years and a median preoperative BMI of 42.3 kg/m2. The median EWL was 53.0 % after 18.4 months of follow-up. The median postoperative BMI was 33.3 kg/m2 (range 19.7–56.1 kg/m2). Eight patients (5.2 %) required re-laparoscopy to manage postoperative hemorrhage (3.3 %) and leakage (1.9 %). Neither abdominal drains nor postoperative contrast-swallow studies were successful in diagnosing hemorrhage or leaks in our patients. SG is an effective procedure to achieve significant short-term weight loss. Clinical signs, such as tachycardia, pain, fever and hypotension, provide the best evidence of the presence of postoperative leakage or bleeding. An early diagnosis of these complications is the key to ensuring adequate treatment with immediate re-laparoscopy.
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Introduction {#section1-0192513X17710773}
============
After several decades of migration research that was focused on the migration of intact family units and families being associated with the locus of residence, family migration scholars have turned their focus to transnational family arrangements resulting from international migration ([@bibr17-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr40-0192513X17710773]). Although exact numbers of transnational families worldwide are unknown, today, the number of transnational families seems to be on the rise, with both men and women migrating independently without their families ([@bibr16-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr37-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr54-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr61-0192513X17710773]). Some argue that this is the result of global capitalism, global inequalities, and the current international division of labor in which individuals are encouraged and at times forced to migrate to ensure the family's economic well-being. Especially, migrants from developing countries tend to take up low-wage service labor that is needed in industrialized countries, while leaving nonproductive family members, such as children, behind ([@bibr16-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr27-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr28-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr46-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr49-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr54-0192513X17710773]). Restrictive immigration policies, high migration costs, and difficult living and working conditions in the host country provide disincentives for families to migrate together. Yet some parents prefer to leave their children in their origin country to grow up in familiar cultural environments, supported by extended family ([@bibr10-0192513X17710773]).
Transnational family scholars have argued that while transnational parenting can provide more financial security to their families, transnational parent--child separation can also have negative consequences for parents and children. It has, for example, been found that parents and children are negatively affected in their emotional well-being and health, and children in their educational performance or aspirations ([@bibr16-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr27-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr30-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr31-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr47-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr58-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr66-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr73-0192513X17710773]). Yet while family sociology and transnational migration studies have investigated the emotional consequences of transnational family life for children and their parents, other important consequences for parents' lives are less researched. As [@bibr20-0192513X17710773] indicates in her review of research on immigrant families, "there has been rather limited attention to the balance of work and family life among immigrants when compared to other domains" (p. 506). And, one aspect that has been neglected in transnational family research in particular is how being in a transnational family affects parents' labor market outcomes, especially since the economic returns of this labor are an important part of transnational parenting ([@bibr31-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr73-0192513X17710773]). The ability to send remittances and provide for the family is the main reason why some parents migrate in the first place and remittances are found to be of major importance for maintaining transnational family relations ([@bibr15-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr17-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr27-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr73-0192513X17710773]). In addition, studies from organizational psychology lead us to believe that there are various ways in which transnational parenting can be related to job outcomes. This study therefore aims to contribute to transnational family studies by exploring the association between transnational parents' work and family lives.
Working-class migrants often face downward mobility and economic strain when living in the host country ([@bibr50-0192513X17710773]). On arrival, opportunities of finding work are often only available in certain low-paid sectors such as cleaning, if at all. Not speaking the new language, qualifications not being recognized, not having a work permit, and discrimination are compounding factors ([@bibr56-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr68-0192513X17710773]). The insecure but also inflexible employments migrants often find themselves in can be extra demanding and stressful when a migrant also has caregiving responsibilities, draining energy and time. A lack of kin support and the reluctance of migrants of non-Western origin to use expensive formal child care services only exacerbate the strain these migrants feel ([@bibr45-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr56-0192513X17710773]). On the other hand, child-raising arrangements in which care is arranged transnationally do not necessarily lift caregiving responsibilities and can also be a cause of stress. Transnational family studies have argued that transnational separation can lead to lower levels of well-being for parents ([@bibr3-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr26-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr28-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr30-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr46-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr54-0192513X17710773]). This in turn can affect concentration and performance at the job. Thus, the rearing of children in the country of origin could have either positive or negative effects on the job outcomes of the parents. Therefore, this study wants to explore this association and does so by comparing the job performance of Angolan parents whose children live in the home country with Angolan parents whose children live with them in the Netherlands while controlling for compounding factors.
Angolans predominantly migrated as asylum seekers to the Netherlands, while most transnational parents that have been studied are labor migrants ([@bibr52-0192513X17710773]). The postconflict setting in Angola and the asylum procedure have created different transnational family arrangements in comparison with labor migrants, which can affect the effect transnational separation has on their lives in the Netherlands ([@bibr13-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr25-0192513X17710773]). Particularly now with a growing refugee population and the current "refugee crisis," we need to understand the transnational engagements of refugees and how that affects their lives better. Especially, as research has shown that, just like other migrants, transnational activities are important in refugee's lives and this can affect their life in the host country ([@bibr2-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr29-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr52-0192513X17710773]). And, as this study shows, the same holds true for transnational family life. Moreover, as a result of the fact that numerous Angolans went through the same migration trajectory many Angolans have similar socioeconomic and migration status, which makes it easier to single out the association between transnational family life and job outcomes.
Work and Family Life {#section2-0192513X17710773}
====================
Significant research attention has been given to the difficulties people face balancing work and family life and on factors leading to favorable job outcomes. Yet no such research has been conducted among families in which care is arranged transnationally. Based on two bodies of literature---work--family conflict and the happy productive worker thesis---a theoretical framework is proposed to investigate the effects transnational parent--child separation has on job outcomes of migrant parents. This literature has mainly studied job outcomes by looking at job performance while the current study concentrates on job instability and absenteeism. Although the particular outcomes are thus slightly different, we can still draw important lessons from this literature.
Work--Family Conflict {#section3-0192513X17710773}
---------------------
Although not particularly focused on migrants, occupational stress research on work--family interactions has shown that both work and family life are negatively affected when demands of one domain affect the other ([@bibr1-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr19-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr34-0192513X17710773]). Workers with child care responsibilities, for example, experience difficulties with juggling family and work, which can result in conflict when demands of participation in the family domain are incompatible with demands in the work domain and vice versa ([@bibr1-0192513X17710773]). A longstanding and extensive literature has consistently shown that work and family life are intrinsically and reciprocally related. Higher levels of work interfering with family are related to poor family role performance, burnout, and health complaints ([@bibr4-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr7-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr59-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr65-0192513X17710773]). Conversely, family-to-work conflict is also associated with lower job satisfaction, less organizational commitment and more distress at the job ([@bibr19-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr65-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr67-0192513X17710773]).
The extent to which family life creates strain on work and vice-versa is related to the nature of family, care and work arrangements, and structural and social demands of the family ([@bibr23-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr33-0192513X17710773]). A worker whose spouse stays at home to take care of the children is less likely to experience family-to-work conflict than a family of dual earners or a single parent with preschool-aged children ([@bibr1-0192513X17710773]). Especially, family support is of importance as it relieves the employee of family-related responsibilities and offers the employee more time and energy to fulfil responsibilities at work ([@bibr34-0192513X17710773]). If working parents have family to help with caregiving when children are sick, they are less likely to experience work--family conflict ([@bibr32-0192513X17710773]). Ethnicity, gender, age, marital status, social class, and occupation are also important ([@bibr64-0192513X17710773]). The presence of children, moreover, is more likely to affect job participation of mothers than that of fathers as they are often seen as the primary caregiver ([@bibr22-0192513X17710773]).
Caregiving decisions are only linked to lower levels of well-being and increased conflict when they do not fit the family or work environment. For example, research has shown that the more one is devoted to caregiving the less one is able to commit to an organization, which can affect job performance ([@bibr60-0192513X17710773]). Hence, well-being and job outcomes are affected negatively when the carer has to make sacrifices in one role to fulfil another. However, what appears to be most important for the perceptions of work--family conflict are not so much the type of care arrangement used but the satisfaction the parent has with the caregiving arrangements ([@bibr33-0192513X17710773]).
In transnational families, the provision of everyday practical care (containing e.g., provision of food, taking care of children when they fall ill, picking the children up from school, and attending events of the children) is not given by the migrant parent in the host country but by a caregiver in the country of origin. Based on the work--family conflict thesis, it can therefore be hypothesized as follows:
1. **Hypothesis 1:** Migrant parents whose children are in the country of origin, experience less family-to-work conflict than parents who live with their children in the host country and this leads to favorable job outcomes, as measured by job stability and attendance.
Happy Productive Worker Thesis {#section4-0192513X17710773}
------------------------------
Research on well-being has consistently shown that happiness is related to various forms of success. Success leads to happiness but longitudinal research also shows that happiness can predict success ([@bibr35-0192513X17710773]). People who generally have positive emotions are more sensitive to rewards in their environment and are more likely to move toward rather than shun rewarding situations ([@bibr35-0192513X17710773]). Therefore, they are more optimistic about future events and are more proactive, resilient, and less prone to stress symptoms ([@bibr70-0192513X17710773]). People who have negative emotions, instead, become more disengaged with the world and are less optimistic that their hard work will lead to success (Wright, Cropanzano, Denney, & Moline, 2002). Positive and negative affect or happiness can be ingrained in the personality of an individual, but may also be rooted in the person's current life circumstances or a combination of these ([@bibr35-0192513X17710773]).
Based on the above, we can assume that "satisfied and psychologically well employees are more likely than those less satisfied and psychologically well to have the resources necessary to foster and facilitate increased levels of job performance" ([@bibr70-0192513X17710773], p. 97). In other words, happiness stimulates activity and work involvement. This is captured in the happy productive worker thesis developed by some organizational theorists, which posits that workers who are happy perform better at their job than do employees who are unhappy ([@bibr71-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr70-0192513X17710773]). Although this thesis was received with skepticism at first, a small but growing body of empirical research has found support for the happy productive worker thesis. Evidence from cross-sectional but also longitudinal research corroborate that happy workers enjoy multiple advantages in comparison with unhappy workers, and, most important, perform better at their job. [@bibr57-0192513X17710773] found that employees who had positive emotions had greater pay 18 months later, more social support on the job and received better performance evaluations. Similarly, studies by Wright, Cropanzano, and colleagues using various methods and research designs have found that well-being leads to better job performance even when controlling for age, gender, education, and tenure at the organization (e.g., [@bibr11-0192513X17710773], [@bibr12-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr71-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr70-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr72-0192513X17710773]).
People with high levels of subjective well-being are more likely to secure job interviews, appear to secure better jobs, show superior performance and productivity, are more efficient, can handle managerial jobs better, are less likely to show counterproductive workplace behavior, get more support from coworkers, and are more satisfied with their job ([@bibr35-0192513X17710773]). Happy people receive good performance evaluations and are satisfied with their jobs and consequently, they are less often absent from work, less likely to want to quit, and less likely to experience job burnout or withdrawal ([@bibr14-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr35-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr69-0192513X17710773]). Finally, gender, education, ethnicity, wealth, marriage, and family support are important resources that can act as coping mechanisms.
The above body of knowledge has implications for transnational families. Various qualitative studies have indicated that when migrant parents live separated from their children they are emotionally affected. If they do not have regular physical contact with their children, parents experience difficulties in maintaining strong emotional bonds with their children. This loss of intimacy and the fact that parents long to be with their children can lead to stress, feelings of guilt, loneliness, and even to depression ([@bibr3-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr28-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr30-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr46-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr54-0192513X17710773]). These qualitative findings are partly corroborated by a larger scale study which shows that parents who live separated from their children generally experience lower subjective well-being than parents who live with their children, although contextual factors play an important role ([@bibr26-0192513X17710773]). Hence, bringing these two bodies of literature together, we can posit the opposite hypothesis than the one aforementioned:
1. **Hypothesis 2:** Migrant parents whose children live in the country of origin will have unfavorable job outcomes, as measured by job instability and absenteeism, in comparison with migrant parents who live with their children in the host country due to their lower subjective well-being.
In the remainder of this article, these two contradictory hypotheses are tested. Before doing so, a short description of the group under study is given.
Migration Context {#section5-0192513X17710773}
=================
This article draws on data collected among Angolan migrant parents in the Netherlands, a non-Western country of origin. The majority of the evidence for the happy productive worker thesis and work--family conflict, however, comes from Westernized industrialized countries in which happiness is highly valued. Other cultures can hold different definitions of success ([@bibr35-0192513X17710773]). Also, the extent to which and the way in which individuals experience work--family conflict is dependent on the broader sociocontextual circumstances and norms and values regarding work and family that are dominant in society ([@bibr23-0192513X17710773]). For example, if hard work is valued and seen as necessary for family well-being and work--conflict is not interpreted as being stressful, it will less likely affect well-being and job or family outcomes. Therefore, these theses might not apply to the same extent to Angolans. Below the Angolan migration flow and the position this group holds in the Netherlands will be shortly described, as that might affect the outcomes of the analyses.
Major migration from Angola began at the end of the 1990s as a result of a war that lasted until 2002. The Angolan migrants in the Netherlands originated predominantly from middle-class families. The main reasons for migration were fear of being forced to fight in the army, the shortage of study and work opportunities in Angola, and poverty (van Wijk, 2008). The Netherlands became a major destination country for Angolan asylum seekers because of its favorable asylum policies for this group of migrants at the time. Until 2002, it was relatively easy for Angolans to apply for asylum in the Netherlands, especially for Unaccompanied Asylum seeking Minors (UAM), that is, asylum seekers younger than age 18 migrating without parents or other family members ([@bibr63-0192513X17710773]). Consequently, about half of the Angolan migrants in the Netherlands came as an UAM resulting in a rather young Angolan population. Resulting, at its peak in 2004, in over 12,000 Angolans residing in the Netherlands ([@bibr9-0192513X17710773]). Yet as many Angolans have returned or were forced to return after the war ended in 2002, only around 8,500 Angolans remain in the Netherlands today ([@bibr9-0192513X17710773]).
Because Angolans, and new immigrant groups in general, do not belong to the major migrant groups in the Netherlands, they are understudied and consequently there are no official data on their labor market participation. However, some general trends can be established based on our data and reports of others. First, the [@bibr44-0192513X17710773] reports that in 2000, 20% of the Angolans living in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries had received tertiary education, which is similar to our data in which 20% has received vocational training or higher. Second, asylum seekers generally integrate more slowly into the labor market as they are not allowed to work when awaiting asylum and traumas can stand in the way of labor market participation ([@bibr62-0192513X17710773]). Nevertheless, Angolans have been in the Netherlands for quite some time and a large proportion was able to receive residence permits and is consequently legally residing in the Netherlands. Furthermore, UAMs received a Dutch education resulting in good Dutch language proficiency and a better position in the labor market than many other new migrant groups. That is, the UAMs that came in before 2001. After 2001, less opportunities were given to UAMs. Nonetheless, our data indicate that Angolans have a relatively good position in the labor market, with only 1% being unemployed and 18% being in unskilled labor. Moreover, no differences are found in the occupational status of transnational and nontransnational Angolan parents ([@bibr24-0192513X17710773]). Thus, the fact that many Angolans followed a similar migration trajectory and hence have received similar opportunities that have resulted in a population with relatively good and comparable socioeconomic status in comparison with other new immigrant groups.
Data and Analysis {#section6-0192513X17710773}
=================
The present research draws on survey data collected in the TCRAf-Eu project^[1](#fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fn"}^ investigating the functioning of transnational families among Angolan migrant parents in the Netherlands. The survey collected data from both transnational parents and parents who live with all their children in the Netherlands. Having both groups allows exploring specifically the effect of the separation. To be eligible for this study, respondents had to have children younger than age 21 living in the host or origin country, have lived in the Netherlands for more than 1 year consecutively, and had to be older than 16 years when coming to the Netherlands. Purposive sampling resulted in 139 transnational and 167 nontransnational Angolan parents (for more details about the data collection and characteristics of the transnational and nontransnational families in this study, see [@bibr24-0192513X17710773]).
Variable Constructions {#section7-0192513X17710773}
----------------------
Two job outcomes are studied: absenteeism and job stability. These are indicators that are easy to quantify and are more objective than other measures often used such as assessment by the employer ([@bibr48-0192513X17710773]). The first is measured by days absent in the past 3 months and the second by the number of times the migrant changed jobs while being in the Netherlands. Both are treated as continuous variables. The variable days absent is positively skewed, thus, a logarithmic form is used to create a normally distributed variable. In some economic studies, job mobility is considered a positive outcome as it can reflect change to better jobs, promotion, and wage growth ([@bibr53-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr55-0192513X17710773]). However, in the Angolan case, changing jobs is a result of their insecure labor position and not because of career improvement. In fact, the data show that Angolans who were in high-skilled labor and of higher socioeconomic status have had significantly less job changes than those in unskilled and skilled labor and of low socioeconomic status.
To test the first part of the hypotheses concerning the mediating role of work-to-family conflict, the following statements were used: "Worrying about my children interferes with my ability to get things done at work" and "I often miss work because I am worried about my children." Respondents could answer on a five category Likert-type scale, from *have not experienced* (0), *experienced but not at all stressful* (1) to *extremely stressful* (4). These two items were combined in one scale and averaged, with higher scores indicating increased conflict. A reliability assessment shows that the scale is reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of .74. From this measure, a binary variable was created because it was skewed. The value 0 was given to those who experienced no stress (0-1) and the value 1 was given to those who experienced various levels of stress (2-5). While we report on the binary variable, the continuous variable and binary variable resulted in similar findings.
The other mediating variable pertaining to the second set of hypotheses is happiness. Happiness was assessed using a 5-point scale ranging from *not happy* to *very happy*. To account for skewness, a binary variable was created by recoding the first three answer categories in *unhappy* (0) and the last two as *happy* (1). To analyze the robustness of the results, the same models were reestimated with a measure of mental health status, namely the 12-item General Health Questionnaire developed by [@bibr21-0192513X17710773]. We also ran the analyses with happiness as a continuous variable. All these analyses produced virtually similar results.
In examining (a) the association between transnational parent's work and transnational family lives and (b) the role of family-to-work conflict and subjective well-being, various commonly used controls are taken into account to avoid statistical confounds. Controls included age, sex, marital status, education, years in the Netherlands, socioeconomic status, social network, Dutch language proficiency, and whether the respondent has young children (younger than 8 years). Because only three Angolans are undocumented, legal status is not included. Educational attainment was determined using an 11-point scale, ranging from (1) *no schooling* to (11) *finished university*. To capture socioeconomic status a dummy variable is included on house ownership as earnings or other similar measures could lead to problems of endogeneity. House ownership is a more long-term and stable measure of socioeconomic status. The social network of the respondent is divided in two variables, one measuring the number of family members in the Netherlands and the other measuring the number of friends living in the Netherlands. Two respondents indicated to have over a 100 friends. We have dealt with these outliers by grouping these together with the few respondents who indicated they had 100 friends. A log transformation is applied to correct for the skewed distribution of the social network variables. Finally, to assess Dutch language proficiency respondents were asked to indicate whether they had experienced difficulties communicating in the Dutch language, from (0) *have not experienced*, (1) *not at all stressful* to (4) *extremely stressful*. Hence, higher scores indicate more problems with speaking the Dutch language and higher stress levels.
Analytical Strategy {#section8-0192513X17710773}
-------------------
The hypotheses developed above pertain to the mechanism explaining differences in job outcomes between transnational parents and nontransnational parents. On the one hand, we can expect transnational parents to be less happy which unfavorably affects their job outcomes. On the other hand, we can expect transnational parents to experience less family-to-work conflict leading to favorable job outcomes than nontransnational parents. These hypothesized relationships are depicted in [Figure 1](#fig1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fig"}.
![Conceptual model of the mediation analysis.\
*Note*. Indirect effects (a1 \* b1 and a2 \* b2); direct effect (c'); total effect \[(a1 \* b1) + (a2 \* b2) + c'\]; Percentage of total effect mediated = indirect effects/total effect.](10.1177_0192513X17710773-fig1){#fig1-0192513X17710773}
Binary mediation analysis is used to test these hypotheses. This analysis follows the mediation analysis as proposed by [@bibr5-0192513X17710773], but accounts for the binary nature of the mediating variables. The approach used to test mediation is to run four regression models per outcome variable. The first condition for mediation is showing that transnational parenting relates to the outcome variable. Second, transnational parenting should relate to the mediating factors happiness and family-to-work conflict, as tested by [Equations 2](#disp-formula2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [3](#disp-formula2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The final step establishes whether transnational parenting is associated with the job outcome variables while controlling for the mediating factors ([Equation 4](#disp-formula1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="disp-formula"}). Control variables were included in all equations to help avoid statistical confounds.
$$\begin{array}{l}
{{Job\ outcomes} = ß0 + \left( {ßb1\ {Happiness} + ßb2\ {Family-work\ conflict}} \right) + ßc’} \\
{{Transnational\ parenting} + ßd\ {covariates} + \varepsilon} \\
\end{array}$$
$${Mediator} = ß0 + ßa\ {Transnational\ parenting} + ßd\ {covariates} + \varepsilon$$
According to [@bibr5-0192513X17710773] if path c' in [Figure 1](#fig1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fig"}, that is, the coefficient on transnational parenting, is close to 0 and nonsignificant when including the mediating factors and the indirect effects are significant, full mediation is found. As the two mediating variables are binary and hence part of the model is nonlinear, Stata's "binary_mediation" command is used to calculate total, indirect, and direct effects, as well as the proportion of the total effect mediated. This method standardizes the coefficients before computing the direct and indirect effects. Bootstrapping with 5,000 replications was undertaken to increase statistical power and bias-corrected nonparametric confidence intervals are utilized as the mediated effects are unlikely to be normally distributed ([@bibr36-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr51-0192513X17710773]). Variance inflation factors were below 1.7, indicating that multicollinearity among the independent variables within the models is not a serious concern.
The original sample consisted of 306 Angolan respondents. For this analysis, parents who have children both in the country of origin and in the Netherlands are omitted because this would not allow exploring the different mediation paths of interest and test opposite hypotheses. Missing data and the above criterion reduced the sample to 255 Angolan respondents, including 86 transnational parents.^[2](#fn2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fn"}^ Finally, because job absenteeism only applies to people in employment, results for the model regarding job absenteeism are based on respondents in employment at the time of interview, which resulted in 181 respondents.
Results {#section9-0192513X17710773}
=======
[Table 1](#table1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"} reports the descriptive statistics of the included variables. Looking at the mediating factors, it is found that the majority of Angolans indicate to be happy (77%) and experience limited family-to-work conflict (33%). On a scale from 0 to 5, the average score is 0.87 (*SD* = 0.89). Finally, on average Angolans report having changed jobs in the Netherlands twice and have missed on average 2.4 days of work in the 3 months prior to the interview.
######
Descriptive Statistics.
*M* *SD* Min Max
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ----- -----
Transnational parenting^[a](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.34 0.47 0 1
Happiness^[b](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.77 0.42 0 1
Family-to-work conflict^[c](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.33 0.50 0 1
Age 33.60 6.28 23 59
Sex^[d](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.50 0.50 0 1
Marital status^[e](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.16 0.37 0 1
Education 7.21 2.18 0 11
Years in the Netherlands 14.31 4.46 0 25
Housing^[f](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.87 0.33 0 1
Number of friends in the Netherlands 31.47 39.21 0 294
Number of family members in the Netherlands 4.52 11.08 0 98
Dutch proficiency 1.36 1.05 0 4
Child \< 8 years^[g](#table-fn1-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.61 0.49 0 1
Job instability 2.00 1.97 0 9
Job absenteeism 2.41 4.01 0 24
*Note*. Superscripts indicate reference categories that include (a) nontransnational parent; (b) unhappy; (c) no work-to-family conflict (d) male; (e) married/in a relationship; (f) room, student housing, institution, other; and (g) no children \< 8 years of age.
*Source*. TCRAf-Eu Angolan parent survey, The Netherlands 2010-2011.
Mediation Analysis {#section10-0192513X17710773}
------------------
To test the hypotheses, we turn to regression analyses. Following the four steps as proposed by [@bibr5-0192513X17710773], it was first tested whether transnational parenting is associated with job absenteeism and job instability. These results are displayed in [Table 2](#table2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"}. Model 1 shows that transnational parents do not significantly differ from nontransnational parents in terms of the days they were absent from their jobs in the past 3 months. Model 2, however, indicates that, ceteris paribus, transnational parents change jobs 0.89 times more often (*p* \< .01) than nontransnational parents. Thus, the first condition for mediation is only met for job instability and not for job absenteeism. Therefore, we only continue with the next steps of the mediation analysis for job instability.
######
Results of Mediation Analyses for Job Outcomes.
Model 1 Model 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Transnational parenting^[a](#table-fn3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ −0.10 (0.15) 0.89 (0.29)[\*\*](#table-fn6-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}
Age −0.00 (0.01) 0.05 (0.02)[\*](#table-fn6-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}
Sex^[b](#table-fn3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.75 (0.14)[\*\*\*](#table-fn6-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.21 (0.26)
Marital status^[c](#table-fn3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.03 (0.22) 0.43 (0.35)
Education 0.01 (0.03) 0.10 (0.06)
Years in the Netherlands 0.02 (0.02) 0.06 (0.03)
Housing^[d](#table-fn3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ −0.25 (0.21) 0.06 (0.41)
Number of friends in the Netherlands (log) −0.06 (0.04) 0.08 (0.08)
Number of family members in the Netherlands (log) 0.03 (0.06) −0.05 (0.12)
Dutch proficiency 0.06 (0.07) −0.18 (0.12)
Child \< 8 years of age^[e](#table-fn3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.48 (0.16)[\*\*](#table-fn6-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.33 (0.31)
*R* ^2^ .24 .13
*Note*. Superscripts indicate reference categories that include (a) nontransnational parent; (b) male; (c) married/in a relationship; (d) room, student housing, institution, other; (e) No children \< 8 years of age.
Standard errors in parentheses
*Source*. TCRAf-Eu Angolan parent survey, The Netherlands 2010-2011.
*p* \< .05. \*\**p* \< .01. \*\*\**p* \< .001 (one-tailed test).
[Figure 2](#fig2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fig"} presents the results of the mediation analysis graphically and presents us with the relevant coefficients for each step of the mediation analysis. [Table 3](#table3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"} displays the indirect, direct, and total effects and the proportion of the total effect mediated with bias-corrected confidence intervals after bootstrapping. Although not presented, the model includes the same control variables as in [Table 2](#table2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"}. The second step of mediation requires the independent variable to be related to the mediating variable. Path a1 represents the association between transnational parenting and happiness and a2 between transnational parenting and family-to-work conflict. As graphically evidenced in [Figure 2](#fig2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fig"}, both paths are significant. First, as posited in Hypothesis 2, transnational parents report to be less happy than nontransnational parents. Second, although transnational parenting is significantly associated with family-to-work conflict as postulated in Hypothesis 1, it is not in the expected direction. Instead of transnational parents reporting family-to-work conflict less often they report family-to-work conflict more often. And this is a significant difference.
![Mediation model job instability with binary mediators.\
*Note*. Indirect effects (a1 \* b1 and a2 \* b2); direct effect (c'); total effect \[(a1 \* b1) + (a2 \* b2) + c'\]; percentage of total effect mediated = indirect effects/total effect (20%); Pseudo *R*^2^ = .20; Unstandardized ordinary least squares coefficients presented, paths a1 and a2 are unstandardized logit coefficients.\
Standard errors in parentheses.\
*Source*. TCRAf-Eu Angolan parent survey, The Netherlands 2010-2011.\
\**p* \< .05. \*\**p* \< .01. \*\*\**p* \< .001 (one-tailed test).](10.1177_0192513X17710773-fig2){#fig2-0192513X17710773}
######
Test of Mediation With Bootstrapped Results for Job Instability.
Mediator Β coefficient Bias-corrected CI
------------------------------------- --------------- ------------------- ------
Indirect effect
Happiness 0.07 0.01 0.15
Conflict −0.02 −0.08 0.03
Total 0.05 −0.03 0.13
Direct effect 0.18 0.05 0.33
Total effect 0.23 0.09 0.38
Proportion of total effect mediated 0.20
*Note*. The way to interpret the confidence intervals (CIs) is as follows: If 0 lies within the interval range, no mediation is found.
*Source*. TCRAf-Eu Angolan parent survey, The Netherlands 2010-2011.
As step two of mediation has been found, we continue with the third and final step to investigate whether the relation between transnational parenting and job instability is eliminated or its effect diminished when including the mediating variables, hence happiness and family-to-work conflict. This is captured in path c' of the mediation model illustrated in [Figure 2](#fig2-0192513X17710773){ref-type="fig"}. If full mediation is found the effect of transnational parenting on job instability should disappear. This is not what is found. Angolan transnational parenting remains significantly related to job instability when including the mediating variables. Additionally, family-to-work conflict is not significantly associated with job instability and hence does not act as a mediator, thereby refuting Hypothesis 1. The second hypothesis is partly confirmed. Lower levels of happiness are significantly related to more job change. Ceteris paribus, respondents reporting to be unhappy change jobs 1.15 times more often than happy respondents (*p* \< .001). Plus, as displayed in [Table 3](#table3-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"}, the indirect effect of happiness is significant, but not substantial (Β = .07) as only 20% of the effect of transnational parenting is mediated through happiness. Thus, happiness does not fully explain the association between transnational parenting and job instability. In the next section, the analysis is taken one step further by looking at possible differences between transnational parents.
Analysis With Transnational Parents {#section11-0192513X17710773}
-----------------------------------
The finding that transnational parents experience more not less family-to-work conflict indicates that even though transnational parents do not provide direct care, they do feel that their child caregiving responsibilities affects their work. Thus, transnational separation does not necessarily relieve migrant parents of all child caring burdens. As [@bibr33-0192513X17710773] indicate, what is more important for experiencing family-work conflict is not the type of care arrangements but the satisfaction with this arrangement. [@bibr38-0192513X17710773] has argued that a malfunctioning transnational child-raising arrangement in which parents feel their child is not being taken care of properly, can prevent the transnational parent from doing the job well because of lack of concentration or because worries can lead to sleepless nights. Yet when arrangements work well, transnational parenting is less problematic. As explored elsewhere, it seems that transnational child-raising arrangements that are poor or ill-functioning can affect the relationships parents retain with their children and also affect happiness ([@bibr25-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr26-0192513X17710773]). Therefore, one of the reasons why differences between transnational parents and nontransnational parents regarding job instability might be found could be that some of these transnational parents have ill-functioning transnational child-raising arrangements causing them to experience stress and consequently to perform less well at their jobs.
To investigate the association between poor functioning transnational child-raising arrangements and job instability, a regression analysis was run including only transnational parents. A poor parent--child relationship could not be included as a measure of poor functioning arrangements because of collinearity. Therefore, the amount of contact the parent has with the child is used as a proxy for poor functioning child-raising arrangements as previous analyses indicate this to be the most important factor in explaining poor relationships with children ([@bibr25-0192513X17710773]). In addition, upholding contact is one of key ways to maintain family ties and to engage in transnational parenting ([@bibr8-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr73-0192513X17710773]). The amount of contact is a continuous measure, coded (1) not at all, (2) once or twice a month, (3) once a week, (4) a few times a week, and (5) everyday (mean is 3.43). Results of the regression analysis are presented in [Table 4](#table4-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table"}. This analysis reveals that especially poor functioning transnational child-raising arrangements are associated with job instability. That is, Angolan transnational parents who have limited contact with their children have changed their jobs in the Netherlands more often. One unit decrease in contact leads to 0.41 more job changes. Next to happiness (β = .35) the amount of contact with the child is also one of the most important predictors of job change (β = .28) in this regression model.
######
Amount of Contact With Child on Job Instability of Transnational Parents.
Job instability (*n* = 82)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Happiness^[a](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ −1.39 (0.44)[\*\*](#table-fn11-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.35
Family-to-work conflict^[b](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.33 (0.64) 0.07
Age −0.01 (0.05) −0.03
Sex^[c](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.64 (0.46) 0.15
Marital status^[d](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.35 (0.56) 0.07
Education 0.30 (0.14)[\*](#table-fn11-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.25
Years in the Netherlands 0.11 (0.05)[\*](#table-fn11-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.28
Housing^[e](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.28 (0.45) 0.07
Number of friends in the Netherlands 0.05 (0.11) 0.04
Number of family members in the Netherlands −0.15 (0.20) −0.08
Dutch proficiency −0.07 (0.21) −0.04
Child \< 8 years of age^[f](#table-fn9-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"}^ −0.01 (0.46) −0.00
Amount of contact with child −0.41 (0.16)[\*](#table-fn11-0192513X17710773){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.28
*R* ^2^ 0.44
*Note. SE* = standard error. Superscripts indicate reference categories that include (a) unhappy; (b) no work-to-family conflict; (c) male; (d) married/in a relationship; (e) room, student housing, institution, other; and (f) no children \< 8 years of age.
*Source*. TCRAf-Eu Angolan parent survey, The Netherlands 2010-2011.
*p* \< .05. \*\**p* \< .01. \*\*\**p* \< .001 (one-tailed test).
Discussion and Conclusions {#section12-0192513X17710773}
==========================
This article aimed to complement research on transnational families by investigating absenteeism and job stability of transnational parents. While the growing body of literature on transnational families has examined how migrant parents raise their children transnationally and how they are affected in their well-being by the separation, it has not explicitly focused on labor market outcomes. This is an important gap in the literature because the fact that these parents have been found to suffer emotionally from the separation could affect their lives in other areas, such as in their professional lives. Therefore, this study set out to explore whether job outcomes are associated with transnational parenting. By combining insights from organizational psychology with transnational family studies, two opposing hypotheses have been examined. On the one hand, it was hypothesized that transnational parents would experience less family-to-work conflict because direct care of their children is provided in the country of origin. On the other hand, based on the happy productive worker thesis, it was hypothesized that as transnational parents are found to display low subjective well-being, job outcomes would be less favorable.
Based on the results of the mediation analyses, the first hypothesis can be refuted. Angolan transnational parents experience more family-to-work conflict instead of less. Additionally, family-to-work conflict did not mediate the association between transnational parenting and favorable job outcomes. The second hypothesis is only partly confirmed. First, Angolan transnational parents significantly changed jobs more often than nontransnational parents (job instability), but no difference is found with regard to job absenteeism. Second, Angolan transnational parents' job changes are in part mediated by their lower happiness, but only by 20%. Hence, the direct effect of transnational parenting remains important. Further analyses indicate that especially transnational parents who are in limited contact with their children in Angola experience more job instability. Thus, it was argued that transnational parents, who engage less in transnational parenting or who are involved in poor functioning transnational child-raising arrangements, are especially affected by the parent--child separation in terms of unfavorable job outcomes.
Several implications can be drawn from this exploratory research relevant for the study of transnational families. First, it is important not to overstate the extent that transnational separation affects parents' job outcomes. Only differences are found with regard to job instability, not for absenteeism. Also, the finding that especially poor functioning transnational child-raising arrangements are associated with job instability implies that when arrangements work well, transnational parenting is less problematic.
Nonetheless, the fact that Angolan transnational parents report higher family-to-work conflict and more job instability suggests that transnational parent--child separation can affect migrant parents in other areas besides emotional well-being. Although care is arranged transnationally and involves limited physical contact, parents continue to be actively engaged in raising their children. Even at a distance, migrant parents keep in constant contact with their children and are affected by their children's needs and well-being ([@bibr18-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr30-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr46-0192513X17710773]). The finding that caring for a child can negatively affect transnational parents in their job outcomes, more than nontransnational parents, is perhaps because parents have less control over the care of their child, for example, in terms of parental authority, and what is happening in the country of origin ([@bibr3-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr6-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr46-0192513X17710773]). By extension, especially for Angolan transnational parents with limited contact with their children in the origin country, job instability is prevalent. It has been demonstrated empirically that limited contact is associated with poor parent--child relationships, which can cause poor parental emotional well-being ([@bibr25-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr26-0192513X17710773]). Poorly functioning arrangements can keep transnational parents from performing well at the job because worries can lead to loss of concentration or sleepless nights ([@bibr38-0192513X17710773]).
Although this exploratory study has hinted at possible associations between transnational parenting and job outcomes, future research should investigate this association among different migrant groups, as the Angolan case is quite particular. First, sub-Saharan African families are fluid and the extended family plays an important role in child rearing. As many other sub-Saharan African countries, Angola has a history of child fostering in which children are relocated to other households for extended periods of time ([@bibr41-0192513X17710773]; [@bibr43-0192513X17710773]). In this context, transnational parenting is less of a break from child rearing norms than in communities where copresent parenting is the norm. The mediation between transnational parenting, happiness, and job outcomes could therefore be stronger among other migrant groups.
In addition, the postconflict context of Angola is important to consider. Trauma from war can increase effects of family separation because refugees are extra sensitive to additional disruption ([@bibr58-0192513X17710773]). Furthermore, leaving a child in a postconflict/conflict and thus unsafe setting can lead to worry and anxiety ([@bibr58-0192513X17710773]). Also, the war has led to family dislocation, breakup of affective bonds and, hence, fragmented care networks because almost all families have lost a member through war violence ([@bibr42-0192513X17710773]). These fragmented care networks limit the pool of good careers and could lead to worries regarding child care, which can result in increased work--family conflict and loss of concentration at work. In fact, a study indicates that Angolan children in transnational families show lower emotional well-being than children in transnational families in Nigeria and Ghana; countries that have comparable child-raising norms ([@bibr39-0192513X17710773]). This suggests that transnational family separation may have a larger impact on children living in a postconflict setting, which in turn can affect transnational parents' well-being. Finally, war and postconflict settings can keep family members from being in regular contact and lead to long and unplanned separations. This can lead to strained relationships, which are also found to affect parental well-being ([@bibr26-0192513X17710773]).
There are potential limitations of this study that have to be taken into consideration. First, measures of job outcomes in this study are objective measures that can be asked to respondents themselves. Some studies investigating job outcomes or performance use supervisory ratings. Although this latter measure is less objective, it can capture the phenomenon of people feeling stressed and performing less well at the job, while still keeping their job. The measures used in the current study are more conservative as they measure days absent from a job and whether someone keeps a job. Consequently, the effects of transnational parenting on job outcomes may be underestimated, which might explain why no difference is found with regard to job absenteeism. At the same time, the fact that some results are significant is all the more telling given the conservative measures used.
Second, the sampling strategy might have led to some bias. Random sampling is not possible in this study that requires specific inclusion criteria and as a result the data are not nationally representative. Third, the analysis is based on a relatively small number of observations and hence has limited statistical power, especially with regard to the last analysis including only transnational parents. Fourth, the data are cross-sectional and we can therefore not be conclusive about the causality of the effects. In particular, the association between well-being and job outcomes may reflect reverse causation and should therefore be interpreted as associations. Longitudinal organizational behavioral research has proved job performance and well-being are bidirectional and hints at the reciprocal nature of the relation. Thus, the mediation analysis should be treated as descriptive. Future qualitative and longitudinal studies are required to validate the meditational relations and explore the different mechanisms that are at play.
Despite these limitations, this research is a first attempt to study the association between transnational parenting and job outcomes. It does so by bringing together previously separate bodies of literature: organizational psychology and transnational family studies. This study indicates that transnational parenting can affect job outcomes of parents and thus have direct consequences for participation in the host society. This is especially true when parents and children are in limited contact leading parents to worry more about their children. Matters that happen thousands of miles away can negatively affect migrants' lives in the receiving country significantly and in various ways. However, when arrangements work well, transnational parenting is less problematic.
**Author's Note:** The TCRAf-Eu project is coordinated by Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato) and is formed, additionally by University College Cork (A. Veale), University of Lisbon (M. Grassi) and FAFO Institute for Applied International Studies (C. Øien).
**Declaration of Conflicting Interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Funding:** The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Results presented in this article have been obtained within the Transnational Child-Raising Arrangements between Africa and Europe project (TCRAf-Eu). The research leading to these results has received funding from NORFACE Research Programme "Migration in Europe---Social, Economic, Cultural and Policy Dynamics" (Grant number 315).
For more information on the project, refer to [www.tcra.nl](http://www.tcra.nl). The questionnaire and the codebook can also be obtained here.
Two respondents indicated to have changed jobs 20 times while being in the Netherlands; these outliers have been omitted from the analyses.
|
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Low profile beams to provide more storage space between shelves. Double rivet beams at top and bottom of unit form a rigid structure. Shelves are adjustable in 1-1/2" increments. No nuts, bolts or shelf clips. For garage, industrial, basement, warehouse and office. 3/8" particle board decking. 16 gauge posts. Can be assembled as a 72" unit or Two 36" workbenches. 800 lbs. weight capacity per shelf.
Low profile beams to provide more storage space between shelves. Double rivet beams at top and bottom of unit form a rigid structure. Shelves are adjustable in 1-1/2" increments. No nuts, bolts or shelf clips. For garage, industrial, basement, warehouse and office. 1/4" MDF decking. Commercial strength 16 gauge posts. Can be assembled as a 60" unit or two 30" workbenches. 450 lbs. weight capacity per shelf.
Low profile beams to provide more storage space between shelves. Double rivet beams at top and bottom of unit form a rigid structure. Shelves are adjustable in 1-1/2" increments. No nuts, bolts or shelf clips. For garage, industrial, basement, warehouse and office. 3/8" particle board decking. 16 gauge posts. Can be assembled as a 72" unit or Two 36" workbenches. 800 lbs. weight capacity per shelf.
Low profile beams to provide more storage space between shelves. Double rivet beams at top and bottom of unit form a rigid structure. Shelves are adjustable in 1-1/2" increments. No nuts, bolts or shelf clips. For garage, industrial, basement, warehouse and office. 1/4" MDF decking. Commercial strength 16 gauge posts. Can be assembled as a 60" unit or two 30" workbenches. 450 lbs. weight capacity per shelf.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Thursday, 24 November 2016
Fibbing about Father Christmas
Today has been a day of BBC radio interviews asking my reaction to an article in a couple of the national newspapers about the long-term damage to children being ‘lied’ to about the existence of Father Christmas.The authors of a piece in The Lancet (Prof Christopher Boyle from the University of Exeter and Dr Kathy McKay from the University of New England in Australia) claim that lying about Father Christmas and the subsequent discovery by the child of the lie destroys the trust between parent and child.Whoa! That’s quite a claim if I do say so myself.As a psychotherapist, I have heard a lot of stories about the traumas of Christmas, but never in my career have I heard anyone talk about how damaged they felt at being lied to about Father Christmas.The authors claim that when children find out their parents have lied about Father Christmas then the bond of trust is broken because, what else have they been lied to about. Granted, the authors say their theory isn’t based on observation but is theoretical so there isn’t actually a body of research to back up the claim.It’s still worth unpicking to see if there is any merit in the argument.Is fibbing about Father Christmas really worse than fibbing about the Tooth Fairy, the Easter Bunny or any other fantasy characters children embrace when they are young? When you think about it, parents lie to their children all the time, often for their own (the child’s) well-being: “Can I watch another film? Please, please, please? “Oh, it looks like the video isn’t working any more; let’s read a bedtime story instead.” And so on. We sprinkle our communication with lies for convenience, protection, expediency - any number of reasons – and children do survive these lies unscathed.Let’s get serious for a moment. There are far more damaging behaviours that parents do to create long-term harm to their children including physical, sexual or emotional abuse; consistently not keeping their word; malicious lying. If we’re concerned about the breakdown of trust that’s where our attention should be.Personally, I’m not keen on parents using Father Christmas as a threat (“he knows when you’ve been bad or good, so be good for goodness’ sake”), but it seems very reasonable to join children in their pretend world till it isn’t pretend anymore.Children thrive on fantasy, on make believe, on using their imaginations to create their unique worlds and often long after they have learned the ‘truth’ about Santa Claus, they enjoy perpetuating the myth for the next lot coming up.In just about every interview I had today, I was asked what parents should say if their children ask if Father Christmas is real. The answer was the same, ask the child what he or she thinks; ask what they like about Father Christmas and what makes them think he isn’t real.Create a dialogue with your child rather than making it a question and answer session because dialogue helps them work things out for themselves in a way that works for their reality, not necessarily yours.This whole notion has felt like a tempest in a tea-pot and I for one will continue to support whatever myths the little ones around me have till they don’t believe them any more and they’re on to something else.
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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LONDON, ON (September 12, 2018) – Officers from five area police services are teaming up with the London Police Service Traffic Management Unit (TMU) members to fan out across the city to enforce road rules tomorrow.
The officers from London, Aylmer, Stratford, St. Thomas, Woodstock and Strathroy-Caradoc police services will be focused on enforcing traffic law regarding aggressive driving, distracted driving and seatbelt use as part of the annual ‘Four Counties’ traffic initiative.
This is the second week that the LPS worked alongside other services for traffic enforcement in the city. On Friday, September 7, 2018, our TMU held a Commercial Motor Vehicle Blitz during which 18 inspections were conducted resulting in 42 Provincial Offence Notices issued, and seven vehicles taken out of service.
“Speeding, ignoring traffic lights and stop signs, and driving while focused on your cell phone instead of the road impact the safety of all of us,” said Sergeant Sean Harding, head of the LPS Traffic Management Unit.
“Please focus on what you’re doing behind the wheel,” Sgt. Harding encourages. “Commit to eliminating the distractions within your vehicle. Slow down, plan for delays, share the road and be courteous.”
– 30 –
For more information contact:
Sergeant Sean Harding
Traffic Management Unit
London Police Service
T. 519-661-5680
sharding@londonpolice.ca
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Q:
how to solve this error with lambda and sorted method when i try to make sentiment analysis (POS or NEG text)?
Input code:
best = sorted(word_scores.items(), key=lambda w, s: s, reverse=True)[:10000]
Result:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Sarah\Desktop\python\test.py", line 78, in <module>
best = sorted(word_scores.items(), key=lambda w, s: s, reverse=True)[:10000]
TypeError: <lambda>() missing 1 required positional argument: 's'
How do I solve it?
A:
If I've understood the format of your word_scores dictionary correctly (that the keys are words and the values are integers representing scores), and you're simply looking to get an ordered list of words with the highest scores, it's as simple as this:
best = sorted(word_scores, key=word_scores.get, reverse=True)[:10000]
If you want to use a lambda to get an ordered list of tuples, where each tuple is a word and a score, and they are ordered by score, you can do the following:
best = sorted(word_scores.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)[:10000]
The difference between this and your original attempt is that I have passed one argument (x) to the lambda, and x is a tuple of length 2 - x[0] is the word and x[1] is the score. Since we want to sort by score, we use x[1].
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Use your head and sign up now for the Everton FC newsletter Sign up now Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email
Everton are set to name two Academy players on the bench for tomorrow’s game with Southampton.
The Blues are battling with a growing injury list and will be without the suspended James McCarthy for Saints’ visit.
And Roberto Martinez has confirmed that three Academy players will be part of the squad with two then named in the matchday 18.
Kieran Dowell is in the frame for a call-up after a fine season with Everton’s under-21s whilst defenders Mason Holgate and Gethin Jones are in contention.
Midfielder Tom Davies is also in Martinez’s thoughts .
“We had five players working with the first-team this week and all five have been very impressive,” Martinez said.
“Out of those, three will be in the squad tomorrow and probably two will be in the 18.”
Martinez admits the call-ups are more out of necessity, given the first-team’s injury problems, than the idea of wanting to blood the club’s young players.
Everton could be without seven senior pros for tomorrow’s game with Southampton.
Romelu Lukaku, Ross Barkley, Leighton Baines and Aaron Lennon all face late fitness tests ahead of the 3pm kick-off while the Blues are definitely without Phil Jagielka.
Tom Cleverley is expected to miss out after being sidelined for the 0-0 draw at Watford last weekend.
“The idea is that there are so many injuries at the moment that there are opportunities there,” Martinez added.
“The way we work is that when an opportunity arises in the first-team, we will always look internally and we will never be afraid to give a young player, that has been working in a similar role with the under-21s and has been progressing individually in order to have that opportunity, that option.
“Clearly, it has arrived and two of those players will have the opportunity tomorrow.”
And Martinez says he will have no hesitation in calling on them.
“No, because the work we’ve been doing over the months now has been really strong with Joe Royle and David Unsworth and we are working with individuals in order to develop them into position where they can help the first-team.
"We feel very strongly that there are seven players who could be in that position now so it’s just making sure they are mentally right and that they get enough opportunities in football.
"You need to have a bit of luck to get an opportunity as a youngster but they are ready, there is no doubt about that,” the Everton manager said.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
/*
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.resourceestimator.translator.api;
import java.text.ParseException;
import org.apache.hadoop.resourceestimator.common.api.RecurrenceId;
import org.apache.hadoop.resourceestimator.translator.impl.LogParserUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.api.records.Resource;
import org.apache.hadoop.yarn.server.resourcemanager.reservation.RLESparseResourceAllocation;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* Test JobMetaData.
*/
public class TestJobMetaData {
/**
* TODO: parametrize this test.
*/
private LogParserUtil logParserUtil = new LogParserUtil();
private JobMetaData jobMetaData;
private RecurrenceId recurrenceId;
@Before public final void setup() throws ParseException {
recurrenceId = new RecurrenceId("Fraud Detection", "17/07/16 16:27:25");
jobMetaData = new JobMetaData(
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:25"));
jobMetaData.setRecurrenceId(recurrenceId);
jobMetaData.setContainerStart("C1",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:30"));
jobMetaData.setContainerEnd("C1",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:37:30"));
jobMetaData.setContainerStart("C2",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:40"));
jobMetaData.setContainerEnd("C2",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:37:40"));
jobMetaData.setJobFinishTime(
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:37:45"));
final Resource containerAlloc = Resource.newInstance(1, 1);
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().setContainerSpec(containerAlloc);
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().setJobInputDataSize(1024.5);
jobMetaData.createSkyline();
}
@Test public final void testGetContainerSpec() {
final Resource containerAlloc =
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getContainerSpec();
final Resource containerAlloc2 = Resource.newInstance(1, 1);
Assert.assertEquals(containerAlloc.getMemorySize(),
containerAlloc2.getMemorySize());
Assert.assertEquals(containerAlloc.getVirtualCores(),
containerAlloc2.getVirtualCores());
}
@Test public final void testGetJobSize() {
Assert.assertEquals(jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getJobInputDataSize(),
1024.5, 0);
}
@Test public final void testGetRecurrenceeId() {
final RecurrenceId recurrenceIdTest =
new RecurrenceId("Fraud Detection", "17/07/16 16:27:25");
Assert.assertEquals(recurrenceIdTest, jobMetaData.getRecurrenceId());
}
@Test public final void testStringToUnixTimestamp() throws ParseException {
final long submissionTime =
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:25");
Assert.assertEquals(jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getJobSubmissionTime(),
submissionTime);
}
@Test public final void testResourceSkyline() {
final RLESparseResourceAllocation skylineList =
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getSkylineList();
final int containerCPU =
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getContainerSpec().getVirtualCores();
int k;
for (k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(0,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
for (k = 5; k < 15; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(1,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
for (k = 15; k < 605; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(2,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
for (k = 605; k < 615; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(1,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
Assert.assertEquals(0,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(615).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
@Test public final void testContainerReleaseTimeMissing()
throws ParseException {
// create an invalid JobMetaData
recurrenceId = new RecurrenceId("Fraud Detection", "17/07/16 16:27:25");
jobMetaData = new JobMetaData(
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:25"));
jobMetaData.setRecurrenceId(recurrenceId);
jobMetaData.setContainerStart("C1",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:30"));
jobMetaData.setContainerEnd("C1",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:37:30"));
jobMetaData.setContainerStart("C2",
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:27:40"));
jobMetaData.setJobFinishTime(
logParserUtil.stringToUnixTimestamp("17/07/16 16:37:45"));
final Resource containerAlloc = Resource.newInstance(1, 1);
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().setContainerSpec(containerAlloc);
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().setJobInputDataSize(1024.5);
jobMetaData.createSkyline();
// test the generated ResourceSkyline
final RLESparseResourceAllocation skylineList =
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getSkylineList();
final int containerCPU =
jobMetaData.getResourceSkyline().getContainerSpec().getVirtualCores();
int k;
for (k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(0,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
for (k = 5; k < 605; k++) {
Assert.assertEquals(1,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(k).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
Assert.assertEquals(0,
skylineList.getCapacityAtTime(605).getVirtualCores() / containerCPU);
}
@After public final void cleanUp() {
jobMetaData = null;
recurrenceId = null;
logParserUtil = null;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Do I get the Class Feats at level 1 in D&D 4E?
I'm a bit confused about Class Feats. PHB says characters gain one Feat on first level. However, it seems reasonable for me that characters get these on first level. So, do I get them then, or do I have to "buy" them separately?
A:
Each Class Feat (Feats with a prerequisite of that class) must be taken using your feats.
Each Class Feature (Features listed in the class description) are gained automatically at first level.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
include_directories(
include
${intergen_SOURCE_DIR}/model/include
${intergen_SOURCE_DIR}/utils/include
)
set (SOURCES
src/cppgen/comment.cc
src/cppgen/cpp_api_code_generator.cc
src/cppgen/cpp_class.cc
src/cppgen/cpp_file.cc
src/cppgen/cpp_function.cc
src/cppgen/cpp_interface_code_generator.cc
src/cppgen/declaration_generator.cc
src/cppgen/definition_generator.cc
src/cppgen/enum_from_json_value_function.cc
src/cppgen/enum_to_json_value_function.cc
src/cppgen/function_id_method.cc
src/cppgen/generator_preferences.cc
src/cppgen/handler_interface.cc
src/cppgen/is_valid_enum_function.cc
src/cppgen/literal_generator.cc
src/cppgen/message_factory_function.cc
src/cppgen/message_handle_with_method.cc
src/cppgen/message_interface.cc
src/cppgen/module_manager.cc
src/cppgen/namespace.cc
src/cppgen/naming_convention.cc
src/cppgen/struct_type_constructor.cc
src/cppgen/struct_type_from_json_method.cc
src/cppgen/struct_type_is_initialized_method.cc
src/cppgen/struct_type_is_valid_method.cc
src/cppgen/struct_type_report_erros_method.cc
src/cppgen/type_name_code_generator.cc
)
set (HEADERS
include/cppgen/comment.h
include/cppgen/cpp_api_code_generator.h
include/cppgen/cpp_class.h
include/cppgen/cpp_file.h
include/cppgen/cpp_function.h
include/cppgen/cpp_interface_code_generator.h
include/cppgen/declaration_generator.h
include/cppgen/definition_generator.h
include/cppgen/enum_from_json_value_function.h
include/cppgen/enum_to_json_value_function.h
include/cppgen/function_id_method.h
include/cppgen/generator_preferences.h
include/cppgen/handler_interface.h
include/cppgen/is_valid_enum_function.h
include/cppgen/literal_generator.h
include/cppgen/message_factory_function.h
include/cppgen/message_handle_with_method.h
include/cppgen/message_interface.h
include/cppgen/module_manager.h
include/cppgen/namespace.h
include/cppgen/naming_convention.h
include/cppgen/struct_type_constructor.h
include/cppgen/struct_type_from_json_method.h
include/cppgen/struct_type_is_initialized_method.h
include/cppgen/struct_type_is_valid_method.h
include/cppgen/struct_type_report_erros_method.h
include/cppgen/type_name_code_generator.h
)
add_library(intergen_cppgen ${HEADERS} ${SOURCES})
target_link_libraries(intergen_cppgen intergen_model intergen_utils)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
To determine whether phlebotomy to an iron depleted state improves response of chronic hepatitis C infection to alpha-interferon therapy in patients who have previously failed such therapy. A secondary objective will be to correlate iron reduction therapy via phlebotomy with hepatic iron concentration. The primary efficacy endpoints are the response rate (based on loss of hepatitis C RNA in serum) at the end of a 6-12 month course of interferon, and the ability to sustain that response for 6 months after the end of therapy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Preljubište
Preljubište (, ) is a village in the municipality of Jegunovce, Republic of Macedonia.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 367 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Macedonians 270
Albanians 92
Romani 4
Serbs 1
References
External links
Category:Villages in Jegunovce Municipality
Category:Villages in North Macedonia
Category:Albanian communities in North Macedonia
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
If I compile Java app at another location it can not read from any folder
I have an app. Which is in RC state. I've started finalizing works by splitting the classes to separate files with appropriate import sets at another location but suddenly I've found that cleaner version cannot read from any folder. So I investigated that if I compile the code in another location except the actual (original) app cannot read from any folder.
Strange is that from folders from those cannot be read can be obtained path (subdirectories included).
I have packed this app to executable jar file before started this works. Maybe somewhere in JVM is something stuck?
Note: New files are compiled without error. I've tried both original source and new sources.
Failure is in methods File.list() or File.listFiles(). The same using directory stream.
Used packages:
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JTabbedPane;
import javax.swing.JFileChooser;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JTable;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
import javax.swing.UIManager;
import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.io.LineNumberReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException;
For sure at this part:
private void loadFiles(){
cesta=folderPicker.getSelectedFile();
if(folder==null||loadedCesta!=cesta||(cesta==folderPicker.getSelectedFile()&vetsiPismoVisible==true)){
folder=new File(cesta.getName());
String datFiles[]=folder.list(new FilenameFilter() {
public boolean accept(File folder, String fileName) {
return fileName.endsWith(".dat");}});
If I try:
folder.canRead()
on every folder on my PC and also e.g.on my workstation these new compilations get false as a result. Variable:
folderPicker
is reffering to JFileChooser that is limited to folders and folders are obtained via actionListener of special JButton (not classic Open and Cancel). You can try it from Karolina_RC.jar from link provided in commentary under conditions said.
A:
Problem solved. For some reason is no longer possible to use only folder name to make File type (folder). Now it is required to use path.
E.g.
File folder=new File(path.getName());
File folder=new File(path.getPath());
Former no longer working. Latter does. I am guessing some JVM-compile issue.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2016 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
/**
* JDK-8170594: >>>=0 generates invalid bytecode for BaseNode LHS
*
* @test
* @run
*/
var obj1 = {x: "100"};
(function (o, p) {
if (p) {
o.x >>>= 0;
}
})(obj1, true)
Assert.assertTrue(obj1.x === 100)
var obj2 = ["100"];
(function (o, p) {
if (p) {
o[0] >>>= 0;
}
})(obj2, true)
Assert.assertTrue(obj2[0] === 100)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
601 F.2d 594
American Chemical Societyv.Dun-Donnelley Publishing Corp.
No. 79-1099
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
3/28/79
1
N.D.Ill.
AFFIRMED
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Q:
Direct proof for angular velocity from direction cosine matrix
I am trying to work through the math of what should be a relatively simple proof of a direct definition of the angular velocity matrix starting from the direction cosine matrix. The reference for this problem is example 490 from: Jazar, Reza (2011) Advanced Dynamics: Rigid Body, Mulitbody and Aerospace Applications. Hobboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pg. 717.
Let {I, J, K} denote the orthonormal triad of unit vectors that characterize the Cartesian representation of the inertial frame (G-frame). Let {i, j, k} denote the orthonormal triad of unit vectors that characterize the Cartesian representation of the body frame (B-frame) that is rotating in the G-frame.
The direction cosine matrix that transforms coordinates from the B-frame to the G-frame is:
$$^G R_B = \begin{pmatrix} I \cdot i & I \cdot j & I\cdot k\\J \cdot i & J \cdot j & J \cdot k\\ K \cdot i & K \cdot j & K \cdot k\end{pmatrix}$$
The direction cosine matrix that transforms coordinates from the G-frame to the B-frame is the transpose of $^G R_B$:
$$ ^B R_G = (^G R_B)^T =\begin{pmatrix} i \cdot I & i \cdot J & i\cdot K\\j \cdot I & j \cdot J & j \cdot K\\ k \cdot I & k \cdot J & k \cdot K\end{pmatrix}$$
The angular velocity matrix representing the rotation of B about G, expressed in the B-frame, $^B_G \omega_B$, is defined as:
$$^B_G \omega_B = (^B R_G) \cdot (^G\dot R_B)$$
The direction cosine matrix should be (is) a matrix of scalars. However, when expressed as the dot product of unit vectors of the two coordinate frames, it would appear that the designation of the frame of reference in which time derivatives are being taken (i.e. $\frac{^G d}{dt}$ or $\frac{^B d}{dt}$). The derivation uses the G-derivative such that:
$$^B_G \omega_B =\begin{pmatrix} i \cdot I & i \cdot J & i\cdot K\\j \cdot I & j \cdot J & j \cdot K\\ k \cdot I & k \cdot J & k \cdot K\end{pmatrix} \cdot \frac{^G d}{dt} \begin{pmatrix} I \cdot i & I \cdot j & I\cdot k\\J \cdot i & J \cdot j & J \cdot k\\ K \cdot i & K \cdot j & K \cdot k\end{pmatrix}$$
The result that is shown is:
$$\begin{pmatrix} i \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & i \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & i \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt} \\ j \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & j \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & j \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\\ k \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & k \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & k \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\end{pmatrix}$$
The unit vector relationships of $e_i \cdot e_j = 0, e_i \cdot e_i = 1, e_i \cdot de_i = 0$ and $e_i \cdot de_j = -e_j \cdot de_i$ show that the result shown above produces the correct skew-symmetric form of the angular velocity matrix.
The problem that I am having is with what should be the simple intermediate step in getting to the last step. Because the unit vectors for each frame are fixed in their own frame of reference, the G derivative of any $E_i \cdot e_j$ should be $E_i \cdot \frac{^G de_j}{dt}$. If this holds, the G-derivative of $^G R_B$ should reduce to the following:
$$\frac{^G d}{dt} \begin{pmatrix} I \cdot i & I \cdot j & I\cdot k\\J \cdot i & J \cdot j & J \cdot k\\ K \cdot i & K \cdot j & K \cdot k\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} I \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & I\cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\\J \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & J \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & J \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\\ K \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & K \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & K \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\end{pmatrix}$$
If this holds then the result is:
$$^B_G \omega_B =\begin{pmatrix} i \cdot I & i \cdot J & i\cdot K\\j \cdot I & j \cdot J & j \cdot K\\ k \cdot I & k \cdot J & k \cdot K\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} I \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & I\cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\\J \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & J \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & J \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\\ K \cdot \frac{^G di}{dt} & K \cdot \frac{^G dj}{dt} & K \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\end{pmatrix}$$
Taking element 2-3 of the resulting matrix multiplication as an example:
$$j\cdot I\cdot I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}+j\cdot J\cdot J\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}+j\cdot K\cdot K\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt} =j\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}+j\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}+j\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}=3j\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt} $$
I am unsure as to where I am going wrong such that every term has an extraneous multiplicative factor of three. Any help would be appreciated.
A:
Unless I am missing something, it seems you are using a false identity of the form $$(a\cdot b)(c \cdot d) = (b\cdot c)(a \cdot d)$$
To see that this equation does not hold in general, notice that $(i \cdot j) (j \cdot i) = 0 \cdot 0 = 0$, but $(j \cdot j)(i \cdot i) = 1 \cdot 1 = 1$.
Remember that the dot product takes in two vectors and spits out a scalar. There is no way to take the dot product of three or more vectors at the same time.
With that in mind, I think the computation should look something like this:
\begin{align}
(j\cdot I) \left(I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) &+ (j\cdot J) \left(J\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) + (j\cdot K) \left(K\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right)
\\&= j \cdot \left[I \left(I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) + J\left(J\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) + K\left(K\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right)\right]
\\&= j \cdot \left[\left(I\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) I + \left(J\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) J + \left(K\cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}\right) K\right]
\\&= j \cdot \left[ \frac{^G dk}{dt} \right]
\\&= j \cdot \frac{^G dk}{dt}
\end{align}
The last equality follows from the fact that
$$
a = (I \cdot a)I + (J \cdot a)J + (K\cdot a)K
$$
for all vectors $a$. This is a fundamental fact about dot products (or metrics, or dual spaces -- it depends on context) known as the resolution of the identity. In words, $I \cdot a$ is the component of $a$ along $I$. The vector $(I \cdot a)I$ is then the vector part of $a$ along $I$. By adding all such vectors up, we get the original vector. This is probably something you've seen before, albeit in less abstract terms. This wikipedia article should bridge the gap.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Adaptation, Evolution And Reproduction Of Gaia By The Means Of Our Species.
Nowadays, the idea that life affects the development of the planetary environment, and can, in turn, affect the future evolution of itself (in a coevolutionary way) is well-accepted. However, since the proposal of the Gaia hypothesis, there has been widespread criticism. Most of it is related to teleology, the absence of natural selection at a universal scale, and the lack of planetary reproduction. Some of the problems concerning the 'internal' logic of the idea have been resolved. Nevertheless, it is not sure whether Earth can be considered a unit of selection and (therefore) Gaia can adapt according to Darwinian evolution. After Lovelock and Margulis, Gaia has been considered a symbiotic planet composed of biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic (the geosphere-atmosphere) interacting with and coevolving elements. Here I propose why and suggest how a Gaian system should be considered alive in any evolutionary sense. I take into consideration the three principal criticisms and I analyse them following a logic-inductive reasoning. I use thought experiments and analogical arguments to analyse the rationale and the mechanisms by which Gaia evolves and may reproduce. This reasoning could allow rejecting the aforementioned criticisms as outdated and insufficient to discredit the main idea. I argue that without invoking teleology - so without any foresight or planning - a Gaian planet can be considered a coevolutionary system analogous to a multicellular body: a super-unit of selection. I describe different situations according to which Gaia is able to reproduce and transfer her planetary genome to other uninhabited or inhabited planets. Then I suggest that Gaia can face exclusion- competition-coexistence states depending on the fitness of her biota compared to those of the other reproducing biospheres. This demonstrates that Gaia can reproduce and evolve in competition-cooperation with other planets. Some deep implications arise from this evidence, also in light of the recent discovery of a new solar system with Earth-like planets by NASA.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transistor in a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same, and more specifically, to a transistor in a semiconductor device having a VDMOS (Vertical Diffused MOS) structure suitable for a high-voltage operation, and method of manufacturing the same.
2. Discussion of Related Art
A transistor used in a high-voltage device is fabricated in a structure different from a common transistor. For example, a transistor is manufactured to have an EDMOS (Extended Drain MOS) or LDMOS (Lateral Diffused MOS) structure so that the transistor can operate stably at high voltage. Of them, a transistor of the LDMOS structure (hereinafter, referred to as “LDMOS transistor”) will be described.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the structure of a transistor in a semiconductor device in the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a LDMOS transistor includes a gate oxide film 104, a gate 105, dielectric film spacers 106 formed at the sidewalls of the gate 105, a source 107 and a drain 108. At this time, the source 107 has a low-concentration impurity region 107a and a high-concentration impurity region 107b, and the drain 108 has a low-concentration impurity region 108a and a high-concentration impurity region 108b. Unexplained reference numeral 102 indicates a well, 103 designates an isolation film and 109 indicates a well junction.
In the above, assuming that the size (LLDMOS) of the LDMOS transistor is from the edge of the high-concentration impurity region 107b included in the source 107 to the edge of the high-concentration impurity region 108b included in the drain 108, the size (LLDMOS) of the LDMOS transistor can be expressed into the following Equation 1.LLDMOS=2LD+2LDO+LGATE1 [Equation 1]where LD is a width from the edge of the high-concentration impurity region to the edge of the gate.LDO is a width that the low-concentration impurity region and the gate are overlapped.LGATE1 is a channel width.
In the above, in order for the LDMOS transistor to stably operate even at high voltage, the low-concentration impurity regions 107a and 108a have to be extended in the horizontal direction. Thus, the size of the transistor is increased. For example, in order for the LDMOS transistor to stably operate even at about 40V, it is required that LD be at least 1.5 μm and LGATE1 be at least 3 μm. At this time, assuming that LDO is 0.5 μm, the size of the LDMOS transistor becomes 7 μm.
If the channel width LGATE1 is reduced, the size of the LDMOS transistor can be reduced but the electrical properties of the transistor can be degraded due to a short channel effect.
For this reason, it is difficult to apply the conventional LDMOS transistor to a high-integration circuit. In particular, there is a problem that the conventional LDMOS transistor is difficult to implement SOC (System On Chip).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
This Lakers-Inspired Air Jordan 9 Is Another Nod To Kobe Bryant’s Illustrious Career
Kobe Bryant’s entire professional basketball career of 20 years has been nothing short of historic and it was shocking for many when he made the announcement that he would be retiring from the sport. Whispers about Kobe’s impending retirement had been heard for months, but it still ultimately seemed like the retirement came rather unexpectedly, so much so that even his own coach was shocked. Jordan Brand paid homage to the Black Mamba and his illustrious career by introducing an exclusive Air JordanKobe Pack. Now they are back with a more general release, which also appears to be a nod to Kobe and the Air Jordan 9.
Certainly, Kobe Bryant must have received countless gifts upon his retirement, but it is unlikely any of them were as awesome and unique as the one from Snoop Dogg. Kobe represented the Los Angeles Lakers for 20 seasons before retiring from the sport back in April of this year. Kobe Bryant recently shared a photo on his Twitter account (@kobebryant) of the “Unbelievable retirement gift” Snoop gave to him, a ’67 Pontiac dressed up in the Gold and Purple official team colors of the L. A. Lakers. The car hood features Kobe himself with other legendary former members of the Lakers.
Kobe Bryant is one of those few NBA athletes who have played for a single team throughout their entire careers. Therefore, sneakerheads could have guessed what colors the Air Jordan 9 featured here would have been dressed up in even if the photos above were not accompanying this post. The premium leather uppers of this sneaker are predominantly clean White, while the signature patent leather overlays of this model are covered in a bold Purple hue. This Purple hue also appears over the entire collar sections, its midsoles and its rear portions. Last but not least, the mini Jumpman logo that is visible over its heels is covered in Metallic Gold.
This probably seems more like a gift to Jordanheads, yet it is also evidence that Jordan Brand has not forgotten the Black Mamba and it is likely he will continue to be remembered for long to come. So far, there have been no clues whether or not this Lakers-inspired Air Jordan 9 will be among 2016’s Air Jordan releases, so stay tuned.
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Yury Bogolyubsky
Yury Bogolyubsky (), known as Giorgi Rusi (, George the Rus') in the Kingdom of Georgia, was a Rus' prince of Novgorod (1172–1175). He was married to Queen Tamar of Georgia from 1185 until being expelled from the kingdom in 1188.
Reign
Son of Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, he ruled Novgorod from 1172 to 1175. He was dethroned and expelled after the murder of his father in 1175. Defeated in a series of internal wars, he finally found a shelter in the Northern Caucasus in the late 1170s. He was found among the Kipchak, with whom he hoped to restore his rights to his father's princedom in 1184–1185.
Marriage and revolt
In 1185, Georgian nobles headed by Abulasan arranged a marriage of Prince Yury with Queen Tamar of Georgia. As her husband, he commanded, in 1186–1187, a Georgian army which successfully raided the Seljuk possessions of Rüm in the west and the Eldiguzids in Arran in the east. However, Tamar soon got disappointed in her husband and divorced him in 1187. Said to be a heavy drinker, ambitious, involved in sexual misdeeds and sodomy, Yury was expelled from Georgia in 1188.
Yury allied himself with a powerful party of Georgian nobles led by Vardan Dadiani, Guzan Abulasanisdze and Botso Jaqeli, and returned to lead a revolt against Tamar in 1191. The rebels proclaimed Yury King of Western Georgia in the palace of Geguti and captured several provinces in the south-western Georgia, but were eventually crushed by the Queen's devoted general Gamrekel Toreli at the battles of Tmogvi and Erusheti. The rebels capitulated and Yury was pardoned by Tamar. However, he revolted again in 1193 and invaded Kakheti province. Defeated in the vicinities of Kambechani, he was finally expelled from Georgia. Since then, Yury disappeared from history.
Legacy and popular culture
Tamar's marriage to the Rus prince Yuri became a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia. Shalva Dadiani's play, originally entitled The Unfortunate Russian (უბედური რუსი; 1916–1926), was attacked by the Soviet critics for distorting the "centuries-long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples." Under the Communist Party pressure, Dadiani had to revise both the title and the plot to bring it into line of the official ideology. In 2002, a satyrical short-story The First Russian (პირველი რუსი) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy, including heated discussions in the media, the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church.
References
External links
Юрий Андреевич (Yury Andreyevich). Hronos.Ru. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
Category:12th-century princes in Kievan Rus'
Category:Pardon recipients
Category:Yurievichi family
Category:Georgian kings consort
Category:Generals from Georgia (country)
Category:Princes of Novgorod
Category:Rurik dynasty
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When I was single, my mother painted the whole kitchen pink. Because when we’d bring the guys in afterward for coffee she figured a pink kitchen … pink… would put a little glow on the puss. We didn’t get married, but four maids ran off with the delivery men.
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My childhood home was built in 1959 – we moved into it when we were transferred from Coronado, California, to Washington, DC. The kitchen – pink fridge, dish washer, wall oven and stovetop. The countertop was pink linen formica. Cabinets were maple. The wall paper had an 1800’s scene with carriages and people in top hats. When I moved my dad out of there in ’03 the countertops were still the pink linen. I wonder what the new owners have done to it!
That was a fun little comedic annecdote in the show. I loved Joan Rivers! She’s a bit “different” now (since all the cosmetic surgery) but in her early days she was one of the funniest comediennes out there, and a trail-blazing woman in show business. I have such respect for her.
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Highly efficient production of phosphorylated hepatitis B core particles in yeast Pichia pastoris.
Virus-like particles (VLPs) of the recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) are routinely used in HBV diagnostics worldwide and are of potential interest as carriers of foreign peptides (e.g., immunological epitopes and targeting addresses, and/or as vessels for packaged diagnostic and therapeutic nanomaterials). Despite numerous reports exploiting different expression systems, a rapid and comprehensive large-scale methodology for purification of HBc VLPs from yeast is still lacking. Here, we present a convenient protocol for highly efficient production and rapid purification of endotoxin-free ayw subtype HBc VLPs from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The HBc gene expression cassette along with the geneticin resistance gene was transferred to the P. pastoris genome via homologous recombination. A producer clone was selected among 2000 transformants for the optimal synthesis of the target protein. Fermentation conditions were established ensuring biomass accumulation of 163g/L. A simple combination of pH/heat and salt treatment followed by a single anion-exchange chromatography step resulted in a more than 90% pure preparation of HBc VLPs, with a yield of about 3.0mg per 1g of wet cells. Purification is performed within a day and may be easily scaled up if necessary. The quality of HBc VLPs was verified by electron microscopy. Mass spectrometry analysis and direct polyacrylamide gel staining revealed phosphorylation of HBc at at least two sites. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HBc phosphorylation in yeast.
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San Francisco is a city of characters and photographer Robert B. Livingston captured many of them in transit in this photo gallery. From clown going home on a slow day at Fisherman’s Wharf to a sweet couple waiting for Muni, every photo seems to be the start of a story — a Muni story, maybe?
More of Robert’s photographs of people on Muni:
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Talk about cultural appropriation. What many people believed to be the main Facebook page for Black Lives Matter is allegedly run by a middle-age white man from Australia. The page has over 700,000 followers on Facebook, which is nearly twice as many as the official Black Lives Matter page. CNN.com reports that the page “was tied to online fundraisers that brought in at least $100,000 that supposedly went to Black Lives Matter causes in the U.S. At least some of the money, however, was transferred to Australian bank accounts, CNN has learned.”
Reportedly, co-founder of Black Lives Matter Patrisse Cullors thought the page was a scam and contacted Facebook months ago about removing the page, but nothing was done. The page links to websites tied to a man named Ian Mackay, who is a National Union of Workers official in Australia. According to CNN, “Mackay has registered dozens of websites, many on issues tied to black rights. In April 2015, Mackay registered blackpowerfist.com. Mackay’s name, email address, phone number and other details appeared in the registration records for the site until July 2015, when the website enabled a feature that allows site owners to hide their identities and contact information.” Other names like BP Parker and Steve Parks were linked to the page, which encouraged people to donate money.
CNN reports, a “source also familiar with some of the payments processed told CNN that the group had raised around $100,000 that they were aware of. The source also said the fundraisers were linked to Australia.” Ian Mackay denied to CNN that he ran the Facebook page, saying, “I once bought the domain name only and sold it.” Hours later, the fake Black Lives Mater Facebook page was deleted.
Today, Facebook reportedly deactivated all profiles associated with the bogus page and the online payment services have suspended all activity with the users.
Facebook declined to “comment when asked if ads were purchased to boost the page on its platform.” Clearly, this is another blow to the way Facebook is handling users—from Russia bots to a fake page designed to profit from a powerful movement.
SOURCE:
Charlottesville Hero Pushed Fiancée Out Of The Way Of Deranged Terrorist
WATCH: White Supremacist Charlottesville Rally Organizer Flees From Counterprotesters
Also On NewsOne:
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