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Henry George’s 1879 book Progress and Poverty articulated the problem felt by many people during the Gilded Age — that despite the booming economy, many people were left behind in poverty. The book was a bestseller, and George became wildly popular, eventually being drafted to run for Mayor of New York City in 1886 as a candidate for the United Labor Party. Henry George’s message about the haves and the have nots helped ignite a movement of working people that swept the nation. Filmmaker Sarah Colt introduces Henry George.
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RMM DIVISION
Bricks & Blocks
Two types of SABS approved bricks and two types of SABS approved blocks are manufactured at R.M.M’s bricks and blocks division.
The first is normal cement stock brick and the second a maxi/RDP brick. In terms of blocks, R.M.M manufactures the rib and block system for slabs as well as the bigger hollow building block.
Currently, R.M.M is integrating processed building waste (processed rubble) into our bricks and blocks. By doing so, R.M.M has successfully developed quality 10mpa green building bricks and blocks. This move has helped ensure that R.M.M promotes responsible and sustainable building practices in South Africa in a move towards a more environmentally friendly way to build using a quality recycled R.M.M products.
R.M.M has successfully reduced the amount of building waste to landfill and the use of virgin materials by over 50 percent. This move has helped ensure that R.M.M promotes responsible and sustainable building practices in South Africa. This move will help ensure an environmentally friendly way to build using quality recycled R.M.M products.
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Seahawks save season behind punishing ground game
Thanks to a dominant rushing attack, the Seahawks picked up a season-saving win against the Packers on Thursday night.
The Seattle Seahawks might not look like much on paper in 2018. It’s impossible to deny that they are far from the defensive behemoth that owned the NFC in the middle of this decade.
Many of the stars that made up those Super Bowl teams in the mid-2010s are long gone. But yet, as this season pounds its way into Week 11, the Seahawks are still alive at 5-5.
Despite lacking the star power and charisma it possessed just a few years ago, Seattle still has one of the NFL’s most reliable quarterbacks in Russell Wilson. And even though it flies under the radar, especially in an NFC West division currently owned by Todd Gurley and the Los Angeles Rams, the Seahawks possess one of the most lethal ground games in the NFL.
They lead the league in rushing per game with 156 yards on average, and they relied on that facet of their game once more in a 27-24 win at home against the Green Bay Packers on Thursday Night Football. Between Chris Carson, Rashaad Penny, Mike Davis and Wilson, the Seahawks accumulated 172 yards on the ground in the game.
After Wilson completed a go-ahead touchdown pass to Ed Dickson with just over five minutes remaining, the running game became even more effective for Seattle. It picked up multiple first downs on the ground — including an eight-yard dash for a first down by Wilson (who slid to the ground before going out of bounds to keep the clock running), as well as a seven-yard run up the middle by Davis — to run the clock out on Aaron Rodgers and the Packers.
It was a must-win game for the Seahawks, and the win brought them to .500 as they get ready to tackle a tough closing stretch of the season. Though they will play a handful of very winnable games, they have upcoming contests against Carolina, Minnesota, and Kansas City, and each of those games will present tremendous challenges.
But if Seattle can find a way to win at least four of their last six games, they will end the season at 9-7. That record won’t guarantee them anything, but it would at least give them a puncher’s chance to compete for an NFC wild card spot in what looks like it could be a very tight race.
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Just when you were thinking there's no hope for Luke Shaw at Manchester United, he confounds expectations. Still only 22, the left-back has played 90 minutes in four of the last five United games.
While only on the winning side once -- at Everton on New Year's Day -- Shaw can be pleased with his performances, as well as his full-game consecutive appearances. Jose Mourinho has been impressed by Shaw since he started figuring in his plans again during December, talking up his creativity and intensity.
The United manager has also emphasised Shaw's attacking intent, a quality vital for a United full-back and one which was evident when he came to Old Trafford in 2013 with Southampton and so impressed alongside another Saints player, Morgan Schneiderlin. Shaw was rapid, strong and comfortable attacking as his side outplayed United, but only drew 1-1.
It was United rather than Liverpool who signed both players for big money, yet neither move appeared to have worked out. But while the French midfielder was sold to Everton a year ago, Shaw has hung on at Old Trafford.
From Shaw's perspective, his time in Manchester has been hampered by injury. I've spoken to him every preseason and in Los Angeles this year he stressed: "I do think that I've been unlucky with injuries. My leg and now this. It was unlucky. I want to put them in the past."
Shaw had admitted that he wasn't as committed as he should have been in his first season at the club in 2014-15. More focussed, he started the second season much better before a horrific leg-break injury against PSV Eindhoven in September 2015. He came back for the 2016-17 season and started in Mourinho's first five league games, but he played poorly in the fifth at Watford, was dropped, then suffered a groin injury. He made a comeback only for a foot injury to end his season.
Perhaps understandably, he's looked rusty when he's returned in between those injuries and he was castigated by Wayne Rooney for not making an overlap in a FA Cup third round game against Wigan a year ago. Shaw's robust build can be a strength and a weakness. When match fit, he looks powerful and driven. When unfit, he looks heavy and sluggish. He'll hope to be sharp against Derby County at Old Trafford on Friday.
Luke Shaw and Jose Mourinho have endured a strained relationship at Manchester United. Catherine Ivill/Getty Images
Things looked to have improved early this term when in August he turned out for United's Under-23s team. However, he didn't start a single first team game until December against CSKA Moscow in a Champions League match that had little significance.
His teammates were convinced that Mourinho didn't rate him. United have been linked with several left-backs, from Tottenham's Danny Rose who seemed keen to push himself out of the London club and get back to the north of England from where he hails. United have also watched Fulham's Ryan Sessegnon, 17. Though talented, the club will be cautious about paying so much for a teenager after the Shaw experience.
United's left-back position was seen as the weak point for the team this season. Daley Blind, a midfielder who is caught by the fastest wingers, has occupied the slot; Matteo Darmian, a right-footed right-back, too. The versatile Ashley Young has excelled there and teammates joke that he's the new Cafu, the legendary Brazilian left-back. Marcos Rojo can play there as he does for Argentina, while United have also played three at the back without a conventional left-back.
Shaw seemed to have no future at United. The club had wanted him to be the left-back for 15 years, a new Denis Irwin or Patrice Evra. They certainly thought he had the talent, though Louis van Gaal doubted he possessed the application, mental toughness or character to become a first teamer.
Mourinho seemed to share his predecessor's reservations. United are not Southampton and Shaw took some time to get his head around the size of his new club, but he also wasn't given enough minutes to acclimatise. He started 18 games in all competitions in his first season at Old Trafford, eight in his second, 17 in his third and he's at six this season. Though injuries have clearly played a part, 49 starts in three-and-a-half seasons aren't sufficient. Indications are this might be about to change.
While there were people at the club who felt Shaw needed some soft love after a difficult time under Van Gaal and a serious injury, Mourinho went for a similar approach to the Dutchman and was publicly critical of the player, which didn't always go down well in the dressing room. As Henrikh Mkhitaryan and Anthony Martial could testify, he wasn't the Portuguese's only target.
The Manchester United left-back has impressed during an extended run in the side. Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images
United, especially Ed Woodward, want Shaw to succeed. It was Woodward who drove the £30 million deal to bring the player -- a childhood Chelsea fan -- to Old Trafford rather than to Mourinho at Stamford Bridge. Shaw became the most expensive teenager in world football, with a fantastic opportunity at United. That has yet to be fully taken.
Shaw was out of contract in June, though, as with other United players, he's had it extended, as much as making sure he doesn't lose for free as anything else.
Playing six games isn't enough to make United not look at alternatives, but if he can continue and the six become 16, then fans would love to see him rewarded -- and it'd certainly be cheaper than spending £50m on a full-back and one less position to worry about.
Shaw has worked hard and trained hard, but we've been here before with him and could have written a near identical piece a year ago. He keeps being offered another opportunity and, for now, appears to be taking it.
Let's hope he can stay injury free and play to his full ability for, as Sir Alex Ferguson once opined when he signed Patrice Evra: "With full-backs, it's like searching for a rare bird."
Shaw's performances have been all too rare, but he's making a fist of what is surely his final chance.
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New Sony Japan Studio Anime-style Game Teased with Trailer and Screenshots
May the 21st will be the day of the new Xbox reveal, but PlayStation fans will have something to look forward to as well. Today Sony Computer Entertainment Japan fully opened the teaser website of a new game in development at Sony Japan Studio. The title seems to be “Panopticon“, if we are to believe the url of the website and a trademark revealed this February.
The publisher also released a full trailer and a batch of screenshots.
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DanceSport BC
DanceSport BC (DSBC), founded in 1968, is the governing body for competitive ballroom dance in British Columbia and Yukon, Canada. It is a member of the Canadian Amateur DanceSport Association.
DSBC is a non-profit, volunteer-run organization that promotes ballroom dancing in British Columbia. Among its numerous functions, it publishes a newsletter, Dancin', every two months and a dancers' guide, Steppin' Out, each year.
DanceSport BC sanctions several annual competitions, including:
SnowBall Classic - Vancouver (IDSF world-ranking competition) (February). Hosted by DanceSport BC.
UBC Gala Ball - Vancouver (March). Hosted by the University of British Columbia Dance Club.
Island Fantasy Ball (including the BC Closed Championships) - Nanaimo (May). Hosted by the Nanaimo Ballroom Dance Society.
Dance Pacifica - Victoria (June). Hosted by the Victoria Ballroom Dance Society.
Pro-Am Fiesta - Richmond (June). Hosted by the Grand Ballroom.
Okanagan DanceSport Festival - Penticton (July).
Crystal Invitational DanceSport Festival - Vancouver (September or October). Hosted by the Crystal Ballroom.
The Grand Ball - Richmond (November). Hosted by the Grand Ballroom.
External links
DanceSport BC web site
Active member of Dancesport BC from 1995 to 1st of June 2004
Category:Dancesport in Canada
Category:1968 establishments in British Columbia
Category:Sports organizations established in 1968
Category:Sports governing bodies in British Columbia
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We are committed to your privacy. By clicking the Check Availability button you agree the phone number you provided may be used to contact you (including autodialed or pre-recorded calls), even if you are on the DNC list. Consent is not a condition of purchase.
Cock Roaches run run run....like as of right now not weeks or months ago. This is in a whole unit and from talking with my neighbors I'm not the only one who has this problem. Some have saw just a few… Full Review ▶
1
04/03/14
Resident
We have lived at Waterford Place for two years. It has been a wonderful experience for apartment living. The apartments are a good size, the area is safe, and the neighbors are quiet. I would recommend this apartment complex to all… Full Review ▶
01/16/12
Resident
Overall I was fairly happy here, but some of complaints included: Price - I recommended the place to a friend about halfway through my lease, but rent had skyrocketed to a point where his moderate salary wasn't even enough for a… Full Review ▶
11/28/11
Resident
My roommate and I moved in almost 3 years ago, we enjoyed it at first, great neighbors, great staff, but when lincoln properties took over, thats when it went down hill, and quickly. There have been a ton of quirky incidences… Full Review ▶
1
11/04/11
Resident
For the price, you can get a lot of space, but the walls are paper thin. I can hear and identify the music my neighbors play. When they slam their doors, the frames hung on my walls rattle. Close enough to… Full Review ▶
02/13/11
Resident
This is year 5 and we will NOT be staying another year. We LOVED it at first because it was a nice place to live and management and maintenance staff were wonderful, then things started to change. Don't get me wrong,… Full Review ▶
02/03/11
Resident
I too loved the apartment when we first moved there. The office staff were extremely friendly for the first year.After the first renewel rent went up and office staffa;; became a group of "unprofessional caddy females". During the second year we… Full Review ▶
10/27/10
Resident
We just moved in and we love it..There is a lot of space, great neighbors except the lady above me weighs probably 90 pounds but walks like an elephant, but that's apartment living. I feel very safe and secure here. I… Full Review ▶
08/07/10
Resident
I really like these apartments...they are clean...well built...the neighbors is fair to good..management have attitude problems but not always. Fitness center is okay...not a bad place to rent...safe area of town. Full Review ▶
07/24/10
Resident
Waterford Place is a nice apartment complex which feels like home so we like it fine. Parking isn't an issue, and the area seems safe. Terrific central location so it's easy to get around all areas of Nashville & it's suburbs.… Full Review ▶
05/31/10
Resident
Lived here since January. At first the office staff was very friendly but once your a tenant they don't really care any more. Even if I just go in to pay rent I always feel like I'm getting an attitude. So… Full Review ▶
05/27/10
Resident
The apartment complex is very well maintained. I have had no major maintenance issues. The office staff is friendly and the maintenance staff is quick to respond. The only complaint would be related to the breezeways and stairwells. The breezeways and… Full Review ▶
04/24/10
Resident
I've lived here for about 6 months now and have no real complaints. There are some things I would change, like more insulation so I couldn't hear my young/loud neighbor, my unit didn't come with a washer/dryer, but there is a… Full Review ▶
12/22/09
Resident
I chose Waterford Place because the apartment was exactly what I was looking for and the office staff were so friendly and helpful that I just knew this was the place for me! Well built, friendly neighbors and all the amenities… Full Review ▶
08/04/09
Resident
I've lived here for almost a year and it's been fine. The rent is higher than most places but the space is great. It is quiet and I cannot hear my neighbors much. They never mentioned when signing the lease that… Full Review ▶
04/28/09
Resident
Am a current resident who has lived here a couple of years now. Have had a few maintenance "needs", which are to be expected, nothing major and all have been taken care of in a relatively reasonable amount of time. The… Full Review ▶
11/03/08
Resident
I had a short term corporate lease here and I can say that it was ok. The floor plan is lousy in the 2BR the living room is huge but the bedrooms are small and not user friendly. The complex had… Full Review ▶
08/24/08
Resident
I just moved from Waterford Place after living there for 2 and 1/2 years. The office staff was amazing. The maintance staff has been hit or miss - current staff is great. The laundry room on property (which is not run… Full Review ▶
06/05/08
Resident
We lived here for 2 yrs in a 2BR apartment, and chose this place for the location and it's price, cheaper than the other complexes of a similar age (there are older, cheaper alternatives on HWY 70). Though the buildings are… Full Review ▶
03/06/08
Resident
I would have to agree with the prior review. Although lengthy, it is true statements.My rent did go up, although not quite as high as 100 dollars, but still a considerable amount when I reniewed. The amenities are not all that… Full Review ▶
02/28/08
Resident
I just moved into Waterford early winter 2007. So far my experience has been pleasant. The apartment is very spacious for the money and I am thrilled with all of the closet space! I have needed maintenance for just a few… Full Review ▶
02/17/08
Resident
I've lived at Waterford Place for 2 and 1/2 years. I love it. My roommate is moving to CA and I've been trying to find a one bedroom to rent on my own in the Bellevue or surrounding areas. I haven't… Full Review ▶
02/14/08
Resident
My husband and I have lived here since August and have only had good service with Waterford Place. If something goes wrong they get the problem solved very quickly. They are very personal and with it being such a small complex… Full Review ▶
02/05/08
Resident
Rents here are going way up. So high, in fact, if you have the credit and down payment already, you would actually save more money buying a home versus living here. My rent increased more than 100 dollars at renewal time.… Full Review ▶
03/08/07
Resident
I had cetepedes which was actually good because they killed the crickets and the sow bugs that came in from the cracks underneath the outside doors. But they wouldn't touch the darkling beatles, and termites ate the drywall in the den.
The actual apartments and layouts are nice.The grounds are pretty well maintened.
There is just enough parking, but that doesn't guarantee you will get a spot in front of your apartment. On the website, they promise reserved parking, that's not the case.… Full Review ▶
02/07/07
Resident
I've lived here for a couple of years and can't wait to get out. After the fire in 2006, we've had problems with the water. Two or three times now, they've had to turn off the water to fix a water… Full Review ▶
09/01/06
Resident
I moved in early this year. I have had no problems. The staff is frendly and helpfull.I plan on renewing my lease.I read the reviews from others and would like to say. Come on people it is an apartment .Noice is… Full Review ▶
06/05/06
Resident
I have lived her since 2001 and I have been amazed at the changing staff. I am happy to say that we have a good staff now and they truely care about maintaining the property. Parking was a night mare when… Full Review ▶
06/03/06
Resident
I've lived in Waterford Place for one year and can't wait to leave. The noise is outrageous in neighboring apts (I've had to call the city police police twice to stop my neighbors loud music). The staff is mean and very… Full Review ▶
02/20/06
Resident
I've lived here 3 years, and this place is going downhill. Dont know why, but office staff changes like my girl's face, maybe they dont like stay here either. The renting is among the highest in Nashville, but the quality isn't.
This is the dirtiest place I ever moved into they never clean the grounds my apartment was filthy !! Yuck ! The office staff are so rude !! every work order I called in took forever to fix if it got… Full Review ▶
10/15/05
Resident
I've lived there since last winter. it was quiet back then. but since the spring, the mowers have been got me crazy. first of all, they mow basically every early morning, sometimes as early as 7:30, and the noise is so… Full Review ▶
09/22/05
Resident
I've only lived here a month but so far I love it. The office staff are very helpful and friendly. It's quiet, the apartments are big and I have my new home where I plan to stay for a long while… Full Review ▶
07/17/05
Resident
I'm glad I moved out. Paying similar rent, I'm now in a perfect apt (it's rated very nice here).
Waterford used to be very nice. But nowadays, it is just another average apartment, and of course, having the same problems as those… Full Review ▶
05/11/05
Resident
I've lived here for a year now, and I like it very much. I've looked at almost all apts in west nashville, and this one is definitely one of the best. I'm not sure about the murder thing that guy said,… Full Review ▶
03/05/05
Resident
I highly rec. if you are looking for a new place to live to check out this apartment complex. There are alot of other complexes around this area that i have checked out but not like this one. This place is… Full Review ▶
03/03/05
Resident
I have lived at Waterford for several years and have loved it each year. The staff has always been friendly and supportive of my needs. The Maintenance always gets everything done and they make it a point to know my name.… Full Review ▶
03/01/05
Resident
Waterford was the worst apartment complex I have ever moved into. The staff was rude, the apartment complex was dirty and not ready for us to move into and I would never recomend staying there. Right across the street is the… Full Review ▶
02/18/05
Resident
I have lived at Waterford for 9 months. I am having to relocate due to school obligations, otherwise I would continue to live in this complex. I had actually not even considered Waterford (primarily because I didn't know it existed). I… Full Review ▶
01/18/05
Resident
I have lived in Waterford Place for 2 1/2 years and have loved every minute of it. The staff is wonderful and do their best to accommodate every request made. Maintenance requests are responded to promptly and the neighbors are friendly… Full Review ▶
08/27/04
Resident
I have lived here as a corporate tenant and I would say Waterford Place is a great place to live. It's very quiet, safe and secure. The people are friendky as long as your friendly and management is very receptive to… Full Review ▶
04/03/04
Resident
I´ve lived at Waterford Place for 2 years and just signed for 6 more months. The complex mangagement is nice and maintenance prompt. I did shop around a little before renewing my lease, but something about Waterford Place feels like home,… Full Review ▶
Great location. Very quiet, good neighbors. Friendly, helpful staff. Maintenance is good, but management doesn´t always put in work orders for costly repairs - typical of Equity properties.
Sometimes difficult to find a parking place since most people who… Full Review ▶
06/02/02
Resident
I have lived here for 3 years, the grounds are kept nicely, they have kept up with repairs on the inside and outside, they are quick with service calls, and the staff has always been helpful Full Review ▶
Disclaimer: Rental rates have been collected from Internet users and represent snapshots of a rental prices over time. These rates may not be a reliable indicator of current rents or the price offered to new residents. How to use this information.
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The Pleasures of Rooting Against Brazil
No team has ever acted so entitled to World Cup glory.
June 11, 2014
My maternal grandfather came this close to playing professional soccer: When he was just weeks away from being selected as part of the elite squad for Mexico's Club América, his father told him it was time to choose—either pursue his lifelong dream of becoming a winger or settle for the much more acceptable path of studying medicine and hanging up the cleats for good.
In a decision that he would regret for the rest of his life, he chose to become a cardiologist. In order to mend his own broken, soccer-yearning heart, my grandfather then became a soccer savant. I kid you not: he could predict the outcome of a game just by looking at each team’s formation. He knew every player’s weakness so well that he could have been a fantastic scout. But most of all he appreciated the rituals of the game.
Which brings me to the art of hating the opposition.
It must have been 1983. My grandfather’s beloved América was playing Guadalajara, the Mexican clásico. Even though my sympathies lay elsewhere (with the long-suffering Cruz Azul), my grandfather bought a couple of tickets and took me to the game. When we had reached our seats high up in the mouth of the gigantic Estadio Azteca, he looked at the field below us. “What are you doing?” I asked. “Looking for the referee and for Quirarte,” said my grandfather, referring to Fernando Quirarte, Guadalajara's fierce captain (nicknamed “El Sheriff”). It took him five seconds to locate them both. And then he did something I had never seen before in this stoic, rather reserved man. He let out two thunderous, fantastically vulgar shouts: “Chinga tu madre!” (which translates, basically, as “go fuck your mother!”). He then looked at me and, upon noticing my surprise (and delight), immediately remarked: “In football, passion for those you like is equally important as passion against those you really dislike.” He then sat down and asked for beer.
My grandfather was right: There are very few things as enjoyable as hating another soccer team and everything it stands for. Because it ends up being (mostly) harmless yet poignant, hate derived from soccer—be it from a legendary rivalry, a personal grudge or any other reason—is the best kind of hate. It might actually be the only acceptable kind of hate.
I have a long list of soccer antipathies. I dislike Spain's Real Madrid, América, Argentina’s River Plate, and many others. All have a common denominator: every one of these teams believe they are entitled to glory; they enter the field with the firm belief that, be it by divine intervention or real talent, victory will be theirs in the end. You might say I resent winners, but that’s not it. What I resent are teams who believe winning is their exclusive privilege before the referee (chinga tu madre!) has even started the game.
Enter Brazil, kings of entitlement.
Up to this day, Brazilians believe that the FIFA World Cup is their right, their privilege by virtue of a beautiful canary yellow shirt. They’ve thought so at least since the early 1950’s. Not even the most dramatic and embarrassing defeat in the history of soccer convinced them otherwise. Back then, though, Brazil’s sense of purpose was not hubristic: it was virtuoso determination. And it came, at least back then, with a sense not only of humility but also of an undeniable enjoyment. From 1950 until at least 1970, the Brazilians enjoyed a couple of decades of street-wise, joyous soccer, in which winning was important (of course it was) but was far from the only thing that mattered.
And then something happened.
Brazil slowly abandoned all those virtues, opting away from the sublime. The last hurrah came in 1982, when it had the audacity of playing at least four creative geniuses in what was, in my opinion, the most amazing national team ever to play the game. They played with almost sexual grace…but still they lost, eliminated by Italy in a bizarre match. Brazilians learned all the wrong lessons from that terrible day. The creative bliss of Pele, Sócrates, Falcao and Garrincha was replaced by the ruthless destructive prowess of Dunga and Mauro Silva. The jogo bonito became the jogo pragmatico. In the process, Brazil sacrificed every single endearing quality and—at least for me—became the yellow kings of arrogance.
The 2014 Brazilian squad wears that particular crown with ease.
The elegant talent of Zico and Eder has been replaced by the robotic muteness of Hulk or the overestimated antics of Neymar, a sort of puffed up Woody-Woodpecker. Even Brazilian extravagance has lost its class: Where before roamed Romario—beautifully defined by Jorge Valdano as a “footballer straight out of an animated cartoon”—now one can find Fred, who has the charisma of a chloroform soaked rag. And there’s more. This Brazil can become violent in an instant. The rough game (the antifutbol) was never part of the Brazilian repertoire. It is now and it has been for a while (ask Tab Ramos if he remembers Leonardo’s elbow). In the 2014 squad, even Neymar carries an axe. This is far from a joyful team.
It is, actually, Brazil at its most pedantic. Gone are the days of humility and street smarts. This is the Brazil of Oscar modeling Calvin Klein underwear and Marcelo and Thiago Silva carrying expensive suitcases in another ad for TAM airlines. They look like models or savvy entrepreneurs rather than ambassadors for the country where showmanship and style once mattered more than the golden cup. And they think they’ve got it made. Just like in 1950, the Brazilians feel they deserve the trophy even before the brazuca has started rolling. They have it all planned out, down to the final against Messi’s Argentina. The party, you see, is all but ready. That’s why I really want them to lose. In honor of my grandfather, who taught me how to profoundly and merrily dislike a team, I hope the ghost of Maracaná strikes once more. This canarinha deserves a banho de humildade.
Leon Krauze, a Mexican journalist and writer, anchors Univision’s evening newscasts in Los Angeles, hosts Open Source on Fusion, and is the former official historian for the Mexican national team.
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The present invention is directed to an improvement in computing systems and in particular to computer systems for managing deadlocks in demultiplexed connection database management system environments.
In database management systems (DBMSs) it is possible to provide concurrent connections to a database by using demultiplexed connection environments. In such DBMSs, worker agents carry out processes in response to requests made by applications (or clients). Often agents are associated with applications by an application scheduler or manager for the life of a transaction. To handle the potentially large number of inbound connections being demultiplexed across a smaller number of worker agents, DBMSs use schedulers and wait queues.
In DBMSs such as relational DBMSs, applications are able to obtain locks on portions of a database. A row, a page or a table, for example, may be locked by an application, depending on the operation that the application is carrying out on the database in an RDBMS. Typically such locks are held on data representations in the DBMS but more generally are considered to be locks on database resources. Where locks are held and other applications seek to obtain locks, deadlocks may occur. In the prior art, such deadlocks may be detected by a deadlock detector in the DBMS. The deadlock detector may identify an application that will be required to release a held lock to break the deadlock.
Prior art systems have been developed to detect and recover from deadlocks as described above. For example, deadlock detectors are described in each of the following U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,421 (Freund, Mar. 10, 1992), U.S. Pat. No. 5,845,117 (Fujita, Dec. 1, 1998), U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,871 (Van Den Berg, Oct. 17, 1995), U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,743 (Yokota, Aug. 8, 1995), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,682,537 (Davies et al., Oct. 28, 1997). In U.S. Pat. No. 5,832,484 (Sankaran et al., Nov. 3, 1998), a deadlock detector and a method to avoid potential deadlock detection by deferring the deadlock detection steps is described. These prior art methods are generally concerned with systems that do not include a demultiplexing component for the processes which seek to acquire locks on resources.
In a demultiplexed connection DBMS, where there are worker agents assigned to applications, it is possible for an application to become inactive but to retain locks on portions of the database. In this case, the application will be disassociated from a worker agent and yet the application may retain locks on data in the DBMS. Where this occurs, and where both the inactive application is unable to acquire a worker agent and other applications are waiting for the inactive application to relinquish its lock, it is possible to have deadlocks in the DBMS.
In the prior art it is known that such deadlocks may occur in a DBMS and users of such systems must restart the system and make modifications to the number of worker agents available to permit processing in the database to continue. Such a disruption to the database system is undesirable where the database is required to be continually available.
It is therefore desirable to provide a computer system for the detection and management of deadlocks in a demultiplexed connection environment DBMS.
A system and method for managing deadlocks in a database management system (DBMS) for a demultiplexed database system having worker agents and applications associated with, and disassociated from, the worker agents is disclosed. The DBMS of the present invention supports applications that are capable of holding and retaining locks on database resources while disassociated from worker agents. The system and method of the present invention includes an application scheduler for managing requests for access to the database, and a deadlock detector for identifying a deadlock According to one embodiment of the present invention, the application scheduler assigns one worker agent to an application requesting access to a database resource, assigns a flag to an application holding a lock on the database resource while disassociated from a worker agent, and in cooperation with the deadlock detector, resolves the deadlock between the application requesting access and the flagged application holding the lock.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a deadlock management system for a database system, the database system including a set of applications selectively requesting and holding locks on database resources, a pool of worker agents including normal worker agents and overflow worker agents, an application scheduler, a wait queue, a priority queue, and a deadlock detector, the database system supporting an application holding a lock while disassociated from a worker agent, the deadlock management system including:
means for marking an application with a flag value based on the existing application flag value and on the state of applications requesting and holding locks on database resources, including,
means for marking an application with a flag value W where the application becomes disassociated from a worker agent,
means for marking an application with a flag value H where the application has a flag value W and where the application holds a lock on a database resource requested by another application,
means for marking an application with a flag value D where the application requests a worker agent, has a flag value H and there is no normal worker agent or overflow worker agent available for the application,
means for marking an application with the flag value Q where the application has a flag value W and a worker agent is not available, wherein the application is placed on the wait queue, and
means for marking an application with the flag value D where the application has the flag value Q and a worker agent associated with another application requests a lock held by the application having the flag value Q,
means for the application scheduler to respond to an application request for a worker agent and to selectively provide a normal worker agent, an overflow worker agent, or place the application on the wait queue or on the priority queue, based on the application flag value, including
means for responding to a request for a worker agent from an application with flag value H by obtaining a normal worker agent if available and alternatively providing an overflow worker agent, further including means for placing the application on the priority queue where no overflow worker agent is available, and
means for responding to a request for a worker agent from an application with flag value W by obtaining a normal worker agent if available and alternatively by placing the application on the wait queue,
means for clearing the application flag value when an application is provided with a worker agent,
means for the deadlock detector to poll an application and means for the deadlock detector to declare a deadlock where the application has a specified flag value and the application holds a lock on a database resource requested by another application, including,
means for declaring a deadlock where an application has a flag value D and the application holds a lock on a database resource that is requested by another application, the deadlock detector further including a lock wait deadlock graph and a resource representation, the lock wait deadlock graph including means to represent applications requesting and holding locks on database resources whereby the deadlock detector determines if an application holds a lock requested by another application, and
means for selecting an application holding a lock and for requiring the application to release the lock, following detection of a deadlock on the lock.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of deadlock management for a database system, the database system including a set of applications selectively requesting and holding locks on database resources, a pool of worker agents including normal worker agents and overflow worker agents, a wait queue, and a priority queue, the database system supporting an application holding a lock while disassociated from a worker agent, the method of deadlock management including the steps of:
1. marking an application with a flag value based on the existing application flag value and on the state of applications requesting and holding locks on database resources, including the steps of:
i) marking an application with a flag value W where the application becomes disassociated from a worker agent,
ii) marking an application with a flag value H where the application has a flag value W and where the application holds a lock on a database resource requested by another application,
iii) marking an application with a flag value D where the application requests a worker agent, has a flag value H and there is no normal worker agent or overflow worker agent available for the application,
iv) marking an application with the flag value Q where the application has a flag value W and a worker agent is not available, wherein the application is placed on the wait queue, and
v) marking an application with the flag value D where the application has the flag value Q and a worker agent associated with another application requests a lock held by the application having the flag value Q,
2. responding to an application request for a worker agent from the pool and selectively providing a normal worker agent, an overflow worker agent, or placing the application on the wait queue or on the priority queue, based on the application flag value, including the steps of:
i) responding to a request for a worker agent from an application with flag value H by obtaining a normal worker agent if available and alternatively by providing an overflow worker agent, further including the step of placing the application on the priority queue where no overflow worker agent is available, and
ii) responding to a request for a worker agent from an application with flag value W by obtaining a normal worker agent if available and alternatively by placing the application on the wait queue,
3. clearing the application flag value when an application is provided with a worker agent,
4. polling an application and declaring a deadlock where the application has a specified flag value and the application holds a lock on a database resource requested by another application, including the step of declaring a deadlock where an application has a flag value D and the application holds a lock on a database resource that is requested by another application, the database system further including a lock wait deadlock graph and a resource representation, the lock wait deadlock graph including means to represent applications requesting and holding locks on database resources whereby the step of declaring a deadlock comprises the step of determining if an application holds a lock requested by another application by accessing the lock wait graph, and
5. selecting an application holding a lock and requiring the application to release the lock, following detection of a deadlock on the lock.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer program product for deadlock management in a database system, the computer program product including a computer usable medium having computer readable code means embodied in the medium, including computer readable program code means for carrying out the above method.
Advantages of the present invention include the improved detection and management of deadlocks in DBMSs and include detection and elimination of a deadlock without requiring the DBMS to become unavailable to users.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Yener Torun is 32 year-old architect and self taught photographer, who has created a photography series that offers an alternative view of Istanbul, Turkey. Yener captures stunning minimalistic images with the traditional ornate buildings, mosques and palaces.
“Lines, patterns, textures and shapes in architecture have been a part of my life for a long time, and that helps me to see some details much more easily,” he explains. “And since I’ve been in the construction business for almost 10 years, I am usually aware of the new projects in the city and that helps me to find the best places for shooting.”
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
score increase the chance of apperance
Hello I'm developing a game that each time a user blows a block the users get 1 point and the point get added to an overall score while the game is running.
the game consists of 4 standard views what i want to be done is that the more the chance increase the more a background appear on the views.
in another way the higher the score the more the chance of a background to be bind to the view when the user reach's 50 it starts to bind it with the background and when the user reach's 200 the chance of binding becomes 100%
this.Bcolor=random.nextInt(4 - 1 + 1) + 1; // generate a random color between 1 and 3
if(FallAnimationActivity.score % 100 == 0) { // here where i want to apply the chance alogrithm.
FallAnimationActivity.showcolorbuttons();
switch (Bcolor) {
case 1:
this.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLUE);
break;
case 2:
this.setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
break;
case 3:
this.setBackgroundColor(Color.GREEN);
break;
case 4:
this.setBackgroundColor(Color.BLACK);
break;
}
}
else{
this.setBcolor(0);
}
FallAnimationActivity.score is the user score that keeps increasing while he pops the blocks that appears.
Thank you.
A:
You can use an algorithm that generates a number between 1 and 200. if the number is smaller than the score, return true, otherwise, return false.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The Tokyo Metro and Toei subway companies announced this week that as part of the preparations for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympic Games and to help foreign tourists, they will start providing free Wi-Fi at 143 subway stations throughout the metropolitan area beginning in December.
Of the 143 stations, stations in Roppongi, Asakusa and Ginza have the highest volume of foreign tourists that pass through them, officials said. Many foreign tourists in the past have complained about the inability to use wireless Internet while using public transportation in Tokyo.
Users will need to download the free Japan Connected Free Wi-Fi app before they can access the network. Each session is valid for three hours of service, and there’s no limit on the number of sessions for a single user.
Tokyo Gov Yoichi Masuzoe told a news conference that he hopes the new service will allow foreign visitors to easily navigate the metropolitan area transportation system, TBS reported.
Free Wi-Fi service has been available on all 1,452 Toei buses operated by the Tokyo metropolitan government since March.
© Japan Today
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}
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<?php
class NamespaceCoveragePublicTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
/**
* @covers Foo\CoveredClass::<public>
*/
public function testSomething()
{
$o = new Foo\CoveredClass;
$o->publicMethod();
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The Navy has passed a major milestone in its quest to build an incredibly powerful new anti-aircraft gun.
Scientists with the Navy's Office of Naval Research have demonstrated a prototype system capable of producing from thin air the electrons needed to generate ultrapowerful, "megawatt-class" laser beams for the agency's next-generation system.
"The injector performed as we predicted all along," said Dinh Nguyen, senior project leader for the Free Electron Laser (FEL) program at the Los Alamos National Lab, N.M. "But until now, we didn't have the evidence to support our models. We were so happy to see our design, fabrication and testing efforts finally come to fruition."
He said the group is hoping to set a world record with the futuristic new weapon -- which could be the Holy Grail of military lasers.
FEL technology generates powerful laser beams by passing a stream of electrons -- those tiny, charged particles of matter -- through magnetic fields. Using electrons means avoiding the hassle of chemical fuels that are required for ordinary gas lasers, and bypassing the heating issue of electronic lasers.
FEL lasers can also be calibrated more specifically for anti-aircraft purposes, the Navy said, to adjust for precipitation, cloud cover, or humidity.
Quentin Saulter, FEL program manager for the Navy's research arm, said the implications of the FEL's progress are monumental. "This is a major leap forward for the program and for FEL technology throughout the Navy," Saulter said. "The fact that the team is nine months ahead of schedule provides us plenty of time to reach our goals by the end of 2011."
The research team hopes to have a full-power prototype by 2018, which would have the ability to instantly blast targets in the sky.
Navy ships have become vulnerable in modern times to supersonic missiles because of their slower defense systems, the agency worries. "The FEL is expected to provide future U.S. Naval forces with a near-instantaneous laser ship defense in any maritime environment throughout the world,” Saulter said.
Moreover, because future ships may very well use a form of electronic propulsion, there would be a readily available supply of electrons to power the raygun.
Originally invented by John Madey in 1976 at Stanford University, the project was picked up and pursued by the ONR in the 1980s -- and may finally become a reality.
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Rökstólar Samvinnumiðstöð
Why Rökstólar
Should you be interested in a story behind Rökstólar, we encourage you to read further on.
The main founder of Rökstólar is Lenka, originally from Slovakia, who spent a year as a volunteer in a smal, 2000-inhabitant fishing village in the north of Iceland. It was a conscious decision to try living in a small village, as until then, she had only experienced small or big cities. Once this precious and very enriching experience was over, in the summer of 2006, Lenka had to leave Iceland, however, decided to keep many of her belongings at her friends´ place, saying: 'I will definitely come back and try to make a living in Iceland, once the right time comes.'
Then she left for Prague, where she succesfully started her private English teaching business and embarked upon her career as a professional freelance trainer in a non-formal education field in the frame of EU projects aimed at youth.
The 'right time for comeback' to Iceland came, when Lenka was asked in 2007 to work for a Czech company METROSTAV, a.s., on their tunnel construction project in Iceland. The company needed an English teacher and an intermediary towards some of the Icelandic offices and thus Lenka was offered a limited contract, which she gladly accepted.
Lenka was a part of the project between 2008 and summer of 2009 and coincidentally enough, her work location was only 30 minutes drive from a village where she volunteered during her first stay in Iceland. As the result of this, she kept on stregthening her contact network and involvement in community living in the north of Iceland, where she realized more and more potential for tourism development in the area. Funnily enough, the finished tunnel construction - that Lenka happened to be a part of - has opened even more opportunities for tourism field.However, after Lenka´s contract expired in the summer of 2009, she found herself unemployed in the time of economic crisis. Settling down in the north of Iceland, she decided to use available support system offered by Icelandic state in order to create a job for her with a future vision of creating jobs for others too and contribute to life quality improvement.Thanks to support schemes of Labour Office, as well as Innovation Center of Iceland, Lenka developed a business plan and founded Social Enterprise called Rökstólar Samvinnumiðstöð in 2010 with strong focus on community development and education.
On top of that, Rökstólar offers coaching and consulting services for various working groups, helping them find ways to build their own capacity to solve the problems, thus acting as development practitioner rather than an "expert advisor".
Thanks to Lenka´s strong contact network, literally all over the world, Rökstólar enjoy getting involved in international projects and contribute to exchange of good practices between countries.
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|
Nestled in the heart of Appalachia is a land of rolling mountain ridges, knobs and gaps, that hold unending beauty and wonder. Take a look at what Time to Climb discovered on our trip to West Virginia!
West Virginia is home to the Monongahela National Forest which has some of the most stunning rock formations and wilderness in the state. This mountainous national forest contains the 100,000 + acre Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. Established by the US Forest Service in 1965, it is the first of its kind to act as more than a preservation. The Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation area highlights outdoor activities and is used for research. The open space also provides support for the surrounding communities by leasing sections to farmers and cattle herders. This collaboration with the local community has helped foster and maintain the area’s natural beauty & rural culture that has existed for hundreds of years.
Seneca Rocks:
Located in the self-proclaimed town of Seneca Rocks, this massive “Fin” ridge-line rises 900 feet above the Seneca creek and the town below. The rock is composed of Tuscarora quartzite with exposed cliffs that are roughly 300 ft in height. Seneca Rocks has 2 peaks – North Peak & South Peak (the tallest) – which are separated by a distinct notch. South Peak is also known as a “True Peak,” meaning it’s summit is only accessible by technical rock climbing. It is the only one of its kind found on the east coast of the United States.
Can you spot the climbers?
Seneca Rocks has a long history of world-class rock climbing. The first recorded ascent of the rocks was made by a team of 3 climbers in 1939 and included Paul Bradt, Don Hubbard, & Sam Moore. The team was surprised to find an engraving of “D.B. September 16, 1908” at the top of the rocks, which was believed to be left by a surveyor who was working in the area.
During World War II, these very rocks were used as a training ground for the US Army’s 10th Mountain Division in preparation for the invasions made in the mountains of Italy. The rock formation is home to hundreds of trad climbing routes, from single pitch slab to multi-pitch cracks. The routes range anywhere from 5.0 to 5.13 in difficulty.
Spruce Knob:
Standing at 4,863 ft in height, this peak is the highest point of West Virginia (and includes the the Allegheny Mountains and the Appalachian Plateaus). Spruce Knob’s prominence of 2,781 ft offers absolutely stunning views of the surrounding mountains. The summit has a distinct alpine feel and is covered in boulder/rock outcroppings with a dense spruce forest, Krummholz formation and the stunting of exposed trees. Such formations are not usually found in the the southern Appalachian range and are more common in the north woods of New England and Canada.
There is an abundance of wildlife at the top of Spruce Knob, including white tail deer, black bear, red squirrels and our friend (pictured above) the Appalachian cottontail rabbit who likes to hang out near the observation tower found at the summit.
The summit of Spruce Knob is accessible by driving. The road from the Gateway Restaurant (near the park entrance) to the summit parking lot is about 11-12 miles long. It’s a bit narrow and has some very sharp turns, so take your time driving through the park. When you reach the top, there is a trail around the summit that is half a mile long. It’s also wheel chair accessible! Upon reaching the far end of the trail (before looping back), you’ll notice 180-degree panorama views that allow you to look out from both sides of the ridge-line.
The loop back takes you into the woods, which offers shade and protection from the often high winds that accompany the exposed areas of the summit. Small bushes and thick moss adorn the forest floor, giving a mystical feel to your hike through the spruce forest.
Catching the sunset at Spruce Knob is a must if you are in the area. The vibrant colors that wash across the sky and pitch over the mountaintops is simply majestic. The observation tower allows you to get above the spruce trees and experience a unique 360-degree view of the surrounding mountains & valleys. If you are a photographer the “Golden & Blue Hours” here are phenomenal due to the prominence and isolation of the mountain.
To learn More about Seneca Rocks & Spruce Knob check out the following links:
Spruce Knob and Seneca Rocks National Recreational Area
Climbing Routes at Seneca Rocks
Spruce Knob
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
All political parties bring out manifestos at the time of elections in order to inform prospective voters of their socio-economic vision for the country. The vision is largely influenced by the ideologies of the parties in the fray. Given the fact that the two major national parties, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have been in the political arena for long or have been governing parties, it is taken for granted that their ideologies are well known, though ideologies are subject to nuanced interpretations and viewpoints of the leaders of the parties.
The economic part of the vision of the two parties does not differ much though nuances exist on the question of “growth first before distribution" (a relatively strident BJP viewpoint) and ineffectiveness of public spending on account of subsidies and special programmes such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and food security (again a relatively strident BJP viewpoint). On the private sector’s role, both parties are practically on the same page.
The party that aspires to be a major national party, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) had a brief stint of power at Delhi. Its economic vision is not well known, though one could gleam it from some actions of the party in its brief tenure of office at Delhi and from some of the utterances of its leaders, Arvind Kejriwal and Yogendra Yadav. The party’s strategy seems to be veering round new colours of Gandhism and democratic socialism, the two concepts that pervaded the Indian economic scene in the early years after Independence. Its main areas of focus seem to be: power, water supply, primary school education with facilities especially for girl students (three actions that they took during their office stint and are critical in any future economic strategy), communication with the people on a regular basis—the mohallas (transparency and needs-based approach), objection to “crony capitalism" and a strong statement for withdrawal of government from business. This is a kind of Gandhism that seems to suggest that agriculture, manufacturing, and small-scale industries would have to be fostered within the private sector. The party has also opposed foreign direct investment (FDI) in the retail sector. It has announced total rejection of categorization of ideas as “left wing" or “right wing". Further, it wants urgent redressal of people’s short term needs, simple living for all ministers and officials (another streak of Gandhism), strong advocacy for ombudsmen and for hearing citizens’ grievances against corrupt politicians, bureaucrats, criminals and communal groups. The party also wants open and transparent communication about funding of elections (which could include state funding of elections). The only issue on which there has not been much mention is in the area of primary health and healthcare. But one would not be surprised if this too would have been a part of the party action-plan had the party stayed on in power for a little longer time.
Critics, however, point out that public spending will outpace the known revenue resources. This could be true in the very short run but given the limited tenure of office, one may have to carefully sift as soon as possible the party’s fundamental social and public policy for further clues about what the party will have spelled as its stance on these matters. By saying that the state should not be in business, the party seems to hint that publicly owned enterprises would be more speedily privatized and resources generated to take care of the party’s concerns for economic growth and economic equality.
The model of development that emerges from these viewpoints is not something new going by the debates on the development strategies in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and in India in the 1950s. The non-state business regime without regulatory overreaches and with strong anti-corruption mechanisms will enable absorption of relatively abundant labour in agriculture, small-scale industries, manufacturing activities and services sector. The party, however, has to provide an idea of what it thinks should be the incentives for work and conducting economic activities simply because the state will be out of business and business will be conducted by the private sector. This will raise issues related to fiscal and monetary policy and regulatory policies on which the party has to give some indication. It is also important to signal the party’s views on international economic and financial policies. Once Indian business is given such a huge role as the party seems to imply, one would like to believe that it is for large-scale foreign technical and financial cooperation.
Most other parties do not seem to aspire to be national parties in the strict sense of the term since their reach is restricted and their inclination is not to field candidates over the length and breadth of the country.
A. Vasudevan is a former executive director of the Reserve Bank of India. Comments are welcome at theirview@livemint.com.
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|
MRI-guided 3D optimization significantly improves DVH parameters of pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer.
To compare dose-volume histogram parameters of standard Point A and magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional optimized dose plans in 21 consecutive patients who underwent pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy (PDR-BT) for locally advanced cervical cancer. All patients received external beam radiotherapy (elective target dose, 45 Gy in 25-30 fractions; tumor target dose, 50-60 Gy in 25-30 fractions). PDR-BT was applied with a tandem-ring applicator. Additional ring-guided titanium needles were used in 4 patients and a multichannel vaginal cylinder in 2 patients. Dose planning was done using 1.5 Tesla T(1)-weighted and T(2)-weighted paratransversal magnetic resonance imaging scans. T(1)-weighted visible oil-containing tubes were used for applicator reconstruction. The prescribed standard dose for PDR-BT was 10 Gy (1 Gy/pulse, 1 pulse/h) for two to three fractions to reach a physical dose of 80 Gy to Point A. The total dose (external beam radiotherapy plus brachytherapy) was normalized to an equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions using alpha/beta = 10 Gy for tumor, alpha/beta = 3 Gy for normal tissue, and a repair half-time of 1.5 h. The goal of optimization was dose received by 90% of the target volume (D(90)) of > or =85 Gy(alpha/beta10) in the high-risk clinical target volume (cervix and remaining tumor at brachytherapy), but keeping the minimal dose to 2 cm(3) of the bladder and rectum/sigmoid at <90 and <75 Gy(alpha/beta3), respectively. Using three-dimensional optimization, all dose-volume histogram constraints were met in 16 of 21 patients compared with 3 of 21 patients with two-dimensional library plans (p < 0.001). Optimization increased the minimal target dose (D(100)) of the high-risk clinical target volume (p < 0.007) and decreased the minimal dose to 2 cm(3) for the sigmoid significantly (p = 0.03). For the high-risk clinical target volume, D(90) was 91 +/- 8 Gy(alpha/beta10) and D(100) was 76 +/- 5 Gy(alpha/beta10). The minimal dose to 2 cm(3) for the bladder, rectum, and sigmoid was 73 +/- 6, 67 +/- 6, and 69 +/- 6 Gy(alpha/beta3), respectively. The results of our study have shown that magnetic resonance imaging-guided optimization of PDR-BT for locally advanced cervical cancer significantly improved the dose-volume histogram parameters.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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#ifndef XPROTOSTRUCTS_H
#define XPROTOSTRUCTS_H
/***********************************************************
Copyright 1987, 1998 The Open Group
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its
documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that
the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation.
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
OPEN GROUP BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of The Open Group shall not be
used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
in this Software without prior written authorization from The Open Group.
Copyright 1987 by Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts.
All Rights Reserved
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
supporting documentation, and that the name of Digital not be
used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the
software without specific, written prior permission.
DIGITAL DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING
ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL
DIGITAL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION,
ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
SOFTWARE.
******************************************************************/
#include <X11/Xmd.h>
/* Used by PolySegment */
typedef struct _xSegment {
INT16 x1 B16, y1 B16, x2 B16, y2 B16;
} xSegment;
/* POINT */
typedef struct _xPoint {
INT16 x B16, y B16;
} xPoint;
typedef struct _xRectangle {
INT16 x B16, y B16;
CARD16 width B16, height B16;
} xRectangle;
/* ARC */
typedef struct _xArc {
INT16 x B16, y B16;
CARD16 width B16, height B16;
INT16 angle1 B16, angle2 B16;
} xArc;
#endif /* XPROTOSTRUCTS_H */
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Kondor (automobile)
The Kondor was a German automobile manufactured from 1902 until 1904. The 5 hp two-seater was the product of a bicycle works.
References
Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
---
abstract: 'We discuss bilinear estimates of tempered distributions in the Fourier restriction spaces for the two-dimensional Schödinger equation whose principal part is the d’Alembertian. We prove that the bilinear estimates hold if and only if the tempered distributions are functions.'
address: 'Mathematical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan'
author:
- Eiji ONODERA
title: |
Bilinear Estimates\
Associated to the Schrödinger Equation\
with a Nonelliptic Principal Part
---
[^1]
Introduction {#section:introduction}
============
This paper is devoted to studying bilinear estimates of tempered distributions in the Fourier restriction spaces related with the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation whose principal part is the d’Alembertian. The Fourier restriction spaces were originated by Bourgain in his celebrated papers [@BOURGAIN1] and [@BOURGAIN2] to establish time-local or time-global well-posedness of the initial value problem for one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations and the Korteweg-de Vries equation in $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ respectively. Generally speaking, to solve the initial value problem for nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations which can be treated by the classical energy method, one usually analyzes the interactions of propagation of singularities in nonlinearity in detail, and applies the regularity properties of free propagators to the resolution of singularities. It is well-known that propagators of some classes of linear dispersive equations with constant coefficients have local smoothing effects (see, e.g., [@CHIHARA]), and dispersion properties (see, e.g., [@GV] and [@STRICHARTZ]). Surprisingly, the Fourier restriction spaces automatically work for both of the analysis of the interactions of propagation of singularities in the frequency space and the application of the regularity properties of free propagators. For this reason, many applications and refinements of the method of the Fourier restriction spaces have been investigated in the last decade; see, e.g., [@CDKS], [@KPV1]–[@NTT], [@TAO1; @TAO2] and references therein.
Here we state the definition of the Fourier restriction spaces. The Fourier transform of a function $f(x,t)$ of $(x,t)=(x_1,\dotsc,x_n,t)\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ is defined by $$\tilde{f}(\xi,\tau)
=
(2\pi)^{-\frac{n+1}{2}}
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^{n+1}}
e^{-it\tau-ix\cdot\xi}
f(x,t)
dxdt,$$ where $i=\sqrt{-1}$, $(\xi,\tau)=(\xi_1,\dotsc,\xi_n,\tau)\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ and $x\cdot\xi=x_1\xi_1+\dotsb+x_n\xi_n$. Let $a(\xi)$ be a real polynomial of $\xi=(\xi_1,\dotsc,\xi_n)\in\mathbb{R}^n$. Set $\partial_t=\frac{\partial}{\partial{t}}$, $\partial_j=\frac{\partial}{\partial{x_j}}$, $D_t=-i\partial_t$, $D_j=-i\partial_j$, $D=(D_1,\dotsc,D_n)$, $\lvert{\xi}\rvert=\sqrt{\xi\cdot\xi}$, $\langle{\tau}\rangle=\sqrt{1+\tau^2}$, and $\langle\xi\rangle=\sqrt{1+\lvert\xi\rvert^2}$. For $s,b\in\mathbb{R}$, the Fourier restriction space $X^{s,b}=X^{s,b}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1})$ associated to the differential operator $D_t-a(D)$ is the set of all tempered distributions $f$ on $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ satisfying $$\lVert{f}\rVert_{s,b}
=
\left(
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^{n+1}}
\big\lvert
\langle{\tau-a(\xi)}\rangle^b
\langle{\xi}\rangle^s
\tilde{f}(\xi,\tau)
\big\rvert^2
\,d\xi
\,d\tau
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
<+\infty.$$ The free propagator $e^{ita(D)}$ of a differential equation $(D_t-a(D))u=0$ is defined by $$e^{ita(D)}\phi(x)
=
(2\pi)^{-\frac{n}{2}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
e^{ix\cdot\xi+ita(\xi)}
\hat{\phi}(\xi)
\,d\xi,$$ where $\hat{\phi}$ is the Fourier transform of $\phi$ in $x\in\mathbb{R}^n$, that is, $$\hat{\phi}(\xi)
=
(2\pi)^{-\frac{n}{2}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}
e^{-ix\cdot\xi}
\phi(x)
\,dx.$$ In one-dimensional case, bilinear estimates in the Fourier restriction spaces associated to $D_t-D^2$ and $D_t-D^3$ were completed. More precisely, in [@KPV1] and [@KPV2], Kenig, Ponce and Vega refined the bilinear estimates in the Fourier restriction spaces with some negative indices $s<0$. Nakanishi, Takaoka and Tsutsumi in [@NTT] constructed sequences of tempered distributions breaking the bilinear estimates to show the optimality of the indices $s<0$ used in [@KPV1] and [@KPV2].
In [@TAO1] Tao investigated the bilinear estimates associated to $a(\xi)=\lvert\xi\rvert^2$ with $n\geqslant2$. He dealt with some equivalent estimates of the integral of trilinear form, and pointed out that the worst singularity occurs when an orthogonal relationship of three phases in that integral holds. Particularly in case $n=2$, Colliander, Delort, Kenig and Staffilani succeeded in overcoming this difficulty by the dyadic decomposition in not only the sizes of phases but also the angles among them. See [@CDKS] for the detail. Combining the above results for $a(\xi)=\lvert\xi\rvert^2$ with $n=1,2$, we have the following.
\[theorem:CDKPSV\] Let $n=1,2$, and let $a(\xi)=\lvert\xi\rvert^2$.
- [ For any $s\in (-\frac{3}{4},0]$, there exist $b\in(\frac{1}{2},1)$ and $C>0$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
\lVert{uv}\rVert_{s,b-1}
& \leqslant
C
\lVert{u}\rVert_{s,b}\,
\lVert{v}\rVert_{s,b},
\label{equation:b1}
\\
\lVert{\bar{u}\bar{v}}\rVert_{s,b-1}
& \leqslant
C
\lVert{u}\rVert_{s,b}\,
\lVert{v}\rVert_{s,b}.
\label{equation:b2}\end{aligned}$$ ]{}
- [ For any $s\in (-\frac{1}{4},0]$, there exist $b\in(\frac{1}{2},1)$ and $C>0$ such that $$\lVert{\bar{u}v}\rVert_{s,b-1}
\leqslant
C
\lVert{u}\rVert_{s,b}\,
\lVert{v}\rVert_{s,b}.
\label{equation:b3}$$ ]{}
- [ For any $s<-\frac{3}{4}$ and for any $b\in\mathbb{R}$, the estimates and fail to hold, and for any $s<-\frac{1}{4}$ and for any $b\in\mathbb{R}$, fails to hold.]{}
Here we mention a few remarks. First, the difference between (i) and (ii) are basically due to the structure of the products. In view of Hörmander’s theorem concerned with the microlocal condition on the multiplication of distributions (see [@SOGGE Theorem 0.4.5] for instance), $u\bar{u}$ needs more smoothness of $u$ than $u^2$ and $\bar{u}^2$ to make sense. Secondly, the local smoothing effect and the dispersion property of the fundamental solution $e^{it\lvert{D}\rvert^2}$ are strongly reflected in these bilinear estimates. These are applied to solving the initial value problem for some nonlinear Schrödinger equations in a class of tempered distributions which are not necessarily functions. Indeed, by using the technique developed in [@KPV1] together with the estimates , and , one can prove time-local well-posedness of the initial value problem for quadratic nonlinear Schrödinger equations of the form $$\begin{aligned}
{2}
D_tu
-
\lvert{D}\rvert^2u
& =
N_j(u,u)
&
\quad\text{in}\
& \mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R},
\label{equation:pde1}
\\
u(x,0)
& =
u_0(x)
&
\quad\text{in}\
& \mathbb{R}^n,
\label{equation:data1}\end{aligned}$$ in Sobolev space $H^s(\mathbb{R}^n)$ with $s\in (-\frac{3}{4},0]$ for $j=1,2$ and $s\in (-\frac{1}{4},0]$ for $j=3$, respectively. Here $n=1,2$, $u(x,t)$ is a complex-valued unknown function of $(x,t)$, $u_0$ is a given initial data, $N_1(u,v)=uv$, $N_2(u,v)=\bar{u}\bar{v}$, $N_3(u,v)=\bar{u}v$, $H^s(\mathbb{R}^n)=\langle{D}\rangle^{-s}L^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$, and $L^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is the set of all square-integrable functions on $\mathbb{R}^n$.
Some two-dimensional nonlinear dispersive equations with a nonelliptic principal part arise in classical mechanics. For example, the Ishimori equation ([@ISHIMORI]) $$\begin{aligned}
D_tu-(D_1^2-D_2^2)u
&=
\frac{-2\bar{u}}{1+\lvert{u}\rvert^2}
\Bigl((D_1u)^2-(D_2u)^2\Bigr)
+
i(D_2\phi{D_1u}+D_1\phi{D_2u}),\\
\phi
&=
-4i\lvert{D}\rvert^{-2}
\left(
\frac{D_1\bar{u}D_2u-D_1uD_2\bar{u}}{1+\lvert{u}\rvert^2}
\right),\end{aligned}$$ and the hyperbolic–elliptic Davey-Stewartson equation ([@DS]) $$D_tu-(D_1^2-D_2^2)u
=
-\lvert{u}\rvert^2u
-uD_1^2\lvert{D}\rvert^{-2}(\lvert{u}\rvert^2) \vspace{-0.05cm}$$ are well-known two-dimensional nonlinear dispersive equations. It is easy to see that $e^{it(D_1^2-D_2^2)}$ has exactly the same local smoothing and dispersion properties of $e^{it(D_1^2+D_2^2)}$ since $a(\xi)=\xi_1^2\pm\xi_2^2$ are two-dimensional nondegenerate quadratic forms. If the gradient $a^\prime(\xi)$ of a quadratic form $a(\xi)$ does not vanish for $\xi\ne0$, then $e^{ita(D)}$ gains $\frac{1}{2}\,$-spatial differentiation globally in time and locally in space. If the Hessian $a^{\prime\prime}(\xi)$ of an $n$-dimensional quadratic form $a(\xi)$ is a nonsingular matrix, then the distribution kernel of $e^{ita(D)}$ in $\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^n$ is estimated by $O(\lvert{t}\rvert^{-\frac{n}{2}})$ for all $t\in\mathbb{R}$ (see, e.q., [@KPV0]). Then, we expect that the bilinear estimates for $a(\xi)=\xi_1^2-\xi_2^2$ are the same as those for $a(\xi)=\xi_1^2+\xi_2^2$. The purpose of this paper is to examine this expectation. However, our answer is negative. More precisely, our results are the following.
\[theorem:main\] Let $n=2$, and let $a(\xi)=\xi_1^2-\xi_2^2$.
- [ For $s \geq 0$, there exists $b\in(\frac{1}{2},1)$ and $C>0$ such that the estimates , and hold. ]{}
- [ For any $s<0$ and for any $b\in\mathbb{R}$, the estimates , and fail to hold. ]{}
Note that our results are independent of the structure of products. In other words, our results depend only on the properties of $a(\xi)$, in particular, on the noncompactness of the zeros of $a(\xi)$.
We shall prove Theorem \[theorem:main\] in the next section. On one hand, we directly compute trilinear forms in the phase space to show (i) of Theorem \[theorem:main\]. We see that the Strichartz estimates work for making use of the regularity property of the free propagator $e^{it(D_1^2-D_2^2)}$ to prove (i).
On the other hand, to prove (ii) of Theorem \[theorem:main\], we construct two sequences of real-analytic functions for which the bilinear estimates break down. We observe that one cannot make full use of the regularity properties of $e^{it(D_1^2-D_2^2)}$ for the negative index $s$. More precisely, if $s<0$, then these properties cannot work effectively near the set of zeros of $a(\xi)$, that is, the hyperbola in $\mathbb{R}^2$.
Finally, we remark that our results seem to be strongly related with the recent results on bilinear estimates of the two dimensional Fourier restriction problems by Tao and Vargas in [@TV] and [@VARGAS]. They obtained bilinear estimates of two functions restricted on the unit paraboloid in the phase space. Their method of proof does not work for the restriction on the hyperbolic paraboloid.
Proof of Theorem \[theorem:main\] {#section:proof}
=================================
Fix $a(\xi)=\xi_1^2-\xi_2^2$. Note that $a(\xi)=a(-\xi)$ for any $\xi\in\mathbb{R}^2$. First, we prove (i) of Theorem \[theorem:main\]. Secondly, we prove a lemma needed in the proof of (i). Lastly, we conclude this paper by proving (ii) of Theorem \[theorem:main\].
Let $s \geq 0$ and $\frac{1}{2}<b<1$. We employ the idea of trilinear estimates developed in [@TAO1]. In view of the duality argument, we have only to show that there exists a positive constant $C$ depending only on $s$ and $b$ such that $$\lvert{I}\rvert
\leqslant
C
\lVert{f}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}\,
\lVert{g}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}\,
\lVert{h}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)},$$ where $$I
=
\int_{A_1}
\int_{A_2}
\frac{\langle\mu_{0}\rangle^{s}\,
\langle\mu_{1}\rangle^{-s}\,
\langle\mu_{2}\rangle^{-s}\,
f(\mu_0,\tau_0)g(\mu_1,\tau_1)h(\mu_2,\tau_2)}
{\langle\tau_0+a(\mu_0)\rangle^{1-b}\,
\langle\tau_1{\pm}a(\mu_1)\rangle^b\,
\langle\tau_2{\pm}a(\mu_2)\rangle^b}\,
d\tau_0d\tau_1d\tau_2
d\mu_0d\mu_1d\mu_2$$ and, $A_1$ and $A_2$ are defined by $$\begin{aligned}
A_1
& =
\{
(\mu_0,\mu_1,\mu_2)\in\mathbb{R}^{6}
\ \vert\
\mu_0+\mu_1+\mu_2=0
\}
\\
A_2
& =
\{
(\tau_0,\tau_1,\tau_2)\in\mathbb{R}^3
\ \vert\
\tau_0+\tau_1+\tau_2=0
\}.\end{aligned}$$ By using the pairs of signatures ${\pm}a(\mu_1)$ and ${\pm}a(\mu_2)$ in $I$, we can prove , and together. More precisely, the pairs $(-,-)$, $(+,+)$ and $(+,-)$ correspond to , and respectively. Since $\langle\mu_{1}+\mu_{2}\rangle^s
\leqslant
2^{s}\,
\langle\mu_{1}\rangle^s\,
\langle\mu_{2}\rangle^s
$ for $s \geq 0$, a simple computation gives $$\begin{aligned}
\lvert{I}\rvert
& =
\biggl\lvert
\int_{\mathbb{R}^{4}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\frac{ f(-\mu_1-\mu_2,-\tau_1-\tau_2)
g(\mu_1,\tau_1)h(\mu_2,\tau_2) }
{ \langle\tau_1{\pm}a(\mu_1)\rangle^b\,
\langle\tau_2{\pm}a(\mu_2)\rangle^b }
\\
&\phantom{=\ } \times
\frac{ \langle\mu_{1}+\mu_{2}\rangle^{s}\,
\langle\mu_{1}\rangle^{-s}\,
\langle\mu_{2}\rangle^{-s} }
{ \langle-\tau_1-\tau_2+a(\mu_1+\mu_2)\rangle^{1-b}
}\,
d\tau_1\,d\tau_2
\,d\mu_1\,d\mu_2
\biggr\rvert
\\*[0.2cm]
& \leqslant
2^s
\!\int_{\mathbb{R}^{4}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\frac{\lvert{f(-\mu_1-\mu_2,-\tau_1-\tau_2)}\rvert
\lvert{g(\mu_1,\tau_1)}\rvert
\lvert{h(\mu_2,\tau_2)}\rvert}
{\langle\tau_1{\pm}a(\mu_1)\rangle^b\,
\langle\tau_2{\pm}a(\mu_2)\rangle^b}\,
d\tau_1\,d\tau_2
\,d\mu_1\,d\mu_2
\\*[0.2cm]
& =
(2\pi)^{-\frac{3}{2}}2^s
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\mathscr{F}_{\xi,\tau}^{-1}[\lvert f \rvert](x,t)
G(x,t)H(x,t)
\,dt\,dx,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
G(x,t)
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{i(x\cdot\mu+t\tau)}
\frac{\lvert{g(\mu,\tau)}\rvert}
{\langle\tau{\pm}a(\mu)\rangle^b}\,
\,d\tau
\,d\mu
\\
H(x,t)
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{i(x\cdot\mu+t\tau)}
\frac{\lvert{h(\mu,\tau)}\rvert}
{\langle\tau{\pm}a(\mu)\rangle^b}\,
\,d\tau
\,d\mu,\end{aligned}$$ and $\mathscr{F}_{\xi,\tau}^{-1}$ denotes the inverse Fourier transform on $\xi$ and $\tau$, that is, $$\mathscr{F}_{\xi,\tau}^{-1}[\tilde{f}](x,t)
=
(2\pi)^{-\frac{3}{2}}
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
e^{it\tau+ix\cdot\xi}
\tilde{f}(\xi,\tau)
d\xi
d\tau.$$ The estimates of $G$ and $H$ are the following:
\[theorem:ste\] For $b>\frac{1}{2}$, there exists $C_1=C_1(b)>0$ such that for any $g$, $h\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$ $$\lVert
G
\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\leqslant
C_1
\lVert
g
\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)},
\quad
\lVert
H
\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\leqslant
C_1
\lVert
h
\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)},$$ where $L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)$ is the set of all Lebesgue measurable functions of $(x,t)\in\mathbb{R}^2\times\mathbb{R}$ satisfying $$\lVert{F}\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
=
\left(
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\left\lvert{F(x,t)}\right\rvert^4
dtdx
\right)^{\frac{1}{4}}
<+\infty.$$
By using Lemma \[theorem:ste\], the Hölder inequality and the Plancherel formula, we deduce $$\lvert{I}\rvert
\leqslant
\lVert{f}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\lVert{G}\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\lVert{H}\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\leqslant
C
\lVert{f}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\lVert{g}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\lVert{h}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)},$$ which was to be established.
We show the estimate of $G$. Changing a variable by $\tau=\lambda{\mp}a(\xi)$, we deduce $$\begin{aligned}
G(x,t)
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{i(x\cdot\xi+t\tau)}
\frac{\lvert{g(\xi,\tau)}\rvert}
{\langle\tau{\pm}a(\xi)\rangle^b}
\,d\tau
\,d\xi
\\
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{it\lambda}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
\left(
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
e^{ix\cdot\xi}
e^{{\mp}ita(\xi)}
\lvert{g(\xi,\lambda{\mp}a(\xi))}\rvert
\,d\xi
\right)
d\lambda
\\
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{it\lambda}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
e^{{\mp}ita(D)}
\psi_{\lambda}(x)
\,d\lambda,\end{aligned}$$ where $
(\psi_{\lambda})^{\wedge}(\xi)
=
2\pi
\lvert
g(\xi,\lambda \mp a(\xi))
\rvert.
$ Applying the Minkowski inequality, we get $$\begin{aligned}
\lVert{G}\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
& =
\left(
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\left\lvert
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
e^{it\lambda}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
e^{{\mp}ita(D)}
\psi_{\lambda}(x)
d\lambda
\right\rvert^4
dt\,dx
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{4}}
\nonumber
\\
& \leqslant
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\left(
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\left\lvert
e^{it\lambda}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
e^{{\mp}ita(D)}
\psi_{\lambda}(x)
\right\rvert^4
dt\,dx
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{4}}
\!d\lambda
\nonumber
\\
& =
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
\left(
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\left\lvert
e^{{\mp}ita(D)}
\psi_{\lambda}(x)
\right\rvert^4
dtdx
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{4}}
\!d\lambda.
\label{equation:onnagurui}\end{aligned}$$
Since $a(\xi)$ is a two-dimensional nondegenerate quadratic form of $\xi$, the so-called Strichartz estimate $$\lVert
e^{\pm ita(D)}u
\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
\leqslant
C
\lVert
u
\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)}$$ holds (see, e.g., [@GS Appendix]). Using this, the Schwarz inequality with $b>\frac{1}{2}$ and the Plancherel formula, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\lVert{G}\rVert_{L^4(\mathbb{R}^3)}
& \leqslant
C
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\langle\lambda\rangle^{-b}
\lVert\psi_\lambda\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)}
\,d\lambda
\\
& \leqslant
C(b)
\left(
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\lVert
\psi_\lambda
\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)}^2
\,d\lambda
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{2}}
\\
& =
2\pi
C(b)
\left(
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\lvert{g(\xi,\lambda{\mp}a(\xi))}\rvert^2
\,d\xi
\,d\lambda
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{2}}
\\
& =
2\pi
C(b)
\left(
\int_{\mathbb{R}}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^2}
\lvert{g(\xi,\lambda)}\rvert^2
\,d\xi
\,d\lambda
\right)^{\!\frac{1}{2}}
\\
& =
2\pi
C(b)
\lVert{g}\rVert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}.\end{aligned}$$ This completes the proof of Lemma 2.1.
Basically we show the optimality in the bilinear estimates by constructing suitable Knapp-type counterexamples as in [@KPV1].
First, we prove the case $j=1$. Fix $s<0$ and $b\in\mathbb{R}$. Set $B=\max\{1,\lvert{b}\rvert\}$ for short. Suppose that there exists a positive constant $C>0$ such that the bilinear estimate holds for any $u$, $v\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$. For $N=1,2,3,\ldots$, set $$\widetilde{u_N}(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)
=
\chi_{Q_N}(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau),
\quad
\widetilde{v_N}(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)
=
\chi_{Q_N}(-\xi_1,-\xi_2,-\tau),$$ where $\chi_A$ is the characteristic function of a set $A$, and $$Q_N
=
\left\{
(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)\in\mathbb{R}^3
\ \bigg\vert\
N\leqslant \xi_1+\xi_2\leqslant 2N,
\lvert\xi_1-\xi_2\rvert\leqslant\frac{1}{4N},
\lvert\tau\rvert\leqslant\frac{1}{2}
\right\}.$$ Note that $$Q_N
\subset
\left\{
(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)\in \mathbb{R}^3
\ \bigg\vert\
\lvert\tau{\pm}a(\xi)\rvert\leqslant1,
\frac{N}{2}\leqslant\lvert\xi\rvert\leqslant{2N}
\right\},
\label{equation:aya2}$$ since $$\begin{gathered}
-\frac{1}{2}
\leqslant
a(\xi)
=(\xi_1+\xi_2)(\xi_1-\xi_2)
\leqslant
\frac{1}{2} \\
\frac{N^2}{2}
\leqslant
\lvert\xi\rvert^2
=
\frac{(\xi_1+\xi_2)^2}{2}
+
\frac{(\xi_1-\xi_2)^2}{2}
\leqslant
2N^2+\frac{1}{32N^2}.\end{gathered}$$ By using , we deduce $$\begin{aligned}
\lVert{u_N}\rVert_{s,b}
& =
\left(
\iint_{Q_N}
\langle\tau-a(\xi)\rangle^{2b}\,
\langle\xi\rangle^{2s}
d\tau
d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& \leqslant
2^{B-s}N^s
\left(
\iint_{Q_{N}}d\tau d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& =
2^{B-s-1}N^s,
\label{equation:ine1}
\intertext{and}
\lVert{v_N}\rVert_{s,b}
& =
\left(
\iint_{Q_N}
\langle\tau+a(\xi)\rangle^{2b}\,
\langle\xi\rangle^{2s}
d\tau
d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& \leqslant
2^{B-s}N^s
\left(
\iint_{Q_N}d\tau d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& =
2^{B-s-1}N^s.
\label{equation:ine2}\end{aligned}$$ A simple computation shows that for large $N\in\mathbb{N}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\widetilde{u_Nv_N}(\xi,\tau)
& =
(2\pi)^{-\frac{3}{2}}
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\chi_{Q_N}(\xi-\eta,\tau-\lambda)
\chi_{Q_N}(-\eta,-\lambda)
d\eta
d\lambda
\\
& =
(2\pi)^{-\frac{3}{2}}
\iint_{Q_N}
\chi_{Q_N}(\xi+\eta,\tau+\lambda)
d\eta
d\lambda
\\
& \geqslant
\frac{1}{2^{6+\frac{1}{2}}\,\pi^{\frac{3}{2}}}
\chi_{R_N}(\xi,\tau),\end{aligned}$$ where $$R_N
=
\left\{
(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)\in \mathbb{R}^3
\ \bigg\vert\
\lvert\xi_1+\xi_2\rvert\leqslant\frac{N}{2},
\lvert\xi_1-\xi_2\rvert\leqslant\frac{1}{8N},
\lvert\tau\rvert\leqslant\frac{1}{4}
\right\}.$$ Since $
R_N
\subset
\big\{
(\xi_1,\xi_2,\tau)\in\mathbb{R}^3
\ \big\vert\
\lvert\tau{\pm}a(\xi)\rvert\leqslant1,
\lvert\xi\rvert\leqslant{\frac{N}{2}}
\big\},
$ we get $$\begin{aligned}
\lVert{u_Nv_N}\rVert_{s,b-1}
& =
\left(
\iint_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\lvert\widetilde{u_{N}v_{N}}(\xi,\tau)\rvert^2
\langle\tau-a(\xi)\rangle^{2(b-1)}\,
\langle\xi\rangle^{2s}
d\tau
d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& \geqslant
\frac{1}{2^{6+\frac{1}{2}}\pi^{\frac{3}{2}}}
\left(
\iint_{R_N}
\langle\tau-a(\xi)\rangle^{2(b-1)}\,
\langle\xi\rangle^{2s}
d\tau
d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& \geqslant
2^{B-6-\frac{1}{2}}\pi^{-\frac{3}{2}}
N^s
\left(
\iint_{R_N}
d\tau
d\xi
\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}
\nonumber
\\
& =
2^{B-8-\frac{1}{2}}\pi^{-\frac{3}{2}}
N^s.
\label{equation:ine3}\end{aligned}$$ Substitute , and into . Then we have $
2^{B-8-\frac{1}{2}}\pi^{-\frac{3}{2}}
N^s
\!\leqslant
2^{2B-2s-2}N^{2s}\!,
$ which becomes $
2^{-B+2s-6-\frac{1}{2}}\pi^{-\frac{3}{2}}
\leqslant
N^s.
$ Since $s<0$, the right hand side of the above goes to zero as $N\rightarrow\infty$ while the left hand side is a strictly positive constant depending only on $s<0$ and $b\in\mathbb{R}$. This is contradiction. Then, this completes the proof of the case $j=1$.
The cases $j=2,3$ are proved in the same way. Let $Q_N$ be the same as above. For $j=2$, set $$\widetilde{u_N}(\xi,\tau)=\chi_{Q_N}(-\xi,-\tau),
\quad
\widetilde{v_N}(\xi,\tau)=\chi_{Q_N}(\xi,\tau),$$ and for $j=3$, set $$\widetilde{u_N}(\xi,\tau)=\chi_{Q_N}(-\xi,-\tau),
\quad
\widetilde{v_N}(\xi,\tau)=\chi_{Q_N}(-\xi,-\tau).$$ We omit the detail about the cases $j=2,3$.
The author would like to thank Hiroyuki Chihara for a number of his valuable suggestions and encouragements.
[10]{}
Bourgain, J., Fourier transform restriction phenomena for certain lattice subsets and applications to nonlinear evolution equations. I. Schrödinger equations. [*Geom. Funct. Anal.*]{} 3 (1993), 107 – 156.
Bourgain, J., Fourier transform restriction phenomena for certain lattice subsets and applications to nonlinear evolution equations. II. The KdV-equation. [*Geom. Funct. Anal.*]{} 3 (1993), 209 – 262.
Chihara, H., Smoothing effects of dispersive pseudodifferential equations. [*Comm. Partial Diff. Eqs.*]{} 27 (2002), 1953 – 2005.
Colliander, J. E., Delort, J.-M., Kenig, C. E. and Staffilani, G., Bilinear estimates and applications to 2D NLS. [*Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} 353 (2001), 3307 – 3325.
Davey, A. and Stewartson, K., On three dimensional packets of surface waves. [*Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A*]{} 338 (1974), 101 – 110.
Ghidaglia, J.-M. and Saut, J.-C., Nonelliptic Schrödinger equations. [*J. Nonlinear Sci.*]{} 3 (1993), 169 – 195.
Ginibre, J. and Velo, G., On the global Cauchy problem for some nonlinear Schrödinger equations. [*Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire*]{} 1 (1984), 309 – 329.
Ishimori, Y., Multivortex solutions of a two-dimensional nonlinear wave equation. [*Progr. Theoret. Phys.*]{} 72 (1984), 33 – 37.
Kenig, C. E., Ponce, G. and Vega, L., Oscillatory integrals and regularity of dispersive equations. [*Indiana Univ. Math. J.*]{} 40 (1991), 33 – 69.
Kenig, C. E., Ponce, G. and Vega, L., Quadratic forms for the $1$-D semilinear Schrödinger equation. [*Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} 348 (1996), 3323 – 3353.
Kenig, C. E., Ponce, G. and Vega, L., A bilinear estimate with applications to the KdV equation. [*J. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} 9 (1996), 573 – 603.
Nakanishi, K., Takaoka, H. and Tsutsumi, Y., Counterexamples to bilinear estimates related with the KdV equation and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. [*Methods Appl. Anal.*]{} 8 (2001), 569 – 578.
Sogge, C. E., [*Fourier Integrals in Classical Analysis*]{}. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1993.
Strichartz, R. S., Restrictions of Fourier transforms to quadratic surfaces and decay of solutions of wave equations. [*Duke Math. J.*]{} 44 (1977), 705 – 714.
Tao, T., Multilinear weighted convolution of $L^2$ functions, and applications to non-linear dispersive equations. [*Amer. J. Math.*]{} 123 (2001), 839 – 908.
Tao, T., Local and global well-posedness for nonlinear dispersive equations. [*Proc. Centre Math. Appl. Austral. Nat. Univ.*]{} 40 (2002), 19 – 48.
Tao, T. and Vargas, A., A bilinear approach to cone multipliers. I. Restriction estimates. [*Geom. Funct. Anal.*]{} 10 (2000), 185 – 215.
Vargas, A., Restriction theorems for a surface with negative curvature. [*Math. Z.*]{} 249 (2005), 97 – 111.
[^1]: The author is supported by the JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists and the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No.19$\cdot$3304.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
Technical Field of the Invention
Embodiments described herein relate to the field of network authentication for user devices and provides methods, systems and computer program products for facilitating authenticated communication with a service.
Description of the Related Technology
Access to services provided by a secure network is typically restricted to authorized users and/or user devices (or user terminals), which may include wireless transmit/receive units. In this regard, an authentication server associated with a secure network, or more specifically an authentication domain or realm, authenticates user devices on the basis of an authentication protocol, such as Kerberos authentication protocol developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States of America, and selectively authorizes these devices to access one or more services provided by the secure network. For example, in accordance with the Kerberos authentication protocol, upon receiving an authentication request from a user device, a Key Distribution Centre (KDC) component of the authentication server verifies whether the user device is authorized to access services provided by the network. If so, the KDC provisions an authentication credential, such as a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT), for use in obtaining a service credential, such as a service ticket, from a Ticket Granting Service (TGS) component of the authentication server for use in accessing a service provided by the network.
Increasingly, user devices are able to access services from a plurality of domains, each of which independently authenticates user devices before allowing access to a service. Each of these domains is referred to herein as an “authentication domain.” Typically, a user will connect to an authentication server in an authentication domain via their user device, whereupon the user is authenticated on the basis of an authentication protocol by the authentication server and thereafter selectively authorized to obtain a service credential for use in accessing a service provided by the corresponding domain. However, these mechanisms require users to separately authenticate in each authentication domain, and can be cumbersome for users.
To alleviate this problem, authentication protocols such as the Kerberos authentication protocol include a constrained delegation mechanism (so-called “Kerberos Constrained Delegation” (KCD)), in which a first authentication server of a first authentication domain, subsequent to authenticating the user device, is permitted to obtain a TGS from a second authentication server of a second authentication domain. This enables the first authentication server to obtain a service ticket corresponding to a service associated with the second domain on behalf of the user device. Specifically, the second authentication server provides a TGS to the first authentication server that allows it to obtain a service ticket on behalf of the user device for use in establishing authenticated communication between the user device and the service associated with the second authentication domain. Subsequent to obtaining the service ticket, the first authentication server transmits the service ticket to the user device, which then uses it to authenticate to the service and the service selectively permits the user device to communicate therewith.
One drawback of the KCD based cross-domain authentication mechanism is that it cannot be used to access services that are not configured to authenticate user devices on the basis of the KCD based cross-domain authentication mechanism.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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(Reuters) - A U.S. federal judge on Thursday set a Sep. 5 trial date for Joaquin Guzman, the Mexican drug lord known as “El Chapo” who is jailed in the United States on drug trafficking and conspiracy charges.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
U.S. prosecutors have accused Guzman, 60, of running a global cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine smuggling operation as the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel, and playing a central role in a decade-long Mexican drug war where more than 100,000 people have died.
U.S. District Judge Brian Cogan said at Thursday’s hearing in Brooklyn federal court that potential jurors would be given a written questionnaire on March 23 to screen them before the trial.
Cogan had ruled on Feb. 5 that the identities of the jurors in the case would be kept secret for their protection. Guzman’s lawyer, Eduardo Balarezo, has asked Cogan to reconsider that ruling.
Near the close of Thursday’s hearing, Balarezo said that Guzman wanted to address the court directly, in order to tell his family to pay his legal fees. Cogan did not allow Guzman to address the court, but did ask him whether he agreed with Balarezo’s statement.
Guzman said he did, and also began to say that he wanted to talk about his health and jail conditions, before Cogan told him he would consider allowing him to speak at a future hearing.
Lawyers for Guzman have said in court papers that his health has deteriorated during his months in solitary confinement.
Balarezo told reporters outside the courthouse following the hearing that he had been paid part of his fee by some “friends” of Guzman, but that Guzman had so far been unable to instruct his family about further payments.
Mexican authorities captured Guzman and an associate in January 2016 by pulling over a Ford Focus they had stolen, after Guzman had fled through tunnels and drains from a raid on a safe house in northwest Mexico.
Six months earlier, Guzman had escaped through a tunnel from a high-security Mexican prison. Guzman was extradited to the United States in January 2017.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Q:
getaddrinfo ENOTFOUND when using tedious in node.js
I'm trying to connect to a local SQL Express server using Tedious but keep getting
failed Error: getaddrinfo ENOTFOUND
Am I using the wrong address here?
var Connection = require('tedious').Connection;
var config = {
userName: 'sa',
password: 'mypassword',
server: 'LOCALHOST\\SQLEXPRESS',
};
var connection = new Connection(config);
connection.on('connect', function(err) {
// If no error, then good to go...
if(err) {
console.log(err);
return;
}
executeStatement();
}
);
A:
"Microsoft style strings of hostname\instancename are not supported."
- pekim
I posted the same issue on github and here is the full answer: https://github.com/pekim/tedious/issues/118
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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module.exports = [
'M3 8 A3 3 0 0 0 9 8 A3 3 0 0 0 3 8 M12 6 L28 6 L28 10 L12 10z M3 16 A3 3 0 0 0 9 16 A3 3 0 0 0 3 16 M12 14 L28 14 L28 18 L12 18z M3 24 A3 3 0 0 0 9 24 A3 3 0 0 0 3 24 M12 22 L28 22 L28 26 L12 26z'
].join(' ');
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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The name given to some fat dumbass who doesn't realize that he isn't cool and uses all of the words in this sentence trying to be cool (e.g. chill, laidback, late, sketch, etc.)
Also given to them as an insult even though they think that this new name for them makes them even cooler.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Ciliary neurotrophic factor, a gp130 cytokine, regulates preovulatory surges of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the rat.
Ciliary neurotropic factor (CNTF) is a neuroregulatory cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 type cytokine superfamily. Although a few studies have reported a facilitatory action of CNTF on the reproductive axis in rodents, information along this line is still very limited. In this study, we examined a possible role of CNTF in the generation of ovarian steroid-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) surges in the rat, a crucial physiological event in mammalian reproduction. Experiments were performed on both normally-fed and 3-day-fasted rats, ovariectomized and primed with estradiol and progesterone. Blood was collected every 30 min between 11:00 and 18:00 h, to measure LH and PRL. Drugs were given intracerebroventricularly at 11:00 h. Compared to control serum, undiluted as well as threefold dilutions of anti-CNTF serum caused partial but significant suppression of LH surges. Both concentrations of the antibody also delayed the onset of PRL surge to a comparable degree. Fasted rats did not exhibit significant surges of the hormones, while 0.3 and 1.0 nmol, but not 0.1 nmol, recombinant human CNTF led to a dose-dependent recovery of both LH and PRL surges. These results demonstrate for the first time a significant role of CNTF in the generation of preovulatory LH and PRL surges in the rat. CNTF may thus be another humoral signal linking nutrition and reproductive function.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Constant amplitude zero autocorrelation waveform
In signal processing, a Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation waveform (CAZAC) is a periodic complex-valued signal with modulus one and out-of-phase periodic (cyclic) autocorrelations equal to zero. CAZAC sequences find application in wireless communication systems, for example in 3GPP Long Term Evolution for synchronization of mobile phones with base stations. Zadoff–Chu sequences are well-known CAZAC sequences with special properties.
External links
CAZAC Sequence Generator (Java applet)
Category:Signal processing
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Mankato, MN. – December 6th, 2016 Aglytix Inc., a leading developer of software analytics for the agricultural sector announces a partnership with AGCO Corporation, a global leader in the design, manufacture, and distribution of agricultural solutions, to deliver analytics services to AGCO customers.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Antrodia camphorata, which is equal to Taiwanofungus camphorata, is native to Taiwan. Its fruiting body is a very rare and expensive mushroom that grows slowly in the wild and it is difficult to cultivate in the greenhouse. The fruiting body of A. camphorata has traditionally been used as an herbal medicine in Taiwan and is commonly known by name “jang-jy” or “niu-chang-chih” (Shen C. C. et al., J. Chin. Med. 2003, 14, 247-258).
Naturally, it grows on the inner heartwood wall of Cinnamomun kanehirai Hay (Lauraceae), an endemic and endangered species in Taiwan. The wild-type fruiting body contains fatty acids, lignans, phenyl derivatives, sesquiterpenes, steroids, and triterpenoids (Shen C. C. et al., ut supra). In traditional herbal medicine, A. camphorata fruiting bodies have been utilized as treatment for food and drug intoxications, diarrhea, abnormal pains, hypertension, itchy skin and liver cancer.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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The embodiments herein relate generally to subterranean formation operations and, more particularly, to magnetic proppant particulates.
Subterranean wells (such as hydrocarbon producing wells, water producing wells, and the like) are often stimulated by hydraulic fracturing treatments. In hydraulic fracturing treatments, a treatment fluid is pumped into a portion of a subterranean formation at a rate and pressure such that the subterranean formation breaks down and one or more fractures are formed. Typically, particulate solids are then deposited in the fractures. These particulate solids, or “proppant particulates” or “proppant,” serve to prevent the fractures from fully closing once the hydraulic pressure is removed by forming a proppant pack. As used herein, the term “proppant pack” refers to a collection of proppant particulates in a fracture. By keeping the fracture from fully closing, the proppant particulates aid in forming conductive paths through which fluids may flow.
The degree of success of a fracturing operation depends, at least in part, upon fracture porosity and conductivity once the fracturing operation is stopped and production is begun. Traditional fracturing operations place a large volume of proppant particulates into a fracture and the porosity of the resultant packed propped fracture is then related to the interconnected interstitial spaces between the abutting proppant particulates. Thus, the resultant fracture porosity from a traditional fracturing operation is closely related to the strength of the placed proppant particulates (if the placed proppant crushes, then the pieces of broken proppant may plug the interstitial spaces) and the size and shape of the placed proppant (larger, more spherical proppant particulates generally yield increased interstitial spaces between the particulates).
Unfortunately, when fractures close upon the proppant particulates they can crush or become compacted, potentially forming non-permeable or low permeability masses within the fracture rather than desirable high permeability masses. Such low permeability masses may choke the flow path of the fluids within the formation. Furthermore, the proppant particulates may become embedded in particularly soft formations, negatively impacting production.
One way to increase conductivity of proppant packs involves the placement of proppant aggregates comprised of multiple individual proppant particulates. The larger size of the proppant aggregates allows a reduced volume of proppant to be placed into the fracture while maintaining the structural integrity required to keep the fracture from closing and crushing the proppant aggregates. Additionally, the spaces between the proppant aggregates through which produced fluids flow may be larger than the interstitial spaces that would be present between individual proppant particulates. Typical proppant aggregates are formed by agglomerating proppant particulates using a resin or tackifying agent that may, or may not, remain tacky after the aggregates have formed. This method relies on the proppant particulates colliding in a treatment fluid downhole during an operation and may in some instances lead to inefficient agglomeration or smaller formed aggregates than desirable.
Another method proposed to combat problems inherent in tight spaces is to pump a substantially solids free fluid intermittently between pumping proppant particulates and/or proppant aggregates. The solids free fluid forms spaces within the proppant pack by preventing individual proppant particulates and/or proppant aggregates from gathering particularly close to one another. These spaces, or “proppant free channels,” form conductive channels through which produced fluids may flow. However, such intermittent pumping may be deleterious to operational equipment, as it requires the constant turning on and off of the equipment. Additionally, the intermittent pumping may cause additives in either the solids free fluid or other treatment fluids to settle out during the constant pressure changes (i.e., as the pumping equipment is stopped and begun again) and/or deposition of the additives in undesired locations in the subterranean formation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
package android.app.servertransaction;
import android.app.ClientTransactionHandler;
import android.os.IBinder;
public interface IClientTransactionItem {
void execute(ClientTransactionHandler clientTransactionHandler, IBinder iBinder, PendingTransactionActions pendingTransactionActions);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
All of the sudden I can’t debug my app, because Android Studio complains:
$ adb shell am start -n “pl.qus.xenoamp/pl.qus.xenoamp.NewMainActivity” -a android.intent.action.MAIN -c android.intent.category.LAUNCHER -D
The currently selected Java debugger doesn’t support breakpoints of type ‘Kotlin Line Breakpoints’. As a result, these breakpoints will not be hit.
The debugger selection can be modified in the run configuration dialog.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Mitsuishi River
is a river in Hokkaidō, Japan. It is in length and has a drainage area of .
Course
The Mitsuishi River originates at Mount Setaushi () in the Hidaka Mountains and flows roughly south to southwest. The river flows into a reservoir at the Mitsuishi Dam. The Mitsuishi Dam was completed on the river in 1992 to prevent the flow of earth and sand from the , which is prone to landslides. It then continues until it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Mitsuishi in Shinhidaka, Hokkaidō.
Tributaries
(left)
(right)
Bebō River (left)
(left)
(right)
(left)
(left)
or Ninth River on the Right (right)
References
External links
Category:Rivers of Hokkaido
Category:Rivers of Japan
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Incidental Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients Treated Surgically for Presumably Benign Thyroid Disease.
Incidental Thyroid Carcinoma (ITC) is quite high as been reported in the world's Journal. This study reviews the frequency of the ITC in patients treated surgically for otherwise benign Thyroid disease in one of the Endocrine surgery unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was developed by the investigating the outcome of one hundred and twenty seven patient who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid pathology in a single Endocrine Surgery Unit of BSMMU from January 2011 to July 2015. This observational study was done to find out the actual incidence of thyroid malignancy among the patients admitted for surgical management with thyroid pathology. All patients underwent at least FNAC and Ultrasonography of the Neck before surgery. Patients with undetermined cytology and follicular nodules were excluded from the study. Overall 19(14.96%) incidental thyroid carcinoma was recorded. Among the ITC 11(8.66%) Papillary Carcinoma, 7(5.51%) Follicular Carcinoma & 1(0.79%) is poorly differentiated carcinoma. The Overall incidence of papillary carcinoma is higher among the incidental carcinoma of Thyroid. Increased incidence associated with follicular adenoma present as an isolated thyroid nodules or multifocal lesion and should be considered malignant potential and total thyroidectomy would be the right choice as surgical management of the both cases. In case of multinodular goiter, total thyroidectomy is currently practiced in majority of the centers and our observations reinforced the attitude further.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How to find a time is one hour before and within my custom time in iOS
I need to start download exactly one hour before or within my custom time.
For example I should start to download at 7 AM or with 8 AM (8 AM is my custom time). How I can achieve this. the following is my code,
AppDelegate * iDelegate = (AppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate];
iDelegate.mStartTime = [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] objectForKey:START_TIME];
int stHr = [[[iDelegate.mStartTime componentsSeparatedByString:@":"] objectAtIndex:0] intValue];
int stMin = [[[iDelegate.mStartTime componentsSeparatedByString:@":"] objectAtIndex:1] intValue];
int formStTime = (stHr*60)+stMin;
NSDate *today = [[[NSDate alloc] init]autorelease];
NSCalendar *gregorian = [[[NSCalendar alloc] initWithCalendarIdentifier:NSGregorianCalendar]autorelease];
NSDateComponents *offsetComponents = [[[NSDateComponents alloc] init]autorelease];
[offsetComponents setHour:+1];
NSDate *modifiedDate = [gregorian dateByAddingComponents:offsetComponents toDate:today options:0];
NSDateComponents * timecomponents = [[NSCalendar currentCalendar] components:(NSHourCalendarUnit | NSMinuteCalendarUnit) fromDate:modifiedDate];
NSInteger currentHour = [timecomponents hour];
NSInteger currtMin = [timecomponents minute];
int nowTime = (currentHour*60)+currtMin;
if (nowTime <= formStTime || nowTime >= formStTime)
{
// start download
}
But I should not download if the current time is 8 AM or after 8 AM .
What is the mistake in my code ? Please suggest. Thanks.
A:
I have not considered in detail all your code's logic, but this struck to me:
if (nowTime <= formStTime || nowTime >= formStTime)
this condition will be always true. This explains why your code is not working as you wish since it should always do the downloading, even after 8AM. You are after a condition link this:
if (nowTime >= minimumTime || nowTime < maximumTime)
However, I have not clear from your question how you define minimum and maximumTime so cannot advise further. If formStTime is your minimumTime and we assume that maximumTime is just one hour later, you could have:
if (nowTime >= formStTime || nowTime < formStTime + 60)
(If I read correctly your code.)
EDIT: after your clarification in the comments, the condition to start the download would be:
if (nowTime < formStTime)
//-- start download
To handle the second part of your requirements (stopping the download at the given maximum time) you will need a different logic altogether. One way of doing it would be starting a NSTimer when you start a download that will fire at the right time; then, you would check if the download is still going on and stop it. A NSTimer is just one of multiple possibilities you have (you could also use displatch_after), but the basic idea will not change.
E.g.:
if (nowTime < formStTime) {
//--= start download
self.timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:(formStTime - nowTime)*60 //-- seconds
target:self
selector:@selector(timeExpired:)
userInfo:nil
repeats:NO];
}
then in the handler function:
- (void)timeExpired:(NSTimer*)timer {
if (downloadStillOngoing)
//-- stop the download
}
When your download is done, you should call [self.timer invalidate], also.
However, you will need to fill a number of gaps in my sketch implementation to get to a working solution. If you need more help about stopping the download, you will need to provide more information about how you are doing the download and possibly ask a new question.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
You are here
QMetry
QMetry
QMetry has been conceptualized and designed by highly experienced test engineers who understand the exact needs and pain points of software QA teams. QMetry adapts to your existing processes and seamlessly integrates with other ALM tools to ensure ROI right from day one. Integration with best of breed defect tracking and test automation tools, combined with out of the box solutions like task management, test data management and requirements management, make QMetry a complete test management software.
QMetry is the most comprehensive Digital Quality Platform designed for agile testing and DevOps teams to build, manage, and deploy quality software faster with confidence. To drive digital transformation, enterprises need quality software at a reliable speed.
QMetry provides the agile testing solution with complete test management, test automation, powerful quality metrics, and analytics. It has more than 20 integrations such as JIRA, Selenium, Appium, Bamboo, Jenkins, HP ALM, Rally, etc.
With QMetry; Test Management, Automation, and Predictive Analytics are covered within a single platform. The tool is widely used across enterprises in BFSI, Hardware, Technology, Healthcare, Education and other industry verticals.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Application of egg white in production of nanoparticles
(Nanowerk News) Researchers from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences proposed the application of egg white as the size-controlling agent in the production of oxide nanoparticles.
The researchers produced a type of nanoparticle at laboratorial scale in the presence of egg white through a simple method based on the principles of green chemistry (Ceramics International, "Size-controlled and bio-directed synthesis of ceria nanopowders and their in vitro cytotoxicity effects").
The aim of the group was to synthesize and evaluate the toxicity of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles through green chemistry method as a safe and novel approach. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have applications in medical issues in the production of cosmetics, including sunburn lotions, and even in the production of catalysts. Non-toxic cerium oxide nanoparticles have been produced through this method with average particle size of about 24 nm.
Egg white is a natural biomaterial that contains high amount of amino acids and various proteins such as albumin and lysosome. Amino acids have a structure that can play the role of stabilizer and size-controller in the synthesis of nanoparticles. In similar studies all over the world, efforts are made to use commercial and pure amino acids, which are usually expensive. However, egg white has been used directly in this research due to its availability and reasonable price.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
DPRating is a relatively well-known blockchain project rating agency in China. DPRating carefully evaluated the AERGO project from the aspects of Summary, Prospect, Overview, Project Fundamental, Team, Community and Popularity, Adjustable, Investable Quantitative Score 70.5 points, Share to AERGO fans.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Kinetics of stiff-legged gait: induced acceleration analysis.
Treating spastic paretic stiff-legged gait, defined as reduced knee flexion in swing, holds a high priority in the rehabilitation of patients with upper motor neuron lesions. We propose a method to determine the relative contributions of hip, knee, and ankle impairments to this disability. We analyzed the gait of ten patients with stiff-legged gait (SLG) due to a single stroke and ten healthy, able-bodied controls. Using subject specific models, we analyzed the induced accelerations (IA's) at the knee. Knee IA's throughout the gait cycle were calculated and the sum of the IA's was compared to the knee joint angular acceleration estimated from kinematic data. The preswing and early swing IA's were the focus of our examination as these largely determine knee kinematics in swing. Knee angular accelerations estimated from IA's and kinematic data agreed for both controls and patients. Gait cycle IA analysis of individual patients identified highly variable causes of SLG including ankle and hip joint impairments. Induced acceleration analysis (IAA) suggested that multiple impairments, not just about the knee, but also about the hip and ankle, lead to this disability. Individual subjects are likely to have individual reasons for their stiff-legged gait. Defining the link between the patients specific impairments and their gait disability should be a goal of clinical gait analysis. IAA is a useful tool for this purpose with a strong potential for clinical application.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Overweight and obesity correspond to an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation, defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m^2^ and ≥30 kg/m^2^, respectively \[[@B1]\]. These chronic situations described as epidemic should be considered as pandemic with a prevalence that has more than doubled since 1980 and which continues to increase dramatically to reach about 1.5 billion overweight or obese people worldwide \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. Overweight and obesity represent a major risk factor of ischemic heart diseases, ischemic stroke, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon) \[[@B1], [@B2]\], and some of the leading diseases in terms of frequency, quality of life impairment, morbidity, mortality, and heath expenses \[[@B3]\].
Public health campaigns and industry-supported changes in our food supply have obviously failed to control the pandemic to date. Many individuals appear to conclude that the benefits of weight management strategies are not worth the cost (i.e., time, money, and continued unrewarding efforts) \[[@B4], [@B5]\]. This underlines the critical need to implement new, practical, and affordable strategies to complete the armamentarium to fight excess weight.
Balneotherapy (BT), or SPA therapy, is defined as the treatment of disease by bathing, usually at a SPA resort, using hot or cold water rich in minerals, and including also drinking, inhalation, massage through moving water, mud-baths, relaxation, or stimulation \[[@B6]\]. The medical community, mainly in Europe and Asia, has long used BT to improve the symptoms of several chronic diseases, such as osteoarthritis for which recent studies show evidence-based benefit \[[@B7]--[@B9]\]. Obesity is another common indication of BT, with preliminary positive results \[[@B10]--[@B13]\]. In France, BT has been subsidized by national health insurance for more than 50 years, but scientific evidence to support long-term BT benefit on weight loss has been requested by national health authorities.
Long-term weight control may be facilitated by an appropriate weight loss maintenance strategy such as motivational interviewing, with a weak but significant difference reduction in body mass compared to the control group \[[@B14]\]. Numerous reports have concluded that this modest weight loss contributes to important health benefits \[[@B15]--[@B17]\].
The objective of the present study was to assess the one-year effectiveness of a 3-week program of BT for overweight or obese patients and whether a monthly phone dietary motivational interview (DMI) during the follow-up could improve weight loss.
2. Methods {#sec2}
==========
The study was a Zelen double consent randomised controlled trial \[[@B18], [@B19]\] to assess the effectiveness of BT compared to usual care (UC) with or without a monthly phone DMI during follow-up, using a 2 × 2 factorial design. After inclusion by their GP, subjects were equally allocated by a centralized randomisation to one of the following groups: BT alone, BT and DMI, UC alone, and UC and DMI. Zelen double consent was applied to BT randomisation but not to DMI intervention. BT should be done in the 2 months following inclusion. All patients were followed up by the same GP at baseline, 7 months and 14 months after inclusion (i.e., about one year after BT).
2.1. Participants {#sec2.1}
-----------------
Inclusion criteria were generally healthy adults between the ages of 20 and 70 years consulting their GP for excess weight, with a BMI \> 27 kg/m^2^ and ≤35 kg/m^2^. Exclusion criteria were BT contraindication (severe general weakness, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, severe disability, psychosis and dementia, or immunodeficiency), major eating disorders (bulimia nervosa, compulsive overeating), pregnancy, previous BT for weight problems, poor proficiency, and involvement in another clinical trial. All participants signed an informed consent to participate.
2.2. Interventions {#sec2.2}
------------------
BT was a 3-week program in Brides les Bains, Capvern les Bains, Vals les Bains, Vichy, or Vittel BT resorts. The core of the program included 18 daily sessions of (i) individual mineral water bubble bathing at 37°C during 10 minutes; (ii) mineral water manual massages during 10 minutes; (iii) mud body wrap applied at 42°C during 10 minutes; (iv) mineral water pool supervised callisthenic exercises (34°C, 15 minutes); (v) daily dinking of resort mineral water. Mineral waters were mainly sulfate (Brides les bains, Capvern les bains, Vittel) and bicarbonate waters (Vals les bains, Vichy). The specific chemical composition of the five resorts\' water is reported in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}. Dieticians and personal trainers provided nutrition and physical activity counselling. However, no particular caloric restriction or physical training was mandatory during the patient\'s stay. Meals were taken freely either at the resort restaurants or anywhere in the town, offering low-fat/low-calorie menu. This program was the usual one for overweight or obese patients, and the staff was not informed which patients were taking part in the clinical trial.
Patients in the UC group received usual weight management advice from the GP consisting of verbal and/or written advice based on the French national guideline, and a brochure "Health comes when eating" \[[@B20]\] was given to the patients at inclusion. Patients were advised to reduce calories, fat, and alcohol, to increase fruit, vegetable, and whole cereal intake, and to incorporate low-intensity, long-duration physical activity into their lifestyle.
DMI was a monthly half-an-hour phone interview with a dietician, consisting in an overview of the current situation, to examine the last 24 hours intake and physical activity, followed by meal composition and food behaviour advice as well as to define 3 or 4 objectives for the next month including at least one about physical activity. DMI started one month after the end of BT for patients attending BT and 3 months after inclusion for UC patients.
2.3. Data Collection {#sec2.3}
--------------------
Data collected at inclusion were gender, height, birth date, marital status, professional occupation, overweight family history, medical history, weight loss objective, previous drug and nondrug overweight treatment, and drug, examination, dietary, and physical activity prescribed for overweight. Other data collected at inclusion and at the two follow-up visits were the date of visit, weight, body fat mass, waistline measurements, blood pressure and heart rate, physical activity, and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Patient quality of life was assessed using SF12 at inclusion and at the two follow-up visits. Weight was measured by GPs, as well as by a dietician at the end of BT, using the same scale provided for the study.
2.4. Outcome {#sec2.4}
------------
The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) loss at 14 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were weight loss, a weight loss ≥ 5% at 14 months of follow-up and intervention tolerance.
2.5. Sample Size {#sec2.5}
----------------
A sample size of at least 139 subjects per group was required to demonstrate a 25% difference between BT and UC groups, with a two-tailed alpha risk of 5%, a power of 90%, and a BMI loss of 1.4 kg/m^2^ (±0.9 kg/m^2^) one year after BT therapy, according to the results of an open pilot study.
2.6. Statistics {#sec2.6}
---------------
According to the Zelen double consent design, a patient could decline the BT or UC randomised allocation to switch to the alternative treatment \[[@B18], [@B19]\]. This occurred for about half of the patients ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). With such a complete dilution of the randomisation, it was not relevant to perform intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Therefore, in order to reduce a treatment-selection and potential confounding factors as in an observational study, a propensity score to attend BT or to be managed by UC was used. The main analysis compared patients attending BT to optimally matched patients managed by UC. Patients were matched by sex, overweight or obese status, DMI randomisation, and propensity score nearest neighbour with a threshold of 0.1 \[[@B21]\]. A secondary analysis compared all BT and UC patients with DMI stratification and propensity score adjustment.
The baseline comparison between 2 groups used the Student\'s *t*-test and Chi-square test according to the variables. Propensity scores were estimated using a logistic model with all patient inclusion characteristics. The effect of BT versus UC, DMI versus no DMI, and the interaction between both interventions were assessed using generalized linear model for BMI and weight loss and using logistic model for weight loss ≥ 5% frequency. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence intervals \[95%CI\] were estimated using Least Squares Mean. A two-tailed *P* value \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software.
The study protocol was ethically approved by the Persons Protection Committee (Paris---Eudract number 2006-A00309-42) and registered to Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT01258114.
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
From March 2007 to July 2008, 71 GPs assessed 298 patients, 74 randomised to BT alone, 75 to BT with DMI, 74 to UC alone, and 75 to UC with DMI, of whom 10 were excluded for major exclusion criteria (one with a severe depression, one non-French speaking, and 8 for BMI ≥ 37.5 kg/m^2^). For the 288 remaining patients, 126 (43.8%) declined the randomised allocation to switch to the alternative treatment; 31 dropped out of the study for withdrawal of consent, pregnancy, cancer, major surgery, or other BT during the study or were lost to follow-up ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, 257 patients were followed up, 120 patients attending BT (63 randomised DMI), 137 managed by UC (67 randomised DMI, and 70 patients (36 randomised DMI) of each group could be matched (54.5%).
Patients who completed the study had a mean age of 50.9 (SD 11.2) years, 79% were women, 61.1% were obese (≥30 kg/m^2^), 48.6% had a fat mass ≥ 35%, 7.8% were diabetics, 12.8% were smokers, 24.5% were alcohol consumers, 23.3% lived in a large town (≥100 000 inhabitants), 19.8% declared having regular sport activities, and 16.3% had previous treatment for obesity. There were some differences between the 120 patients who attended BT and the 137 managed by UC, whereas the 70 BT and 70 UC matched patients were remarkably similar ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}).
All patients attending BT completed the 3-week program with a significant mean weight loss of 2.98 kg (\[95%CI: 3.44; 2.52\], *P* \< 0.001) at the end of BT. Then, the benefit continued to improve to 1.47 kg (\[0.64; 2.31\], *P* = 0.001) from the end of BT to 14 months of follow-up ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). One-third (32.2%) of the patients reached a weight loss ≥ 5% at the end of BT and half (50.8%) at the end of the study.
Adjusted mean BMI loss at 14 months of follow-up was 1.91 kg/m^2^ \[1.46; 2.35\] for the 70 BT patients and 0.20 kg/m^2^ \[−0.24; 0.64\] for the 70 matched UC patients (*P* \< 0.001), corresponding to a 1.71 kg/m^2^ \[1.08; 2.33\] BT benefit. The adjusted mean weight loss was 5.17 kg \[3.95; 6.39\] and 0.54 kg \[−0.68; 1.76\], respectively (*P* \< 0.001), with a BT benefit of 4.63 kg \[2.91; 6.35\] ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). A weight loss ≥ 5% was reached by 40 patients of the BT group (57.1%) and 13 of the UC group (18.6%), with odds ratio of 5.9 (\[2.7; 12.8\], *P* \< 0.001).
For the whole population, BMI and weight adjusted mean loss at 14 months of follow-up were 1.71 kg/m^2^ \[1.33; 2.09\] and 4.64 kg \[3.60; 5.68\] for the 120 BT patients compared to 0.50 kg/m^2^ \[0.15; 0.85\] and 1.32 kg \[0.36; 2.28\] for the 137 UC patients (*P* \< 0.001 for both comparisons). The adjusted mean BT benefit was 1.21 kg/m^2^ \[0.65; 1.76\] and 3.32 kg \[1.80; 4.84\]. Results remain significant with the 288 included patients without major exclusion criteria and a Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) for the dropout patients (data not shown).
For all analyses, DMI had no significant effect on weight or BMI. There was no significant interaction between the two interventions. No adverse reaction was reported for patients attending BT.
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
This is the first multicentre clinical intervention trial to examine the one-year effectiveness of BT on weight loss. It shows that a 3-week BT program was associated with significant weight loss at the end of BT and that the benefit continues to improve one year later. The one-year BT benefit, compared to matched UC patients, was 4.6 kg and 1.7 kg/m^2^, with three times more patients reaching a loss of at least 5% of their initial weight. Results were the same when all patients were considered. A monthly phone dietary motivational interviewing (DMI) did not improve this benefit.
The main limit of the study is in relation to the Zelen double consent design. In the review of 58 trials using Zelen design, it was shown that the median of the crossover from one group to the other was 8.9% and interquartile range 2.6% to 15%, which is considered within acceptable limit for an ITT analysis \[[@B22]\]. With about half of patients who crossed over, this study is far from the acceptable limit and overtakes the limit of a Zelen design with a complete dilution of the randomisation (about half of the patients receiving each treatment in both randomized groups). Consequently, this study looks like a prospective nonrandomised clinical intervention trial and it can only be concluded that the weight loss result is more positive for patients who made the choice to go to BT than for those who did not.
Nevertheless, this situation may not be really different from most of the randomised weight management trials where the dropout rate usually reaches 30% to 50% of the patients, generally with different dropout rates between groups \[[@B4], [@B23]--[@B26]\]. The aim of randomisation is to balance the distribution of known and unknown parameters in patients who can receive equally either of the treatments (ambivalence). Double blind maintains the comparability over time. With an open randomised trial and one-third to half of patients dropping out during the follow-up with different dropout rates between groups, can we really assume that the comparability be maintained at the end of the study? Can we also really assume that dropouts keep their last or baseline weight evaluation and do not increase their weight thereafter, as is done with Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)? This is the hypothesis underlying ITT analysis. In such a situation, a per-protocol analysis taking into account patient initial differences, as in this study analysis, would probably be more suitable.
In any case, the methodological issue is the validity of the comparison with the control group to define the magnitude of the BT benefit and not the weight loss at the end of BT and one year later. Most primary care physicians believe that weight loss advice and counselling is not a worthwhile activity in clinical practice \[[@B2], [@B27]\] and they often limit their usual care to verbal or written advice based on national guidelines for healthy lifestyle, without little active follow-up. There is substantial evidence to show that a minimal intervention attitude is ineffective \[[@B24], [@B26], [@B28]--[@B31]\] and corresponds to the results observed for the weight and BMI variation at one year in our control group managed by usual weight advice from their GP, as well as in the placebo group of most of the randomized trials.
Lifestyle modification programs now represent the cornerstone of treatment for overweight or obesity \[[@B30]\]. The results of our study are compared favourably with those of two reviews on lifestyle modification programs. The first review compared the effect of various diet and activity interventions on weight loss and concluded that lifestyle modification programs induce a weight loss of 4.5% to 6.5% of baseline weight during the year following treatment (16 to 26 weeks of active phase followed by a maintenance phase) \[[@B30]\]. The second review included 80 studies assessing the effect of 8 types of intervention on weight loss (diet alone, diet plus exercise, exercise alone, meal replacement, very low-calorie diet, orlistat, sibutramine, and advice alone) and provided evidence that meal-planning strategies resulted in a mean weight loss of 4.8% to 8% at 12 months \[[@B23]\].
BT benefit is also competitive with commercial weight management programs, for which two recent studies demonstrated a one-year benefit. The first one included 772 overweight and obese patients in Australia, Germany, and UK to compare a commercial program to standard care. For the 61% of patients who completed the 12-month assessment, the weight loss was 6.65 kg in the commercial program group with 3.16 kg benefit from the standard care group \[[@B24]\]. The second one included 740 overweight and obese patients in primary care in the UK to compare 8 weight loss programs of 12 weeks. One year later, 70.5% of the patients were followed up and weight loss ranged from 4.43 kg (2.7; 6.1) to 3.27 kg (1.4; 5.1) for the 3 commercial weight loss program, and 1.26 (−0.6; 3.1) for UC from general practice \[[@B26]\].
Our results also suggest that BT can challenge management of obesity by pharmacological compounds. Indeed, they are surprisingly very similar to those of the latest controlled trial on lorcaserin, a selective serotonin 2C receptor agonist developed for weight loss and recently approved by FDA \[[@B32]\]. This double-blind clinical trial randomly assigned 3,182 obese or overweight adults to lorcaserin, diet, and exercise versus diet and exercise alone; after 1 year, 47.5% of patients in the lorcaserin group lost 5% or more of their body weight compared to 20.3% of patients receiving placebo. Furthermore, BT appears to be a safe intervention in comparison with drugs. Indeed, most drugs developed for weight loss have been removed from the market for severe adverse effects (i.e., fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, rimonabant, and sibutramine), put under surveillance for severe adverse effects (i.e., orlistat), or discussed for a long time for safety concerns before recent FDA approval (i.e., lorcaserin) \[[@B33]\].
These different data show that the effectiveness of BT on weight loss is similar to the results obtained by drug treatment, commercial weight management programs, and comprehensive lifestyle modification programs. However, a key advantage of a 3-week BT program is the shorter duration of the active phase, which, on average, is 5 to 9 times shorter than other life style modification programs. Shorter programs are more readily acceptable and better tolerated \[[@B4]\], with a reduction of the economic burden that appears to be correlated with the duration of the program \[[@B34]\]. Attrition rates attributable to lifestyle modification programs are above 35% in one-third of the clinical trials \[[@B31]\] and appear to be strongly correlated with the treatment duration \[[@B4]\]. Conversely, all patients who started BT completed this intervention.
This study does not allow the individualization of the effectiveness of different compounds of the 3-week program: water care, water drinking, lifestyle modification from nutrition or physical activity counselling, and 21 days of peace and quiet outside the usual home. However, a study involving 30 patients showed that the two weeks BT have an impact on the plasma level of the two adipocytokines leptin and adiponectin: a slight but not significant increase of leptin which regulates the appetite and energy at the hypothalamic level and a significant decrease of adiponectin, whose main action is to improve insulin sensitivity \[[@B35], [@B36]\]. The relationship between weight loss and adipocytokine variations after BT needs further investigation.
5. Conclusion {#sec5}
=============
BT is an efficient lifestyle modification program, which provides significant weight loss and long-term maintenance with only 3 weeks of intervention. BT appears to be an effective and safe program that can be used by primary care physicians as a first-line treatment option for overweight and obese patients.
The authors wish to thank all participating patients, their referring GPs and practice team, and the partners and staff of Spa Care Facilities of Brides, Capvern-les-Bains, Vals-les-Bains, Vichy, and Vittel for their support and overall assistance throughout the study. All authors declare no conflict of interests. No other potential conflict of interests relevant to this paper was reported. Investigator GPs had no financial interest in BT resorts. This study was funded by the French Society for Balneotherapy Research (Association Française pour la Recherche Thermale, AFRETH), a nonprofit organisation, after being submitted to and approved by an independent scientific committee. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct, data collection and datamanagement, analysis, interpretation of the data, preparation, or review of this paper. They were given the opportunity to read and comment on this paper before submission, but the content of the paper was entirely under the control and responsibility of the authors. P. Blin and T. Hanh had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
######
Chemical composition of the water of five resorts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balneotherapy\ Main ions (mg/L)
resorts
------------------- ------------------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ --------------- -----
Brides les bains 634 104 1365 89.8 2720 1413 427 41.8 634 104 F, Li, Sr No
Capvern les bains 335 64.7 5.0 1.4 984 5.0 107 8.7 335 64.7 Sr No
Vals les bains 60.0 46.5 2275 --- 20.3 126 6196 --- 60.0 46.5 --- yes
Vichy 113 12.4 1909 89.7 178 369 4709 63 113 12.4 F, Li, Fe, As yes
Vittel 575 118 12.5 4.7 1584 7.0 377 7.6 575 118 F, Li, Sr No
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
######
Patient characteristics at baseline.
All patients Matched patients
---------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------ -------- ------------- ------------- ------
Gender, *n* (%) 0.54 1.0
Male 23 (19.2%) 31 (22.6%) 11 (15.7%) 11 (15.7%)
Female 97 (80.8%) 106 (77.4%) 59 (84.3%) 59 (84.3%)
Age---years, mean ± SD 51.3 ± 11.5 50.5 ± 10.9 0.54 52.1 ± 11.3 51.9 ± 10.8 0.90
Married or living with a partner, *n* (%) 78 (65.0%) 99 (72.3%) 0.23 42 (60.0%) 48 (68.6%) 0.38
Number of children, *n* (%) 0.83 0.84
None 22 (18.3%) 28 (20.4%) 16 (22.8%) 13 (18.6%)
One 23 (19.2%) 22 (16.1%) 13 (18.6%) 13 (18.6%)
≥2 75 (62.5%) 87 (63.5%) 41 (58.6%) 44 (62.8%)
Living in town ≥ 100.000 population, *n* (%) 23 (19.2%) 37 (27.0%) 0.14 13 (18.6%) 17 (24.3%) 0.54
BMI---kg/m^2^, mean ± SD 31.3 ± 2.7 31.2 ± 2.5 0.76 31.4 ± 2.8 31.3 ± 2.6 0.75
Weight status, *n* (%) 0.70 1.0
Overweight 75 (62.5%) 82 (59.9%) 42 (60.0%) 42 (60.0%)
Obese 45 (37.5%) 55 (40.1%) 28 (40.0%) 28 (40.0%)
Fat mass \> 35%, *n* (%) 64 (53.3%) 61 (44.5%) 0.17 38 (54.3%) 40 (57.1%) 0.87
Waistline measurement \>100 cm, *n* (%) 73 (60.8%) 86 (62.8%) 0.80 46 (65.7%) 45 (64.3%) 1.0
Paternal history of obesity, *n* (%) 46 (38.3%) 44 (32.1%) 0.36 24 (34.3%) 28 (40.0%) 0.60
Maternal history of obesity, *n* (%) 59 (49.2%) 58 (42.3%) 0.32 34 (48.6%) 32 (45.7%) 0.87
Sibship history obesity, *n* (%) 40 (33.3%) 45 (32.9%) 1.0 25 (35.7%) 25 (35.7%) 1.0
Diabetic, *n* (%) 14 (10.2%) 6 (5.0%) 0.16 8 (11.4%) 4 (5.7%) 0.37
Current smoker, *n* (%) 12 (11.7%) 21 (15.3%) 0.26 7 (10.0%) 9 (12.9%) 0.79
Regular alcohol consumption, *n* (%) 29 (24.2%) 34 (24.8%) 1.0 17 (24.3%) 11 (15.7%) 0.29
Regular physical activities, *n* (%) 23 (19.2%) 28 (20.4%) 0.88 14 (20.0%) 11 (15.7%) 0.66
SBP ≥ 130 mmHg, *n* (%) 81 (67.5%) 70 (51.1%) \<0.01 44 (62.9%) 44 (62.9%) 1.0
DBP ≥ 80 mmHg, *n* (%) 75 (62.5%) 70 (51.1%) 0.08 44 (62.9%) 41 (58.6%) 0.73
Pulse ≥ 70 beats per minute 65 (54.2%) 53 (38.7%) 0.02 36 (51.4%) 32 (45.7%) 0.61
SF12 mental score, mean ± SD 59.3 ± 1.1 59.4 ± 1.1 0.44 59.4 ± 1.1 59.2 ± 1.1 0.26
SF12 physical score, mean ± SD 44.6 ± 9.8 46.5 ± 9.2 0.16 44.0 ± 10.4 46.5 ± 9.8 0.18
[^1]: Academic Editor: MyeongSoo Lee
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home
I thought of you while editing this book. If you eat your emotions, this book is for you. Try to cook these recipes without considering the calories. An effort less, trust me!
With just a little perseverance you will get to fend for yourself in the kitchen! Camila will help you personally as she did with her friend Emily.
Additionally, you can choose to view one of the video recipes (there are twenty of about one minute or less each) to familiarize yourself with each step without losing too much time. You risk making delicious finds !!!
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430 P.2d 783 (1967)
78 N.M. App. 286
STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Henry SILVA, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 29.
Court of Appeals of New Mexico.
June 23, 1967.
*784 Reuben E. Nieves, Gore & Nieves, Clovis, for appellant.
Boston E. Witt, Atty. Gen., Paul J. Lacy, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for appellee.
OPINION
OMAN, Judge.
Defendant has appealed from a judgment and sentence of the district court, entered pursuant to jury verdicts finding him to be the same person who had theretofore been convicted of the three felonies as alleged in the information charging him as an habitual offender.
Sections 40A-29-5 to -7, N.M.S.A. 1953, provide for sentencing, prosecution, and procedures for prosecution of habitual offenders.
Defendant relies upon seven separate points for reversal. The first five of these points concern themselves primarily with attacks upon the information, and the remaining two points relate to claimed errors on the part of the trial court in admitting certain evidence. The points will be considered in the order of their presentation in the brief in chief.
In count 1 of the information it was alleged that the defendant had been convicted of "Assault with a deadly weapon Bernalillo County, New Mexico, October 5, 1963."
After the jury had been impaneled and sworn, the State requested leave to amend to change the date of October 5, 1963 to April 6, 1964. The trial court observed that "October 5 was, the arrest date of the defendant. The date of April 6 was the date that judgment and sentence was actually entered." It is not apparent upon what the court based his observation, but he granted opportunity to defendant to voice his objections and present argument. Defendant contended that this last-minute change prejudiced his rights.
The court specifically announced that he would grant a delay if additional time were needed to prepare a defense by reason of the change, and asked if defendant requested any such delay. Defendant announced that he had no such request to make. The court granted the amendment.
We observe that an information under the habitual offender statutes does not purport to charge a criminal offense, *785 but constitutes only a charge of prior convictions by defendant, which, if true, operates to enhance the penalty to be imposed. Lott v. Cox, 75 N.M. 102, 401 P.2d 93 (1965); State v. Knight, 75 N.M. 197, 402 P.2d 380 (1965). The proceedings are, however, penal in nature, and, insofar as applicable, criminal procedures are to be followed. See State v. Lujan, 76 N.M. 111, 412 P.2d 405 (1966); State v. Tipton, 77 N.M. 1, 419 P.2d 216 (1966); Johnson v. Cox, 72 N.M. 55, 380 P.2d 199 (1963); State v. Knight, supra, 5 Wharton, Criminal Law and Procedure (Anderson) § 2221 at 441 (1957).
Defendant contends he was prejudiced by the amendment, and relies upon the provisions of § 41-6-37, N.M.S.A. 1953, and upon the decision in State v. Ardovino, 55 N.M. 161, 228 P.2d 947 (1951).
In State v. Ardovino, the defect was the failure of the information to allege a criminal offense under the statutes of the State of New Mexico, and it was more than a mere error in a date. Here the defendant has failed to demonstrate how he was in any way prejudiced by the amendment showing the correct date of his prior conviction in Bernalillo County. Although the trial court made it clear to defendant and his counsel that additional time would be granted to explore the possibilities of a defense, or to prepare for the presentation of any defense defendant might have, defendant advised the court he did not wish to request any delay, or additional time.
In State v. Krebs, 336 Mo. 576, 80 S.W.2d 196 (1935), it was appellant's contention that a certain date contained in the information was the date of his discharge from the penitentiary, and not the date of commission of a subsequent offense. Thus, he argued that the information was defective, because it failed to show that this subsequent offense was committed after his discharge from the penitentiary under his prior convictions. The Supreme Court of Missouri gave it as their opinion that the date in question referred to the date of the commission of the subsequent offense, and not to the date of his discharge from the penitentiary, but stated that it made no difference, because that part of the information concerned started out by expressly alleging that "after the said discharge."
Section 40A-29-6, N.M.S.A. 1953, provides in part:
"If * * * it shall appear that a person convicted of a felony has previously been convicted of a crime amounting to a felony in this state, * * * it shall be the duty of the district attorney * * * to file an information charging the person as a habitual offender."
The present case was conducted as a separate proceeding, as authorized by our statutes (Lott v. Cox, supra; State v. Tipton, supra), and it was expressly alleged in the information that "Henry Silva * * * having been convicted of the following felonies." This language was then followed immediately by the above-quoted language relating to the charge in question.
The amendment allowed by the trial court in no way changed the substance of the allegations concerning the previous conviction in Bernalillo County of a crime amounting to a felony. No prejudice having been shown as a result of the amendment, we find defendant's position under this point to be without merit.
Defendant next contends the information should have been quashed because, after reciting the felonies of which he had allegedly been convicted, it is alleged:
"And that Henry Silva is an habitual offender contrary to Section 40A-29-7, and should be sentenced pursuant to 40A-29-7, NMSA, 1953 Compilation, as amended."
It is defendant's contention that he should have been charged, and could properly have been charged, only under the provisions of § 40A-29-5, N.M.S.A. 1953, or under §§ 40A-29-5 to -6, N.M.S.A. 1953.
As above stated, an information under the habitual offender statutes does not charge a separate offense. Section 40A-29-5, *786 provides for enhanced sentences to be imposed on habitual offenders; § 40A-29-6, imposes the duty on the district attorney to prosecute habitual offenders; and § 40A-29-7, provides for the proceedings to be followed in the prosecution of habitual offenders.
There can be no doubt that defendant was clearly informed that he was being proceeded against as an habitual offender. We disagree with defendant that the information failed to meet the requirements of § 41-6-7, N.M.S.A. 1953. This section of our statutes provides:
"Charging the offense. (1) The indictment or information may charge, and is valid and sufficient if it charges, the offense for which the defendant is being prosecuted in one [1] or more of the following ways:
"(a) By using the name given to the offense by the common law or by a statute.
"(b) By stating so much of the definition of the offense, either in terms of the common law or of the statute defining the offense or in terms of substantially the same meaning, as is sufficient to give the court and the defendant notice of what offense is intended to be charged.
"(2) The indictment or information may refer to a section or subsection of any statute creating the offense charged therein, and in determining the validity or sufficiency of such indictment or information regard shall be had to such reference."
Here the defendant was expressly informed that the State was contending he was "an habitual offender," and a reference to § 40A-29-7 shows it to be entitled "Proceedings for prosecution of habitual offenders." The court and the defendant were given notice of precisely what was intended to be charged.
Under his point 3 defendant contends:
"THE COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO QUASH THE INFORMATION AS BEING UNCERTAIN, INDEFINITE AND INARTLY DRAWN, AND NOT CHARGING AS CONTEMPLATED BY THE STATUTE."
The trial court conceded that the information was inartfully drawn, but observed that he thought the meaning is clear. We agree with the trial court. We do observe that the information is certainly no model of proper pleading, and would suggest that more care be taken in drafting and proof-reading of informations prior to trial, rather than being confronted by constant attacks thereon for inaccuracies which could easily have been discovered by careful reading and a little study.
However, we have no trouble in finding the meaning of the information to be plain. Assuming the meaning to be plain, the information or indictment is not rendered insufficient because of improper grammatical construction. See State v. Cabodi, 18 N.M. 513, 138 P. 262 (1914). As provided in § 41-6-7, N.M.S.A. 1953, above-quoted, the purpose of the information is to give the court and the defendant notice of what offense is intended to be charged.
Defendant next contends the information was defective and should have been quashed because it failed to name the court or courts in which he had previously been convicted. The first conviction, as above shown, was alleged to have been in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The second is alleged to have been in "Curry County, New Mexico, Docket No. 5491, October 11, 1965." The third is alleged to have been in "Curry County, New Mexico, Docket No. 5571, April 20, 1966."
The offenses listed in the information, all of which are felonies, could only have been tried in the district courts of Bernalillo and Curry counties, because they are, and at all times since statehood have been, the only trial courts in New Mexico with jurisdiction over such causes. N.M.Const. art. 6, §§ 13 and 23; State v. Klantchnek, 59 N.M. 284, 283 P.2d 619 (1955); State v. McKinley, 53 N.M. 106, 202 P.2d 964 (1949).
*787 Our habitual offender statutes do not require that the court or courts in which a defendant has been previously convicted be named. See also People v. Carkeek, 35 Cal. App.2d 499, 96 P.2d 132 (1939); State v. Krebs, supra. We are not suggesting that proper pleading, in most instances, does not require that the court or courts be named, but only that in the present case there can be no doubt that defendant was informed of the courts in which the State was contending he had previously been convicted.
Defendant next contends that there is a fatal variance between the dates of the two alleged convictions in Curry County and the proof in regards thereto. The clerk of the district court, called as a witness by the State, testified that her records showed defendant was sentenced on November 2, 1965 in Cause No. 5491. The transcript of sentencing, which was offered and received into evidence as a part of one of the State's exhibits, shows the sentence was imposed on November 3, 1965, and was apparently filed in the office of the clerk on November 8, 1965. The information in the present cause charges that defendant was convicted on October 11, 1965. A portion of the same exhibit, in which is contained the said transcript of sentencing, consists of a transcript of arraignment and plea of guilty. This shows clearly that defendant pleaded guilty in Cause No. 5491 on October 11, 1965.
As to cause No. 5571, the clerk testified that the records in her office showed defendant was sentenced on April 21, 1966. This is confirmed by a judgment and sentence of the court which appears as a portion of the State's exhibit relative to this cause. Other portions of this same exhibit clearly show he was tried and found guilty by a jury in this cause on April 20, 1966.
The information in the present cause charges he was convicted on April 20, 1966.
Defendant apparently takes the position that the imposition of sentence constitutes a conviction, or at least is an essential element of conviction. Conviction means the establishment of guilt by a plea of guilty, by a verdict of the jury in a jury case, or by a finding by the court in a non-jury case. The imposition of sentence is not an element of the conviction, but is rather a declaration of the consequences of the conviction. State v. Larranaga, 77 N.M. 528, 424 P.2d 804 (1967).
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in admitting over objection certain testimony of the sheriff of Curry County and in admitting into evidence two exhibits. The testimony and the exhibits relate to the question of the identity of the defendant as the person charged in Causes Nos. 5491 and 5571.
If we understand defendant's position correctly, he first contends that the testimony and the exhibits do "not come under the best evidence rule." We are not sure what he means by the best evidence rule. See 4 Wigmore, Evidence §§ 1173, 1174, 1177 at 301, 302, 307 (3d ed. 1940); McCormick, Evidence, §§ 195, 196 at 408, 409 (1954). In his objection he states that "the records of the district court are proper records to prove any alleged conviction." It is apparent that the testimony and the two exhibits were offered not to prove the prior convictions, but to establish the identity of defendant, which the State was required to do. Lott v. Cox, supra.
If by the best evidence rule defendant means the "original document rule," then certainly some doubt as to its efficacy in New Mexico arises by reason of the provisions of § 20-2-20, N.M.S.A. 1953 (1965 Supp.). In any event, this rule is not here applicable, because the exhibits were the original records kept by the sheriff. He testified that these records, which he calls commitment cards, were kept and maintained by his secretary directly under his control and supervision, and that they were maintained as public records. These cards reflect the reason the named person was jailed, date of arraignment, nature of plea, date and disposition of the charge in both the justice of the peace and district courts, *788 as well as personal data such as name, address, age, sex, race, weight, date of birth, place of birth, height, color of hair, color of eyes, scars, etc.
The court permitted the witness to use the cards to refresh his recollection, and admitted into evidence only the face of the cards which contains the name, address, and other personal data. The objection made at that time was that the information contained on the face of these cards was not the best evidence and immaterial.
Defendant fails to specifically point out wherein the information contained on the cards is immaterial, or why they are not the best evidence, or what he means by best evidence. He admits that the identity of the defendant was material and essential. All the matters on the face of these cards relate to the question of identity. Evidence which is offered to prove an issue in a case, and which sheds light on that issue, is material and should be admitted. McCormick, Evidence, § 152 at 315 (1954); Lopez v. Heesen, 69 N.M. 206, 365 P.2d 448 (1961). Evidence, though relevant and material, may be inadmissible for other reasons, but no contention is here made that the evidence with which we are here concerned was inadmissible for reasons other than materiality and that the same was not the best evidence.
As his final point, defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting, over his objection, certain testimony of the district probation and parole officer. This officer testified that he had made a pre-sentence report just prior to November 2, 1965, at the request of the district judge. In so doing, he secured information as to defendant's prior criminal record. When asked what he had ascertained, defendant objected on the ground that it was "immaterial and improper." He also stated the best evidence had already been introduced.
The court overruled the objection on the ground that it was admissible to establish identity.
Defendant then made a further objection that a "proper foundation" had not been laid in that the time, place, and persons present at the time the information was secured had not been established. The district attorney then made inquiry of the witness as to the time, place and persons present. Only the defendant and the witness were present, and defendant told the witness of his arrest and conviction in Albuquerque, and of the fact that he had received a suspended sentence, except for confinement for a period of six months in the county jail.
As we understand defendant's present contention, it is that this information, disclosed to the probation and parole officer, was confidential and privileged under the provisions of § 41-17-18, N.M.S.A. 1953.
We find nothing in this statute which makes privileged a communication made by a criminal to a probation and parole officer in the course of a pre-sentence investigation. However, defendant cannot be heard to complain on this basis on appeal, when no claim of privilege was ever raised in the trial court. People v. Kroeger, 61 Cal.2d 236, 37 Cal. Rptr. 593, 390 P.2d 369 (1964); Strader v. Collins, 280 App.Div. 582, 116 N.Y.S.2d 318 (1952); McUne v. Fuqua, 42 Wash.2d 65, 253 P.2d 632 (1953), sustained on rehearing, Northern Pac. R. Co. v. Department of Public Works, 257 P.2d 636 (1953). See also Tietjen v. McCoy, 24 N.M. 94, 172 P. 1042 (1918); Alvarado Min. & Mill Co. v. Warnock, 25 N.M. 694, 187 P. 542 (1919); Bishop v. Mace, 25 N.M. 411, 184 P. 215 (1919); McKenzie v. King, 14 N.M. 375, 93 P. 703 (1908); Rupp v. Summerfield, 161 Cal. App.2d 657, 326 P.2d 912 (1958); Bank of America Nat'l T. & S. Ass'n. v. Taliaferro, 144 Cal. App.2d 578, 301 P.2d 393 (1956).
The judgment and sentence should be affirmed.
It is so ordered.
SPIESS and WOOD, JJ., concur.
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419 F.Supp. 1123 (1976)
Duane BERTRAND, Plaintiff,
v.
ORKIN EXTERMINATING COMPANY, INC., Defendant.
No. 76 C 1337.
United States District Court, N. D. Illinois, E. D.
August 26, 1976.
*1124 John C. Ruppert, McBride, Baker, Wienke & Schlosser, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff.
Fred R. Kimmel, Arvey, Hodes, Costello & Burman, Chicago, Ill., for defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DECKER, District Judge.
Duane Bertrand, the plaintiff in this action, has brought suit against Orkin Exterminating Company, Inc., alleging that he was demoted and constructively discharged by the defendant because of his age in violation of the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq. The defendant has moved to dismiss the complaint or in the alternative to strike portions thereof and for a more definite statement.
I. Motion to Dismiss
The motion to dismiss charges that the plaintiff has failed to allege satisfaction of a purported jurisdictional prerequisite set forth in § 14(b) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 633(b).[1] This provision, which is headed "Limitation of Federal action upon commencement *1125 of State proceedings", applies when two conditions are satisfied. (1) The state must have a law prohibiting age-based discrimination. (2) There must be a state authority authorized to grant or seek relief from age-discrimination.
The defendant asserts that Illinois law satisfies these two conditions and that as a result this court cannot obtain jurisdiction in an age-discrimination case until sixty days after the commencement of proceedings under the state law.
The construction of § 633(b) has been the subject of considerable dispute. While various courts have attempted to harmonize their opinions, it is nonetheless evident that there is a substantial split of authority on this matter.
At one extreme may be found a case such as Vaughn v. Chrysler Corporation, 382 F.Supp. 143 (E.D.Mich.1974), which analogizes § 633(b) to the jurisdictional deference provisions of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(c), thereby constituting a bar to plaintiff's cause of action. Somewhat less harsh is the conclusion of the majority in Goger v. H. K. Porter Co., Inc., 492 F.2d 13 (3d Cir. 1974), that while § 633(b) is a jurisdictional requirement, it nonetheless will not compel dismissal of an action where a plaintiff can present an equitable claim justifying the hearing of his cause. Curry v. Continental Airlines, 513 F.2d 691 (9th Cir. 1975), also utilized the analogy of Title VII law to find jurisdictional import in § 633(b), but it strictly construed the words of that section to require a specific legislative mandate to the state authority concerning age-discrimination.
At the other extreme is the more recent opinion in Vazquez v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 405 F.Supp. 1353 (D.P.R.1975), which concluded that § 633(b) did not establish resort to state law as a jurisdictional prerequisite for a federal age discrimination action. This opinion closely relies on the concurring opinion of Judge Garth in Goger, supra. A similar, but not identical, conclusion was reached in Skoglund v. Singer Co., 403 F.Supp. 797 (D.N.H.1975). Vazquez and the Goger concurrence maintain that the language of § 633(b) applies only to those cases where the plaintiff had already sought relief under state law prior to filing the federal action. This viewpoint holds that in such a situation the plaintiff must give the state authority the required sixty days to attempt to resolve the dispute. However, there is no obligation to utilize the state remedy. Skoglund holds that
"although Section 633(b) requires timely resort to state remedies before a complaint may be filed in federal court, this requirement is not jurisdictional; therefore, plaintiff's failure to notify the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination in a timely fashion does not bar him from this court." 403 F.Supp. at 802-03.
This holding differs from Vazquez in that it does not expressly treat § 633(b) as applying solely to actions in which the state remedy had previously been invoked. Instead it construes § 633(b) as an expression of congressional deference to the concept of federalism, but not as a formal jurisdictional precondition.
This survey of recent judicial opinion makes it apparent that no commonly accepted construction of § 633(b) has of yet emerged. This court has found no indication that the Seventh Circuit has expressed a view on this controversy.
As noted, the courts that view § 633(b) as a jurisdictional requirement are greatly influenced by the similarity of the language of that provision to language found in Title VII at § 2000e-5(c).[2] The latter provision has been generally perceived as a jurisdictional *1126 requirement. Abshire v. Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Co., 352 F.Supp. 601 (N.D.Ill.1972). Judge Hunter cited in Goger, supra, portions of the legislative history indicating that Title VII served as a model for the drafting of this portion of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. 492 F.2d at 16 (fn. 13).
Although this is a well argued position, the court finds that a persuasive argument has also been made by Judge Pesquera in Vazquez, supra, and by Judge Garth in his concurrence to Goger for the proposition that § 633(b) does not mandate resort to state procedures as a jurisdictional prerequisite for an action under the Act.
These arguments agree that Title VII was a significant model for the Act, but note that various provisions from Title VII procedure were considered and specifically rejected by Congress in the drafting of the 1967 Age Discrimination Act. Congress evidently was concerned about the impact of bureaucratic delay imposed by the establishment of an additional administrative impediment to adjudication of grievances. The concept of age discrimination itself made it clear that the typical plaintiff under the Act would be elderly, and thus particularly afflicted by the burdens of administrative tardiness. See the statement of Senator Javits in the hearings on the Act quoted in part at 405 F.Supp. 1355.
Vazquez correctly notes that the jurisdictional requirements for a suit brought under the 1967 Age Discrimination Act are found in § 7 of that Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 626(c)-(e). These provisions bear the express label of "jurisdiction" in the United States Code, and are the more likely analogue to § 2000e-5(b)-(d) of Title VII. Both Title VII and the Age Discrimination Act establish as a jurisdictional requirement the filing of notice of a proposed action prior to the commencement of the suit. But while the jurisdictional notice requirement appears in the same section of Title VII with the language dealing with deference to state law remedies, the reference to state law deference in § 633(b) is isolated from the other jurisdictional provisions and is removed to the tail end of the Act. It is found only after the section establishing an annual report from the Secretary of Labor to Congress on age discrimination matters.
While the provisions of § 626 are expressly labeled jurisdictional, § 633(b) is part of a section entitled "Federal State relationship", and is captioned "Limitation of Federal Action upon commencement of State proceedings." The language of this section, which admittedly is not artfully worded, does not expressly command the commencement of proceedings under state law. Semantically the sentence "no suit may be brought under section 626 of this title before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State law . . ." can be read to accord with an interpretation that after the commencement of proceedings under the state law, no suit may be brought under § 626 for sixty days. Thus a construction that "the limitation upon the right to file suit under the ADEA would be applicable only if proceedings had already been initiated under existing State law", 405 F.Supp. at 1356, makes grammatical sense and is consistent with the concerns expressed by Senator Javits.
*1127 Judge Garth and Judge Pesquera both gave substantial deference to the construction of the statute given by Secretary of Labor Wirtz, which was summarized by Judge Garth as an assertion "that the sole Congressional purpose underlying the enactment of 29 U.S.C. § 633(b) was to give the State time to act on a complaint if an aggrieved individual chose to proceed there first." 492 F.2d at 17-18. This interpretation does buttress the non-jurisdictional thesis, and comports with congressional concern to provide concurrent federal and state alternatives for victims of age discrimination.
It is noteworthy that § 633(a) of the Age Discrimination Act,[3] a provision with no exact counterpart in Title VII, mandates that an action under the 1967 Act will supersede any state action. Judge Garth's comment upon the interaction of these sections is particularly cogent:
"I do not believe that it was the intent of Congress to require, prior to the institution of a Federal action, the commencement of a State proceeding which, under § 633(b), need not be concluded and which in any event would be superseded by the filing of the Federal action under § 633(a)." 492 F.2d at 18.
A construction of § 633(b) as a jurisdictional prerequisite implies a belief that Congress would choose to defer to federalism by burdening victims of age discrimination with an obligation to file what will ordinarily be nothing more than a pro forma gesture. Mandatory recourse to state remedies, which need not be exhausted, would normally be a dilatory exercise or a "procedural pitfall for unsuspecting individuals." 405 F.Supp. at 1357. The history of litigation over this section underscores how easily problems may arise from such a construction. Judge Pesquera and Judge Garth find it more credible to assume that Congress sought by drafting § 633(b) to affirm its commitment to a federal system by enabling a complainant to initially elect a pursuit of state remedies, and to give substance to such an election by assuring state authorities at least a minimum period in which to accomplish their objectives.
Thus, there is considerable controversy over whether § 633(b) constitutes a jurisdictional precondition for an action under the Age Discrimination Act. But it is not necessary for the court to resolve this dispute since the court finds substantial grounds for its conclusion that the applicable Illinois laws do not provide the remedies contemplated by the Act. Thus § 633(b) does not in any case require initial resort to Illinois statutory remedies for age discrimination.
As noted, § 633(b) has two separate requirements. There must be a state law against age discrimination, and there must also be a state authority charged with granting or seeking relief against such discrimination.
Illinois does have "an Act to prohibit unjust discrimination in employment because of age and providing for penalties." Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 48 §§ 881-7. Section 884(1) renders unlawful the conduct complained of by the plaintiff.[4] The parties agree that this satisfies the first requirement of § 633(b).
However, there is a dispute as to whether Illinois law "authoriz[es] a State authority *1128 to grant or seek relief from such discriminatory practice[s]."
The defendants contend that Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 14 § 9 satisfies the second requirement. This statute states:
"There is created in the office of the Attorney General a Division for the Enforcement of Civil and Equal Rights. The Division, under the supervision and direction of the Attorney General, shall investigate all violations of the laws relating to civil rights and the prevention of discriminations against persons by reason of race, color, creed, or physical or mental handicap, and shall, whenever such violations are established, undertake necessary enforcement measures."
The defendant notes that the Illinois statute against age discrimination refers to a "right to employment otherwise lawful without discrimination because of age", Ill. Rev.Stat. ch. 48 § 881(c) and as a consequence argues that Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 48 § 884(1) is one of the "laws relating to civil rights" which the Division for the Enforcement of Civil and Equal Rights may enforce.
Both parties have sought to clarify the scope of the authority of the Division by means of affidavits which relate the contents of telephone conversations between their attorneys and the current director of the Division. The contents of these affidavits lead to divergent implications as to the fundamental issue facing the court. In any case, they are both clearly reconstructions of unsworn, out-of-court conversations, related by a third party. Both are inadmissible hearsay. As a result the court must look to the language of the statutes and the constructions given them by the courts.
While the legislature has called freedom from age-based discrimination a right, it is also clear that it has repeatedly failed to refer to the age discrimination act in its specific list of types of statutes that the Division is authorized to enforce. By common statutory construction a listing of specific items will take precedence over a general phrase such as "laws relating to civil rights". Similarly, the inclusion of specific categories of laws implies a conscious exclusion of those other specific categories omitted from the statute. Inclusio unius est exclusio alterius.
Reference to the Illinois age discrimination law buttresses the conclusion that this is not a statute which can be enforced by the Division to grant relief to a victim of discrimination. The statute provides a penalty of $50-100 against a perpetrator of illegal age discrimination and denominates a violation of the law a "petty offense". There is no express indication that the victim may obtain damages or other relief. The cases annotated in Smith-Hurd Illinois Annotated Statutes reveal only one reported case where an alleged victim sought relief under this act. In Kennedy v. Com. Unit Sch. Dist. # 7, 23 Ill.App.3d 382, 319 N.E.2d 243 (4th Dist. 1974), the court disposed of the claim based on the age discrimination act by finding that the statute did not cover the specific situation raised by that action. This was a private action, and was not brought by the Division. There is thus no reported case authority affirming that the Division could grant or seek relief under this act, and considerable reason to doubt that such relief is available. And, more pertinent to this action, there is no evidence that the Division has ever attempted to bring any enforcement action under the Illinois Act.
The court therefore finds no basis to conclude that Illinois has provided the state law remedies against age discrimination contemplated by the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act. The material before the court indicates that there is no statutory basis for relief, and that the Division neither has statutory authority to seek or grant relief, nor has it ever attempted to assert any such authority.
The conclusion that Illinois lacks the state remedies contemplated by § 633(b) is buttressed by the opinion of the Ninth Circuit in Curry v. Continental Airlines, 513 F.2d 691 (9th Cir. 1975), which held that the federal act required a "showing of state concern in the specific area of age discrimination", at 694 (emphasis in original). The *1129 California law considered in Curry made age discrimination in unemployment unlawful and a misdemeanor violation. The California Department of Human Resources Development was given the power of investigation over violations of the Unemployment Insurance Code, which contained the age discrimination provision. The Department also possessed the power to "prosecute actions" with respect to matters within its jurisdiction. While the Ninth Circuit noted that the Department did not assign any personnel to handle age discrimination complaints and referred complainants to local and federal agencies,[5] it emphasized that there was not "any specific legislative mandate directing the Department to act in the field of age discrimination". 513 F.2d at 693. The Illinois statute establishing the Division for the Enforcement of Civil and Equal Rights, Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 14 § 9, is cast in the same generalized language. A fortiori the court cannot find a specific legislative mandate to act in the field of age discrimination where the statute specifies various anti-discrimination laws which the Division is required to enforce, and where age discrimination is not to be found among the enumerated categories.
Finally, the court emphasizes that it would not dismiss the instant complaint even if it could be shown that the Illinois remedies satisfy the intent of § 633(b) and that this provision in fact establishes a jurisdictional prerequisite for an action under the Federal Age Discrimination Act.
As the heading under which it is included in the statute indicates, § 633 reflects a congressional intent to preserve federal-state comity by expressing some deference to state created remedies. The defendant emphasizes in its briefs the minimal nature of that deference, citing language from Pacific Maritime Association v. Quinn, 465 F.2d 108, 110-11 (9th Cir. 1972), that "[t]he federal purpose is to give respectful but modest deference to a state that has evidenced interest." The defendant concedes that the alleged jurisdictional requirement is limited to the formality of giving the state agency sixty days to resolve the dispute. Not only would a complainant be permitted to look to the federal courts if he were not satisfied with the work of the state agency after two months, but § 633(a) would cut off the efforts of the state agency in medias res.
A review of the litigation spawned by § 633(b) reveals that this section has proved more successful as a trap to the unwary litigant than as a gesture of respect towards state remedies. It is also evident that the federal judiciary has proved extremely reluctant to permit such an obscure technicality, such a token tip of the hat towards federalism, to deprive complainants of the congressionally intended remedy for age-based discrimination. Of the cases cited by the parties to construe the import of § 633(b), it is significant that only in Vaughn v. Chrysler Corporation, supra, was the action actually dismissed. And Chief Judge Kaess agreed in Vaughn that the requirements of § 633(b) may be waived under the principles of equity. The majority in Goger v. H. K. Porter Co., Inc., supra, vacated the district court's dismissal of the action because the plaintiff had relied upon the advice of the Secretary of Labor and because the jurisdictional nature of § 633 had not been clearly indicated by the courts. As the court noted in Skoglund v. Singer Co., supra, many of the requirements of Title VII and the Age Discrimination Act have been treated as "jurisdictional but subject to equitable modification." Culpepper v. Reynolds Metals Co., 421 F.2d 888 (5th Cir. 1970); Reeb v. Economic Opportunity Atlanta, Inc., 516 F.2d 924 (5th Cir. 1975).
The Age Discrimination Act is a remedial statute enacted by Congress to combat an unjust and injurious employment practice. Such statutes are liberally construed to achieve their ends. Skoglund, supra, at 804. *1130 As the Vazquez court noted, defendants frequently seek to utilize § 633(b) as a
"procedural pitfall for unsuspecting individuals which could easily serve . . . to deprive aggrieved individuals of their day in court, thereby thwarting the objective of this remedial legislation." 405 F.Supp. at 1357 (citations omitted).
The court will not allow this to happen in the instant case. As the discussion of the law, supra, reveals the construction of the provisions of § 633(b) as well as the relevant state statutes is not easy, and there have been no definitive interpretations of these laws either from the Illinois courts or the Seventh Circuit. In these circumstances it would not be equitable to deprive plaintiff Bertrand of his day in court because he failed to comprehend the details of these laws better than many judges.[6]
The court therefore notes that, regardless of the jurisdictional significance of § 633(b), under equitable principles it would not have dismissed the instant action. Rather, it would have retained jurisdiction for a period sufficient to allow the plaintiff to defer to the available state administrative procedures for the sixty days indicated in § 633(b). The plaintiff would be allowed to return to the federal remedy after the expiration of the token sixty-day deference period. This accords with the favored practice of other courts when confronted with the failure of a plaintiff to comply with the Title VII deferral requirements. Oubichon v. North American Rockwell Corporation, 482 F.2d 569 (9th Cir. 1973); Parker v. General Telephone Co. of the Northwest, Inc., 476 F.2d 595 (9th Cir. 1973); Mitchell v. Mid-Continent Spring Co. of Kentucky, 466 F.2d 24 (6th Cir. 1972); Motorola, Inc. v. EEOC, 460 F.2d 1245 (9th Cir. 1972). See also, Crosslin et Vir v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel., 400 U.S. 1004, 91 S.Ct. 562, 27 L.Ed.2d 618 (1971).
The motion to dismiss the complaint is therefore denied since, even if § 633(b) were to be viewed as a jurisdictional requirement, that section does not require any prior resort to the laws and agencies of Illinois because the Illinois remedies do not specifically grant any Illinois agency the authority to grant or seek relief from age discrimination.
II. Jury Trial
The defendant has moved, in the alternative to its motion to dismiss the complaint, for an order striking Bertrand's demand for a jury trial. Again making an analogy to Title VII law, Orkin Exterminating argues that there is no right to a jury trial under the Age Discrimination Act.
In fact, the language of the Act differs substantially from the equivalent passages in Title VII and reveals an evident congressional consent to jury determinations of issues under the Act. Thus § 626(b) reads in part
"In any action brought to enforce this chapter the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this chapter . . ." (Emphasis added.)
Similarly, § 626(c) reads in part
"Any person aggrieved may bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction for such legal or equitable relief as will effectuate the purposes of this chapter . . ." (Emphasis added.)
In contrast, Title VII states at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)
". . . the court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay . . . or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate." (Emphasis added.)
The language of the statute thus expressly contemplates the availability of "legal" relief which, in contrast to "equitable" rights, are protected by the Seventh *1131 Amendment guarantee of adjudication by a jury. Statutory rights may be "legal rights", Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 94 S.Ct. 1005, 39 L.Ed.2d 260 (1974), and in actions raising both legal and equitable claims the issues underlying a legal claim for damages must be tried to a jury. Dairy Queen v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 82 S.Ct. 894, 8 L.Ed.2d 44 (1962); Beacon Theatres v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 79 S.Ct. 948, 3 L.Ed.2d 988 (1959). The Supreme Court has endorsed a three-pronged test for the determination of whether an action can be characterized as "legal" or "equitable".
". . . the `legal' nature of an issue is determined by considering first, the premerger custom with reference to such questions; second, the remedy sought; and third, the practical abilities and limitations of juries." Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531 at 538, fn. 10, 90 S.Ct. 733, 738, 24 L.Ed.2d 729 (1970).
The Court has also indicated that the strong federal policy favoring jury trials requires that all doubts should be resolved in favor of granting a trial by jury. Ross v. Bernhard, supra; Simler v. Conner, 372 U.S. 221, 83 S.Ct. 609, 9 L.Ed.2d 691 (1963).
The relief sought in the complaint includes the following: (1) an order reinstating the plaintiff in his former position with full seniority and status; (2) damages for lost wages; (3) damages for physical and mental suffering; (4) costs of the suit; (5) attorneys' fees; (6) other just and appropriate relief.
The parties agree that the injunctive relief sought and attorneys' fees and costs of the action remain within the province of the judge and do not entitle a plaintiff to a jury trial. However, there is considerable dispute over the classification of the demand for back wages and as to the availability of damages for physical and mental suffering under the Age Discrimination Act.
As in the case with many critical aspects of litigation under this statute, there is a dearth of precedent on these matters. However, the two cases most closely in point both concur that back pay should be treated as a "legal" claim, triable by jury. Chilton v. National Cash Register Co., 370 F.Supp. 660 (S.D.Ohio 1974), and Cleverly v. Western Electric Co., 69 F.R.D. 348 (W.D. Mo.1975), are both thoughtful and detailed opinions which focus on the availability of a jury trial in private actions for back pay under the Age Discrimination Act.
Applying the Ross v. Bernhard, supra, test, the claim for back pay was analogized to the common law action for breach of contract by wrongful damage, or as an action sounding in tort with the statute merely creating a new legal duty on the part of the employer. Chilton, supra, 370 F.Supp. at 665; Cleverly, supra, 69 F.R.D. at 350-51. The courts then concluded that, since damages are a traditional form of relief in courts of law, and since the calculation of damages is a standard function of a jury, a private action for back pay raises a jury issue.
The defendant has not cited any case that reaches a contrary conclusion with respect to the Age Discrimination Act. Of the cases cited, the most interesting is O'Connell v. Ford Motor Co., 11 F.E.P. Cases 1474, 1475 (E.D.Mich.1975), which says in dicta that "[b]asically, an award of back pay has been held to be equitable when it is statutorily part of the restitution remedy of reinstatement." However, the court did not decide this issue because it found that the plaintiff had indicated in his complaint that he only sought equitable remedies. Furthermore, the analogy to Title VII upon which Judge Pratt relied is of doubtful validity in light of the different language of the statutes. Accord, Cleverly, supra, 69 F.R.D. at 351. For the same reason, the host of Title VII cases cited by Orkin Exterminating are not in point.
The defendant argues that because Bertrand has also demanded reinstatement, his claim for back wages should not be viewed as a legal action for monetary damages but should be treated as part of the equitable remedy of restitution. However, Cleverly was brought by a plaintiff seeking reinstatement as well as back pay. Nor is the very brief order of Judge Lynch in Brennan v. International Harvester, 7 E.P.D. ¶ 9171 *1132 (N.D.Ill.1974), persuasive that Cleverly is wrongly decided on this point. While the latter case holds that the inclusion of a prayer for back wages does not transform an equitable proceeding into a case legal in nature, International Harvester was tried pursuant to the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in § 17 of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which establishes an equitable proceeding. However, the instant action seeks enforcement pursuant to § 16 of FLSA, as is permitted under 29 U.S.C. § 626(b).[7] Actions under the latter section afford the right to a jury trial. Chilton, supra, 370 F.Supp. at 664.
Thus, in accordance with the thoughtful opinions in Chilton and Cleverly, the court holds that the complaint has raised claims which may be tried by a jury, and the motion to strike the jury demand must therefore be denied.
III. Damages for Physical and Mental Suffering
Defendant has also moved to strike those portions of the complaint which demand damages for physical and mental suffering, alleging that such relief is not authorized under the Act.
Orkin Exterminating does not cite any cases expressly barring such claims, and again relies on purportedly analogous Title VII actions. It also cites several cases under the Age Discrimination Act in which the plaintiff was awarded only back wages. However, none of these cases discussed the availability of this type of damages, and it is apparent that the plaintiffs did not recover for physical and mental suffering because they did not seek such relief.
In contrast, the plaintiff cites Rogers v. Exxon Research and Engineering Co., 404 F.Supp. 324 (D.N.J.1975), which contains a long discussion of this very issue. Rogers concludes that a plaintiff under the Age Discrimination Act is entitled to demonstrate damages for pain and suffering. Noting that the statute sought to "make whole" victims of discrimination, the court stressed that
"the most pernicious effect of age discrimination is not to the pocketbook, but to the victim's self-respect. . . . [T]he out-of-pocket loss occasioned by such discrimination is often negligible in comparison to the physiological and psychological damage caused by the employer's unlawful conduct." 404 F.Supp. at 329.
The court noted that a discharged elderly worker is often able to find alternative employment because of his experience and skills, and thus mitigate his pecuniary injury. The real injury suffered by a discriminatee may thus be poorly compensated by an award of mere back wages.
The Rogers court distinguished those Title VII cases, also cited by defendant Orkin Exterminating, on the grounds that these Title VII cases were decided on the basis that relief under that statute is limited to "equitable relief in the form of restitution." As Judge Stern noted in Rogers, the language of the Age Discrimination Act is much more expansive, providing "such legal or equitable relief as will effectuate the purposes of this chapter." 29 U.S.C. § 626(c). Similarly, § 626(b) allows the court "jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this chapter, including without limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement, or promotion, or enforcing the liability for amounts deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this section." (Emphasis added.) It is apparent that Congress, recognizing the subtle forms that age discrimination may take, afforded plaintiffs a wide arsenal of remedies for the diverse injuries that may result from such discrimination.
Rogers is the only case in point on this issue, and the court finds it persuasive. Accordingly, *1133 the motion to strike those portions of the complaint seeking damages for physical and mental suffering is hereby denied.[8]
IV. Motion for a More Definite Statement
The final aspect of defendant Orkin Exterminating's motion is a contention that paragraphs 5, 11 and 12 are insufficiently precise. The defendant asks that the complaint be dismissed or that the plaintiff be required to provide a more definite statement.
Paragraph 5 asserts that the defendant is an employer within the meaning of § 630(b) of the Act. Paragraph 11 asserts that the plaintiff suffered great humiliation and embarrassment and was curtailed in his duties and ultimately constructively discharged by the defendant. Paragraph 12 asserts that Orkin Exterminating's conduct was wilful.
The court fails to perceive how these allegations do not satisfy the requirements of F.R.Civ.P. 12(e) of a pleading sufficiently clear to permit an opponent to frame a responsive pleading.
Certainly, if Orkin Exterminating is not an employer within the contemplation of the Act, the defendant has no need of facts pleaded by the plaintiff to obtain the information regarding its own business necessary to raise a jurisdictional defense. Shultz v. Manor House of Madison, Inc., 51 F.R.D. 16 (W.D.Wisc.1970).
The basis for the allegations of paragraphs 11 and 12 may be understood by a perusal of the entirety of the complaint. To the extent that Orkin Exterminating is surprised by these allegations, it has the right to aver that it is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of the allegation. EEOC v. Wah Chang Albany Corp., 499 F.2d 187, 190 (9th Cir. 1974). In any case, it is manifestly improper to burden a plaintiff with an obligation to amend a complaint as a means of obtaining discovery. Hodgson v. Orson E. Coe Pontiac, Inc., 55 F.R.D. 133, 134 (W.D. Mich.1971); Mitchell v. E-Z Way Towers, Inc., 269 F.2d 126 (5th Cir. 1959).
The defendant's motion for a more definite statement is therefore denied.
NOTES
[1] § 633(b) provides:
"In the case of an alleged unlawful practice occurring in a State which has a law prohibiting discrimination in employment because of age and establishing or authorizing a State authority to grant or seek relief from such discriminatory practice, no suit may be brought under section 626 of this title before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated: Provided, That such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective date of such State law. If any requirement for the commencement of such proceedings is imposed by a State authority other than a requirement of the filing of a written and signed statement of the facts upon which the proceeding is based, the proceeding shall be deemed to have been commenced for the purposes of this subsection at the time such statement is sent by registered mail to the appropriate State authority."
[2] 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(c) provides:
"In the case of an alleged unlawful employment practice occurring in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting the unlawful employment practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no charge may be filed under subsection (b) of this section by the person aggrieved before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State or local law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated, provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective date of such State or local law. If any requirement for the commencement of such proceedings is imposed by a State or local authority other than a requirement of the filing of a written and signed statement of the facts upon which the proceeding is based, the proceeding shall be deemed to have been commenced for the purposes of this subsection at the time such statement is sent by registered mail to the appropriate State or local authority."
[3] § 633(a) provides:
"Nothing in this chapter shall affect the jurisdiction of any agency of any State performing like functions with regard to discriminatory employment practices on account of age except that upon commencement of action under this chapter such action shall supersede any State action."
[4] Ill.Rev.Stat. ch. 48 § 884(1) provides:
"It is an unlawful employment practice for an employer:
(1) to refuse to hire, to discharge, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his terms, conditions or privileges of employment, otherwise lawful, because of such individual's age, when the reasonable demands of the position do not require such an age distinction; however, subsection (1) shall not be construed to make it unlawful to reject any applicant for a particular job when the consideration of safety makes it impractical to train an applicant over 45 years of age for the duties of that particular job."
[5] The hearsay affidavits excluded by the court sought to introduce evidence concerning the manpower allocated by the Division for the Enforcement of Civil and Equal Rights to age discrimination cases, and the practices of the Division with respect to such complaints. There is no admissible evidence before the court with respect to these questions of fact.
[6] The court notes that if this action were dismissed, the statute of limitations would bar the plaintiff from reinstituting suit following recourse to the state law remedies.
[7] § 626(b) provides in part:
"The provisions of this chapter shall be enforced in accordance with the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in sections 211(b), 216 (except for subsection (a) thereof), and 217 of this title, and subsection (c) of this section."
[8] Since the question of damages for physical and mental suffering raises a legal issue which is triable by a jury, the conclusion that the Act permits such relief provides an alternate basis for the court's denial of defendant's motion to strike Bertrand's jury demand.
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Systems Science for Complex Policy Making: A Study of Indonesia
This volume applies a systems science perspective to complex policy making dynamics, using the case of Indonesia to illustrate the concepts. Indonesia is an archipelago with a high heterogeneity. Her people consist of 1,340 tribes who are scattered over 17,508 islands. Every region has different natural strengths and conditions. In the national development process all regions depend on one another other while optimizing their own conditions. In addition to this diversity, Indonesia also employs a democratic system of government with high regional autonomy. A democratic government puts a high value on individual freedom, but on the other hand, conflicts of interest also occur frequently. High regional autonomy also often causes problems in coordination among agencies and regional governments. This uniqueness creates a kind of complexity that is rarely found in other countries.These daily complexities requires intensive interaction, negotiation processes, and coordination. Such necessities should be considered in public policy making and in managing the implementation of national development programs. In this context, common theories and best practices generated on the basis of more simplified assumptions often fail. Systems science offer a way of thinking that can take into account and potentially overcome these complexities. However, efforts to apply systems science massively and continuously in real policy making by involving many stakeholders are still rarely carried out. The first part of the book discusses the gap between the existing public policy-making approach and needs in the real world. After that, the characteristics of the appropriate policy-making process in a complex environment and how this process can be carried are described. In later sections, important systems science concepts that can be applied in managing these complexities are discussed. Finally, the efforts to apply these concepts in real cases in Indonesia are described.
|
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1. Introduction
===============
Fish, marine oils, and their concentrates all serve as sources of the two marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as do some products from algae. To demonstrate an effect of EPA + DHA on heart health, a number of randomized, controlled intervention studies with clinical endpoints like overall mortality or a combination of adverse cardiac events were conducted in populations with elevated cardiovascular risk. One early intervention study with oily fish, rich in EPA + DHA, and some early studies with fish oil or fish oil concentrate or even purified EPA at doses ranging between 0.9 and 1.8 g/day indeed demonstrated effects in terms of fewer sudden cardiac deaths, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarctions, or a combination of adverse cardiac events \[[@B1-nutrients-06-00799],[@B2-nutrients-06-00799],[@B3-nutrients-06-00799],[@B4-nutrients-06-00799],[@B5-nutrients-06-00799],[@B6-nutrients-06-00799]\]. More recent trials did not demonstrate such effects \[[@B7-nutrients-06-00799],[@B8-nutrients-06-00799],[@B9-nutrients-06-00799],[@B10-nutrients-06-00799],[@B11-nutrients-06-00799],[@B12-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Recent meta-analyses found no significant benefits on total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and other adverse cardiac or cardiovascular events \[[@B13-nutrients-06-00799],[@B14-nutrients-06-00799],[@B15-nutrients-06-00799],[@B16-nutrients-06-00799],[@B17-nutrients-06-00799],[@B18-nutrients-06-00799]\]. This is in contrast to findings in epidemiologic studies, where intake of EPA + DHA had been found to correlate generally with an up to 50% lower incidence of adverse cardiac events \[[@B18-nutrients-06-00799],[@B19-nutrients-06-00799]\], and in even sharper contrast to epidemiologic studies based on levels of EPA + DHA, demonstrating e.g., a 10-fold lower incidence of sudden cardiac death associated with high levels of the fatty acids, as compared to low levels \[[@B20-nutrients-06-00799],[@B21-nutrients-06-00799]\]. This seemingly contradictory evidence has led the American Heart Association to recommend "omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil capsules (1 g/day) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction" for secondary prevention, whereas the European Society for Cardiology recommends "Fish at least twice a week, one of which to be oily fish", but no supplements for cardiovascular prevention \[[@B22-nutrients-06-00799],[@B23-nutrients-06-00799]\]. The more recent guidelines on treating patients with stable ischemic heart disease or patients after a myocardial infarction, targeting similar patient populations, do not recommend EPA + DHA \[[@B24-nutrients-06-00799],[@B25-nutrients-06-00799]\]. At least in Europe, cardiologists do not routinely use EPA + DHA to reduce cardiovascular risk.
A similar picture emerges for atrial fibrillation: In epidemiologic studies, consumption of EPA + DHA or higher levels of EPA + DHA were associated with lower risk for developing atrial fibrillation, while intervention studies found no effect \[[@B26-nutrients-06-00799],[@B27-nutrients-06-00799],[@B28-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Pertinent guidelines do not mention EPA + DHA \[[@B29-nutrients-06-00799]\]. A similar picture also emerges for severe ventricular rhythm disturbances \[[@B20-nutrients-06-00799],[@B21-nutrients-06-00799],[@B30-nutrients-06-00799],[@B31-nutrients-06-00799]\].
Why is it that trial results are at odds with results from epidemiology? What needs to be done to better translate the epidemiologic findings into trial results? The current review will try to shed some light on this issue, with a special consideration of the Omega-3 Index.
2. The Omega-3 Index as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
====================================================
At least some nutritional surveys do not provide valid data \[[@B32-nutrients-06-00799]\]. This may explain, why the relation of EPA + DHA in the diet to clinical events has been found to be looser than the relation of levels of EPA + DHA measured in blood to clinical events (e.g., \[[@B20-nutrients-06-00799],[@B33-nutrients-06-00799]\]). A detailed discussion of the pros and cons of the various fatty acid compartments in which levels of omega-3 fatty acids (whole blood, whole plasma, plasma phospholipids, and others) should be measured is outside the scope of this review and can be found elsewhere \[[@B34-nutrients-06-00799]\]. The following points argue for the use of erythrocytes: erythrocyte fatty acid composition has a low biological variability, erythrocyte fat consists almost exclusively of phospholipids, erythrocyte fatty acid composition reflects tissue fatty acid composition, pre-analytical stability, and other points \[[@B34-nutrients-06-00799],[@B35-nutrients-06-00799],[@B36-nutrients-06-00799],[@B37-nutrients-06-00799],[@B38-nutrients-06-00799]\]. In 2004, EPA + DHA in erythrocyte fatty acids were defined as the Omega-3 Index and suggested as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death \[[@B39-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Integral to the definition was a specific and standardized analytical procedure, conforming the quality management routinely implemented in the field of clinical chemistry \[[@B39-nutrients-06-00799]\] In fatty acid analysis, methods have a large impact on results: when one sample was sent to five different laboratories offering determination of an Omega-3 Index, results differed by a factor of 3.5 \[[@B34-nutrients-06-00799]\]. While results may be internally valid in one laboratory, a difference by a factor of 3.5 makes it impossible to compare results among laboratories. Therefore, the Omega-3 Index was renamed HS-Omega-3 Index^®^. In contrast, the laboratories adhering to the HS-Omega-3 Index methodology perform regular proficiency testing, as mandated in routine Clinical Chemistry labs \[[@B34-nutrients-06-00799]\]. So far, the HS-Omega-3 Index is the only analytical procedure used in several laboratories. A standardized analytical procedure is a prerequisite to generate the data base necessary to transport a laboratory parameter from research into clinical routine. Moreover, standardization of the analytical procedure is the first important criterion for establishing a new biomarker for cardiovascular risk set forth by the American Heart Association and the US Preventive Services Task Force \[[@B40-nutrients-06-00799],[@B41-nutrients-06-00799]\].
As exemplified by [Table 1](#nutrients-06-00799-t001){ref-type="table"}, the HS-Omega-3 Index has been measured in many populations. Of note, a lower HS-Omega-3 Index was always associated with a poorer clinical condition ([Table 1](#nutrients-06-00799-t001){ref-type="table"}).
nutrients-06-00799-t001_Table 1
######
Mean HS-Omega-3 Index values in various populations, Mean (±standard deviation (SD)). Please note that in every population studied, a lower value was found to be associated with a worse condition than a higher value. References are given, if not, unpublished, *n =* number of individuals measured.
Population HS-Omega-3 Index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------
**Western countries (high incidence of coronary heart disease)**
*Germany*
Unselected Individuals (*n* = 5000) 7.15 (±2.19)%
Patients with atherosclerosis \[[@B42-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 190) 5.94 (±1.41)%
Patients with hyperlipidemia \[[@B43-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 47) 7.00 (±1.90)%
Pregnant women, week 24 (*n* = 103) 7.66 (±1.83)%
Patients with congestive heart failure (*n* = 895) 3.47 (±1.20)%
Patients with major depression \[[@B44-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 90) 3.93 (±1.50)%
*Spain*
Individuals with high risk for, but without cardiovascular disease \[[@B45-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 198) (SD not reported) 7.10%
*Norway*
Patients with myocardial infarction \[[@B46-nutrients-06-00799]\] (SD not reported)
With ventricular fibrillation (*n* = 10) 4.88%
Without ventricular fibrillation (*n* = 185) 6.08%
*Europe*
Unselected data from routine determinations, *n* = 10,000 6.96 (+2.15)%
*USA*
Healthy in Kansas City \[[@B47-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 163) 4.90 (±2.10)%
Framingham-Offspring \[[@B48-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 3196) 5.60 (±1.70)%
Patients with stable coronary heart disease \[[@B49-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 956) (SD not reported) 4.60%
Patients with major depression \[[@B50-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 118) 2.90 (±1.50)%
Adolescents with major depression \[[@B51-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* =150) (SD not reported) 3.46%
Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea \[[@B52-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 52) (SD not reported) 4.00%
*Saudi Arabia*
Individuals, most with diabetes (*n =* 69) 3.47 (±1.20) %
**Asian countries (low incidence of coronary heart disease)**
*Korea*
Healthy controls \[[@B53-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 50) (SD not reported) 11.81%
Healthy control \[[@B54-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 40) 10.55 (±0.48)%
Patients with myocardial infarction \[[@B53-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 50), (SD not reported) 9.57%
Patients with hemorrhagic brain infarction \[[@B54-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 40) 8.55 (±0.41)%
Patients with ischemic brain infarction \[[@B54-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 40) 8.19 (±0.64)%
Hemodialysis-patients without calcification on plain chest radiograph \[[@B55-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 11) 9.82 (±2.37)%
Hemodialysis-patients with calcification on plain chest radiograph \[[@B55-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 20) 9.23 (±2.34)%
Peritoneal Dialysis Patients \[[@B56-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 14) 12.83 (±3.30)%
Patients with a kidney transplant \[[@B57-nutrients-06-00799]\], (*n* = 49) 9.70 (±1.85)%
*Japan*
Unselected men (*n* = 262), (SD not reported) 9.58%
All levels of fatty acids are determined by the balance of substance entering the body and those leaving the body. Neither a recent meal, even if rich in EPA + DHA, nor severe cardiac events altered the HS-Omega-3 Index \[[@B38-nutrients-06-00799],[@B58-nutrients-06-00799],[@B59-nutrients-06-00799],[@B60-nutrients-06-00799],[@B61-nutrients-06-00799]\]. However, while long-term intake of EPA + DHA, e.g., as assessed with food questionnaires, was the main predictor of the HS-Omega-3 Index, long-term intake explained only 12%--25% of its variability \[[@B46-nutrients-06-00799],[@B62-nutrients-06-00799],[@B63-nutrients-06-00799]\]. A hereditary component of 24% exists \[[@B64-nutrients-06-00799]\]. A number of other factors correlated positively (+) or negatively (−), like age (+), body mass index (−), socioeconomic status (+), smoking (−), but no other conventional cardiac risk factors \[[@B47-nutrients-06-00799],[@B64-nutrients-06-00799],[@B65-nutrients-06-00799],[@B66-nutrients-06-00799],[@B67-nutrients-06-00799],[@B68-nutrients-06-00799],[@B69-nutrients-06-00799],[@B70-nutrients-06-00799],[@B71-nutrients-06-00799]\]. More factors determining the level of the HS-Omega-3 Index, especially regarding efflux remain to be defined. Therefore, it is impossible to predict the HS-Omega-3 Index in an individual, as it is impossible to predict the increase in the HS-Omega-3 Index in an individual in response to a given dose of EPA + DHA \[[@B42-nutrients-06-00799],[@B46-nutrients-06-00799],[@B62-nutrients-06-00799],[@B63-nutrients-06-00799]\]. In [Table 2](#nutrients-06-00799-t002){ref-type="table"}, current evidence is presented on the relation of the HS-Omega-3 Index to cardiovascular events.
This evidence is supported by measurements of EPA + DHA in other fatty acid compartments, as discussed in more detail elsewhere \[[@B72-nutrients-06-00799],[@B73-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Within the framework of "Heart and Soul" and "Triumph", it was investigated whether determination of the HS-Omega-3 Index added to the information obtained by assessing cardiovascular risk with a conventional scoring system, like the Framingham or GRACE scores for predicting fatal events. The HS-Omega-3 Index provided additional information, as demonstrated by larger areas under the curves in various c-statistics for fatal \[[@B74-nutrients-06-00799]\] and non-fatal events \[[@B53-nutrients-06-00799],[@B75-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Taken together, the HS-Omega-3 Index predicts risk, appears largely independent of conventional risk factors, and adds to the information obtained by conventional risk scoring, thus fulfilling the second criterion for establishing a new biomarker for cardiovascular risk set forth by the American Heart Association and the US Preventive Services Task Force \[[@B40-nutrients-06-00799],[@B41-nutrients-06-00799]\].
nutrients-06-00799-t002_Table 2
######
Summary of epidemiologic studies relating the Omega-3 Index to cardiovascular events.
Acronym \[reference\] Design Disease *n* Years Criterion Comparison Result
-------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------ ------------------------ ------- ----------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Total mortality*
Heart & Soul \[[@B49-nutrients-06-00799]\] cohort stable CAD 956 5.9 total mortality HS-Omega-3 Index HR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56--0.94
Triumph \[[@B74-nutrients-06-00799]\] cohort recent MI 1144 2 total mortality EPA in red cells tertiles EPA \< 0.25% total mortality 26%, 0.25 \< EPA \< 0.8% total mortality 13%, EPA \> 0.80% total mortality 7%
Triumph \[[@B76-nutrients-06-00799]\] cohort recent MI 1424 1 total mortality HS-Omega-3 Index \< 4%*vs*. \>4.0% HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2--3.3
Racs \* \[[@B77-nutrients-06-00799]\] cohort recent ACS 460 2 total mortality HS-Omega-3 Index in quartiles not significant.
*Sudden cardiac death*
\[[@B20-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control SCD 82/108 cases/controls SCD red cell EPA + DHA in quartiles OR 1.0--0.1 (95% CI 0.1--0.4)
Phys Health \[[@B21-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control SCD 84/182 cases/controls SCD whole blood EPA + DHA in quartiles OR 1.0--0.1 (95% CI 0.02--0.48) across quartiles
Cardiac morbidity
\[[@B78-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control ACS 94/94 cases/controls ACS whole blood EPA + DHA in quintiles OR 1.0--0.2 (95% CI not reported), OR 0.67 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.98) per, 1 standard deviation increase EPA + DHA
\[[@B79-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control ACS 768/768 cases/controls ACS HS-Omega-3 Index in tertiles OR 1.0--0.31 (95% CI 0.14--0.67) across tertiles
\[[@B53-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control ACS 50/50 cases/controls ACS HS-Omega-3 Index in tertiles OR 1.0--0.08 (95% CI 0.02--0.38) across tertiles
no acronym \[[@B80-nutrients-06-00799]\] case-control ACS 24/68 cases/controls STEMI HS-Omega-3 Index in tertiles OR 6.38 (95% CI 1.02--39.85)--1.0 across tertiles
Abbreviations: *n*: number of individuals studied; Coronary artery disease: CAD; HR: hazard ratio; MI: myocardial infarction; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SCD: sudden cardiac death; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; OR: odds ratio; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. \* No case estimate was reported in Racs. Therefore, by definition, it is unclear, whether the discriminatory power of the HS-Omega-3 Index was too small, or the study was too small to detect the discriminatory power.
Moreover, the HS-Omega-3 Index has made it possible to reclassify individuals from intermediate cardiovascular risk into the respective high risk and low risk strata \[[@B74-nutrients-06-00799],[@B75-nutrients-06-00799]\], the third criterion for establishing a new biomarker for cardiovascular risk \[[@B40-nutrients-06-00799],[@B41-nutrients-06-00799]\].
Increasing the HS-Omega-3 Index by increased intake of EPA + DHA in randomized controlled trials improved a number of surrogate parameters for cardiovascular risk: heart rate was reduced, heart rate variability was increased, blood pressure was reduced, platelet reactivity was reduced, triglycerides were reduced, large buoyant low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-particles were increased and small dense LDL-particles were reduced, large buoyant high-density lipoproteins (HDL)2 were increased, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL1) + 2 was reduced, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, interleukins-6,8,10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were reduced, anti-inflammatory oxylipins were increased \[[@B43-nutrients-06-00799],[@B81-nutrients-06-00799],[@B82-nutrients-06-00799],[@B83-nutrients-06-00799],[@B84-nutrients-06-00799],[@B85-nutrients-06-00799],[@B86-nutrients-06-00799],[@B87-nutrients-06-00799],[@B88-nutrients-06-00799],[@B89-nutrients-06-00799],[@B90-nutrients-06-00799],[@B91-nutrients-06-00799],[@B92-nutrients-06-00799],[@B93-nutrients-06-00799],[@B94-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Importantly, in a two-year randomized double-blind angiographic intervention trial, increased erythrocyte EPA + DHA reduced progression and increased regression of coronary lesions, an intermediate parameter \[[@B95-nutrients-06-00799]\]. Taken together, increasing the HS-Omega-3 Index improved surrogate and intermediate parameters for cardiovascular events. A large intervention trial with clinical endpoints based on the HS-Omega-3 Index remains to be conducted. Therefore, the fourth criterion, proof of therapeutic consequence of determining the HS-Omega-3 Index, is only partially fulfilled \[[@B40-nutrients-06-00799],[@B41-nutrients-06-00799]\].
3. Discussion of Neutral Results of Large Intervention Trials
=============================================================
Why is it that a low HS-Omega-3 Index can be a cardiovascular risk factor, and yet the results of the large trials testing EPA + DHA on clinical endpoints were neutral?
3.1. Bioavailability Issues
---------------------------
According to personal information from the respective first authors, participants of recent large intervention trials were advised to take their supplements, frequently an encapsulated EPA + DHA ethyl-ester with breakfast---in many countries a low-fat meal \[[@B7-nutrients-06-00799],[@B8-nutrients-06-00799],[@B9-nutrients-06-00799],[@B10-nutrients-06-00799],[@B11-nutrients-06-00799]\]. As discussed in more detail in a recent review, bioavailability of EPA + DHA depends on the chemical form in which they are bound (phospholipids \> recombined triglycerides \> triglycerides \> free fatty acids \> ethyl-esters) \[[@B96-nutrients-06-00799],[@B97-nutrients-06-00799]\], on matrix effects (capsule ingestion with concomitant intake of food, fat content in food) or galenic form (*i*.*e*., microencapsulation, emulsification). The chemical binding form impacts on bioavailability roughly with a factor of two, whereas matrix effects can impact bioavailability up to a factor of 13, and the galenic form up to a factor of 21 \[[@B96-nutrients-06-00799],[@B97-nutrients-06-00799],[@B98-nutrients-06-00799],[@B99-nutrients-06-00799]\]. When the large trials mentioned here were designed, the bioavailability issues just mentioned were unknown. Thus, involuntarily, the combination used in many of the large trials---An unemulsified ethyl-ester or triglyceride with a low fat meal---guaranteed a very low bioavailability of EPA + DHA.
3.2. Issues in Trial Design
---------------------------
In all large intervention trials conducted so far, study participants were recruited based on clinical conditions, but irrespective of their baseline omega-3 fatty acid status \[[@B1-nutrients-06-00799],[@B2-nutrients-06-00799],[@B3-nutrients-06-00799],[@B4-nutrients-06-00799],[@B5-nutrients-06-00799],[@B6-nutrients-06-00799],[@B7-nutrients-06-00799],[@B8-nutrients-06-00799],[@B9-nutrients-06-00799],[@B10-nutrients-06-00799],[@B11-nutrients-06-00799],[@B12-nutrients-06-00799]\]. In all populations studied so far, the HS-Omega-3 Index had a statistically normal distribution ([Table 1](#nutrients-06-00799-t001){ref-type="table"}). Thus, the proportion of the study population with high levels was not prone to the effects of EPA + DHA, if any. In order to recruit a study population, in which an effect of EPA + DHA can be demonstrated, recruiting study participants with a low HS-Omega-3 Index is a logical choice.
In all large intervention trials conducted so far, study participants were exposed to a trial-specific, but fixed dose of EPA + DHA or placebo \[[@B1-nutrients-06-00799],[@B2-nutrients-06-00799],[@B3-nutrients-06-00799],[@B4-nutrients-06-00799],[@B5-nutrients-06-00799],[@B6-nutrients-06-00799],[@B7-nutrients-06-00799],[@B8-nutrients-06-00799],[@B9-nutrients-06-00799],[@B10-nutrients-06-00799],[@B11-nutrients-06-00799],[@B12-nutrients-06-00799]\]. The inter-individual variability in response to a fixed dose of EPA + DHA has been found to be large, *i*.*e*., vary up to a factor of 13 \[[@B42-nutrients-06-00799],[@B61-nutrients-06-00799]\]. This fact alone suggests individualizing the dose given in a trial, in order to reach a predefined target range of the HS-Omega-3 Index, e.g., 8%--11%. The statistically normal distribution of the baseline HS-Omega-3 Index further complicates this problem: A large overlap of omega-3 levels in the EPA + DHA group and placebo or control group can be expected, and has been seen in at least one large trial (Mühlhäusler, B., personal communication) \[[@B100-nutrients-06-00799]\]. With levels of omega-3 fatty acids not differing between intervention and placebo or control groups, a difference in study outcome cannot be expected, even if the condition studied would be susceptible to treatment with EPA + DHA. It is worth noting that when a neutral intervention trial was analyzed in a cross-sectional way, EPA + DHA levels directly related to study outcome and less to treatment allocation \[[@B101-nutrients-06-00799]\].
Conversely, if a trial reports a positive result, it is likely to have been conducted in a study population with low baseline levels of EPA and DHA, like congestive heart failure: a positive result of a large trial was reported \[[@B6-nutrients-06-00799]\], and we found a low mean HS-Omega-3 Index in patients with congestive heart failure (unpublished data, [Table 1](#nutrients-06-00799-t001){ref-type="table"}). A similar case can be made for major depression ([Table 1](#nutrients-06-00799-t001){ref-type="table"}, references \[[@B44-nutrients-06-00799],[@B50-nutrients-06-00799],[@B51-nutrients-06-00799],[@B84-nutrients-06-00799]\]).
In the future, recruiting study participants with a low baseline HS-Omega-3 Index and treating them within a predefined target range will allow clearer trial results to be a distinct possibility. Dose adjustments will need to be performed in the placebo group. Since a larger treatment effect can be assumed in the study size estimation, it can be expected that study sizes will be smaller and thus studies less expensive. Clearly, these thoughts are not restricted to trials with patients with cardiovascular risk, atrial fibrillation or ventricular arrhythmia, but can be extended to all areas of omega-3 fatty acid research. This will facilitate scientific progress and lead to a faster recognition of the effects of EPA + DHA.
4. Conclusions
==============
In an inconsistent manner, EPA and DHA are either recommended or not included in guidelines of cardiac scientific societies. The use of EPA and DHA is not supported by results of recent intervention trials or their meta-analyses. However, epidemiologic data based on assessments of diet and, even more so, data based on levels of EPA + DHA measured in humans, clearly demonstrate that EPA + DHA are associated with a low risk for total mortality, sudden cardiac arrest, and fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarctions. For a number of reasons, like a standardized analytical procedure and a large data base, levels of EPA + DHA are best assessed with the HS-Omega-3 Index. According to current criteria of the American Heart Association and others, the HS-Omega-3 Index is a novel cardiovascular risk factor. Moreover, the HS-Omega-3 Index has led to a fresh look at the field of omega-3 fatty acids and has made it possible to identify issues of bioavailability and study design, explaining at least in part the neutral results of previous intervention trials. In the future, more efficient intervention studies can be conducted based on the HS-Omega-3 Index, thus providing a clearer picture of the effects of EPA + DHA.
Research grants were provided by several government agencies, AkerBiomarine, Neptune, and Fresenius Kabi. The cost of travel to the AAOCS meeting was provided by Sanofi Consumer Health Care.
CvS operates Omegametrix, a laboratory for fatty acid analyses. Speaker honoraria were received from Reckitt-Benckiser and the Portuguese National Fisheries.
|
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|
Q:
Trying to save vtk files with tvtk made from NumPy arrays
I'm trying to use tvtk (the package included with Enthought's Canopy) to turn some arrays into .vtk data that I can toss over to VisIt (mayavi complains on my OS (Mac OS X). I found what looked like the solution here (Exporting a 3D numpy to a VTK file for viewing in Paraview/Mayavi) but I'm not recovering the output that the author of the answer does and was wondering if anyone could tell me what I'm doing wrong. So I enter the commands in the Canopy notebook,
import numpy as np
from enthought.tvtk.api import tvtk, write_data
data = np.random.random((10,10,10))
grid = tvtk.ImageData(spacing=(10, 5, -10), origin=(100, 350, 200),
dimensions=data.shape)
grid.point_data.scalars = np.ravel([], order='F')
grid.point_data.scalars.name = 'Test Data'
# Writes legacy ".vtk" format if filename ends with "vtk", otherwise
# this will write data using the newer xml-based format.
write_data(grid, '/Users/Epictetus/Documents/Dropbox/Work/vtktest.vtk')
which does create a vtk file, but unlike the output the author of the previous answer suggests, I just get a blank output,
# vtk DataFile Version 3.0
vtk output
ASCII
DATASET STRUCTURED_POINTS
DIMENSIONS 10 10 10
SPACING 10 5 -10
ORIGIN 100 350 200
Is it obvious what I'm doing wrong? File I/O has never been my forte...
Cheers!
-user2275987
A:
Change the line
grid.point_data.scalars = np.ravel([], order='F')
to
grid.point_data.scalars = data.ravel(order='F')
Your grid doesn't have any data, and hence nothing is saved to the vtk file! :-)
|
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It took me 6 weeks to build it. I used modernizer to ensure it viewed well in new and old browsers and that worked. I also figured it would be fine for the iphone and ipad but I now found out I need to make a few tweeks to it for the ipad and iphone in the website footer ... life was so much easier when all you had to think about is a standard screen size
Because i keep out of this HTML code thread i would not have had the benefit of that link, I think it should be a sticky in both VSD and this html editor thread first time i have seen my website displayed this way.
as far as I am concerned, and I am since I use a Nook Color to surf the web quite often when I'm out and about, as long as the site loads fully, quickly, all aspects function, then it's good to go. Personally I don't care if the site fully fits on the screen all at once. I usually end up scrolling left and right and such anyways or blowing it up cuz it's too small etc. So just make it work, doesn't matter if it all fits on the screen, just make sure it's scrollable and all the scripts function and that makes me a happy android surfer
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Gooden's Up To Task Mets Shoot For A Sweep In Showdown At St. Louis
October 4, 1985|By Dave Anderson, New York Times
ST. LOUIS — In the Mets' clubhouse before Wednesday night's game, Dwight Gooden tossed a scrap of paper toward a trash can about 10 feet away -- and missed. But once the 20-year-old prodigy started firing his fastball against the first-place Cardinals, he didn't miss moving the Mets to one game behind the Cards in the National League East, with each team having four games remaining.
In a 5-2 victory that was somewhat shaky for him, Dwight Gooden (24-4) struck out 10 for a season total of 260, but his earned-run average soared to 1.53.
With the bases loaded and two out in the ninth inning, Tommy Herr represented the potential winning run at the plate. But with the Cardinals' cleanup hitter, Jack Clark, on deck, Herr hit a line drive to Wally Backman, the Mets' second baseman.
''I knew Doc was a little tired,'' Davey Johnson, the Mets' manager, said later. ''If I had to take him out, it would've been the toughest decision of my life. I knew I was draining him, he had thrown about 135 pitches. But even a tired Gooden was my best bet.''
Gooden, however, contended that he ''wasn't tired at all,'' explaining that with two out in the ninth he ''tried to overthrow'' in an effort to get the final out.
In the manager's mind, Gooden would not have brought in Roger McDowell until Gooden had pitched to Jack Clark, who had struck out three times after having had a .303 career average against Gooden.
''Usually he's the guy who gives me trouble,'' Gooden said of the Cardinals' first baseman, who has been troubled by a rib ailment, ''but tonight he was the guy I wasn't going to let beat me.''
Undisturbed by having to follow a tough act, Tuesday night's tingling 1-0 triumph on Darryl Strawberry's 11th-inning home run, Gooden provided the Mets with an opportunity to sweep the three-game series that concluded Thursday night. If the Mets win, they will be tied for first place.
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Medications
Tetrahydrozoline ophthalmic drops
What is this medicine?
TETRAHYDROZOLINE (tet-ra-hye-DROZ-oh-leen) is a decongestant. It reduces redness in the eye caused by minor eye irritations.
How should I use this medicine?
This medicine is only for use in the eye. Do not take by mouth. Follow the directions on the label. Wash hands before and after use. Tilt the head back slightly and pull down the lower eyelid with your index finger to form a pouch. Try not to touch the tip of the dropper to your eye, fingertips, or any other surface. Squeeze the drops into the pouch. Close the eye gently for a few moments to allow the drops to be in contact with the eye. Use your medicine at regular intervals. Do not use your medicine more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this medicine may be used in children as young as 6 years for selected conditions, precautions do apply.
What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
change in vision
eye irritation or redness that gets worse or lasts more than 72 hours
eye pain
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
temporary stinging or blurred vision when applying the eye drops
What may interact with this medicine?
Interactions are not expected. If you are using other eye drops with this medicine, separate the application of the different eye drops by roughly 5 minutes. This ensures that the eye drops do not interfere with each other. If you are using both eye drops and an eye ointment, use the eye drops 10 minutes before the eye ointment so that the eye ointment does not interfere with the action of the drops.
What if I miss a dose?
If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, use only that dose. Do not use double or extra doses.
Where should I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Do not freeze. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
glaucoma
wear contact lenses
an unusual or allergic reaction to tetrahydrozoline, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
pregnant or trying to get pregnant
breast-feeding
What should I watch for while using this medicine?
Tell your doctor or healthcare professional if your symptoms do not start to get better or if they get worse. If you experience eye pain, changes in vision, continued redness or irritation of the eye, or if your eye condition lasts longer than 72 hours, discontinue use and consult your health care professional.
To avoid contamination of this product, do not touch the tip of the container to any surface. Do not share this medicine with others. If the product changes color or becomes cloudy, do not use.
If you wear contact lenses, you should remove them before putting the drops in your eyes.
|
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Edinburgh unveiled as new man in charge of O’s on Wednesday evening, penning a two-and-a-half year deal
New Leyton Orient head coach Justin Edinburgh says the project of taking the club back up the leagues was one of the reasons behind taking the job.
The 47-year-old was confirmed as the new man in the dugout for the National League outfit on Wednesday evening, signing a two-and-a-half year deal with O’s.
The former Tottenham Hotspur defender takes over with the club currently three points above the relegation zone having struggled since dropping down from League Two last season.
Edinburgh’s first task will be to steer the Brisbane Road club away from danger, but the former Northampton Town boss has loftier ambitions long-term with Orient, who were in League One as recently as 2015.
“One of the things which attracted me to the job was the size of the club,” he said.
“Obviously I am aware of what has happened over the past few years and it was sad to see.
“When I spoke to (director of football) Martin Ling and the owners, I was honest when I said it was the only club in this league that I would manage.
“I don’t think I’m above this level, but it was the only job where the size of the club and the project appealed to me.
“It reminds me of when I took over at Newport County. I don’t see a ceiling for how far this club can go.”
Indeed there are similarities between the position Orient find themselves in now and where Newport were when Edinburgh joined the Welsh side in October 2011.
The Exiles were bottom of the Conference Premier when Edinburgh took charge, but finished that season in 19th and were FA Trophy finalists.
The following term saw Newport return to the Football League after a 25-year absence after beating Wrexham in the play-off final, before going on to finish 14th in their first campaign back in League Two.
It is clear, then, that Edinburgh has plenty of experience in not only avoiding relegation from the fifth tier of English football, but also in winning promotion from it.
And his experience with Newport is something Edinburgh is looking to put to good use during his time with Orient.
“The position we are in at the minute is not something that is unfamiliar to me,” he added.
“Even after leaving Newport, it was similar at Gillingham; they were 18th when I joined, but we finished 12th that season and ninth the season after.
“The same goes for Northampton last season too, so I’m looking to draw on all of those experiences.
“Orient are in a better position than Newport were when I joined them, but I know that I have to address our form in order to take us up the league.”
Edinburgh inherits a backroom staff that consists of plenty of faces that only joined in the summer, including Ross Embleton and Dean Brill, who were placed in interim charge following the sacking of former head coach Steve Davis on November 14.
And the new man in charge says he is looking forward to working with the coaches currently at the club, rather than actively looking to bring in his own people.
“I’m confident about working with what’s here. I’m open minded and when I’ve gone to other clubs in the past, I’ve kept the staff that were already there,” he said.
“I think it’s only fair and you can learn different things from working with new people.”
|
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Serial Set
"Irrigation Investigation in California."
Publication Information: From Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the First
Session of the Fifty-Seventh Congress, 1901-02 [House Report No. 1954]. Volume published 1902.
Report from the Committee on Printing to accompany Senate Concurrent
Resolution No. 28. The report recommends the reprinting of the bulletin on
"Irrigation Investigations in California" which had been produced by the
Department of Agriculture and printed as a Senate Document.
Part of the legislative background for the Newlands Reclamation Act (32 Stat.
388).
|
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Where’s a physical spell checker – otherwise known as a dictionary, which nobody carries any more – when you need one? I remember about 20-some years ago in the US I saw a ticket tout with a sign saying ‘I wont (sic) tickets’.
Here’s a picture of a slightly more recent gaffe.
Online spell-checking tools in our email and document creation applications make it easy for us to avoid elementary blunders. They’re like calculators though, they make us lazy with our command of the basic skills of literacy and numeracy.
As our beloved written and spoken languages evolve and become – dare I say it – a little more relaxed, we don’t seem to mind committing the formerly heinous crime of ending a sentence with a preposition. Back in the day – which itself is an odd idiomatic phrase – people used to get pretty worked up about grammar and syntax.
This was the one rule which caused the well known Churchillian reaction: “This is the sort of English up with which I will not put.”
They say that language neither progresses nor decays, it simply changes. Whatever it does, I think it serves us all better to be more flexible and less rigid. A great example of this is in poetry and songs, where ending a line with a preposition can help the writer out and make the line scan more elegantly. Who could forget the famous double preposition of Wings’ Live and Let Die: “…this world in which we live in…”?
I got a hand-written card today! From an organisation! I was so excited. The oblong hole in the front door is not just for bills after all.
Somebody had written me a personal thank you note and a different hand had written my name and address on the envelope too. This wasn’t from a friend or family; this was from a large organisation.
Yes, the good people – I always suspected they were good but now I know it – at Movember wrote to me personally to thank me for the huge sacrifice of growing a moustache for 31 days. Now there are thousands of people a year that raise money for this prostate cancer charity, and I bet we all got a hand-written thank you letter. Mine was from Sara and she signed it ‘Sara x’. Who cares if it wasn’t actually Sara, it’s the thought, and the perception, that counts.
I shall definitely grow a moustache for November 2014; they have me for another year, and another few hundred quid, with one thoughtful gesture.
Attention people who have customers – or people who want to stay on the right side of someone else: show you care by taking three minutes out of your day to write a card and envelope and why you appreciate them. You’ll need a stamp too of course, but if there is a better return for such a small investment, I don’t know what it is.
Incidentally, even if you’re not in marketing – or even business – you should dip into the daily genius that is Seth Godin’s blog. Here’s one of his best ever pithy-but-explosively-useful posts containing the handwritten thank you note.
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure was a clever bloke. He distinguished between 2 languages: langue, the language, and parole, the spoken language. We speak one, and we read and write the other. They can be quite different.
So it seems a bit odd to me that we write to be read, rather than to be heard, especially in the stripped down, dumbed down, sound-bite-driven world that we inhabit these days. The blog seems to me to be a classic example of this. You can certainly get quicker through those posts that are written closer to the language of conversation.
Re-read the sentences from this post. Could you see yourself saying them, exactly as written? Some of them maybe, others not? Odd, isn’t it? Perish the thought you do a spell check and Word tells you your sentence is not a sentence, but a fragment. Shocking. 🙂
|
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Q:
What cracked Raphael's shell?
In TMNT(2014), there is a point near the climax where Raphael hesitates saving Leonardo because his shell is cracked and tells Donatello to duct tape it. However, it's never shown in the movie when his shell is actually cracked. Even early in the movie, his shell has duct tape on it. So when does Raphael have his shell cracked and what actually cracks it?
A:
Although Raphael does have duct tape on his shell throughout the movie, the crack that Donatello is referring to was received in the fight with Shredder just moments before.
While April and Vern attempted to free the other turtles, Raphael tried to fight Shredder on his own and was less than successful. He ended up face-down on the concrete with Cyber-Shredder forcefully stepping on his back shell. Not only does Raphael nearly scream in pain during the scene, but there are also notable cracking noises heard. In addition, certain versions of the film even note "cracking noises" in the subtitle text. Afterwards, Shredder is seen walking off with Raphael lying on the floor defeated.
Here's a clip of the fight. The cracking occurs around the 1:30 mark:
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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Posts Tagged “Abandoned Cart”
By the year 2020, it’s estimated that global ecommerce sales will be worth $4 trillion. That’s more than double the $1.9 trillion recorded last year, demonstrating the burgeoning popularity of online shopping. From Amazon Dash buttons to abandoned cart emails offering one-touch purchases, every effort is being made to encourage sales. Yet despite this, two…
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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May 13, 2015
C-Suite Selling Is Where You Will Win the Sale and Cross Sales
The reason for C-Suite Selling is to attain the final yes on a contract or to generated excitement to get a project or sale started. However, there are a lot more advantages for C-Suite selling and a lot of risks for sticking with subordinates.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
How to save ALL Excel files every say minute / 10 seconds?
Question: How to save ALL Excel files every given time period - say every minute or every 10 seconds ?
Related: here How to save Excel file every say minute? a way to save given file is described. But if I have many files it is a problem to process like that.
Remark:
In case if I need to save every minute - I can use Excel's autosave, but
autosave is is in *.xlsb format which I have a problem reading by Python,
also several files are created and it is not clear what file is saved in what moment.
Also that would not work if I need to save every 10 seconds.
A:
To save all open excel files every 10 seconds, you can use this code. You can assign it to shape and run it from one of the excel files.
Sub Save1()
Dim xWb As Workbook
Application.DisplayAlerts = False
For Each xWb In Application.Workbooks
If Not xWb.ReadOnly And Windows(xWb.Name).Visible Then
xWb.Save
End If
Next
Application.DisplayAlerts = True
Application.OnTime Now + TimeValue("00:00:10"), "Save1"
End Sub
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
How to create databases, users and grants with terraform mysql and output the created credentials?
For a new deployment I want to create databases, users and grants on a previous created MySQL database on azure.
The following code used inside a module creates the environment as expected and I still struggle how to create the outputs of the module and so I get something like the following, to give it to the operations team:
module.test_cluster.mysql_users[cat].password = randompassword1
module.test_cluster.mysql_users[dog].password = randompassword2
Code example:
mysql_databases = [
"foo",
"bar"
]
mysql_users = [
"stage-cat",
"stage-dog",
"stage-snake"
]
mysql_grants = {
"cat-0" = {
name = "stage-cat"
database = "foo"
grant = ["ALL"]
},
"cat-1" = {
name = "stage-cat"
database = "bar"
grant = ["SELECT", "EXECUTE", "SHOW VIEW"]
},
"dog-0" = {
name = "stage-dog"
database = "bar"
grant = ["ALL"]
}
}
resource "mysql_database" "test" {
for_each = var.mysql_databases
name = each.key
}
resource "mysql_user" "test" {
for_each = var.mysql_users
user = each.value
host = "%"
tls_option = "SSL"
plaintext_password = random_password.test[each.value].result
}
resource "mysql_grant" "test" {
for_each = var.mysql_grants
user = mysql_user.test[each.value["name"]].user
host = "%"
database = each.value["database"]
privileges = each.value["grant"]
}
resource "random_password" "test" {
for_each = var.mysql_users
length = 32
special = false
}
A:
This is my solution how to output usernames and passwords:
In the module:
output "mysql_credentials" {
value = [
for user in var.mysql_users :
{ "username" = "${user}@${var.cluster_name}" // Hostname is for Azure MySQL service
"password" = "${random_password.test[user]["result"]}"
}
]
}
In the terraform file referencing the module:
output "mysql_service_credentials" {
value = module.cluster.mysql_credentials
}
The output:
mysql_credentials = [
{
"Password" = "OecheeP1Iequ6zeis2aipai5eiyooL8g"
"Username" = "stage-cat@stage"
},
{
"Password" = "xaed1EiGh4ahbea4ohjeetouw0Geph8o"
"Username" = "stage-dog@stage"
},
{
"Password" = "Seu8ieciewoh4Ohl6Ut7em1aiVie1Ao0"
"Username" = "stage-snake@stage"
},
]
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
All over the country, there are offices, schools, workshops, banks, pharmacies, IT departments and factories where the failure of a colleague to arrive at work and thus miss a scheduled meeting would arouse some immediate questions. Such as: "Where is he?"
But not at MI6, apparently. When Gareth Williams didn't turn up at the office on 16 August 2010, there was not so much, initially, as an attempt to track him down, an inquiry of his family, or even a casual: "Strange, not like old Gareth to go Awol."
Instead, within the Vauxhall Cross headquarters of these guardians of national security, there was a bewildering lack of curiosity about the whereabouts of this super-fit, "world-class" code-breaking mathematician who had been seconded to the service from GCHQ, Cheltenham, had just completed a course enabling him to carry out covert operations, was hardly ever late, never had a day off sick, and had a journey to work that was but 1.7 miles.
Life at MI6 went seamlessly on. Mr Williams's line manager, known as "G" when he gave evidence at the inquest last week, merely "had a gut feeling that he was away doing something I was unaware of" – an explanation which suggests absenteeism in the service might be somewhat higher than is generally realised. "G" did try his phone, and also later went round to Williams's flat to give a tentative ring on his doorbell. But one, two, three, four, five, six days went by before, finally, on the seventh, the official alarm was raised.
That day, police entered his flat, and there in the bathroom, they found a large, red, zipped and padlocked North Face sports bag. And inside it was a very dead Gareth Williams. He had probably been there at least a week, the last known sighting of him being on the CCTV of Harrods on the day before he was due back at work.
This mysterious delay in taking any concerted action – and thus the non-discovery of his body for fully seven days – continues to trouble his family greatly, and has proved crucial. Williams had lain, in a bathroom and inside a plastic bag, for a week in August. By the time he was found, his body had significantly decomposed, as had any reliable forensic evidence. If he was drugged or poisoned, we shall never know. One of his superiors, deploying a nice line in understatement as she gave evidence behind a screen, conceded: "I appreciate the delay had some impact on the police investigation."
Mystery number two is how did he get there? Despite an apparent passing interest (if web searches are anything to go by) in bondage and the sexual thrills of being in a confined space, it seems inconceivable he could have placed himself in the bag, then zipped and locked it unaided. Police gave evidence to this effect, as did two experts in Houdini-like matters who have tried a total of 400 times to replicate such a manoeuvre. Fit and supple young men of the same build as Mr Williams – a keen cyclist and climber – could get into the bag, but could not find a way of closing the zip.
Small specks of another person's DNA have been found on the bag, adding to the obvious conclusion by police that Gareth had an assistant – or an assassin. It also seems likely that he was dead or unconscious before he went into the bag. The coroner's court heard from Detective Chief Inspector Jackie Sebire that he was in the foetal position, and there was no sign that he had scrabbled to get out. She said: "In my opinion he was very calm. His face was very calm. His hands were resting on his chest." There was no damage to the bag or his fingernails.
What on earth, then, went on inside the flat at the security services safe house at 36 Alderney Street, Pimlico, south-west London? The evidence suggests that, however upsetting it may be for his family, Mr Williams was a man of unusual tastes and habits. There were, in his apartment, female wigs, 26 shoes by designers including Stella McCartney and Christian Dior, a quantity of cosmetics and, in his bedroom, some £20,000 worth of designer women's clothes.
He was a frequent visitor to couture websites, and, the inquest heard, a regular browser and sometime purchaser at Dover Street Market – an edgy emporium in west London which carries a large range of designer clothes. Carol Kirton, who works there, said he regularly shopped in the store, saying the items were for his girlfriend.
This extensive and costly wardrobe was raised in court with a female friend, Sian Jones. She told the inquest she did not think he was a transvestite. "I feel he would have been able to confide in me ... and I would not have judged him." She said she saw him every few days and he "showered" her with gifts. Another friend, Elizabeth Guthrie, suggested the clothes might have been "Gareth's attempt at a support strategy for someone. They certainly would not have been for him".
The wigs were kept neat in netting; none of the cosmetics had been used, and many of the clothes – and they were of varying sizes, the inquest heard – were kept pristine in tissue. They may indeed have been a store of gifts for as-yet unidentified girlfriends, but there could be another interpretation. After all, if the hoard was not the collection of a fetishist, it was a very good imitation of it.
Could this be connected to his death? The bathroom was evidently a venue for at least one sexual climax for Mr Williams, traces of his semen were found on its floor. Did he have some companion in sexual, or pseudo-sexual, meanderings which involved being put into a confined space such as a sports bag?
This would not have been the first time some bedroom escapade had gone wrong. When he was working at GCHQ his home was in an annex let out by a Mr and Mrs Elliot, who lived in the adjoining house. One night, the couple heard Gareth's cries for help, and went to investigate. "We went upstairs and found him lying on the bed with both hands tied with material attached to the headboard," said Jennifer Elliot's written statement. She said that he explained how he had tied himself up as an experiment, but she wrote that she and her husband thought it "more likely to be sexual than escapology".
Mr Williams's career and its particular path are clearly a complicating context to the mystery of a brilliant man who served his country. His sister, Ceri Subbe, told the inquest: "He disliked office culture, post-work drinks, flash car competitions and the rat race. He even spoke of friction in the office. The job was not quite what he expected. He encountered more red tape than he was comfortable with."
Six months before his death he had completed an intensive course which would allow him to undertake what were described to the court as very tough operational tasks. But, according to his boss, he had applied for his three-year secondment at MI6 to be cut short – a request that was granted. There are also the unauthorised searches he made of security service databases about which the inquest heard. This was not, it seems, a settled man.
Neither police nor security services say they have reason to believe that his death was connected to his work for MI6. And, if any practitioner of "the dark arts" – as the lawyer for his understandably still-distressed family put it – wanted to kill him, surely it would have been a road "accident" while he was out cycling, an assignation on a bridge that would have ended with him "falling" into the Thames, or a simple bullet to the head? But not a modus operandi so outré that it would keep the media panting for an answer 20 months later.
The inquest continues this week. The mystery of how exactly Gareth Williams died, one fears, will go on much longer.
Remarkable coincidence?
Whatever the truth in the case of Gareth Williams, details of women's underwear and cross-dressing regularly emerge in the "presentation" of the deaths of intelligence agents.
Nicholas Anderson, former MI6 officer turned author, told The Independent on Sunday: "I am on verbal record to my own family, close friends and select lawyers that if anything ever happened to me – a straight man and a positive thinker – it would likely be made to look either like a suicide or that I died dressed like a woman.
"Over the years, it seems to me a favourite way of presentation. I, of course, am not suicidal in any remote way nor do I like to dress so. When I read in the press about Gareth Williams, women's clothes, and a wig, it all fits the usual scenario."
The IoS has come across at least 17 mysterious deaths – some dubbed suicides, others freak accidents – of MI6 agents, workers at GCHQ, or those linked to the defence or intelligence services over the past 50 years. Sexual overtones, asphyxia, or both, feature in a third of cases, and they are just the ones that are in the public domain and "open source", as spooks would say.
Stephen Drinkwater, 25, a clerk employed in a department at GCHQ where highly classified documents were copied, was found dead in his parents' house at Cheltenham in September 1983. A plastic bag was over his head and he had died from asphyxiation.
In March 1990, British journalist Jonathan Moyle, 28, who had been investigating claims that US civilian helicopters were to be converted into gunships for sale to Iraq, was found hanged inside a hotel wardrobe in Santiago, Chile. Eight years later, an inquest concluded that he had been "unlawfully killed" by a "person or persons unknown". Speaking in September 2010, his former fiancée said: "The British intelligence services tried to smear Jonathan suggesting he was sexually deviant."
Four years later, in February 1994, Conservative MP Stephen Milligan, 45, was found tied to a chair wearing women's underwear and with a bag over his head and a satsuma stuffed into his mouth. He was the parliamentary private secretary to the then defence minister Jonathan Aitken. Mr Aitken has since denied media reports that he also worked for MI6.
The same month that Mr Milligan's body was discovered, James Rusbridger, 65, ex-MI6 agent turned journalist, was found hanged at his house on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall. He was dressed in a green protective suit, green overalls, a black plastic mackintosh and thick rubber gloves. His face was covered by a gas mask and his body was surrounded by bondage pictures. Consultant pathologist Dr Yasai Sivathondan said he died from asphyxia due to hanging "in keeping with a form of sexual strangulation".
In another case, an inquest in July 1997 heard how GCHQ worker Nicholas Husband, 46, was found dead wearing women's clothing after a bizarre sex ritual. Mr Husband, from Tewkesbury, had a plastic bag over his face and was wearing a nightie and a bra. He was found dead after he failed to show up for work in December 1996.
In March 1999, Kevin Allen, a 31-year-old linguist at GCHQ, was found dead in bed by his father at his home in Cheltenham. He had a plastic bag over his head and a dust mask over his mouth. An post-mortem revealed that death was due to asphyxiation.
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Programmed initiation of hemodialysis for systemic amyloidosis patients associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Reactive amyloidosis is a serious systemic disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Amyloid protein can be deposited in kidneys, heart or gastrointestinal tract leading to organ failure. Renal involvement is a well-known complication in amyloidosis as this may culminate in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hemodialysis (HD) is always considered the treatment of choice for such patients; however, the prognosis is usually poor due to a large number of sudden deaths immediately following HD therapy. To circumvent the problem of HD initiation while instituting HD safety, we devised a plan to start HD and compare patient's survival with our previous data. Sixty-three patients were treated with HD. They were categorized according to the initiation of first dialysis. All patients were divided into planned, unplanned and programmed initiation groups. First dialysis that had been initiated as not urgent was considered 'planned' (20 patients). First dialysis that had been performed urgently for life-threatening renal insufficiency was considered 'unplanned' (31 patients). First dialysis that had been initiated as not urgent and according to our dialysis program was considered 'programmed' (12 patients). Survival of these 63 patients from the initiation of HD at 38 days was 75%, at 321 days was 50% and at 1,784 days was 25%. Patients with unplanned initiation of HD showed a significant poor survival compared with those of both planned and programmed initiation. Additionally, patients with planned and programmed initiation of HD showed no significant difference for the patients' survival. Our study demonstrates that patients with amyloidosis have a higher mortality rate. Nevertheless, programmed initiation of HD will improve the prognosis of patients with ESRD. Such possibility needs to be considered in more detail in the future.
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Laurence Hurst
Laurence Daniel Hurst (born 1965) FMedSci FRS is a Professor of Evolutionary Genetics in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry at the University of Bath and the director of the Milner Centre for Evolution.
Education
Hurst was educated at Truro School and completed his Bachelor of Arts in Natural Sciences (Zoology) at Churchill College, Cambridge, in 1987. After a year at Harvard University he returned to the UK, and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford in 1991 for research supervised by W. D. Hamilton and Alan Grafen.
Career and Research
Hurst was a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 1996 and has been a Professor at the University of Bath since 1997.
His research interests include evolution, genetics and genomics using computational and mathematical techniques to understand the way genes and genomes evolve. This has resulted in work on housekeeping genes, gene orders, and the evolution of drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the evolution of sexual reproduction / sexual dimorphism.
Hurst works on fundamental problems in the evolution of genetic systems, such as understanding why some sorts of mutations are less damaging than predicted whilst others are more damaging. Mutations that change proteins are, surprisingly, often not especially deleterious. Hurst showed that this was because the genetic code is structured in a way that renders it highly error-proof. Similarly, in applying network representations of gene interactions, he revealed why many deletions of genes have little effect and which deletions tend not to be recessive.
By contrast, Hurst revealed that genomic changes often considered to be relatively harmless – such as gene order changes and mutations at 'silent' sites – are under selection for unanticipated reasons. He also showed how synonymous mutations can disrupt the way gene transcripts are processed. Similarly, in showing that genomes are arranged into gene expression domains, Hurst revealed that genes can affect the expression of other genes in their vicinity. translation of this fundamental work to medicine is a focus of his research.
Awards and honours
Hurst was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads:
Hurst was awarded the Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London in 2003, and elected a member of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2004. He was awarded The Genetics Society Medal in 2010.
References
Category:Living people
Category:People educated at Truro School
Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Category:Bioinformaticians
Category:Academics of the University of Bath
Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford
Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:1965 births
Category:People from Ilkley
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Nick Awde
Nick Awde Hill (born 29 December 1961 in London, England) is a British writer, artist, singer-songwriter and critic. He is based in London and Brussels.
Personal life
The son of an international lawyer (who formulated laws that enable containers to go round the world), he was raised in Nigeria, the Sudan and Kenya before being sent to the Jesuit Catholic boarding school Stonyhurst College in the UK. Although his father moved to Northern Ireland and his mother to Germany after divorcing, most of Awde's teenage home life was spent in Soho and the West End of London. He studied Arabic and Hausa at London's School of Oriental and African Studies, later becoming a journalist after working for several years on building sites and teaching English in Spain.
Plays and fiction
With Chris Bartlett he co-wrote the comedy drama Pete and Dud: Come Again, a hit at the Assembly Rooms at the Edinburgh Festival in August 2005 before transferring to London's West End at The Venue, in March 2006, then doing a 90-date tour of the UK the following year. The play examines the comic relationship that existed between comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore of Beyond the Fringe; set in a chat show during the early eighties, the play tells their tale from the perspective of Dudley Moore, by then an international film star.
In 2007 two other plays followed, premiering at the Edinburgh Festival. Written with Chris Bartlett, directed by David Giles and starring Jessica Martin and Jason Wood, Unnatural Acts is a comedy about two flatmates, a gay man and a straight woman, who try to have a baby together. Written by Awde and directed by Jon Bonfiglio, Blood Confession is a violent drama about an interrogation, about a child murder from 25 years ago, that goes horribly wrong.
In 1993, Awde wrote, composed and produced Andrew Lloyd Webber The Musical, described as "a bizarre mix of spoof and satire" by The Virgin Encyclopedia of Stage & Film Musicals. A pastiche of the life of top musical composer Lloyd Webber, in loving homage to Mel Brooks' The Producers, it ran in a variety of fringe venues across London with several casts. Awde's 1994 follow-up Margaret Thatcher: The Musical failed to find backing. Awde's other stage works are Eros and the Skull (Bloomsbury Theatre, London, 1988) – a multi-created one-man show about the French poet Baudelaire – and Semtex & Lipstick (King's Head Theatre, London, 1992) – a drama for actor and actress about love and political torture. He also co-designed costumes for historical drama Tewodros (Arts Theatre, 1987).
In 2003 he published his first novel, The Virgin Killers, as part of The Public School Chronicles series. It is a thriller about murders of priests at a Catholic prep school in the wilds of Lancashire that lead to a trail of Jesuit and Freemason conspiracies deep within the British Establishment.
He has been a theatre critic since the early 1990s, and has been writing for The Stage newspaper for most of that time. Together with Gerald Berkowitz, in 1999 he set up theatreguidelondon.co.uk. He worked on The Voice during a key period of the fight for black empowerment in the UK, frequently with immediate impact, as when he wrote a front-page headline that contributed to a riot in Brixton the following day and attempted siege of the local police station.
As an illustrator and cartoonist, over the years he has worked for newspapers such as The Voice and The Weekly Journal – where he was the regular profile illustrator for several years – City Limits and The Guardian newspaper. His cartoons also illustrate comedian Llewella Gideon's The Little Big Woman Book. He has done illustration work for Spanish educational publishers and has run a wide range of cartoon strips in specialist publications such as Boogie (music press, Spain), London Student, Untitled, The Wharf and The Stage.
Music
Desert Hearts
Hill's rock group Desert Hearts initially operated as a rock three-piece that also played under the name of Dr Wu in 1990 before becoming a more complex four-piece in 1991 with Awde on vocals, guitar and violin, Andy Matthews on bass and vocals, Leo Katana on guitars, plus a string of drummers. Dropping the Dr Wu tag, Awde went into the studio in 1993 to produce sessions with Andy Ward – Awde provided vocals and played all other instruments – guitars, bass, keyboards and violin. Sub-titled 'Love Songs from the Underground', 1996's I Saw Satan on the Northern Line was released as a 'CD without music'. Designed in the format of a CD lyrics booklet, it contains often comic observations on modern life. The band came out of hibernation in 2010 with the release of Close to the Edge B/W Rocket Man/Meryl Streep, a mini album laced with Mellotron keyboard arrangements.
MelloFest
November 2008 saw the first MelloFest take place at the Fiddler's Elbow in Kentish Town, London. Organised by Awde, MelloFest One featured two Mellotrons onstage along with discussions and live Mellotron-inspired music from guests, plus the official launch of Awde's book Mellotron. Talking about their music and in some cases also playing it were: David Cross (King Crimson), Nick Magnus (Steve Hackett Band), Martin Orford (IQ), Jakko Jakszyk (21st Century Schizoid Band/Tangent/Level 42), Dave Cousins (Strawbs) & Robert Kirby (Strawbs/Nick Drake/Paul Weller), Robert Webb (England) and Tony Clarke, producer of the Moody Blues.
A more concert-based second MelloFest Two, complete with three Mellotrons onstage and a Stylophone, took place at The Luminaire in London on 2 May 2009 featuring Clarke, Orford, Webb, Maggie Alexander, Mark Rae, Andy Thompson and a virtual appearance from Jordan Rudess of Dream Theater demonstrating the new Ellatron iPod/iPhone Mellotron app.
MelloFest Three is the Nick Awde & Desert Hearts EP Close to the Edge, released in early 2010. MelloFest Four will be the band's follow-up album MelloRetro. MelloFest Six is 2011's A Christmas Carol Unplugged at the Union Chapel, north London, a music biz update of Charles Dickens' classic A Christmas Carol arranged by Awde, written by Chris Bartlett and starring Noddy Holder of Slade. Musicians appearing in the show at the Union Chapel, north London, are Robert Webb, Simon Scardanelli, Andy Thompson, Knox of The Vibrators, Marc Atkinson, Grace Solero and member of parliament and deputy transport minister Norman Baker. The stage director is Saul Reichlin.
Academic work
As Nicholas Awde, Hill has written or edited books on non-European languages and cultures, including a Chechen Phrasebook, a Georgian Phrasebook, Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Hadiths, An Illustrated History of Islam and an Arabic Dictionary. He has written three other dictionaries for Swahili, Serbo-Croatian and Hausa, as well as 15-plus dictionary-phrasebooks. He has commissioned many authors, particularly from the Caucasus, editing and designing their books for other publishers. He is also a long-standing consultant on the Caucasus, and, with Fred James Hill, runs the publishing companies Bennett & Bloom (academic) and Desert Hearts (general arts).
Dramatic works
Migraaaants!, translation from French of Matei Visniec's play (2016)
Jason (...and the Fleeced) (2016)
Khojaly: The Play (2016)
The Europeans (Antwerp) (2015)
Translator's Introduction (in Italian) in La Bella Tarantola nel grano e altre storie di Puglia (2015)
Hecuba, translation from French of Matei Visniec's play (2015)
The Europeans (Bruges) (2014)
Jamie and the Mountain Monsters, featuring Matt Panesh aka Monkey Poet (2014)
Translations from Romanian of Occidental Express, Spider and Decomposed Theatre, in Matei Visniec: How to Explain the History of Communism to Mental Patients and Other Plays (2014)
HEADS UP! (The Prisoner of Terminal 4, or: Hague’s Miranda Samba) – A Flash Mob Satire (2013)
Jimmy Savile: The Punch and Judy Show (2013)
Noddy Holder's A Christmas Carol Unplugged (producer, director & musical arranger, 2011)
Blood Confession (2007)
Unnatural Acts (2007), with Chris Bartlett
Pete and Dud: Come Again (2005), with Chris Bartlett
Andrew Lloyd Webber: The Musical (1994)
Semtex & Lipstick (1993)
Eros & the Skull (1988), with Peter Stevenson & John FitZgeRald
Design: Tewodros (1987)
Discography
Paradox of Choice, Mindgames – vocal session (2015)
Mellotronic Belgian Blues (as Nick Awde, 2015)
Close to the Edge B/W Rocket Man/Meryl Streep (as Nick Awde & Desert Hearts, 2010)
Always Tomorrow, The Reform Club with Norman Baker (2013) – sessions, Mellotron
Comandamenti di Auriti, Heather Beaumont, Venice Biennale (2013) – voices
Select bibliography
2010
Georgia: A Short History, edited with Fred James Hill (forthcoming)
One-Person Show (forthcoming)
Singer-Songwriters Vol. 1 (forthcoming)
Zazaki (Dimli) Phrasebook (forthcoming)
Kurdish (Kurmanji) Phrasebook (forthcoming)
The Armenians: People, Culture & History, edited with Fred James Hill (forthcoming)
2009
The Azerbaijanis: People, Culture & History, edited with Fred James Hill
Kurdish (Sorani) Phrasebook
Tatar Phrasebook
2008
Mellotron: The Machine and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock
2007
Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook (Assyrian/Syriac: Swadaya and Turoyo), with Nineb Limassu and Nicholas Al-Jeloo
2006
Pete and Dud: Come Again, with Chris Bartlett
Western Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Vazken-Khatchig Davidian
Farsi Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Camilla Shahribaf
2005
Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an & Hadiths [first edition 1985]
Turkmen Dictionary & Phrasebook, with William Dirks & Amandurdy Amadurdyev
2004
Serbian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Duska Radosavljevic
2003
The Virgin Killers
History of the Islamic World (Illustrated), with Fred James Hill
Eastern Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Peter Maghdashyan
Pashto Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Asmatullah Sarwan
Dari Dictionary & Phrasebook
Urdu Dictionary & Phrasebook
2002
London: An Illustrated History, with Robert Chester
Uzbek Dictionary & Phrasebook, with William Dirks & Umida Hikmatullaeva
Swahili Dictionary & Phrasebook
2001
Armenian First Names, with Emanuela Losi
2000
Andrew Lloyd Webber: The Musical
Swahili Dictionary
1999
The Little Big Woman Book, by Llewella Gideon, illustrated by Nick Awde
Somali Dictionary & Phrasebook
Azerbaijani Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Famil Ismailov
Igbo Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Onyekachi Wambu
Treasury of Indian Love: Poems & Proverbs, with Christopher Shackle
1997
Armenian Perspectives (edited)
Treasury of African Love: Poems & Proverbs
Georgian Dictionary & Phrasebook, with Thea Khitarishvili
The Mandeer Ayurvedic Cookbook, by Ramesh Patel, illustrated by Nick Awde
1996
I Saw Satan on the Northern Line: Love Songs from the Underground
Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook, with Muhammad Galaev
Serbo-Croatian Dictionary
Hausa Dictionary
Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa (Studies in Arabic literature): Vols. 1 & 2, edited by Stefan Sperl & Christopher Shackle, consultant editor Nicholas Awde
1992
Playground: Vols. 1, 2 & 3, with Imad Alassir
1987
21st Century Hausa
Hausa Reader
1986
Arabic: How to Read & Write It
1985
Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an & Hadiths [new edition 2005]
Bibliography of Caucasian Linguistics
1982
Pickled Priests, illustrated by Nick Awde
References
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:British singer-songwriters
Category:British theatre critics
Category:British expatriates in Nigeria
Category:British expatriates in Sudan
Category:British expatriates in Kenya
Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London
Category:Writers from London
Category:Gargleblast Records artists
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Chris Boardman says that transport planners need build segregated infrastructure to take account of the 60 per cent of people who say they would like to cycle but are put off by their perception that it is dangerous – but he warns that routes need to take people where they want to go without needless detours.
The former world and Olympic champion, now policy advisor to British Cycling, was speaking on BBC Radio 4’s Today programme to internet pioneer Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who was guest editor of the Boxing Day edition of the show.
The pair, accompanied by the National Trust’s director for London, Ivo Dawnay, undertook a journey on foot – Boardman had his bike with him too – from St James’s Park, via Horse Guards Parade and Whitehall, to the Embankment.
Berners-Lee was introduced on the programme as someone who “enjoys riding a bike and… also drives a car, but he’s not convinced that the two belong together on the roads.”
Boardman has been a regular visitor to London this year, including giving evidence to the All Party Parliamentary Cycling Group’s Get Britain Cycling Inquiry and, more recently, the House of Commons Transport Select Committee.
He told Berners-Lee: “This is the first time in fact I’ve brought my own bike [to London]. But having got here and just ridden across from Euston, it’s not a pleasant experience, shall we say, everything is very tense.”
Berners-Lee asked Dawnay: “We’re sitting in St James’s Park and it’s pleasant, it’s car-free, so is one technique perhaps joining up these green spaces to make them into perhaps greenways for bikes?”
Dawnay replied: “The green parts of London are either the Royal Parks or the London boroughs. But you’re quite right, some places like Hyde Park Corner are actually quite hellish places to get over.”
While it’s true that negotiating the road layout itself there can be very daunting, there are ways of avoiding the traffic, and the reality is that the Royal Parks do offer on- and off-road routes – the latter shared with people on foot – that do provide a pleasant way of getting across a large slice of the capital.
Heading from Knightsbridge or out of Hyde Park towards Constitution Hill, for example, a prime commuting route in the morning, cyclists can use crossings to reach the island that the Wellington Arch is located on, then ride across to join the shared-use path running along the south side of Green Park.
Exiting St James’s Park, Berners-Lee and his companions crossed Horse Guards Parade and under the arch of the Horse Guards building itself – not somewhere you can normally ride through, unless you’re a member of the Household Cavalry on duty and on horseback – onto Whitehall.
“Chris, we’re on a bike, what do we do?” asked Berners-Lee.
Boardman responded: “Well, it just got more complicated, we’ve gone from that lovely quiet space over there and now we’re moving back towards the traffic.
“There’s huge congestion areas in London. Where we’ve got much faster moving traffic, as we have here around Whitehall, that also presents a danger.
“There seems to be more space, but there’s more danger from traffic moving quickly as well.”
Heading down to the Embankment and looking for somewhere safe to cross, Boardman pointed out that it isn’t just cyclists who are short-changed by the people who plan our roads.
“We’ve got to walk, what, 30, 50 metres in the opposite direction than we want to go to get across two lanes of quite fast moving traffic,” he said, adding, “I almost feel like letting this piece run unedited so people can get a feel for how long it takes to get across a single road for a pedestrian.”
Asked by Berners-Lee his thoughts about the Embankment from a cyclist’s viewpoint, he went on: “We’ve got a huge, wide road here and it’s being used at the moment by all types of traffic but there is space here, if we wanted to, to allocate it to different types of users.”
That’s exactly what will happen if Mayor of London Boris Johnson’s East-West route, running along the EMbankment then via St James's Park to Hyde Park Corner and dubbed ‘Crossrail for the bike,’ becomes reality, but the point being made by Boardman has a wider application.
“The road space at the moment seems to be all about looking after cars,” he continued. “The 2 per cent of people who ride on bikes now around the country, they’re going to keep doing it no matter what, it’s the 60 per cent who aren’t sure, probably ‘would if you gave me a nice space to do it,’ they’re the ones we should be targeting, and they want separated road space.”
But, he added, thought needs to go into the process; routes have to get people from A to B in the way they want to go there, and not take well-intentioned but frustrating detours.
He cited the example of what are termed ‘paths of desire’ – look at an edge-of-town retail park surrounded by landscaping where arriving in anything but a car involves a longer-than-necessary walk and you’ll see what he means.
“I’ve seen some beautiful infrastructure which costs millions of pounds and in some cases it will go round a piece of greenery and then across that green field there’s a muddy patch right across the middle, and right there, that is human beings,” he explained.
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Blood-feeding of Culex mosquitoes in an urban environment.
The modified capillary tube precipitin test was used to identify blood meal sources of Culex quinquefasciatus emerging from sewage ditches in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Canines were the primary hosts, but Passeriformes and humans were also suitable blood meal sources. The percentage of Cx. quinquefasciatus feeding on these 3 hosts fluctuated with the habitat and the season.
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Idiopathic scoliosis in families of children with congenital scoliosis.
Although most cases of congenital scoliosis are thought to be of sporadic etiology, it is not known whether other types of spinal deformity occur in families of individuals with this type of scoliosis. Children with congenital scoliosis were identified through a review of health records and radiographic report databases. Of 237 children with congenital scoliosis investigated, 49 (20.7%) reported a family history of spinal deformity. Detailed pedigrees were done, which showed a history of idiopathic scoliosis in 17.3% of the 237 families. This is a higher than expected rate of spinal deformity in families of children with congenital scoliosis, and the strong association of idiopathic scoliosis in families of children with congenital scoliosis has not been reported previously. Although this finding could be related to the chance occurrence of multiple genetic abnormalities or sporadic events in these families, it does raise the possibility that one genetic defect at least predisposes these families to having different types of spinal deformity develop.
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Tax protest
A group of protesters pose Friday afternoon in front of the building where Congressman Scott Tipton has a local office. TheAction.org, which is the successor to the Obama campaign website, helped organize the event that brought eight people out for the protest in Cortez. They want Congress to extend the Bush tax cuts for the middle class and do away with the Bush tax cuts for the wealthy.
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PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala polymorphism in the population of obese and non-obese men of the city of Wroclaw.
The aim of this study was to examine the association of Pro12Ala PPARgamma2 polymorphism with anthropometric and biochemical parameters defining the risk for the development of metabolic syndrome in a healthy population of men. The study group consisted of 176 healthy men, aged 25-65 years (average 54.16 years). Polymorphisms of the PPAR-g gene (Pro12Ala, Ala12Ala, Pro12Pro) were explored using the PCR-RFLP method. Plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG were measured using commercially available kits. The genotypic distribution of the Pro12Ala polymorphism was as follows: Pro/Ala 69.8% (n = 123), Ala/Ala 28.4% (n = 50) and Pro/Pro 1.8% (n = 3). The Pro12Ala and Ala12Ala subjects did not differ in any of the measured variables. The non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m(2), n = 117) and obese subpopulations (BMI > 30 kg/m(2), n = 56) did not significantly differ in the distribution of the genotypes. In the nonobese subpopulation, the homozygous Ala12 carriers (n = 38, 32.4%) had higher systolic blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, insulin levels and HOMA-IR. We conclude that despite the high frequency of the Ala allele at the PPAR-gamma2 gene in our population of Polish men, the Ala12 allele does not appear to improve insulin sensitivity or have an influence on the occurrence of obesity. It remains to be explained by larger studies if this polymorphism carries any risk of the development of metabolic abnormalities in non-obese men.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Liantang station
Liantang station (), is a station of Line 9 of the Guangzhou Metro. It started operations on 28 December 2017.
References
Category:Railway stations opened in 2017
Category:Guangzhou Metro stations in Huadu District
Category:2017 establishments in China
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Querying Archive Class with REST API of ArcGIS Server?
I would like to know if there is a way to access the archive class through a Map Service of ArcGIS Server.
I have a Map Service with feature class stored in a SDE GeoDatabase with Archiving and Versionning enable.
Is it possible to query the Archive Class in order to retrieve features at a perticular moment using the Feature Access or Mapping capabilities through the REST API?
When I try to publish a Map Service containing an Archive Class to ArcGIS Server I have an error saying: Layer's data source is not registered with the geodatabase (Feature Service).
A:
For the posterity I post the solution suggested in the comment of Below The Radar as an answer as it helps me.
When publishing a map service the capability Feature Access cannot be enabled when an Archive Class is present in the Map Service.
This doesn't mean you can't query features in published Archive Class. You can still query the Archive Class if you enable the Queryoperation from the capability Data Management.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Promoters influence the kinetics of transgene expression following adenovector gene delivery.
The kinetics of gene expression from adenovirus-based delivery vectors will be an important variable influencing the efficacy and toxicity of these vectors. As different promoters have variable strengths and kinetic profiles, the optimal dose of a therapeutic transgene product over time may be achieved by varying the promoter. We analyzed several viral and cellular promoters in the context of adenovector gene delivery in the mouse. The kinetics of transgene expression was evaluated following intramuscular and intravenous delivery. Transgene expression from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was rapidly down-regulated in the tissues following intravenous administration of adenovectors. In contrast, transgene expression from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter increased over time such that, at 3 weeks, expression was 10-fold higher than that from the CMV promoter-containing vector in all tissues. The kinetics of transgene expression from these vectors was similar when they were delivered via the intramuscular route in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and immunodeficient mice. Efficient repeat administration of an adenovirus vector, in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, was achieved in the skeletal muscle and transgene expression persisted with the same kinetics as in naïve animals. These results demonstrate that the in vivo kinetics of transgene expression by adenovectors is greatly influenced by the promoter. Adenovectors can be designed to deliver a transient bolus or a sustained level of protein expression in the target tissue depending on the requirements for particular indications. These results have implications for both therapeutic and vaccine indications.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Graduate students at the University of Chicago have voted to form a union, despite efforts from the school to delay the vote.
After balloting Tuesday and Wednesday, the National Labor Relations Board tallied 1,103 votes for the union and 479 against. There were 149 challenged ballots.
The university has argued that the graduate students are primarily students rather than employees. The school later asked the NLRB to postpone the unionization vote and review its decision to allow an election.
The NLRB has not ruled on that request.
Though they were met with challenges along the way, the graduate students spoke with their votes, said Daniela Palmer, a 27-year-old pursuing her doctorate in evolutionary biology.
“The research and teaching that we do is essential to the functioning of the university, much like at all the other research and teaching institutions,” she said. “Students obviously recognize that.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
bootstrap selectpicker knockoutjs disable option
I have the following binding in js fiddle.
<div class="container body-content">
<div>Name : <span data-bind="text: Name"></span>
</div>The select control should be below
<select multiple data-bind="selectPicker: teamID, optionsText: 'text', optionsValue : 'id', selectPickerOptions: { optionsArray: teamItems, disabledOption: IsDisabled }"></select>
<div>Selected Value(s)
<div data-bind="text: teamID"></div>
</div>
</div>
I am thinking of doing this disabledOption: IsDisabled and then adding
this.teamItems = ko.observableArray([{
text: 'Chris',
id: 1,
IsDisabled: false
}, {
text: 'Peter',
id: 2,
IsDisabled: false
}, {
text: 'John',
id: 3,
IsDisabled: false
}]);
I would like to know how to disable an option in the select.
A:
In the knockout docs, there's an example that shows how you can disable an item using an optionsAfterRender method.
About the method you can pass to it:
It has to be in your viewmodel, not in your items
It takes in the option HTML node, and the item it's bound to
So step one is to find a place to store which items are disabled. The easiest option would be to store it inside your teamItems' objects:
{
text: 'Chris',
id: 1,
disable: ko.observable(true)
}
Now, we need to add a method that takes in an item and creates a binding. We can take this straight from the example:
this.setOptionDisable = function(option, item) {
ko.applyBindingsToNode(option, {
disable: item.disable
}, item);
}
Finally, we need to tell knockout to call this method:
<select multiple data-bind="optionsAfterRender: setOptionDisable, ...
Note that after changing a disable property in one of your items, you'll have to call teamItems.valueHasMutated manually.
Here's an updated fiddle:
http://jsfiddle.net/nq56p9fz/
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
using System;
using System.Collections;
#if !SILVERLIGHT
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
#else
using TvdP.Collections;
#endif
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
namespace Gimela.Data.Mapping
{
internal delegate object LateBoundMethod(object target, object[] arguments);
internal delegate object LateBoundPropertyGet(object target);
internal delegate object LateBoundFieldGet(object target);
internal delegate void LateBoundFieldSet(object target, object value);
internal delegate void LateBoundPropertySet(object target, object value);
internal delegate void LateBoundValueTypeFieldSet(ref object target, object value);
internal delegate void LateBoundValueTypePropertySet(ref object target, object value);
internal delegate object LateBoundCtor();
internal delegate object LateBoundParamsCtor(params object[] parameters);
internal static class DelegateFactory
{
private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, LateBoundCtor> _ctorCache = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, LateBoundCtor>();
public static LateBoundMethod CreateGet(MethodInfo method)
{
ParameterExpression instanceParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object), "target");
ParameterExpression argumentsParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object[]), "arguments");
MethodCallExpression call = Expression.Call(
Expression.Convert(instanceParameter, method.DeclaringType),
method,
CreateParameterExpressions(method, argumentsParameter));
Expression<LateBoundMethod> lambda = Expression.Lambda<LateBoundMethod>(
Expression.Convert(call, typeof(object)),
instanceParameter,
argumentsParameter);
return lambda.Compile();
}
public static LateBoundPropertyGet CreateGet(PropertyInfo property)
{
ParameterExpression instanceParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object), "target");
MemberExpression member = Expression.Property(Expression.Convert(instanceParameter, property.DeclaringType), property);
Expression<LateBoundPropertyGet> lambda = Expression.Lambda<LateBoundPropertyGet>(
Expression.Convert(member, typeof(object)),
instanceParameter
);
return lambda.Compile();
}
public static LateBoundFieldGet CreateGet(FieldInfo field)
{
ParameterExpression instanceParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object), "target");
MemberExpression member = Expression.Field(Expression.Convert(instanceParameter, field.DeclaringType), field);
Expression<LateBoundFieldGet> lambda = Expression.Lambda<LateBoundFieldGet>(
Expression.Convert(member, typeof(object)),
instanceParameter
);
return lambda.Compile();
}
public static LateBoundFieldSet CreateSet(FieldInfo field)
{
var sourceType = field.DeclaringType;
var method = CreateDynamicMethod(field, sourceType);
var gen = method.GetILGenerator();
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load input to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, sourceType); // Cast to source type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // Load value to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.FieldType); // Unbox the value to its proper value type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, field); // Set the value to the input field
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
var callback = (LateBoundFieldSet)method.CreateDelegate(typeof(LateBoundFieldSet));
return callback;
}
public static LateBoundPropertySet CreateSet(PropertyInfo property)
{
var sourceType = property.DeclaringType;
var setter = property.GetSetMethod(true);
var method = CreateDynamicMethod(property, sourceType);
var gen = method.GetILGenerator();
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load input to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, sourceType); // Cast to source type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // Load value to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, property.PropertyType); // Unbox the value to its proper value type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, setter); // Call the setter method
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
var result = (LateBoundPropertySet)method.CreateDelegate(typeof(LateBoundPropertySet));
return result;
}
public static LateBoundValueTypePropertySet CreateValueTypeSet(PropertyInfo property)
{
var sourceType = property.DeclaringType;
var setter = property.GetSetMethod(true);
var method = CreateValueTypeDynamicMethod(property, sourceType);
var gen = method.GetILGenerator();
method.InitLocals = true;
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load input to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldind_Ref);
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, sourceType); // Unbox the source to its correct type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Stloc_0); // Store the unboxed input on the stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldloca_S, 0);
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // Load value to stack
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, property.PropertyType); // Unbox the value to its proper value type
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setter); // Call the setter method
gen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
var result = (LateBoundValueTypePropertySet)method.CreateDelegate(typeof(LateBoundValueTypePropertySet));
return result;
}
public static LateBoundCtor CreateCtor(Type type)
{
LateBoundCtor ctor = _ctorCache.GetOrAdd(type, t =>
{
var ctorExpression = Expression.Lambda<LateBoundCtor>(Expression.Convert(Expression.New(type), typeof(object)));
return ctorExpression.Compile();
});
return ctor;
}
private static DynamicMethod CreateValueTypeDynamicMethod(MemberInfo member, Type sourceType)
{
#if !SILVERLIGHT
if (sourceType.IsInterface)
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object).MakeByRefType(), typeof(object) }, sourceType.Assembly.ManifestModule, true);
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object).MakeByRefType(), typeof(object) }, sourceType, true);
#else
if (sourceType.IsInterface)
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object).MakeByRefType(), typeof(object) });
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object).MakeByRefType(), typeof(object) });
#endif
}
private static DynamicMethod CreateDynamicMethod(MemberInfo member, Type sourceType)
{
#if !SILVERLIGHT
if (sourceType.IsInterface)
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object) }, sourceType.Assembly.ManifestModule, true);
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object) }, sourceType, true);
#else
if (sourceType.IsInterface)
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object) });
return new DynamicMethod("Set" + member.Name, null, new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object) });
#endif
}
private static Expression[] CreateParameterExpressions(MethodInfo method, Expression argumentsParameter)
{
return method.GetParameters().Select((parameter, index) =>
Expression.Convert(
Expression.ArrayIndex(argumentsParameter, Expression.Constant(index)),
parameter.ParameterType)).ToArray();
}
public static LateBoundParamsCtor CreateCtor(ConstructorInfo constructorInfo, IEnumerable<ConstructorParameterMap> ctorParams)
{
ParameterExpression paramsExpr = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object[]), "parameters");
var convertExprs = ctorParams
.Select((ctorParam, i) => Expression.Convert(
Expression.ArrayIndex(paramsExpr, Expression.Constant(i)),
ctorParam.Parameter.ParameterType))
.ToArray();
NewExpression newExpression = Expression.New(constructorInfo, convertExprs);
var lambda = Expression.Lambda<LateBoundParamsCtor>(newExpression, paramsExpr);
return lambda.Compile();
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
The future of 'Spider-Man' and 'Fantastic Four'
An extensive article in the Hollywood Reporter discusing the future of film franchises touches on several comic book efforts.
The fate of the 'Spider-Man' franchise may initially be decided in the near future according to the report.
Producer Laura Ziskin, who brought all three blockbusters to the big screen, is apparently slated for a sit-down with the chiefs at Sony Pictures Entertainment to discuss the franchise's future.
"It would be great to have everybody back," Ziskin says. "But no one is going to sign on the dotted line until we have a script. These are the questions being discussed now. The one thing we have answered definitively is: There will be more 'Spider-Man' movies. We just haven't answered what shape they will come in and (Sony) hasn't given us a release date."
Things are not looking so shiny for 'Fantastic Four'. Although the 'Rise of the Silver Surfer' sequel was seen as a major upgrade for the franchise, the box office has not reflected it. proceeds dropped 66% in its second weekend, following an exceptional $58.1 million opening. Fox is developing a 'Silver Surfer' follow-up and is considering another "Fantastic Four" sequel, but no script is in development, sources say.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
This one is from the archives; I met Bill over a year ago. At the time, I was playing around with different crops and occasional diptychs.
I saw Bill picking up trash at a city park. It was obvious that he was not a city employee. Bill says that he removes trash to "give something back". He does this on mornings that his wife plays tennis.
When I explained the project and asked for a photograph, he said that he was introverted. I told him that I was too, and that was partly why I'm doing this. He said that years ago he had LOTS of photos of himself with his buddies, but that he threw them all out. As he said this, he choked up a bit. Then he allowed the photos.
(click to enlarge)
I printed this diptych and kept the print in the car. About a month later, I saw him again, picking up trash. I gave him the print – and he choked up again.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Physicians' attitudes toward a new gynecological examination gown.
Gynecologists' attitudes toward an examination gown found in previous studies to reduce patients' distress during examination were investigated. Twenty-six gynecologists in four cities volunteered to use the new examination gown and complete a questionnaire evaluating the gown for adequacy of design and perceived patient comfort. Participants rated the gown positively overall. Favorability ratings were highly correlated with ratings of the structural adequacy of the gown for performing the breast, back, and pelvic exams. Favorability was also highly correlated with physicians' perceptions of the patients' comfort with the gown. The new gynecological examination gown is well accepted by gynecologists. It appears that gynecologists are open to changes in examination procedures that do not interfere with the exam and increase patient comfort. This new gown offers a strategy for decreasing patient distress during examination, which may reduce delay in seeking examinations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The present invention relates to techniques for configuring printed circuit (PC) boards.
One common type of integrated circuit (IC) device packaging technique provides pins around a rectangular package perimeter. The pins may be bent perpendicular to the plane of the chip and soldered into holes in the PC board (referred to as through-hole mount), or may be bent with the ends of the pins parallel to the plane of the chip and soldered to pads on the board surface (referred to as surface-mount). However, IC devices are constantly evolving, and may it may be desirable for a later generation of an IC device to include additional circuitry for new features, diagnostics, or perhaps operation in multiple modes. In many such cases, the new IC device will require more pins than the old IC device.
This creates problems for a board manufacturer who wishes to offer products based on both versions of the IC device. Clearly, the existing board that was designed to accommodate the old version will not accommodate the new version. Equally serious, however, is the problem that a new circuit board, designed for the new version, will not accommodate the old version. Thus the manufacturer is confronted with having to maintain two boards in inventory, which is undesirable.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Acoustic resonators may rely on resonance of materials, such as piezoelectric materials, to provide electrical signals, and as a result resonators may be able to provide signals with stable frequencies and predicable temperature characteristics. Accordingly, resonators are regularly used to implement electrical frequency control applications, such as clock signal generation in digital circuits, frequency stabilization in wireless devices, and signal filtering. Typically, resonators are configured to resonate at a frequency known as a center frequency. The center frequency of a resonator is predominantly determined based on factors such as the physical dimensions of the resonator and materials used to make it. Manufacturing variations in the thickness and other dimensions of the material used to make the resonator often result in poor center frequency accuracy, however.
In order to compensate for these errors, center frequencies may be passively tuned by coupling resonators to reactive circuit components, such as capacitors and inductors. In this manner, center frequencies may be increased or decreased such that a desired center frequency is achieved. Tuning center frequencies in this manner, however, can lead to increases in motional impedance of the resonator and/or degradation in overall performance. For example, tuning center frequencies may accelerate the rate at which center frequencies drift over time. Moreover, passively tuning center frequencies may provide a limited range over which tuning center frequencies may be tuned.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
From virus structure to chromatin: X-ray diffraction to three-dimensional electron microscopy.
Early influences led me first to medical school with a view to microbiology, but I felt the lack of a deeper foundation and changed to chemistry, which in turn led me to physics and mathematics. I moved to the University of Cape Town to work on the X-ray crystallography of some small organic compounds. I developed a new method of using molecular structure factors to solve the crystal structure, which won me a research studentship to Trinity College Cambridge and the Cavendish Laboratory. There I worked on the austenite-pearlite transition in steel. This is governed by the dissipation of latent heat, and I ended up numerically solving partial differential equations. I used the idea of nucleation and growth during the phase change, which had its echo when I later tackled the assembly of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from its constituent RNA and protein subunits. I wanted to move on to X-ray structure analysis of large biological molecules and obtained a Nuffield Fellowship to work in J.D. Bernal's department at Birkbeck College, London. There, I met Rosalind Franklin, who had taken up the study of TMV. I was able to interpret some of Franklin's beautiful X-ray diffraction patterns of the virus particle. From then on, my fate was sealed. After Franklin's untimely death in 1958, I moved in 1962 to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, which, under Max Perutz, housed the original MRC unit from the Cavendish Laboratory. I was thus privileged to join the Laboratory at an early stage in its expansion and consequently able to take advantage of, and to help build up, its then unique environment of intellectual and technological sophistication. There I have remained ever since.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase: multiple substrates regulate diverse cellular functions.
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is a central pathway that transmits signals from many extracellular agents to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and cell cycle progression. The signaling via the ERK cascade is mediated by sequential phosphorylation and activation of protein kinases in the different tiers of the cascade. Although the main core phosphorylation chain of the cascade includes Raf kinases, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 (ERKs) and RSKs, other alternatively spliced forms and distinct components exist in the different tiers, and participate in ERK signaling under specific conditions. These components enhance the complexity of the ERK cascade and thereby, enable the wide variety of functions that are regulated by it. Another factor that is important for the dissemination of ERKs' signals is the multiplicity of the cascade's substrates, which include transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, cytoskeletal elements, regulators of apoptosis, and a variety of other signaling-related molecules. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs, and the list of these substrates, as well as the function and mechanism of activation of representative substrates, are described in the current review. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Understanding of these processes may provide a full picture of the distinct, and even opposing cellular processes that are regulated by the ERK cascade.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Article: What the State-of-art inclusion in India Inc. looks like
What the State-of-art inclusion in India Inc. looks like
Lets find out how organizations in India are pushing to create an inclusive culture with its heterogeneous workforce -- one based on equality, respect and trust.
51% organizations had consciously chosen to bring more women into the organization to start their diversity and inclusion journey.
While women and HR seem to be driving the D&I initiative, there is a greater need for men from different functions to also be a part of the team driving change.
The business case for diversity is unequivocal. A diverse organization that mirrors its markets is likely to be more successful than its homogenous competitors. Heterogeneous groups get better results than homogenous groups because the discomfort arising from different points of view leads to more careful processing of information, concludes a study by the Kellogg School of Management. Due to globalization and empowerment of erstwhile marginalized segments (like women), the Indian workforce has been changing in new ways. With a need to attract talent to meet the demands of an expanding knowledge industry sector, creating competent India operations teams within MNCs and the ambitions of Indian organizations to go global – bringing in and managing diversity has become imperative for businesses.
Merely bringing in diversity, most popularly gender, or age or geographies is however not enough to reap its benefits. Organization have to strive to promote quality, respect, and trust across multiple teams and geographies composed of heterogeneous people in terms age, gender, sexual preferences, physical (and mental) abilities and national cultures. The inclusion in India Inc. report, by IIM Ahmedabad and the Biz Divas foundation looks at what organizations in India are doing to create an inclusive culture that goes beyond the tokenistic social and legal mandates. The study brings together individual opinions, organizational contexts, actions of those driving the D&I agenda, stances of business heads / managers and experiences of employees of various minority groups working in 21 Indian and multi-national organizations of different sizes (headcount wise) in various sectors .
Business Imperatives to support D & I:
Inclusive cultures and organizations with diversity achieve superior business outcomes – retention, productivity and profitability. Some of the business reasons that were explicitly stated in the study as the underlying driver for D&I:
Diversity and inclusion is a multi-step journey. Findings of the report with respect to the various steps in the inclusion journey are elaborated upon below:
There are various dimensions to diversity. Organizations can choose to focus on sex, age, sexual preference, physical and mental ability, socio-economic status and nationality, to name a few parameters.
A. Bringing diverse people in:
The study found that 51% organizations had consciously chosen to bring more women into the organization to start their diversity and inclusion journey.
Regional and cultural diversity was the second most mentioned focus area (at 21%) for increasing diversity in organizations, followed by age and disabilities at 12% each. Diversity in terms of LGBT was a language that only 2 % of the organizations surveyed (only MNCs) seemed comfortable with speaking about. Else, it tended to get completely dismissed.
Change efforts can fail in the long run due to resistance from the existing people, lack of communication with the people affected by the change, lack of buy in of the key people and not investing enough in cultural change. Sustaining these efforts and getting results requires high quality dedication to the project.
B. Identifying champions
Inclusion is a slow and steady process and can only be driven with an organization level commitment. This usually necessitates that a dedicated person managing it and working on it constantly. 24% of the surveyed organizations had a designation with the sole responsibility to drive the D&I initiative. In most other organizations, this responsibility was usually taken up on one of the members of the HR function.
Gender mix of people leading D&I was found to be 68% women and 28% men. It is possible that this is because having long been on the minority side, women are assumed to understand the importance of diversity and inclusion more.
While women and HR seem to be driving the D&I initiative, the researchers feel that there is a greater need for men from different functions to also be a part of the team driving change. Not only do diversity efforts need to driven by diverse groups, but also any successful change effort requires the support of allies to get people within their circles of influence to buy in and change their ways.
The tangible efforts made by the senior management also play an important role in disseminating the message and solidifying the efforts towards building diversity and inclusion. Many leaders do this by highlighting the D&I agenda in organization wide gatherings and by iterating it informally in meetings and casual interactions with managers. Sometimes CEO or members of the top management team also spearhead D & I councils that are set up within the organization.
People are often not able to perform up to their potential due to the biases and expectations of others. Patriarchal biases persist against women’s abilities, especially in certain sectors like finance and mechanical work. Other biases mentioned by the study participants were against single people, which especially creates a tough situation for LGBT employees as they are less likely to get married. Some organization leaders feel that men deserve growth more, since they are considered primary breadwinners while women’s income is considered supplemental. In case of married couples, husbands’ professional choices usually get a higher weightage in deciding geographies and the need to move. The wives either don’t ask or are not given the same consideration.
Organizations undertake sensitization efforts in the form of mandatory, generic and specific trainings. The study data reports that a lot of these initiatives dealt with the issue of gender.
Mandatory ones are enforced by the law and mainly done for awareness and prevention against sexual harassment. Generic trainings broadly cover a range of issues around the understanding of inclusion and exclusion. Finally, specific trainings are focused on specific issues such as biases during recruitment and working around different abled people. Many organizations undertake projects and surveys internally and use them as a hook to start sensitization training. The study found that significant investment in sensitization efforts yielded results for organizations over time.
D. Giving opportunities in good faith – recognize and be accepting of unique needs:
The organizations must address the needs of various minority groups by making various adjustments, so that the system oriented to the majority doesn’t treat them unfairly.
Work place adjustments: 48% of the surveyed organizations took into account the provisions to be made for the differently-abled. These include infrastructural enablement like creating ramps at all access points, having slightly large cubicles and restrooms, ergonomically designed seating etc. and technology enabled assistance like modified laptops and voice activated programs.
Special provisions and facilities: Efforts in this direction included making the workplace more comfortable an environment for the women. Some of these provisions like making the workplace friendly for working mothers (like tie-ups with crèches) and paying close attention to ensuring safety of women who work late (ensuring a safe cab drop off etc.) have gone mainstream.
Breaking barriers: Certain organizations have been enabling their women by breaking invisible infrastructural barriers. For e.g. women have been practically absent from engineering hangars where technicians and engineers do major aircraft maintenance. This traditionally male bastion requires special ramp shoes and it was found that Indian manufacturers only produced men’s shoes which was a hurdle for qualified women. IndiGo therefore got a sample made and had women work at the ramp.
Supporting mobility and providing flexibility: In a culture where competence is valuable, organizations have become a lot more willing to stretch to accommodate a high performer. At least 3 organizations in the study shared examples of creating roles or work structured to enable a woman who is moving cities to continue being part of the organization. Over the last few years, policies regarding work timings, sabbaticals, maternity/paternity and flexi-work, to name a few, have been modified to allow more flexibility to the employees.
In most cases, the policies are designed as gender neutral, broad guidelines, so that men can also avail of the same provisions for themselves. However, individual biases of managers can come into play here. It is often a taboo for men (unlike women) to ask for a work from home arrangement to take care of a child. Hence, some organizations have bias-minimizing progressive practices in place like establishing some of these policies as a right for individuals, instead of leaving it to the manager’s discretion.
E. Supporting employees to succeed, advancing based on merit and fixing leaks to fill gaps
An organization on its journey towards inclusion must provide support and training to ensure that all members receive a fair opportunity to develop and grow in the organization. Support helps the underrepresented groups to overcome any pre-set disadvantages and training helps fill in the gaps of skill and confidence. The analysis of the study data showed mentoring and sponsorship as two robust development interventions in the surveyed organizations.
71% of the organizations when interviewed said that mentoring was important, while 52% (11 out of 21) had vigorous programs on mentoring and/or sponsorship. These were found to be especially directed at grooming women leaders and also for new recruits at the entry level. MNCs were found to be more focused on creating mentoring processes than Indian organizations.
67% of the surveyed organizations, especially all large ones, also made use of support groups to extend support to some of the minority groups, for example for SG for expecting mothers, in which older women, who have gone through the same journeys, provided support. Other instances of SGs were for the LGBT community and regional minorities like north-easterners. SGs were tangible gestures by organizations to acknowledge that employees have a demanding life with its own set of challenges and pulls beyond the identity that the individual has at the workplace.
F. Creating safety mechanisms to address exclusion
Education is a long term way to make people aware of their biases, attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices and to help change mindsets but it is not sufficient to ensure immediate well-being of the individual that is perceived to be wronged. Thus organizations have to put policies and mechanisms in place to check misconduct. This signals organization sensitivity to the minority groups and enhances their feeling of psychological safety. It also sends out a clear message about no tolerance towards misbehavior or insensitivity and educates employees on what behavior is acceptable.
86 % of the organizations had an appointed ombudsperson to deal with issues being raised. In some cases, HR persons were also accessible for people to raise their issues. Such concerns could be expressed at anytime and are usually kept confidential. In several organizations, the hotline to report unethical actions is also the recipient of complaints on exclusion. Clear and strict action was taken in proven cases of harassment and exclusion.
G. Celebrating diversity
Celebration finds a reflection in the D & I organizations in two ways; one is by creating a holiday calendar acknowledging the significant days of all religious communities and celebrating festivals on office premises. 81% of the organizations surveyed in the study had this practice. The remaining 19% were from amongst the MNCs. All Indian organizations surveyed, irrespective of size, had these practices. 90% organizations were also found to recently have begun marking special days such as International Women’s Day and World Disability Day on their calendar.
Aside from a range of common practices such as emails of wishes from the CEO, gifting and a feasting with festival’s special delicacies, some additional unique practices that emerged in the study were: celebration of Men’s Day in an organization where talk shows and health programs were help for the male employees. Another organization celebrated a religious festival in spite of having only one employee from that community. One organization also had an event celebrating the diversity of the customers that the organization engages with.
H. Making driving inclusion everyone’s priority
The final stage of the journey is when D&I is no longer a pet project of just a few individuals in the organization, but owned by all as a priority and a way of being. Perhaps, this is a stage when most people are able to see how inclusion, in its broadest sense, serves not just a few but each and every one of them.
While organizations start with finding occasions to represent and celebrate that diversity, ultimately they broaden their understanding of diversity beyond the labels like gender, language, age and sexuality to ensure respect for all individuals. Organizations in this study were found to be advancing in their inclusion journeys with a multipronged approach of communication, sensitization efforts, policy and support mechanism. There seemed to be a common understanding that while promoting inclusion needs to be done passionately, it cannot be imposed on people. It is most successful when people themselves volunteer to be the drivers of change by participating in different interventions.
While none of the organizations understood diversity as insular from the inclusion journey that it entails, the attempts at inclusion of each varied in reach and focus. Gender seems to be the primary focus area across all organizations in the study.
In terms of what can be done better, the study found that the language of D&I can be used more naturally, with fewer constrains. When talking about the LGBT community, for instance, the response of a large number of professionals was along the lines of ‘those are not differences we are still willing to recognize’. It also suggests that organizations can be more upfront, comprehensive, informal and creative in confronting the biases that openly conflict with inclusion instead of over-relying on formal awareness sessions to counter the resistance at the middle-level of the organization. They need to challenge the premise that D & I efforts can only be focused upon when the going is good and to be relegated to the back burner in tougher times.
UPCOMING EVENTS
On News Stands Now
Subscribe now to the All New People Matters in both Print and Digital
for 3 years.
Amid this new business imperative called EX, organizations are increasingly directing their focus on enhancing not only the professional prospects of their workforce but also their employees’ cumulative professional experience and creating that 'aha' moments. In this issue, we take a look at the right mix of physical, digital and emotional experiences that can help organizations elevate the employee experience, and more importantly the roadblocks that organizations face to create a home-away-home.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Requirements for the physics minor. The minor in physics requires 18 hours of physics including 6 hours of physics courses numbered 300 or above. A minimum of 6 hours at the 300 or 400 level must be earned on this campus.
Requirements for the astronomy minor. The minor in astronomy (AY) requires 18 hours including AY 203, AY 204, AY 206, PH 253, PH 255, and 6 hours in astronomy courses numbered above 300. A minimum of 6 hours at the 300 or 400 level must be earned on this campus.
1See College of Arts and Sciences general education requirements on p. 64. To satisfy the purpose of general education, a maximum of 6 hours in any one department may be applied to the humanities, literature, and fine arts (HU, L, FA) and history and social and behavioral sciences (HI, SB) requirements.
2Six hours in courses designated W must be included in the junior or senior year. A minimum of 36 hours in 300- and 400-level courses, including 12 hours in the major and 6 hours in the minor, must be completed on this campus.
Graduate programs. The Department of Physics and Astronomy offers programs leading to the master of science and doctor of philosophy degrees. The requirements for these degrees are stated in the University of Alabama graduate catalog. A student beginning graduate work leading to the M.S. or Ph.D. degree should have the equivalent of an undergraduate major in physics and an undergraduate minor in mathematics, including one intermediate course in each of the main fields of physics. Intermediate courses not included in the undergraduate program should be taken at the earliest possible time. A comprehensive background in general physics is considered as important as mastery of a specialized field.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Histological changes in refractory Helicobacter pylori infection and its relationship with increased levels of resistance to antibiotics and therapeutic regimens: one-year follow-up.
Eradication failure of Helicobacter pylori infection could play a causal role in progression of gastric disorders. In this study, infection with H. pylori was followed in gastric biopsies of symptomatic adult patients at two phases during 1-year period. Analyses were done to show association of therapeutic regimens with the refractory infection, changes in sequence types (STs) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, and progression of histopathological changes. Infection with H. pylori was confirmed in 32.3% (57/170) of the patients. Persistent infection with H. pylori was confirmed in 14 out of the 25 patients (56%) who participated at the second phase of the study. A difference between primary and secondary resistance rates to clarithromycin (49% vs 64.3%), metronidazole (76.36% vs 100%), and ciprofloxacin (45% vs 57.1%) was detected. Although the re-emerged strains in patients with refractory infection did not show alteration in STs, their MIC50 values showed twofold increases for clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin. While ciprofloxacin containing regimens were more successful, failure of metronidazole containing regimens was detected in 77% of the patients. Consequently, inappropriate medication has an impact on refractory H. pylori infection, which could cause to a rise in resistance levels to antibiotics and progression of pathological disorders.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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The Passport Program is a Learning Community for students interested in starting at MCC and then transferring to a four-year institution.
This community consists of two groups of up to 25 students each who will complete their first academic year of college together. Students will attend full-time during the day, taking three courses each quarter, completing a total of 40.5 (27 semester) transferable quarter hours.
A Learning Community is a supportive, cooperative environment in which students complete courses together as a group. Research shows that students academically perform better when they learn together in a group. Teaching and learning are also enhanced when students, faculty and counselors work together.
Passport Program Advantages
Money saved during the first year of college
Small class size
Personal career counseling
Campus close to home
Personal advising on transfer option
Invitations to special events
Credits toward four-year degrees at a University or College
Special seminars, speakers, and tours of four-year colleges and universities (MCC currently has transfer agreements with more than 30 regional four-year institutions.)
To be eligible, students must:
have a high school diploma or GED,
submit current (within the last two years) ACT scores of 18 or higher in Reading and English or a passing score on the Compass exam, and
complete the application form.
Enrollment in the Passport Program is limited. Students will be admitted upon reciept of eligible applications until the program is full.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Amplifier (Amplifier album)
Amplifier is the debut album of the Manchester alternative rock band Amplifier.
Originally released by Music For Nations on June 6, 2004, it was re-released by the German-based label SPV in May 2005 after the collapse of the former. The Music For Nations release came in two formats: jewel case with 10 tracks, and digipack with 13 tracks. Unlike normal special editions, the 13-track version's bonus tracks are in the middle of the album, apparently forming the "true" album as the band intended it. The SPV release contains a bonus EP with four additional tracks (all previously released) and videos of two songs from the original.
The critical reception of the album was generally positive, with comments such as:
"A British rock-scene altering record. Enjoy it in all its infinite glory" Kerrang!
"No other record this year will have the audacity to field such lofty ambitions, let alone have the skills to fulfil them" NME
Track listing
All songs by Sel Balamir.
Music for Nations - Original Release
"Motorhead" – 6:15
"Airborne" – 8:28
"Panzer" – 7:02
"Old Movies" – 5:50
"Post Acid Youth" – 6:05
"Half Life" – 3:47
"Drawing No1" - 2:09
"Neon" – 4:16
"On/Off" – 6:33
"The Consultancy" – 4:59
"Drawing No2" - 2:49
"One Great Summer" – 5:56
"UFOs" – 7:26
SPV - 2CD Re-release
"Motorhead" – 6:15
"Airborne" – 8:28
"Panzer" – 7:02
"Old Movies" – 5:50
"Post Acid Youth" – 6:05
"Neon" – 4:16
"On/Off" – 6:33
"The Consultancy" – 4:59
"One Great Summer" – 5:56
"UFOs" – 7:26
Bonus EP Tracks
"Boomtime" – 4:51
"Half Life" – 3:47
"Throwaway" – 2:29
"Glory Electricity" – 7:36
Credits
Sel Balamir – Guitar, vocals and co-production
Neil Mahony – Bass
Matt Brobin – Drums
Matt Steele – Electric Piano on "Old Movies" and reverse piano on "On/Off"
Claire Lemmon – Backing vocals on "Neon"
Mike Vennart and Steve Durose – Backing vocals on "Panzer" and "UFOs"
Steve Lyon – Co-production
Chris Sheldon – Mixing
Max Dingle – Assistant mixing
Chris Blair – Mastering
Rainer Holst – Mastering of bonus EP
References
External links
Lyrics Contains lyrics to all Amplifier songs.
Category:Amplifier (band) albums
Category:2004 debut albums
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. For example, one network may be a 3G (the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology), 4G, 5G, or later system, which may provide network service via any one of various radio access technologies (RATs) including EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized), 1×RTT (1 times Radio Transmission Technology, or simply 1×), W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS-TDD (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System-Time Division Duplexing), HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), or EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution). Such multiple access networks may also include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, and Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) networks. Other examples of wireless communication networks may include WiFi (in accordance with IEEE 802.11), WiMAX (in accordance with IEEE 802.16), and Bluetooth® networks.
A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations that can support communication for a number of mobile stations. A mobile station (MS) may communicate with a base station (BS) via a downlink and an uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the mobile station, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the mobile station to the base station. A base station may transmit data and control information on the downlink to a mobile station and/or may receive data and control information on the uplink from the mobile station.
Amplifiers (e.g., transimpedance amplifiers, inverting amplifiers, etc.) may be used in a variety of systems (which may be referred to as amplification systems) to increase the power of an input signal, including for wireless communication systems. For example, amplifiers may be used in radio frequency (RF) systems, to increase the power of a signal for transmission, or increase the power of a received signal.
Such RF systems may implement envelope tracking, which is an approach to amplifier design where the power supply voltage to the amplifier is adjusted so as to track the instant transmission power required for transmitting a signal. Accordingly, the amplifier may operate efficiently according to the varying required power level.
Amplifiers used in amplification systems may have an undesired output error. In particular, the actual output from the amplifier deviates from the desired output by the undesired output error.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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/* Generated by RuntimeBrowser
Image: /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ClassroomKit.framework/ClassroomKit
*/
@interface CRKImage : UIImage
+ (id)imageWithContentsOfFile:(id)arg1;
@end
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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GoogleのWebブラウザ「Chrome」は、Flashコンテンツを表示するプラグインを標準搭載しているが、FlashコンテンツがノートPCのバッテリーを浪費している場合もある。そこで同社はプラグインを使用するコンテンツの表示を、デフォルトで重要なコンテンツのみに制限するように変更する。
変更後の「コンテンツの設定」では、Flashアニメーションなどプラグインを使用するコンテンツがあるWebページを開いた際に、メインコンテンツに含まれるプラグインコンテンツだけを再生する。ブロックされたプラグインコンテンツを表示したい場合は、ワンクリックで再生可能。
新しいプラグイン設定は、Betaチャンネルで提供されている最新のデスクトップ版Chrome Betaで4日から有効になり、まもなく正式版も変更される。正式版ですぐに変更したい場合は、Chromeの設定で[詳細設定を表示…]を開き、[プライバシー][プラグイン]で[重要なプラグインコンテンツを検出して実行する]を選択する。
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Electrical submersible pump systems (ESPs) are utilized in hydrocarbon exploration to assist in the removal of hydrocarbon-containing fluid from a formation and/or reservoir. Such ESP systems are disposed downhole in a wellbore, and are consequently exposed to harsh conditions and operating parameters that can have a significant effect on system performance and useful life of the ESP.
It is important to monitor the flow of an ESP close to the ESP (rather than at the surface) for many reasons. One important reason is to get an immediate indication if fluid is not flowing through the ESP. As the ESP is cooled by the fluid that it pumps, it is essential to determine low or absent flow quickly if it occurs, so the ESP can be stopped before the ESP burns out due to overheating. Another reason is if there are several ESPs that are in the same well, producing from multiple producing zones. In this case a downhole flowmeter is required if allocation of produced fluid is required between zones. A further reason for monitoring flow downhole is if a surface or subsea flowmeter is not possible, or expensive.
During fluid removal or other processes, flow contributions are typically monitored at various depths in a well. Such monitoring can be provided by wireline-conveyed downhole flowmeters that are temporarily installed in the well for a period of time such as hours or days.
More recently, permanently installed downhole flowmeters have been deployed in certain wells, where surface or subsea flow measurement is difficult. Such permanently installed flowmeters typically use the venturi principle, measuring the reduction of pressure at the throat of the venturi to determine flowrate. One disadvantage of venturi flowmeters is the need to restrict the flow at the venturi. This will cause a certain amount of pressure loss, even in a well designed venturi. Any pressure loss in the flowmeter results in reduced oil flow, and/or increased pumping costs. Other flowmeters, such as turbine flowmeters, are less popular in permanent installations, primarily due to the unreliability of downhole moving parts and bearings.
For surface flow measurement, particularly for the measurement of the flow of low flowrate gases, energy-balance, or “thermal flowmeters” are well known. One type first measures the temperature of a fluid flowing along a pipe. The fluid is then heated, and finally the temperature of the fluid is measured again after flowing through the heated section. The flowrate in the pipe can be calculated from the increase in fluid temperature, provided the volumetric heat capacity of the fluid is known, and the power of the heater.Flowrate=Heater_Power/[(Tout−Tin)*Cv].
“Heater_Power” is measured in Watts (W), “Tout” is the fluid temperature after flowing through the heated section in degrees Celsius (C), “Tin” is the fluid temperature prior to heating in degrees Celsius (C), “Cv” is the volumetric heat capacity of the fluid measured in Watts/meters3*C (W/m^3/C), and the Flowrate is measured in m^3/sec
This formula is an energy-balance equation. For any given time, for a stable flowrate, the electrical energy delivered to the heater must equal the increase in heat energy in the fluid flowing through the heated section of the pipe, assuming the heater is externally well insulated, so that all the electrical energy supplied to the heater is delivered to the flowing fluid, with negligible amount leaking to the surrounding environment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
DOI: [10.1002/bjs5.50177](https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50177)
*The Editor‐in‐Chief welcomes topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in BJS Open. Letters should be submitted via ScholarOne Manuscripts and, if accepted, will be published online*.
We read with interest the work of Charehbili and colleagues[1](#bjs550285-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, which 'aimed to investigate whether there is a superiority of chlorhexidine--alcohol over iodine--alcohol for preventing SSI'.
This cluster‐randomized crossover trial was conducted in five hospitals and 3665 patients were included. The authors found that the incidence of surgical‐site infection (SSI) was not different between the groups: 3·8 per cent among patients in the chlorhexidine--alcohol group *versus* 4·0 per cent in those in the iodine--alcohol group (odds ratio 0·96, 95 per cent c.i. 0·69 to 1·35).
We commend the authors for performing this interesting study, as these results are useful for the choice of the most appropriate preoperative antiseptic. However, we have several statistical suggestions and queries that we would like to communicate to the authors.
The authors concluded that 'Preoperative skin disinfection with chlorhexidine--alcohol is similar to that for iodine--alcohol with respect to reducing the risk of developing an SSI'. This may be due to an underpowered study.
In fact, sample size was estimated by simulation. Although this approach is efficient, the authors do not provide enough details on the parameters they used. Thus it is not easy to replicate calculations. As mentioned by the CONSORT statement[2](#bjs550285-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}: 'the reports of cluster randomized trials should state the assumptions used when calculating the number of clusters and the cluster sample size'.
The authors mention R software for the simulations that led to the final estimation of sample size. But several R packages are available and one may suppose that a package such as clusterPower was used[3](#bjs550285-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}. Not knowing which package was used does not permit the analysis to be replicated. Moreover, algorithms used may vary between packages and lead to different estimations of sample size.
In a cluster‐randomized crossover trial, a sequence of interventions is assigned to a cluster (group) of individuals. Each cluster receives each intervention in a separate period of time and this leads to 'cluster periods\'[4](#bjs550285-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}. There is usually a correlation between patients in the same cluster. In addition, within a cluster, patients within the same period may be more similar to one another than to patients in other periods[5](#bjs550285-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}.
In a cluster‐randomized crossover trial, the sample size estimated by not taking into account the above‐mentioned features must be multiplied by a defined inflation factor. The latter can be approximated by (1 + (*n* − 1)ρ) − η[6](#bjs550285-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#bjs550285-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, where *n* is the average number of patients in a cluster during one of the periods, ρ is the intraclass correlation (ICC), and η the interperiod correlation. See, for example, Turner *et al*.[8](#bjs550285-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} or Moerbeek and Teerenstra[9](#bjs550285-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} (p. 94) for other approaches to estimate sample size in this context.
Parameters ρ and η can be retrieved from literature or estimated using assumptions or approximations[10](#bjs550285-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} (p. 203), for instance: the logarithm of the ICC can be approximated by the logarithm of the prevalence of disease (here, the SSI rate)[11](#bjs550285-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; the interclass correlation is intrinsically lower than the ICC[12](#bjs550285-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}.
Data were analysed using a multilevel model, which is appropriate. Treatment period was considered as a fixed effect and hospitals as random effect. Treatment period could also be considered as a random effect. In their simulations, Morgan *et al*.[5](#bjs550285-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"} actually demonstrated that 'hierarchical models without random effects for period‐within‐cluster, which do not account for any extra within‐period correlation, performed poorly with greatly inflated Type I errors in many scenarios'.
The authors did not report variance components of outcomes: within‐ and between‐participant variance, the ICC, as recommended by some authors[13](#bjs550285-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}.
In a cluster‐randomized crossover trial, three components of variation are available: variation in cluster mean response; variation in the cluster period mean response; and variation between individual responses within a cluster period[4](#bjs550285-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}. Small changes in the specification of the within‐cluster--within‐period correlation, or the within‐cluster--between‐period correlation, can increase the required number of clusters[4](#bjs550285-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}. Thus, as the above‐mentioned correlation parameters were not reported by Charehbili *et al*.[1](#bjs550285-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, the number of clusters required may be larger than that used in the study.
A simulation study showed an association between an increase in cluster size variability and a decrease in statistical power[14](#bjs550285-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}. The authors did not address this point.
In summary, the results of this study are interesting, but readers should interpret them with caution, according to the statistical methods used for design and analysis of cluster‐randomized crossover trials.
Disclosure {#bjs550285-sec-0002}
==========
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
[Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the corneoscleral limbus].
An 18-year-old patient presented with a solitary limbal tumor on his left eye that had appeared and increased in size for 3 weeks. This mass did not display any extension into the anterior chamber on gonioscopy. Excisional biopsy by lamellar sclerokeratectomy was carried out and the lesion was sent for histologic examination. The pathologic diagnosis showed the characteristic picture of juvenile xanthogranuloma with numerous Touton giant cells. There was no recurrence after a 9-month follow-up. The diagnosis of isolated ocular juvenile xanthogranuloma may be difficult and histologic examination of ocular lesions is often necessary. When juvenile xanthogranuloma affects the uvea, treatment is medical. When it appears as a limbal mass, treatment is surgical. Juvenile xanthogranuloma should always be considered a differential diagnosis of a limbal mass, especially in children.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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A search for antiplasmodial metabolites among fungal endophytes of terrestrial and marine plants of southern India.
Eighty four different fungal endophytes isolated from sea grasses (5), marine algae (36) and leaves or barks of forest trees (43) were grown in vitro and the secondary metabolites secreted by them were harvested by immobilizing them on XAD beads. These metabolites were eluted with methanol and screened using SYBR Green I assay for their antiplasmodial activity against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in human red blood cell culture. Our results revealed that fungal endophytes belonging to diverse genera elaborate antiplasmodial metabolites. A Fusarium sp. (580, IC50: 1.94 μg ml(-1)) endophytic in a marine alga and a Nigrospora sp. (151, IC50: 2.88 μg ml(-1)) endophytic in a tree species were subjected to antiplasmodial activity-guided reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography separation. Purification led to potentiation as reflected in IC50 values of 0.12 μg ml(-1) and 0.15 μg ml(-1) for two of the fractions obtained from 580. Our study adds further credence to the notion that fungal endophytes are a potential storehouse for a variety of novel secondary metabolites vested with different bioactivities including some that can stall the growth of the malaria parasite.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
Jquery loop with condition
I'm new with jquery and I don't know how to do a loop with a condition. I want to get all the div with the same id (yeah I know id should be unique) and color the border in red. It seems that it's not doing the loop since only the first "#column3" is colored. I want that when #column3 exists, we add class focus.
<div id="div2">
<div id="column1">1
<div class="price">400</div>
<span>hello</span>
<span>undefined</span>
</div>
<div id="column2">hello
</div>
<div id="column3">3
<div class="price">600</div>
<span>hello</span>
<span>undefined</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="div2">
<div id="column1">1
<div class="price">400</div>
<span>hello</span>
<span>undefined</span>
</div>
<div id="column2">hello
</div>
</div>
<div id="div2">
<div id="column1">1
<div class="price">400</div>
<span>hello</span>
<span>undefined</span>
</div>
<div id="column2">hello
</div>
<div id="column3">3
<div class="price">600</div>
<span>hello</span>
<span>undefined</span>
</div>
</div>
And I tried this:
$("#div2 #column3").each(function (index) {
if ($("#div2 #column3").length) {
$("#column3").addClass("focus");
}
});
Here is a fiddle:
https://jsfiddle.net/qm89a1cf/2/
A:
In for each you will get the two parameters first is index and second one element it's self.
You can add this code in your fiddler and it will works.
$("#div2 #column3").each(function (index,key) {
if ($("#div2 #column3").length)
{
$(key).addClass("focus"); //key is elemnt
}
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Is there a library in php to handle and compress mp3 files in php..?
Is there anyway in php to handle i.e compress a mp3 file using php...? Is there any library out there like ZZIPlib library (To handle .ZIP files)...?
Thanks for your suggestions...!
A:
I don't think there are any libraries that will let you compress MP3s (I presume you're talking about generating an MP3 from a WAV/AIFF, etc. file?)
As such, it would probably make more sense to simply shell escape out (using exec and escapeshellarg if relevant) and use standard command line utils such as lame.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
import removeEventListener from "./removeEventListener";
export default function removeArrayEvent<T>(elm: HTMLElement & T, events?: string[], func = () => {}) {
for (const event of events) {
removeEventListener(elm, event, func);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Let $T$ be a Hermitian operator and $\|v\|=1$, prove $\langle T^2(v),v\rangle \ge\langle T(v),v\rangle^2$
Let $T$ be a Hermitian operator on an inner product space $V$ over the field of complex numbers, $C$ (of a finite dimension), also assume $\|v\|=1$. Prove:
$$\langle T^2(v),v\rangle \ge\langle T(v),v\rangle^2$$
A:
It's not true as stated, because it has the wrong scaling behaviour with respect to $v$.
Were you supposed to assume $\|v\|=1$?
EDIT: With that assumption, the hint is overkill. The result follows directly from Cauchy-Schwarz. Note that $\langle T^2 v, v \rangle = \langle T v, T v \rangle$ since $T$ is Hermitian.
A:
Edit: As pointed out by Robert Israel, this follows immediately from Cauchy-Schwarz. I so wanted to use your (wrong and now deleted hint), that I actually basically reproved Cauchy-Schwarz...
Develop the following
$$
((T-\alpha I)^2v,v)=\alpha^2\|v\|^2-2\alpha(Tv,v)+(T^2v,v).
$$
Note that for every $\alpha\in \mathbb{R}$, the operator $(T-\alpha I)^2=(T-\alpha I)^*(T-\alpha I) $ is hermitian positive so
$$
((T-\alpha I)^2v,v)\geq 0.
$$
We have a quadratic in $\alpha$ which is always nonnegative.
This means that its discriminant is nonpositive:
$$
\Delta=4((Tv,v)^2-(T^2v,v)\|v\|^2)\leq 0.
$$
Hence
$$
(Tv,v)^2\leq (T^2v,v)\|v\|^2.
$$
So your inequality holds for all $\|v\|\leq 1$.
|
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People read front pages of newspapers after the presidential election, in La Paz, Bolivia, on October 21, 2019.
Bolivia's presidential election has sowed widespread confusion. A preliminary count of almost85% of ballots had strongly indicated there would need to be a second-round runoff, with President Evo Morales in first place but with main rival Carlos Mesa within striking distance.
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Morales disagreed. Votes still to be counted would help give him the majority he needed to win outright, the leftist leader said in a midnight presser.
The official Cambio newspaper on Monday ran a front-page headline saying Morales' had won, securing his fourth successive term.
The uncertainty sparked fears among observers and diplomats about potential manipulation of the vote to avoid a risky second round, and of unrest that could follow in the landlocked nation, even as nearby Chile and Ecuador grapple with violence on the streets.
"The region is convulsing. In Bolivia so far there have been tensions but we could go from tension to convulsion if Morales tries to force a victory in the first round," said Bolivian political analyst Franklin Pareja.
Morales was seen leading with 45% of the votes against 38% for Mesa, according to a preliminary count of ballots by Bolivia's electoral board, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE). Other pollsters also showed a tight race that would lead to a runoff vote.
Late on Sunday, however, the TSE halted the provisionary count with just 83.76% of the ballot done. That move prompted the official monitor, the Organization of American States (OAS), to demand to know why.
"It's crucial that this process is carried out quickly and transparently," the OAS said in a Tweet on Monday, as fears of unrest grew and Mesa said he was heading to the country's second city Santa Cruz to support groups mobilizing to demand the second round of voting.
Brazil's foreign ministry also expressed concern over the "unexpected interruption" of the official reporting of results.
The president needs over 50% or 40% with a 10-point lead over his closest rival to avoid a risky Dec. 15 second round runoff. If he wins, Latin America's longest continuous-serving standing leader would extend his rule to 19 years.
Morales, a former union leader for coca growers, has overseen a long stretch of political and economic stability for Bolivia, the continent's poorest country. His support has slipped amid slowing economic growth and concerns about government corruption and anti-democratic practices.
Political analyst Pareja said Morales would need almost all the outstanding votes to reach a majority, which though not impossible was highly unlikely. "(So) even if he does win, no one is going to believe him," he said.
(REUTERS)
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follow lisa is cooking
I have a little problem. I'm addicted to cookbooks, food writing, recipe collecting, and cooking. I have a lot of recipes waiting for me to try them, and ideas from articles, tv, and restaurants often lead to new dishes. I started losing track of what I've done. So now I'm taking photos and writing about what I've prepared—unless it's terrible in which case I forget it ever happened.
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Thursday, July 16, 2009
When I finally opened Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Vol. One and got cooking, I couldn’t stop with just one dish. I wanted a dessert from the book to serve after our meal of coquilles st. jacques. I looked through the desserts and cakes chapter and paused at the flan des isles but decided I’d rather try a cake. The babas and savarins I will definitely come back to in the future, but they weren’t exactly what I wanted for this meal. Then, I arrived at the biscuit au beurre described as a “fine, light spongecake [which] may be served with a sprinkling of powdered sugar, and goes well with tea, or with fruits.” A nice, simple cake with fresh, summer fruit sounded perfect. At the end of the recipe, there are three optional toppings. The first, which I chose, is to simply shake powdered sugar over the cake. The second was an apricot glaze with almonds, and the last was a buttercream icing which could be made chocolate. There are actually suggested variations for serving all of the cakes in the chapter which shows how versatile they are.
This is a classic sponge cake and contains only egg whites for leavening. You begin the recipe by melting butter and letting it cool. Sugar and egg yolks were then mixed together, and vanilla was added. Egg whites were whisked with salt, sugar was added, and they were whisked to stiff peaks. Then, the folding and sifting began. Some egg whites were added to the yolk mixture and some cake flour was sifted on top. This was folded until partially blended. Then, the same process was repeated with more egg whites and more flour. It was repeated once more, but before completely blending everything together, the melted butter was added. That seemed odd to me. I wanted to add that butter much earlier, but it went in at the end and I’m not sure why. The cake baked in a ten inch pan for about half an hour and then cooled on a rack. It was a little difficult to wrangle it out of the pan, but I managed to do so without destroying it.
As promised, it was light with a springy airiness about it, and the butter and vanilla gave it nice flavor. The sprinkling of powdered sugar was just enough embellishment. I served the cake with fresh cherries, and that was a happy combination. It’s also mentioned that this cake works well as strawberry shortcake, and I’ll definitely use it that way too. Like so many recipes in this book it’s simple, classic, versatile, and most importantly really good-tasting. Why did I wait so long to start cooking from this book?
It's so beautiful in its simplicity of flavor and form. I think your choice of topping was perfect - this is the kind of cake that is absolutely delicious and yet will allow its accompaniments, such as fresh fruit, to also shine. With all the excitement surrounding the upcoming Julie & Julia movie, I really need to pick up this book! The title is somewhat intimidating but then, Ms. Child's whole goal was to demystify French cuisine - I have nothing to be afraid of, right? 8-D
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