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2013 Košice Open The 2013 Košice Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is the eleventh edition of the tournament which is part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It takes place in Košice, Slovakia between 10 and 16 June 2013. Singles main draw entrants Seeds 1 Rankings are as of May 27, 2013. Other Entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Marco Daniš Djordje Djokovic Miloslav Mečíř, Jr. Adam Pavlásek The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Damir Džumhur Volodymyr Uzhylovskyi Maximilian Neuchrist Carlos Gómez-Herrera Champions Singles Mikhail Kukushkin def. Damir Džumhur, 6–4, 1–6, 6–2 Doubles Kamil Čapkovič / Igor Zelenay def. Gero Kretschmer / Alexander Satschko, 6–4, 7–6(7–5) External links Official website Kosice Open Category:Košice Open	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
While the costs associated with storing nuclear waste and the possibility of it leaching into the environment remain legitimate concerns, they may no longer be obstacles on the road to cleaner energy. A new paper by researchers at the University of Notre Dame, led by Thomas E. Albrecht-Schmitt, professor of civil engineering and geological sciences and concurrent professor of chemistry and biochemistry, showcases Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 (NDTB-1) as a crystalline compound that can be tailored to safely absorb radioactive ions from nuclear waste streams. Once captured, the radioactive ions can then be exchanged for higher-charged species of a similar size, recycling the material for re-use. If one considers that the radionuclide technetium (99Tc) is present in the nuclear waste at most storage sites around the world, the math becomes simple. There are more than 436 nuclear power plants operating in 30 countries; that is a lot of nuclear waste. In fact, approximately 305 metric tons of 99Tc were generated from nuclear reactors and weapons testing from 1943 through 2010. Its safe storage has been an issue for decades. "The framework of the NDTB-1 is key," says Albrecht-Schmitt. "Each crystal contains a framework of channels and cages featuring billions of tiny pores, which allow for the interchange of anions with a variety of environmental contaminants, especially those used in the nuclear industry, such as chromate and pertechnetate." Albrecht-Schmitt's team has concluded successful laboratory studies using the NDTB-1 crystals, during which they removed approximately 96 percent of 99Tc. Additional field tests conducted at the Savannah River National Laboratory in Aiken, S.C., and discussed in the paper have shown that the Notre Dame compound successfully removes 99Tc from nuclear waste and also exhibits positive exchange selectivity for greater efficiency.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
--- abstract: 'We propose a mechanism to actively tune the operation of plasmonic cloaks with an external magnetic field by investigating electromagnetic scattering by a dielectric cylinder coated with a magneto-optical shell. In the long wavelength limit we show that the presence of a magnetic field may drastically reduce the scattering cross-section at all observation angles. We demonstrate that the application of magnetic fields can modify the operation wavelength without the need of changing material and/or geometrical parameters. We also show that applied magnetic fields can reversibly switch on and off the cloak operation. These results, which could be achieved for existing magneto-optical materials, are shown to be robust to material losses, so that they may pave the way for developing actively tunable, versatile plasmonic cloaks.' author: - 'W. J. M. Kort-Kamp' - 'F. S. S. Rosa' - 'F. A. Pinheiro' - 'C. Farina' title: Tuning plasmonic cloaks with an external magnetic field --- The idea of rendering an object invisible in free space, which had been restricted to human imagination for many years, has become an important scientific and technological endeavour since the advent of metamaterials. Progress in micro- and nanofabrication have fostered the construction of artificial metamaterials with unusual electromagnetic (EM) properties [@zheludev2012], which have been exploited in the development of a variety of approaches for designing EM cloaks and achieving invisibility. Among these approaches one can highlight the coordinate-transformation method [@pendry2006; @leonhardt2006; @schurig2006] and the scattering cancelation techniques [@alu2005; @alu2008; @edwards2009; @filonov2012; @chen2012; @rainwater2012; @KortKamp2013; @nicorovici1994]. The coordinate-transformation method, grounded in the emerging field of transformation optics [@chen2010], requires metamaterials with anisotropic and inhomogeneous profiles, which are able to bend the incoming EM radiation around a given region of space, rendering it invisible to an external observer. This method has been first experimentally realized for microwaves [@schurig2006], and later extended to infrared and visible frequencies [@valentine2009; @ergin2010]. The scattering cancellation technique, which constitutes the basis for the development of plasmonic cloaks, was proposed in [@alu2005]. Applying this technique, a dielectric or conducting object can be effectively cloaked by covering it with a homogeneous and isotropic layer of plasmonic material with low-positive or negative electric permittivity. In these systems, the incident radiation induces a local polarization vector in the shell that is out-of-phase with respect to the local electric field so that the in-phase contribution given by the cloaked object may be partially or totally canceled [@alu2005; @alu2008; @chen2012]. Experimental realizations of cylindrical plasmonic cloaks for microwaves exist in 2D [@edwards2009] and 3D [@rainwater2012], paving the way for many applications in camouflaging, low-noise measurements and non-invasive sensing [@alu2008; @chen2012]. Despite the notable progresses in all cloaking techniques, the development of a practical, versatile cloaking device remains a challenge. One of the reasons is that the operation frequency of many cloaking devices is typically narrow, although some photonic crystals with large, complete photonic band gaps exist and could be explored in the design of wide band cloaking systems [@lin1]. Another reason is that the majority of cloaking devices developed so far are generally tailored to operate at a given frequency band, that cannot be freely modified after fabrication. As a result, if there is a need to modify the operation frequency band it is usually necessary to engineer a new device, with different geometric parameters and materials, limiting its applicability [@alu2008]. To circumvent this limitation, some proposals of tunable cloaks have been developed [@peining; @zharova2012; @milton2009]. One of them is to introduce a nonlinear layer in multi-shell plasmonic cloaks, so that the scattering cross-section can be controlled by changing the intensity of the incident EM field [@zharova2012]. Core-shell nonlinear plasmonic particles can also be designed to exhibit Fano resonances, allowing a swift switch from being completely cloaked to being strongly resonant [@monticone2013]. Another implementation of tunable plasmonic cloaks involves the use of a graphene shell [@chen2011]. However, most of these proposals are based either on a [passive]{} mechanism of tuning the cloaking device ([e.g.]{}, by chemically modifying the graphene surface by carboxylation and thiolation [@chen2011; @chuang2007]) or depends on a given range of intensities for the incident excitation, as in the case of nonlinear plasmonic cloaks [@zharova2012]. Here we propose an alternative mechanism to [actively]{} tune the operation of plasmonic cloaks with an external magnetic field ${\bf B}$. We show that this is feasible by investigating EM scattering by a dielectric cylinder coated by a magneto-optical shell. The application of ${\bf B}$ drastically reduces the differential scattering cross-section; this reduction can be as high as $95\%$ if compared to the case without ${\bf B}$. The presence of ${\bf B}$ modifies the operation wavelength without the need of changing material and/or geometrical parameters. Besides, ${\bf B}$ could be used as an external agent to reversibly switch on and off the operation of the cloak. Our results are robust to material losses and could be achieved for existing magneto-optical materials and moderate magnetic fields, so that they might be useful for developing actively tunable, versatile plasmonic cloaks. In Fig. \[Figura1\] we show the scheme of the system: an infinitely long, non-magnetic cylinder with permittivity $\varepsilon_c$ and radius $a$ coated with a magneto-optically active cylindrical shell with magnetic permeability $\mu_0$ and radius $b>a$. The system is subjected to a uniform ${\bf B}$ parallel to the cylindrical symmetry axis. Let us consider a TM plane wave of frequency $\omega$ impinging normally on the cylinder. The background medium is vacuum. In the presence of ${\bf B}$ the shell permittivity $\stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\varepsilon}_s$ is anisotropic; for the geometry of Fig. \[Figura1\] it reads [@Stroud1990] ![Schematic representation of the scattering system.[]{data-label="Figura1"}](Fig1.eps) $$\begin{aligned} \label{TensoresEeM} \stackrel{\leftrightarrow}{\varepsilon}_s = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} \varepsilon_{xx} & \varepsilon_{xy} & 0 \\ \varepsilon_{yx} & \varepsilon_{yy} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \varepsilon_{zz} \\ \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} \varepsilon_{s} & i\gamma_s & 0 \\ -i\gamma_s & \varepsilon_{s} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \varepsilon_{zz}, \\ \end{array} \right)\end{aligned}$$ where the off-diagonal term $\gamma_s$ has a dispersive character and depends upon $B$, vanishing in its absence. EM scattering from a coated cylinder can be analyzed with Mie theory [@BohrenHuffman; @Stroud1990]. The scattering cross-section efficiency $Q_{\textrm{sc}}$ is $$\label{Qsc} Q_{\textrm{sc}} = \dfrac{2}{k_0b}\,\displaystyle{\sum_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\|D_m\|^2}, $$ where $D_m$ are the scattering coefficients and $k_0 = 2\pi/\lambda$ is the incident wavenumber. We consider the dipole approximation, i.e. $k_0b\ll 1\, , \ k_cb\ll 1\, , \ k_sb\ll1$, where the dominant scattering terms are $m = 0\, , \ m = \pm 1$, and $k_c$ ($k_s$) is the core (shell) wavenumber. The condition for invisibility is determined by imposing that each scattering coefficient vanishes separately. In the dipole approximation, $D_0$ is identically zero for non-magnetic core and shell. For $D_{-1}$ and $D_{+1}$ to vanish, the ratio $\eta \equiv a/b$ must be $$\label{razaoraios} \eta_{\pm 1} = \sqrt{\dfrac{(\varepsilon_0\pm \gamma_s-\varepsilon_s)(\varepsilon_c \pm \gamma_s+\varepsilon_s)} {(\varepsilon_c \pm \gamma_s-\varepsilon_s)(\varepsilon_0 \pm \gamma_s+\varepsilon_s)}},$$ where $\eta_{-1}$ and $\eta_{+1}$ represent the values of $\eta$ that vanish $D_{-1}$ and $D_{+1}$, respectively. The conditions for achieving the cancellation of $D_{-1}$ and $D_{+1}$, obtained from Eq. (\[razaoraios\]), are shown in Fig. \[Figura2\], as a function of the permittivities of the inner core and of the outer cloaking shell. In Fig. \[Figura2\], blue regions correspond to situations where either $D_{-1}$ or $D_{+1}$ vanish for a given $\gamma_s$ and different ratios $\eta_{\pm1}$ ($0\leq \eta_{\pm1} \leq 1$). From Fig. \[Figura2\] and Eq. (\[razaoraios\]) we conclude that it is not possible to obtain $\eta_{-1} = \eta_{+1}$ for $\gamma_s \neq 0$, [i.e.]{} the contributions of $D_{-1}$ and $D_{+1}$ to $Q_{sc}$ cannot be simultaneously canceled for the same $\eta$ in the presence of ${\bf B}$. However, it is still possible to drastically reduce $Q_{sc}$ and, for a given $\eta$, obtain values for the scattering cross-section that are substantially smaller in the presence of ${\bf B}$. Indeed, guided by Fig. \[Figura2\] and by inspecting Eq. (\[razaoraios\]), one can choose a ratio $\eta_{-1} $ or $\eta_{+1}$ that vanishes the contribution of either $D_{-1}$ or $D_{+1}$ to $Q_{sc}$, respectively. As a result, a strong reduction of $Q_{sc}$ can be achieved since $D_{0}$ is already zero for non-magnetic materials. ![Regions for which the invisibility condition (\[razaoraios\]) is satisfied for the corresponding $\eta_{\pm1}$ between 0 and 1 in the presence of off-diagonal terms in electric permittivity, proportional to the applied magnetic field.[]{data-label="Figura2"}](Fig2.eps) In Fig. \[Figura3\], $Q_{sc}$ in the presence of ${\bf B}$ ($\gamma_s \neq 0$) is calculated as a function of $\eta$ for different $\varepsilon_c$ and $\varepsilon_s$. $Q_{sc}$ is normalized by the scattering efficiency in the absence of ${\bf B}$, $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$, and $b=0.01 \lambda$ (i.e. dipole approximation is valid). Figure \[Figura3\]a corresponds to the situation where, given the parameters $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 0.1 \varepsilon_0$, it is possible to achieve invisibility for $\eta \simeq 0.92$ in the absence of the magnetic field [@alu2005]. To see this it suffices to put $\gamma_s = 0$ and substitute the set of material parameters used in Fig. \[Figura3\]a in Eq. (\[razaoraios\]). The application of ${\bf B}$ shifts the values of $\eta$ that cause a strong reduction of $Q_{sc}$ to higher values. Interestingly, by increasing ${\bf B}$ one can not only shift the operation range of the device for $\eta$ close to 1, but also significantly decrease $Q_{sc}$. Indeed, for $0.98 \leq \eta < 1$ the application of ${\bf B}$ leads to a reduction of the order of 50% in $Q_{sc}$ if compared to the case where ${\bf B} = {\bf 0}$. This result indicates that, for this set of parameters, an optimal performance of the cloak could be achieved for very thin magneto-optical films. In Fig. \[Figura3\]b, for the chosen set of parameters ($\varepsilon_c = 0.1\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 10\varepsilon_0$) EM transparency also occurs for $\eta \simeq 0.92$ in the absence of ${\bf B}$. In the presence of ${\bf B}$ achieving perfect invisibility (vanishing scattering cross-section) is no longer possible for $\eta \simeq 0.92$, since a peak in $Q_{sc}$ emerges precisely for this value of $\eta$. Physically, this peak in $Q_{sc}$ can be explained by the fact that the EM response of the shell is no longer isotropic in the presence of ${\bf B}$; hence the induced electric polarization within the shell is not totally out-of-phase with respect to the one induced within the inner cylinder. The net effect is that these two induced electric polarizations are not capable to cancel each other anymore in the presence of ${\bf B}$, resulting in a non-vanishing scattered field. The fact that the application of ${\bf B}$ induces a peak in $Q_{sc}$ in a system originally conceived to achieve perfect invisibility (in the absence of ${\bf B}$) suggests that a magnetic field could be used as an external agent to reversibly switch on and off the operation of the cloak. On the other hand, for $\eta \lesssim 0.9$ and this set of parameters the application of ${\bf B}$ always lead to a reduction of $Q_{sc}$ with respect to $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$, increasing the efficiency of the cloak. For example, for $\gamma_s = 5\varepsilon_0$ and $\eta = 0.88$ it is possible to achieve a reduction of $Q_{sc}$ of the order of 93% with respect to $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$; for $\gamma_s = 3\varepsilon_0$ and $\eta \simeq 0.9$ this reduction is of the order of 80%. These results demonstrate that the reduction of $Q_{\textrm{sc}}$ is robust against the variation of $B$. For $\eta \lesssim 0.9$ the increase of ${\bf B}$ not only improves the efficiency of the cloak, by further decreasing $Q_{sc}$ with respect to $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$, but also shifts the operation of the device to lower values of $\eta$. This result contrasts to the behavior of $Q_{sc}$ shown in Fig. \[Figura3\]a for different $\varepsilon_c$ and $\varepsilon_s$, where an increase in $B$ shifts the operation range of the cloak to higher values of $\eta$. This means that, for fixed $\eta$, the scattering signature of the system, and hence the cloaking operation functionality, can be drastically modified by varying either $B$ or the frequency ([i.e.]{}, by varying $\varepsilon_c$ and $\varepsilon_s$), demonstrating the versatility of the magneto-optical cloak. ![Scattering efficiency $Q_{sc}$ (normalized by its value in the absence of ${\bf B}$, $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$) as a function of the ratio between the external and internal radii $\eta$ for (a) $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 0.1 \varepsilon_0$, (b) $\varepsilon_c = 0.1\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 10\varepsilon_0$, (c) $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = -1.5\varepsilon_0$, and (d) $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 1.5\varepsilon_0$. Different curves correspond to different magnitudes of the off-diagonal term of the electric permittivity $\gamma_s$, proportional to $B$: $\gamma_s = \varepsilon_0$ (dash-dotted curve), $\gamma_s = 3\varepsilon_0$ (solid curve), $\gamma_s = 5\varepsilon_0$ (dashed curve), $\gamma_s = 12\varepsilon_0$ (dotted curve).[]{data-label="Figura3"}](Fig3.eps) In Fig. \[Figura3\]c, $Q_{sc}$ is calculated as a function of $\eta$ for $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = -1.5\varepsilon_0$, that are values of permittivity that preclude the possibility of invisibility for any $\eta$ and ${\bf B} = {\bf 0}$. Figure \[Figura3\]c reveals that for ${\bf B} \neq {\bf 0}$ a very strong reduction in $Q_{sc}$ can occur for a wide range of values of $\eta$, showing that one can drastically reduce the scattered field by applying a magnetic field to a system that is not originally designed to perform as an EM cloak. Indeed, for $\gamma_s = 3\varepsilon_0, 5\varepsilon_0, 12\varepsilon_0$ the reduction in $Q_{sc}$ ranges from $80\%$ to $95\%$ for $0 < \eta \leq 0.5$. This result complements the one depicted in Fig. \[Figura3\]b, where the presence of ${\bf B}$ was also shown to be capable to switch off the functionality of the system as a cloak. The crossover between these distinct scattering patterns could be achieved by varying the incident wave frequency. Figure \[Figura3\]d also corresponds to the case where invisibility cannot occur for ${\bf B} = {\bf 0}$ ($\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$ and $\varepsilon_s = 1.5\varepsilon_0$). For ${\bf B} \neq {\bf 0}$ again there is a reduction of $Q_{sc}$ for $ \eta > 0.8$, which can be of the order of $50\%$ for $\gamma_s = 12\varepsilon_0$, further confirming that the application of ${\bf B}$ to a cylinder coated with a magneto-optical shell can switch on the functionality of the device as an invisibility cloak. ![Spatial distribution of the scattered field $H_{z}$ for $B=0$ (a) and (b) $B=9\,T$ for $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$. The incident frequency is $\omega/2\pi = 2.93$THz and $a/b= 0.6$ with $b = 0.01\lambda$. Differential scattering cross-section corresponding to the cases in (a) (blue solid curve) and (b) (dashed red curve) is shown in panel (c). (d) Scattering efficiency (normalized by $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$) as a function of the frequency and $B$. []{data-label="Figura4"}](Fig4.eps) To discuss a possible experimental realization of the system proposed here, let us consider the existing cylindrical implementation of a cloaking device described in Ref. [@rainwater2012], but without the parallel-plate implants. The shell is assumed to be made of a magneto-optical dielectric material described by the Drude-Lorentz model [@King2009] with realistic material parameters, including losses: oscillating strength frequency $\Omega/2\pi = 3$THz, resonance frequency $\omega_0/2\pi = 1.5$THz, and damping frequency $\Gamma/2\pi = 0.03$THz. Drude-Lorentz permittivities are extensivelly used to describe a wide range of media, including magneto-optical materials. A particularly recent example is monolayer graphene epitaxially grown on SiC [@crassee2012], where the Faraday rotation is very well described by a anisotropic Drude-Lorentz model, with similar parameters to the ones proposed here. For concreteness, we set the device to operate around the frequency $f = 2.93$ THz; the inner and outer radii are $a = 0.6b$ and $b = 0.01\lambda$, respectively. The core is made of a dielectric with $\varepsilon_c = 10\varepsilon_0$, and negligible losses. The spatial distribution of the scattered field $H_z$ in the $xy$ plane is shown in Fig. \[Figura4\]. For this set of parameters invisibility cannot occur for ${\bf B}= {\bf 0}$, and the corresponding spatial distribution of the scattered field is dipole-like (Fig. \[Figura4\]a), as expected since for $b\ll \lambda$ the electric dipole term is dominating. Figure \[Figura4\]b reveals that the presence of ${\bf B}$ strongly suppresses the scattered field for all angles, further indicating that ${\bf B}$ could play the role of an external agent to switch on and off the cloaking device. This result is corroborated by Fig. \[Figura4\]c, where the differential scattering efficiency is calculated without and with the presence of ${\bf B}$. Figure \[Figura4\]c confirms that the scattered radiation, which is initially dipole-like for ${\bf B}= {\bf 0}$, is strongly suppressed in all directions when ${\bf B}$ is applied, even in the presence of material losses. Figure \[Figura4\]d exhibits a contour plot of the scattering efficiency $Q_{sc}$ (normalized by $Q_{sc}^{(0)}$) as a function of both $B$ and the incident wave frequency $f$. From Fig. \[Figura4\]d one can see that the reduction of $Q_{\textrm{sc}}$ can be as large as $95$% if compared to the case without ${\bf B}$. We emphasize that these findings are robust against material losses, illustrated by the fact that we are allowing for quite typical dissipation parameters and the cloak works at the levels discussed above. Furthermore, we checked that even for much larger dissipative systems, characterized by $b=0.1\lambda$ and $b=0.2\lambda$, the cross section reduction (calculated including up to the electric octopole contribution) can be as impressive as $92\%$ and $83\% $, respectively. In addition, our results suggest that the efficiency of the proposed system is comparable to state-of-the-art existing cloaking apparatuses [@edwards2009; @rainwater2012] with the advantage of being highly tunable in the presence of magnetic fields. Besides, Fig. \[Figura4\]d demonstrates that for $B \simeq 15 T$ the reduction of $Q_{\textrm{sc}}$ of the order of $95$% occurs for a relatively broad band of frequencies, of the order of 30 GHz. Finally, the effect of increasing $B$ around the design operation frequency is to broaden the frequency band for which the reduction of $Q_{\textrm{sc}}$ induced by the magnetic field is as large as $95$%. There are dielectric materials that exhibit strong magneto-optical activity that could be used in the design of a magneto-optical cloak. Single- and multilayer graphene are promising candidates, as they exhibit giant Faraday rotations for moderate magnetic fields [@crassee2011]. Garnets are paramagnetic materials with huge magneto-optical response, with Verdet constants as high as $10^{4}$ deg./\[T.m.\] for visible and infrared frequencies [@barnes1992]. There are composite materials made of granular magneto-optical inclusions that show large values of $\gamma_s$ for selected frequencies and fields in the 10-100 T range [@Stroud1990; @Reynet2002]. These materials offer an additional possibility of tuning EM scattering by varying the concentration of inclusions, and have been successfully employed in plasmonic cloaks [@farhat2011]. It is worth mentioning that the magneto-optical response of typical materials, which will ultimately govern the tuning speed of the system, is usually very fast. Indeed, magneto-optical effects manifest themselves in a time scale related to the spin precession; for typical paramagnetic materials this time is of the order of nanoseconds [@kirilyuk2010]. Hence the tuning mechanism induced by magneto-optical activity is expected to be almost instantaneous after the application of ${\bf B}$. In conclusion, we investigate EM scattering by a dielectric cylinder coated with a magneto-optical shell to conclude that one could actively tune the operation of plasmonic cloaks with an external magnetic field ${\bf B}$. In the long wavelength limit we show that the application of ${\bf B}$ may drastically reduce the scattering cross-section for all observation angles. The presence of ${\bf B}$ can also largely modify the operation range of the proposed magneto-optical cloak in a dynamical way. Indeed, for a fixed $\eta$, we demonstrate that invisibility can be achieved by applying a magnetic field for situations where the condition for transparency cannot be satisfied without ${\bf B}$. Conversely, a magnetic field can suppress invisibility in a system originally designed to act as an invisibility cloak. 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Pir Zulfiqar Pir Zulfiqar (born 3 January 1984) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who played for Hyderabad cricket team. References External links Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Pakistani cricketers Category:Hyderabad (Pakistan) cricketers Category:People from Dadu District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1. Introduction {#sec1} =============== With the increase in life expectancy, there is, proportionately, a dramatic increase in age-related health conditions including, in particular, eye diseases. Among all the eye pathologies, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently one of the leading causes of blindness in the working-age population in developed countries \[[@B1]--[@B3]\]. Epidemiological data show that the prevalence of DR is around 30% in the diabetic population and that the annual incidence varies from 2% to 6% \[[@B4]\]. Every year, up to 1% of diabetic patients develop serious ocular complications leading to both poor quality of life and a socioeconomic burden \[[@B5]\]. With regard to the Italian setting, a study conducted in the Veneto Region, using clinical fundus examination, confirmed literature data with a prevalence of DR of 26.6% \[[@B6]\]. A significant worldwide increase in the number of persons affected by diabetes has been estimated for the next 10 years, reaching approximately 380 million by 2025, mostly in developing countries. In Europe, compared with 2007, there is expected to be an increase of 10 million persons with a prevalence of diabetes below 10% \[[@B7]\]. As the prevalence of diabetes is expected to rise in the future, an associated increase in DR cases should also be expected. However, recently, data suggest that the prevalence of DR may decrease, due to the intensification of the screening programmes and better control of risk-factors, thus underlying their effectiveness and the significance \[[@B8]\]. In this view, scholars and practitioners widely agreed that DR, at any stage of progression, requires specific management: from the screening programmes (useful for an early diagnosis) to the definition of pharmacological treatments needed. In recent years, the strategies for DR prevention have moved from the traditional ophthalmological examination to a faster digital retinal imaging acquisition and grading of DR. The application of these new screening programmes, followed by prompt diagnosis and a better timely management, is well known to prevent significantly the risk of diabetic blindness \[[@B9], [@B10]\], as well as to decrease all the costs related to the investigated pathology. In fact, from an economic point of view, the annual cost per patient affected by DR is approximately twice as high as those patients with diabetes only \[[@B11]\]: thus, the implementation of effective and recognized screening programmes could represent cost-effective strategies \[[@B12], [@B13]\], one useful to narrow both the economic and the social burden of DR. Despite the implementation of successful national screening programmes worldwide, the lack of diffuse screening activities for DR in Italy is delaying the diagnosis and prompt treatment of DR. Public screening programmes and prompt treatments have been shown to reduce lifetime costs related to visual disability \[[@B14], [@B15]\]. For these reasons, vision impairments as a result of DR should be considered easy to prevent, and the development of systematic programmes of screening should represent an urgent and primary healthcare need. Moving on from these premises, since DR should be one of the major priorities for the healthcare services, the present study aimed at investigating the feasibility related to the introduction of a specific and accurate screening programme in the catchment area of Treviso (defined as ULSS 9), in comparison with the "no prevention" strategy, including also the costs averted to blindness, in terms of the validity of the intervention and the direct costs absorbed (efficiency) by the regional healthcare service. The analysis was designed assuming the regional healthcare service (Veneto Region) point of view. 2. Materials and Methods {#sec2} ======================== 2.1. Study Design {#sec2.1} ----------------- In order to achieve the previously mentioned objective, a perspective study for the implementation of a screening programme devoted to DR was planned to be performed between September and December 2012, after receiving the approval from Ethic Committee of the Local Health Authority. As DR is a multiprofessional and a multidimensional eye disease, a multidisciplinary group was involved in the project, including general practitioners, diabetes experts, administrative staff, nurses, epidemiologists, and ophthalmologists. The involvement of different healthcare professionals in the screening programme could influence the resources absorption and the optimisation of the screening pathway \[[@B12], [@B13], [@B16]--[@B18]\]. The screening involved all types (type 1 and type 2) of diabetic patients living in the area of Ponzano (Treviso) that has 5.000 inhabitants and is part of one of the Local Health Authorities of the Veneto Region: the ULSS 9 of Treviso. Diabetic subjects were accurately identified by crossing different databases: primary and secondary diagnosis for hospitalisation, drugs and delivery systems, prescriptions, health care procedures covered by the diabetic code, and the diabetic code assigned to patients. In particular, the following patients were invited to attend the screening programme: (i) outpatients going to a hospital specialist visit to the diabetologists, or first visit to ophthalmologist; (ii) patients going to the territorial pharmacist, in order to retrieve the specific diabetes drugs; and (iii) patients referring to the general practitioners, with a diagnosis of diabetes. Individuals who were already diagnosed with DR were not included in the study. Initially, a personal letter of invitation was sent to all the diabetic target population (N = 498) to be enrolled in the screening programme. All the patients attending the screening procedure have signed a specific informed consent form, consistent with ethical aspects. Screening for diabetic retinopathy was made using a nonmydriatic fundus camera. A semiobscured visiting room was used to optimise physiological mydriasis before each exam. Three nonmydriatic, 45° field, digital retinal images were captured, in accordance with a previously validated technique. The three fundus images encompassed the following retinal fields: field 1 centred on the macula, field 2 centred on optic disc, and field 3 midperipheral superior-temporal field \[[@B19]\]. The images were obtained by trained paramedical staff (in particular, nurses). All images were electronically transmitted to the reading centre and stored in an online secured database called "Eye Knowledge Network" for the second step, online examination. Retinal images were graded for DR at the Ca\' Foncello Treviso Hospital, where the Ophthalmology Unit is located, by two experts and certified readers who were members of the Reading Centre staff of the University of Padova. DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) were graded in accordance with the International Classification proposed by the American Academy of Ophthalmologists \[[@B20]\]. When the quality of the images was "inadequate" for the clinical evaluation and when fundus images were graded as "positive," the patients were referred for further ophthalmologic examination. "Positive" findings included retinal changes that required specialist management: moderate and severe nonproliferative DR, proliferative DR, DME, and/or any other retinal abnormality. Further ocular and diagnostic examinations or treatments, if necessary, were then planned. Fundus images were graded as "negative" if no DR or nonsight threatening DR was detected. A report, with the results of the screening and the correct follow-up timetable for the "negative" screened population, was sent to the patient\'s general practitioner within 1 month after the screening. 2.2. Economic Evaluation {#sec2.2} ------------------------ From a methodological point of view, in order to quantify the impact of the introduction of screening programme in the clinical practice, both an activity based costing (ABC) analysis and a budget impact analysis (BIA) were conducted. The ABC \[[@B21], [@B22]\] is useful for the enhancement of the average costs related to each phase of the screening pathway. In particular, the main objective of the ABC is the measurement of the costs and the performance activities, taking into account also the related human and materials resources for the proper development of the procedure. In this view, the economic impact of each patient was determined utilising the following components: (i) human resources (i.e., individuals involved in the different phases of the screening programme, such as administrative staff, nurses, and ophthalmologists); (ii) materials and equipment; (iii) pharmacological and/or laser treatment. The ABC did not take into consideration the costs related to the delivery of the invitation letter: different technologies could be implemented in order to carry out this task (telephonic invitation, e-mail contact, personal contact, or letter), differing for the related economic value. After the implementation of the ABC, the BIA was applied. A BIA allows the prediction of the potential financial impact of a new technology adoption, into a healthcare system \[[@B23]\]; influencing, in a positive or in a negative manner, the healthcare expenditure and considering both a specific point of view and a determined time horizon. In this view, two scenarios were simulated, thus comparing the so-called "do nothing strategy" with the implementation of a proper screening programme. In particular, in both scenarios, the occurrence and the related cost of blindness were taken into consideration as direct healthcare costs. Since the analysis assumed the Healthcare Regional Services point of view, the intangible and indirect items of expenditure were excluded from the study. The economic analysis used the 2015 Italian Outpatients and Hospital Admissions Reimbursement Tariffs. Drug costs were derived from the officially published NHS price list. If necessary, economic values were reported in "euros," considering the 2015 inflation rate, using the Consumer Price Index for healthcare expenditure, thus making economic measures comparable, and being based on the same year of reference. In order to ensure the robustness of the result, a sensitivity analysis was carried out. In particular, both the attendance rate to the screening programme and the percentage of patients undergoing the complete eye examination were modified, thus understanding if significant changes in the feasibility of the programme occur. Literature reported that patients\' compliance with DR screening is not optimal worldwide, hence reporting attendance rates ranging from a minimum of 32% and a maximum of 92% \[[@B24]--[@B27]\]. Further analysis reported a variation in the eye examination rate. The Local Health Authority involved declared that it could reach about the 80%--85% if collaboration with community-based organisations, as well as greater information activities of DR risks among citizens, is implemented. Moving on from these premises, 4 different analyses were performed. 3. Results {#sec3} ========== 3.1. The Sample under Assessment {#sec3.1} -------------------------------- 498 individuals were identified as being diabetic patients within the area of Ponzano (that has 5,000 inhabitants); thus, it emerged that the prevalence of the diabetes in the investigated town was around 10%. Out of the 498 diabetic patients originally invited to enroll in the screening programme, 340 accepted to be evaluated (68%), although it was possible to confirm a response rate equal to 80% since 57 patients did not attend the screening programme because they had already undergone a complete eye examination that showed no signs of DR development. No patients with a previous DR diagnosis were enrolled in the present study. The study population was composed predominantly of males (55%); the average age of the sample was 68 years (range: 26--93). On average, patients have been suffering from diabetes for 20 years (range: 2--41). The most common comorbidities developed by patients were hypertension (40%) and dyslipidaemia (38%). 324 patients (95%) successfully completed the procedure, though in 16 cases (5%) images were noncaptured due to either systemic conditions of the patients, insufficient mydriasis, or other technical reasons related to the fundus camera. The quality of digital images was adequate for the interpretation in 260 patients (80%), although it was ungradable in 64 cases (20%) due to insufficient dilation, media opacity, poor fixation, or the absence of one of the captured fields. As a result, taking into account the gradable 260 patients, 225 were classified as "negative" (87%) and 35 as "positive" (13%). Based on the entire screened population, 115 patients (34%) were referred to an ophthalmologist. Of these, 16 (14%) were patients from whom it was impossible to obtain images, 64 (56%) had no evaluable images, and 35 (30%) were "positive" cases. Of the previously mentioned 115 patients, 92 (91%) underwent a full ophthalmological examination, giving the following results: in 67 cases (73%), DR was not detected, though 25 patients (27%) presented signs of DR. In particular, 24% (N = 6) had mild nonproliferative DR, 52% (N = 13) had moderate nonproliferative DR, 12% (N = 3) had preproliferative DR, and 12% (N = 3) had proliferative DR. Concomitant DME was present in 36% (N = 9) of these patients. In 9 cases (36%), prompt treatment with intravitreal injections and/or laser photo-coagulation was required for proliferative and severe preproliferative retinopathy or macular edema. 3.2. Results from the Study Conducted in Ponzano {#sec3.2} ------------------------------------------------ After these general remarks, regarding the screened population, an economic evaluation was required in order to investigate the amount of resources dedicated for this specific innovative programme. It should be noted that the Veneto Region 2015 tariffs were taken into account in order to investigate the value of the complete screening programme, thus also including the entire cycle of intravitreal injections. With reference to the abovementioned distribution of the patients, the economic resources absorption, with regard to the whole population screened pathway, was divided into four distinct and logical phases:340 patients attended the screening programme, involving 1 healthcare professional (nurse) who spent 12 minutes per patient and considering the equipment amortization.324 patients completed the procedure, after which 1 ophthalmologist interpreted their digital images, spending about 5 minutes per patient, considering also the workstation and the administrative staff costs.out of the 115 patients referred for a complete examination, only 92 underwent an ophthalmology examination, in order to obtain an in-depth analysis of the disease (in the third phase, it is important to note that the costs of all the materials and the drugs utilised by the clinicians for the complete eye examination are included in the "first visit" reimbursement tariff).Nine patients, who were suffering from a severe stage of pathology, received pharmacological and/or laser treatment, thus considering that both the human resources and the materials/equipment costs are included in the procedure costs, as detailed in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}.It was first necessary to evaluate the costs related to the human resources involved in the screening programme. Thus, the gross monthly salary, related to each specific professional title, was taken into consideration. In particular, its time value per minute was multiplied by the time dedicated to each procedure. [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} shows the categories of cost impacting on each phase and the total cost per phase. [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} shows that the fourth phase absorbed the most part of the economic resources, presenting the economic evaluation of the treatment for 9 patients. In particular, three groups of patients suffering from RD or DME were considered: (i) 4 patients (45.5%) received a therapeutic cycle of intravitreal injections with Ranibizumab alone; (ii) 3 individuals (30%) received laser treatment as a support of Ranibizumab injection; and (iii) 24.5% (2 patients) received Dexamethasone, thus being consistent with literature and real-life data \[[@B28]\]. Treatment costs were related to a period of 12 months, in which clinicians administered to the patients a cycle composed of, on average, 3.61 (Ranibizumab) or 1.3 (Dexamethasone) intravitreal injections, based on the observation of the clinical pathway of the nine patients under investigation in the health authority of reference and consistent with other national and international literature evidence \[[@B28], [@B29]\]. No surgical interventions were performed in the observed population. Costs for an intravitreal injection were distinguished as follows: (a) the cost of the specific drug (€644.73 for Ranibizumab and €951.75 for Dexamethasone) and (b) the cost of the procedure carried out by the health authority of reference (€290.00, independently of the administered drug). Patients performing laser therapy absorbed an additional cost equal to €81.28 for every single procedure. The costs related to these two treatment phases are detailed in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}. With reference to Tables [1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} and [2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}, the amount of all the screening costs for patients within the area of Ponzano was equal to €35,899.81, treating the 340 patients who attended the programme. 3.3. Results from the Economic Evaluation Testing the Feasibility of the Screening Programme in the Grater Treviso Catchment Area {#sec3.3} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After the costs of the screening programme phases had been calculated, the prevention activity was then extended to the Treviso catchment area (considering the whole ULSS 9), in order to estimate the feasibility of the screening procedure in a larger population. This area presents 22,000 estimated diabetes cases. If the response rate was the same as that in the pilot study (80%), 17.600 patients would be expected to attend the screening programme within the first year. Considering an average work shift of 7 hours per day, a single nurse, completely devoted to the screening activities, could be able to perform about 7,000 procedures per year. With regard to the ophthalmologist and the administrative staff, assuming an average work shift of 8 hours, it emerges that the clinician could produce on average 9,600 medical reports per year, and the administrative staff could generate a maximum amount of 19,200 documents per year. As a result, 3 members of the paramedical staff (nurses), 2 ophthalmologists, and 1 administrative would also be required to treat the abovementioned attending patients. Investment in the required equipment would be made to cover the need of the expected diabetic citizens; in particular, it should be allocated to 5 pieces of equipment, thus requiring an overall investment of €72,000. Considering the incidence of blindness as a result of DR (0.002% per year, taking into account the whole ULSS 9 that has 419,728 inhabitants), 8 new cases every year would be expected if the screening programme was not applied. The screening programme conducted reported an effectiveness equal to 74.59%, calculated as the difference between individuals attending the screening programme and individuals who did not participate in the prevention activities, or patients who denied to go to the ophthalmologist for the complete eye examination. Considering the Treviso catchment area, 4,400 individuals did not attend the screening programme whereas 1,190 did not perform the in-depth visit, thus reaching a total amount of 5,590 individuals (25.41% of the overall invited population). In this view, in the innovative scenario, only 2 patients would develop blindness. Literature evidence \[[@B30]\] shows that the cost of blindness is approximately \$18,670 (i.e., €16,803), including only medical and direct costs. In addition, therapeutic treatment should be administered to 8% of DR patients, considering both the screening pathway and the "no prevention" strategy. In particular, 381 patients referring to the screening pathway scenario and 609 patients (thus considering a DR occurrence rate equal to 34.60% \[[@B31]\] within the diabetic population) for whom "no prevention" strategy was implemented received drugs therapy. The distribution of the treated population, considering the administered drug (74.5% for Ranibizumab alone or with the support of laser therapy and 25.5% for Dexamethasone \[[@B28], [@B29]\]), as well as the treatment frequency within a 12-month time horizon, was assumed to be the same as the conducted study previously described. With reference to these data, the total costs of the two different pathways are presented in [Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}. In this view, it emerged that in both scenarios the more significant economic resources absorption was related to the treatment phase: at 12-month time horizon, the administration of Ranibizumab with the support of laser therapy, Ranibizumab alone, or Dexamethasone required, on average, €3,667.80, €3,374.38, and €1,614.28, respectively, per patient. [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"} reports the results of the sensitivity analyses, demonstrating an overall economic advantage in all the cases in which the prevention activity is implemented, thus ensuring the robustness of the BIA result. In particular, it emerged that the economic benefits of the screening programme implementation are more sensitive to the higher number of screened individuals, in comparison with the decrease of the blindness events that occurred. More investments are required from the healthcare service, if the screening programme would cover a larger number of the target population: in particular, achieving a maximum attendance rate equal to 92%, the healthcare service would equally benefit of an economic saving of −2.38%, always resulting in the preferable solution. 4. Discussion {#sec4} ============= Screening for diabetic retinopathy is important because the majority of patients who develop DR show no symptoms until diabetic macular edema and/or proliferative diabetic retinopathy are present, thus confirming that, in the early stages of the investigated disease, any notable symptoms affect the patients. Although the beginning of the DR has an asymptomatic nature, the attendance rate reported in the proposed study was equal to 80%, thus demonstrating the effectiveness and the validity of the screening programme. An increase in the attendance rate could be achieved with an improvement and a diversification of the communication tools to inform patients concerning the importance of the eyes examinations and controls, thus enhancing their awareness on this field. In particular, literature \[[@B32]\] reported that telehealth or telemedicine programmes may facilitate early DR diagnosis and timely treatment, preserving vision. The results of the study show the importance of a screening programme, from an economic point of view, one leading to a substantial saving of €271,543.32 (−13.71%) in comparison with the "no prevention" strategy. In addition, three-field colour, 45-degree, nonmydriatic images have demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 92%, respectively, in the diagnosis of DR, representing an effective tool in a screening setting \[[@B19]\]. Traditionally, ophthalmologists evaluate patients for DR by mydriatic indirect ophthalmoscopy. The references for the correct follow-up and management are the AAO and national guidelines for DR \[[@B33], [@B34]\]. However, despite the relevance of implementing a screening programme, in the real world, these recommendations are seldom adhered to. The increasing number of diabetic patients, in particular due to the population ageing, delays access to the next ophthalmologic examination. It has been estimated that only 50% of the known diabetic patients receive the recommended regular eye examinations \[[@B35]\], something that may be considered a real concern. Eye screening offers the possibility of identifying the early signs of DR, thus preventing visual loss due to DME. As previously described, new technological screening procedures based on digital mydriatic and nonmydriatic fundus images present multiple advantages. Images can be taken by trained nonspecialist operators and can be viewed "online" by specifically trained ophthalmologists in a deferred time, thus sparing and optimising resources. This could lead to a significant benefit with the decreasing of waiting lists, a phenomenon perceived by citizens as a serious problem of modern healthcare systems that compromises the coverage of their health needs. In addition, because of their easy and safe use, without the administration of drugs, nonmydriatic cameras can be placed in primary care settings in order to improve the access to care. A large-scale application of this screening strategy could spare unnecessary examinations for "negative" patients, thus preventing irreversible loss of visual acuity for persons affected by retinopathy, due to long waiting lists for eye examination. In particular, it emerged that the screening programme presented in the study has the potential to reduce the prevalence of blindness due to DR in the Veneto Region. With reference to this, the nonmydriatic fundus camera is not only effective but also cost-effective in the investigated greater area and leads to significant benefits for both the regional healthcare service and for the patients. Vision loss is associated not only with a large increase of costs due to the management of this condition but also with the compromise of a patient\'s quality of life, thus representing a significant social burden and requiring a future in-depth analysis. In fact, with the rapid ageing of the population, and considering that older adults could stay active and also productive in this specific part of their lives, blindness should be a public healthcare priority. Healthcare regulators and policy makers will benefit from the implementation of adequate screening programmes, optimising effectiveness and resources allocation within this specific target population. In this view, the present study would represent the first attempt to extent the current theories and models into the practical context of the healthcare sector, extending the results of the study, from the Italian setting to other European and international contexts. The results would contribute in the advancement and establishment of organisational and management models to be applied in the prevention sector, freeing up hospital resources for more severe cases of patients and reducing the economic and social burden of waiting lists for ophthalmic procedures. The early diagnosis and the process of taking charge of the patients could be considered an effective way to offer a better healthcare delivery to the patients, a clinical pathways optimisation but, in particular, a possible economic saving for the healthcare services. A future interesting contribution for policy makers could be also the definition of the best screening programme organisational setting, maximizing both effectiveness and efficiency, involving different healthcare professionals, such as general practitioners and pharmacists. New approaches to the screening development could reduce healthcare expenditure and increase the attendance rate for patients. In this view, further researches could be addressed to the proposal of a reimbursement tariff for the diabetic screening activities, with reference to different clinical setting in which the procedure could be performed, as well as the implementation of a multidimensional assessment (through the health technology assessment tool) in order to understand all the possible implications (organisational, social, and equity aspects) of the adoption of screening programmes, measured into the clinical practice, generating significant advancement to these findings and their robustness. Competing Interests =================== The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. ###### Cost of the screening programme, distinguished by phases. Phases Human resources Materials and equipment Drugs Total ----------- --------------------- ------------------------- ------------ ------------ Phase I €1,056.23 €2,112.46 --- €3,168.69 Phase II €1,170.98 €1,170.39 --- €2,341.37 Phase III €3,109.10 --- --- €3,109.10 Phase IV --- --- €27,280.65 €27,280.65 Total€35,899.81 ###### Details of the treatment\'s costs. Treatment option Cost of the drug administered Procedure Total cost for a single injection Total cost for a therapeutic cycle Total cost for the treated population (9 patients) ----------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------- Ranibizumab + laser therapy €644.73 €371.28 €1,016.01 €3,667.80 €9,903.07 Ranibizumab €644.73 €290.00 €934.73 €3,374.38 €22,928.93 Dexamethasone €951.75 €290.00 €1,241.75 €1,614.28 €3,559.48 ###### Economic resources related to the investigated procedures. Screening programme pathway ----------------------------- ------------------ Phase I €164,026.11 Phase II €121,230.90 Phase III €160,924.94 Phase IV (treatment) €1,154,724.70 Investment in equipment €72,000.00 Blindness €35,843.46 Total €1,708,750,11 "Do nothing" strategy Blindness €134,424.00 Treatment €1,845,869.43 Total €1,980,293.43 Economic savings −€271,543.32 −13.71% ###### Sensitivity analyses. Sensitivity analysis Screening attendance rate Eye examination rate "To do nothing" strategy Screening programme pathway Difference (€) Difference (%) -------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- Sensitivity analysis I 32% 75% €1,980,293.43 €811,332.32 −€1,168,961.11 −59.03% Sensitivity analysis II 92% 75% €1,980,293.43 €1,933,104.55 −€47,188.87 −2.38% Sensitivity analysis III 80% 85% €1,980,293.43 €1,789,070.03 −€191,223.39 −9.66% Sensitivity analysis IV 80% 90% €1,980,293.43 €1,869,389.96 −€110,903.47 −5.60% [^1]: Academic Editor: Tamer A. Macky	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Certain data storage devices operate by moving a sequential information storage medium across a read head having multiple read/write elements. To efficiently read and write data to and from the tape, it is necessary that the tape be in physical contact with the read head. To maintain contact between the sequential information storage medium and the read head, the sequential information storage medium is directed towards the read head at an angle, called the wrap angle, such that an air pressure differential is created which presses the tape against the read/write head. Such a wrap angle is set by adjusting upwardly or downwardly the position of a roller disposed adjacent the read head. The roller position must be set during data storage device manufacture or maintenance. Prior art apparatus and methods require a time-consuming process to determine a nominal wrap angle, and then position the roller using that nominal wrap angle.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Adaptive hole filling in regards of the adjacent regions I have the following problem, best explained with this picture: I have a hole (blue) with an edge (white line). I now want to fill the hole with the color of the region next to it. So above the white line it shoud be yellow and below the white line red. Is there an algorithm which does something similar i could adapt? Possibly even an implementation in openCV? EDIT Ok, maybe to specify: The white line is from an edge detection and irregular. Also there are many blue spots like this on a big image and it needs to compute the color for each spot according to the adjacent colors EDIT2: added a better example image containing the whole scene: To further clarify: Only the blue "holes" should be filled, because they are the regions of error we know. The white object edges are taken from a ground truth for this example which is more precise than the data we can actually work with. It is possible to get a aproximation of that edge though. The data is a depth map from a multi camera scan by the way. Goal is to fill the error regions cause by overshadowing of the objects. If an object can't be viewed by 2 camera views, because it is obfuscated, no depth estimation is possible. A: I kinda found a solution to my problem: openCV has a inpaint function. I'm gonna modify this according to this paper. Should work fine for my case.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Pages Friday, November 30, 2012 Highlights: -God has provided commitments for our full financial partnership needs! -December 28th is our departure date for language school in Brazil. -You are invited to a special night of commissioning, December 16, 6 pm at Rich Fork Baptist Church, Thomasville, NC. Faithful, loving friends, The past couple of weeks have found us with much for which we are thankful. We finished up our time with friends and family in North Carolina by celebrating with them our full financial partnership. This was a truly exciting step in our journey and we were blessed to share it with many of those who started this journey with us many months ago. We returned to Virginia in time to celebrate Thanksgiving in grand style…well, in “sick style” that is. All four of us have battled the same fever/cough for going on two weeks now. (We would ask for your prayers for health.) David and Nathan are still feeling poorly, but Caleb and Wendi are almost fully recovered. Caleb was running around the house, cheering for some reason earlier today and we agreed it was easy to see he is feeling MUCH better. We fully expect to overcome the germs in time for our commissioning on December 16, 6 pm at Rich Fork Baptist Church, Thomasville, NC. We hope that many of you will be able to attend this special evening of preparation and worship as it is not just about us. This night of commissioning is for you, our entire team of partners, as God is calling all of us to serve Him by bringing His Word to the Bibleless of Mozambique. As we have often said, our family is just a small part of a large team of people who love Jesus and want to see His name made famous. The remainder of December will find us cherishing the gift of celebrating the birth of our Savior with our family and preparing for our departure on December 28th. Continue to pray for the visa process as we will be sending in all the paper work to begin the process this week. We are asking God to go before us in the visa process, making it smooth and quick. We thank you again for all you have done for our family. Your words of encouragement and acts of kindness are high on our list of thanks this year! We love you dearly and pray for you often! Join us in praising God for: Full financial partnership needs being met. Reasonable price for plane tickets to Brazil. Friends and family who love us dearly. Challenging us to grow in our walks with Him. Teaching us that this process is all about Him and His glory, not about anything we say or do. His Word which is truth and life. He is sovereign and His timing is perfect! Join us in praying for: God to go before us in the visa process and for it to be finished in a timely fashion. Tuesday, November 27, 2012 Seemed like an easy task. Post something each day about which you are thankful. 30 days of thankfulness during that time of year that turns all of our hearts to thanksgiving. Then hits the week when it is hard to be thankful. Nothing big, nothing bad. Just the mundane. Illness. Disappointment. Short tempers. Sharp words. What to post? Most of life's circumstances were unchanged. Still much to be thankful for...except my heart just wasn't in it anymore. I didn't want to be thankful. No big deal, right? Who's going to miss one little post about being thankful? Your unthankfulness robs Me of the glory due Me. A reminder from the Spirit of God that this was about far more than a little post. The attitude that I had fostered and allowed to grow in my heart was flat out ungratefulness. Wrapped up in the self-pity and selfish desires, I could not see beyond myself to all that He continued to do. Reading in Romans 1 that day, full of my own self-righteousness, I couldn't help but to look down at those who are mentioned that abandon God for their own desires and pleasures. Glad this wasn't about me, I almost missed the part that was... For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him... (v 21). Your unthankfulness robs Me of the glory due Me. Unthankfulness tells God that what He is doing is not good enough for you. It puts you in a higher place than Him as you put yourself in place as His judge. (Fairly sure me trying to judge the Perfect judge of the Universe is not the best of ideas...) Thankfulness is far more than a little post or even a certain day or season of the year. Thankfulness is an attitude of the heart. It is a heart that looks toward God and falls to its knees, praising Him for all that we are and have, knowing that it is all but a gift of His grace. It is not my hope that this would inspire you to be more thankful, to carry the thanksgiving spirit through the year and all that. My desire and the lesson that I am continuing to learn through this all is the magnitude and importance of thankfulness. Thankfulness is and should be the foundational response of our heart towards God. When we are ungrateful or unthankful, we completely miss the mark of how we are to relate to the Holy, Awesome, Might, Perfect Creator of All. Unthankfulness is far more than missing one little post- it is the robbing of God's glory and the honor due His name. Saturday, November 24, 2012 Sacrifice of praise. Not two words that I would put together or think have much to do with each other. But there they were. Together. Through him then let us continually offer up a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that acknowledge his name. Hebrews 13:15 Sacrifice. To give up. To surrender. To offer. Images of loss, pain and hands letting go. Praise. To rejoice. To celebrate. To give honor due. Images of joy, adoration, and hands lifted. When does praise become a sacrifice? How does acknowledging His name become an offering? Praise given in the midst of pain is sacrifice. Many that we know celebrated this Thanksgiving with hearts that ache for those who are no longer here. Many celebrate this season of thanks with those who might not be here for next year's. On a much smaller scale, we celebrated our Thanksgiving in a subdued manner as we all struggled with illness. In these circumstances, and in so many more, praise is still given. Praise given to Whom it is truly due is sacrifice. Praise gives honor to where honor is due. It is so easy to look around in the midst of joy and say, "Look at all the good I have done. Look at all the good I have accomplished." Our praise should turn the focus away from ourselves and to the One who purposes and accomplishes it all. In giving praise to Whom honor is due, we are sacrificing our own pride, our own recognition, our own praise. Praise resulting in open hands is sacrifice. In the midst of praise we have two options: we can cling to that for which we praise, hands tight and unmoving or we can hold to it loosely, hands open, surrendered. Our praise should be continuous, but not unmovable. If we seek to hold on to that for which we praise, we will miss out on so much more. In every circumstance, let us acknowledge Him who is truly worthy with open hands and lives surrendered..for that friends is truly the sacrifice of praise. Monday, November 12, 2012 Today was a day full of exciting news... make sure you read to the end to hear it all...first we were able to send this update: Highlights: -We have received the go ahead to purchase plane tickets and begin the visa process for language school in Brazil. -Recurring monthly financial partnership need is now $150 per month! -We are spending this week in the Lexington, NC area and would love to see you! Friends, What an exciting week we have had! Yesterday, we were able to travel to NC and spent the morning worshiping at our home church, Rich Fork Baptist. It was very encouraging to see familiar faces and receive hug after hug after hug. In the evening we attended a fabulous night of worship and celebration of missions at Centergrove Baptist. Both events worked to strengthen our spirits and leave smiles on our faces. We also received news this weekend from our advisors at Wycliffe that we can go ahead with buying tickets and starting the visa process for language school in Brazil! Please be praying for us as we take this next big step of faith. Pray that we are able to communicate with the language school about our arrival date. Our hope is that we would be able to purchase tickets for the end of December (right after Christmas). Still, we continue to trust that God’s timing is perfect and that He will get us there when He wants us there. Pray that God goes before us in the visa process and clears the way. Pray that the last little bit of our recurring monthly financial partnership needs are completed so that we can leave for language school. God continues to provide abundantly for our needs, adding several new partners this week. Our current need rests at $150 per month. If you are interested in being used by God to join as a prayer or financial partner, please email us or visit http://partner.richlysupplied.com. Thank you friends for loving us so well- for your encouraging notes, words and hugs. We are blessed by each of you and count you as gifts from God. May He bless your day with His presence and His favor! For His glory, David and Wendi ...THEN JUST A FEW HOURS LATER THIS NEWS... Faithful friends, We could not wait to share with you the news that we all have long prayed for and anticipated… God, in His lavish grace, has richly supplied ALL of our recurring financial partnership needs! Through you, our friends, we have reached 100% of the necessary funding! Our hands shake with joy and praise of God as we type that phrase. We are speechless at your generosity and willingness to give. Thank you for touching our lives and the lives of countless others as God uses you to bring His Word to the Bibleless of Mozambique! Friday, November 9, 2012 Make that $275 per month needed now to complete our financial partnership needs Highlights: Only $330 of our monthly financial budget needs remain to be met! We will be in NC Nov. 11-18. We would love to see you if you live in the area! Read on for specific ways to join us in prayer... Friends and faithful prayer warriors, As you might know, prayer has been the foundation and center of our calling and mission from the beginning. We have repeatedly seen God answer specific prayers as it has progressed. For this week’s update, we wanted to share with you our prayers in hope that you will join along beside us in praying for God’s hand to move in our ministry to the Bibleless of Mozambique. We praise God: For a week spent with friends in Pennsylvania and northern Virginia. It was a time of joyful renewal as we shared about what God is doing in our lives as well as learned about what He is doing in theirs. We praise Him for friendships that have lasted through distance and time and will last throughout eternity! For His provision of 4 new financial partners! Our current monthly financial need is at $330. We praise Him for continuing to raise up a partnership team that supports and encourages us beyond belief! (If you are interested in joining the team as a prayer or financial partner, please email us or visit http://partner.richlysupplied.com today.) For Nathan's fourth birthday coming up on Wednesday! That we will be in the Thomasville/Lexington, NC area November 11-18. (Email us if you would like to get together while we are there.) In addition to praising God, we ask Him: To break down any barriers, physical, emotional or spiritual, that are hindering people from being able to commit to partnership. To go before us in the visa process, smoothing out all hindrances before we even begin. To fully supply our monthly financial budgetary needs in His timing—and that His timing would be before Thanksgiving. To work through His Spirit to help us to stand steadfast as we wait. Some days are harder than others and we need His power to help us stay focused and trusting in Him. Thank you for coming alongside us in prayer as we go with confidence before the throne of grace! Your prayers, encouragement and support are truly priceless to our family! Please continue to let us know how to pray for you. We count it an honor to pray for you and are eager to know just how we can pray. Wednesday, November 7, 2012 You have moved from the house you always knew and gave up most of your toys in the process. You have said, "See you later" to many cherished friends... And made many new friends throughout our travels. In the midst of it all, you have remained the loving, cheerful, laughing boy we love. You are a charmer and are really too cute for your own good. You are our love-bug, often confirming your love with words and actions. You love your brother fiercely...sometimes too fiercely... A hotdog and desert eating machine, you make us laugh often throughout the day. You are our Natey, our Nathan, our gift from God. May God continue to grow you in stature and wisdom in favor with Himself and men. May you live and love for His glory alone. May He guide you, keep you and cause His face to shine upon you...that His name would be made known in the nations. Monday, November 5, 2012 The tears flowed slowly at first and for a moment I couldn’t even place why exactly I was crying.David looked at me with a questioning look on his face.We had just finished our journey back from a wonderful week of travel to see friends and share about our ministry and the tears could be really about anything.Was it exhaustion?Was it joy at being able to sleep in our bed?Did my heart already miss those who mean so much to us? Yes. No. Maybe all of the above.As I mumbled and sought for words to put around my tears, one thought seized my heart, “I am homesick.” It may not be a good thing to be homesick before we even leave, but it is a good way to describe where our hearts are these days.Now do not get us wrong, God has blessed us abundantly with amazing friends and family who have loved us deeply by letting us join as a part of their families as we stay with them.We have enjoyed the time pouring deeply into these friendships and have been changed for the better by the generosity and hospitality we have received. Still, our hearts ache with a longing of home. A home that was…we miss having our space as a family.Wendi misses fixing dinner as the boys play in the backyard.David misses tinkering in the yard and the garden.We miss watching the leaves change on the pecan trees and the piles of leaves which they produced that were perfect for jumping into. A home that is…our home now is where ever we happen to be.As Nathan reminds us often we are nomads (and even yes-mads somedays.)This nomadic life is very much like living on tour…we get to travel all over seeing amazing people and places, but our hearts long to be in one place, settled and secure. A home that will be…we desire to be home in a place we have not yet even seen- whether that is an apartment in Brazil or a house in Nampula, Mozambique, our hearts are partially already there.We desire to meet the people God is going to use to grow His kingdom through our lives.We desire to make new memories and to learn more about who God is through the new experiences we will have.We long to share with others the glorious truth of His grace, forgiveness and love. Our hearts long for home in so many different ways it is difficult to wrap words around the depths of the emotion.It is as if our longings for things that once were are mixed with an appreciation of what is, as well as eagerness for what is to come. And in the depths of these emotions, the Spirit of Truth whispers to our hearts, “This is only the beginning.”For you see the homesickness which we know now will be multiplied at points while we are in Mozambique, and even more than that, the more we seek God, the more our hearts will ache to be home with Him. While the tears have now dried, the emotions still swirl in our hearts…and will continue to do so until that day when we find ourselves truly at home with Him. Friday, November 2, 2012 Ever have those days that seem to fly by and then when you look back, you can't quite remember what all you did? Yep. That is life this week. Being "hurricaned" in for a couple of days made this week go very quickly. We have a couple more days to share with friends in northern Virginia before heading back to Roanoke...(and rumor has it that we might be in the Thomasville/Lexington area in the next couple of weeks as well!) We haven't had time to download pictures from our visits, so this funny picture of the boys will have to do. (As you can see, we aren't quite ready for the cold weather, since we got rid of most of our winter clothing items.) Until things settle back down, below is our latest update on our ministry. We are happy to report that it is already out dated and that only $372 of our monthly financial partnership needs remain. God is good! Friends, We had a quick break in our travels and wanted to say "Hi!" and let you know how God has worked over the last week: -We truly enjoyed spending the weekend with friends in Pennsylvania and the last few days "hurricaned" in with friends in northern Virginia. Although we lost power for several hours, we thrived with Phase 10 and stove top popcorn. -We will spend the next few days trying to connect with different people here in northern Virginia before returning to Roanoke, VA on Nov. 4. -God has continued to provide for our team! We have gained 15 new prayer partners and 4 new recurring financial partners this week (as well as had current partners increase their gifts.) We now need $397 per month to complete our monthly financial partnership needs. (If you would like to partner in any way, please visit http://partner.richlysupplied.com. God is so good and we continue to praise Him for His abundant provision as we wait to see Him finish this good work!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Frank Arok Ferenc "Frank" Arok () (born 20 January 1932 in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a retired Serbian/Australian association football player and coach of Hungarian descent. Arok played for FK Jedinstvo in Yugoslavia during the 1950s before moving into coaching. In the early 1960s Arok coached FK Novi Sad and FK Vojvodina before being brought out to Australia. In Australia Arok coached St George Saints, whom he led to a New South Wales State league title in 1972, and to the National Soccer League title in 1983, as well as South Melbourne FC, Port Melbourne, Gippsland Falcons, and Sydney Olympic but is best known for his role as coach of the Australian national team. Arok coached Australia in 48 A internationals between 1983 and 1989. In the 1990 Australia Day honours, Arok was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for "service to soccer, particularly as the Australian national coach". After working with Perth Glory's youth team between 2001 and 2003, Arok moved back to his homeland (Serbia) with his wife Gordana Divljak Arok to retire. He has one daughter, Marijana Novaković, and two granddaughters, Gordana Novaković and Lena Sokol. References External links TWG article Category:Yugoslav footballers Category:Serbian football managers Category:Australian soccer coaches Category:Football Federation Australia Hall of Fame inductees Category:Perth Glory FC Category:Australian people of Serbian descent Category:Australian people of Hungarian descent Category:Australia national soccer team managers Category:Living people Category:1932 births Category:Sydney Olympic FC managers Category:Expatriate soccer managers in Australia Category:South Melbourne FC managers Category:Association footballers not categorized by position Category:Members of the Order of Australia Category:Serbian people of Hungarian descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
A French court has told a woman suffering from an incurable facial tumour that doctors cannot assist her suicide. Chantal Sebire (pictured) suffers from esthesioneuroblastoma, a rare cancer of the nasal cavity which will progressively damage her brain and eventually kill her. Already her ability to see, taste and smell has been significantly impacted. France passed a law in 2005 which allows families and doctors of terminally-ill patients to withhold life-sustaining treatment, but the courts have made it clear that this law in no way permits active measures to provoke death. In other words, "passive euthanasia" (withholding treatment) is legal, while "active euthanasia" (deliberately acting to end a patient's life) remains illegal. The consequence of this court decision is that Ms Sebire now faces months or years of living with a progressively more painful and debilitating condition. During that time, she may decide to refuse all medical assistance except pain relief. Alternatively, she could decide to travel to Switzerland,Belgium or the Netherlands, where assisted suicide (under certain circumstances) is legal. Ms Sabire has chosen not to appeal this judgment, and her friends say she may soon check into a Swiss clinic specialising in assisted suicide. For more information on the medical aspects of Chantal Sebire's condition, see here and here. Chantal Sebire's condition is rare and extremely complex. But the arguments her case raises, on both sides of the euthanasia debate, are very familiar. The drift within law in various European countries has been towards a more permissive response to tragic situations such as this one. Nevertheless, assisted suicide remains a criminal offence in Britain, Ireland and in most European jurisdictions. Is it time to change the law to give doctors the legal freedom to act deliberately to end the life of a terminally-ill patient who faces months and years of suffering before their inevitable death?	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: DNS entries for AWS Website and GoogleApps Mail I need some help sorting out my DNS entries. I have a domain, lets say it's somecompany.com Off this domain I have a website on AWS Cloudfront, which should be accessible via www.somecompany.com & somecompany.com I also have Google Apps setup for email, so users have addresses like user@somecompany.com My problem is that although I can setup the Google Apps DNS entries and get mail sent to the right address. As soon as I also setup the entry for the website the mail stops being received by users@somecompany.com. I suspect some type of clash between the MX records and CNAME of somecompany.com but I'm not sure how to fix it. DNS table is as follows... somecompany.com CNAME xxxxxxxx.cloudfront.net www.somecompany.com CNAME somecompany.com somecompany.com MX ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM somecompany.com MX ALT1.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM somecompany.com MX ALT2.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM somecompany.com MX ALT3.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM somecompany.com MX ALT4.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM somecompany.com NS ns1.openprovider.nl somecompany.com NS ns2.openprovider.be somecompany.com NS ns3.openprovider.eu somecompany.com SOA ns1.openprovider.nl dns@openprovider.eu xxxxxxxxxx somecompany.com TXT google-site-verification=xxxxxxxxxx A: CNAME is not valid as the top entry (at the zone apex) of a domain. foo.example.com can be a CNAME and typically work as expected, but example.com (also called the "naked domain") cannot. A CNAME masks all of the other records, by definition, and is invalid in conjunction with other records. Your DNS hosting provider is technically broken if they are letting you configure it this way. You often get away with it for just a web site, but as you can see, email is one of several places where you don't. It was because of the limitation of CNAME that Amazon Route 53 implemented the concept of an ALIAS record, for pointing the A record at the zone apex to CloudFront, Elastic Load Balancer, and S3 static hosting endpoints. Those services give you a hostname for your endpoint, not an IP address, so you need this type of record at the apex. This record type isn't really a record type at all; the record itself is still an A record, as evidenced by the response, but Route 53 resolves them internally by cross-reference in order to find the correct A-record from the underlying service, and return it to the requester. I am not affiliated with AWS; this is not a plug. From a technical perspective, if you are hosting a site on CF, ELB, or S3, it usually makes the most sense to host your DNS on Route 53 because Alias records do what you need here, and it's not always possible to do the correct thing with other DNS providers. Some providers do have something called an "ANAME" which behaves similar to Alias, and if yours offers that, then that should work also. See also Difference between A Record and CNAME in Route 53 for more about CNAME vs. Alias.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Piles are used to support structures where surface soil is weak by penetrating the ground to a depth where a competent load-bearing stratum is found. Helical (screw) piles represent a cost-effective alternative to conventional piles because of their speed and ease of installation and relatively low cost. They have an added advantage with regard to their efficiency and reliability for underpinning and repair. A helical pile typically is made of relatively small galvanized steel shafts sequentially joined together, with a lead section having helical plates. The pile is installed by applying torque to the shaft at the pile head, which causes the plates to screw into the ground with minimal soil disruption. The main drawbacks of helical piles are poor resistance to both buckling and lateral movement. Greater pile stability can be achieved by incorporating a portland-cement-based grout column around the pile shaft. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,402 to Vickars (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), which discloses both cased and uncased grouted screw piles and methods for installing them. The grout column is formed by creating a void in the ground as the shaft descends and pouring or pumping a flowable grout into the void to surround and encapsulate the shaft. The void is formed by a soil displacement disk attached to the shaft above the helical plate(s). The grout column may be reinforced with lengths of steel rebar and/or polypropylene fibers. A strengthening casing or sleeve (steel or PVC pipe) can also contain the grout column. However, because the casing segments are rotated as the screw and the shaft advance through the soil, substantial torque and energy are required to overcome frictional forces generated by contact with the surrounding soil. More effective compaction of the surrounding soil would reduce skin friction during installation and lessen damage to the casing.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Instructions: Round 2: Ch 1. Sc in same stitch and in the next two stitches. Ch 3. Skip the next three stitches. Sc in the next 3 stitches. Ch 3. Skip the next 3 stitches. Repeat from * to * all the way around. Join with a SS to the first Sc made. Round 3: SS into the next stitch. Ch 1. Sc in same stitch. Make 5 Dc in next Chain 3. space. skip the next Sc. Sc in the next stitch. Repeat from * to * until the last Chain 3. space. Make 5 Dc in the next Chain 3. space. Join with a SS to the first Sc made. Round 4: SS into the next 2 stitches. Ch 1. Sc in same stitch and the next 2 stitches. Ch 3. Skip the next 3 stitches. Sc in the next 3 stitches. Ch 3. Skip the next 3 stitches. Repeat from * to * all the way around. Join with a SS to the first Sc made. Round 5-16: Repeat Rounds 3 and 4 Round 17: Ch 1. Sc in each Sc and each ch around. Join with a SS to the first Sc made.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
- 10, 4u + 5t - 2 = -0 for u. -2 Solve q - 5t = -5 - 1, 3q - t = 10 for q. 4 Solve -3w = -4v + 5, -5w + 5v - 15 = -3w for w. 5 Solve 20 = -6r + 7r - 5b, -3b = 9 for r. 5 Solve 12k - v = 17k - 2, -5v + 10 = -5k for k. 0 Solve 5w + 8 = -2z, -20w + 25w + 10 = 0 for z. 1 Solve 4o - 2y = 20, 9 = 2o - 3o - 3y for o. 3 Solve -m = 4t - 13, -5m - 1 + 26 = 0 for t. 2 Solve 3h - 4o + 4 = 0, -24 = -4h - 0h - 2o for h. 4 Solve 8u - 4w + 37 = 3u, 0 = -4u + 3w - 29 for u. -5 Solve -2l - 2b - 10 = 0, 0 = -12l + 16l + 2b + 22 for l. -6 Solve 4u - 2n + 22 = 0, 2n = -u - 3u - 2 for u. -3 Solve -2 = y + 5n - 22, 4y - 4n = 8 for y. 5 Solve -k - 9 = -565y + 563y, 4y - 5k - 21 = 0 for y. 4 Solve -3z - 2w = -1 - 1, -4z - 4 = w for z. -2 Solve -4w + u = 17, -4w - 5 = -3u + 14 for w. -4 Solve 3z - 31 = -5r, 115z + 17 = 5r + 111z for r. 5 Solve 0 = -2x + 5x - 6, -3 = -3q + 3x for q. 3 Solve p = 5y + 3, -5y - 4 = -y for p. -2 Solve -5p - x - 11 = -7p, 4p - 5x = 37 for p. 3 Solve 2j - 8 = 0, 5c - 21 - 3 = -j for c. 4 Solve -1 = 2q + x, 0q + 4x - 14 = -2q for q. -3 Solve -j = 5d + 34, 2j - 4d + 65 - 81 = 0 for j. -4 Solve 0 = -5w - 25, -j + 5w + 13 = 2j for j. -4 Solve -10i = -12i, 2i = -2d + 2 for d. 1 Solve 3 = s - n - 0, -3s = 3n + 21 for s. -2 Solve -10c - 5v - 21 = -14c, -v = -5c for c. -1 Solve 3s - 3b = -43 + 28, -5s - 4b + 20 = 0 for s. 0 Solve 0 = 5f + 2y + 3y - 30, 4f - 5y = 15 for f. 5 Solve -3c + 16 = 2k, 4c - k + 0k = 14 for c. 4 Solve 0 = -15f + 14f + 4j + 20, 0 = -4f - j - 5 for f. 0 Solve 5t = 8t, b + 2b + 12 = t for b. -4 Solve 0 = -5i - 2d - 0d - 5, -4d + 1 = -i for i. -1 Solve 0 = 3p + 2v + 1 + 7, 4p + 4v = -12 for p. -2 Solve r = -5m + 4, 4r - 1 + 6 = m for m. 1 Solve 4v + 4n - 8 = 0, 3n + 0 = -2v + 2 for v. 4 Solve 3q = 2p + 3, -23 + 22 = -q + 2p for q. 1 Solve 2m - 3 = -5, 4s - 2m = -14 for s. -4 Solve s = -2c + 10, -25 = s - 2s - 5c for s. 0 Solve 10 = -0n - 2n, 0 = h + 3n + 14 for h. 1 Solve a - 12 = -4o - a, -5a = -5o + 30 for o. 4 Solve -2v + v - 3l - 12 = 0, 5v + 2l = 5 for v. 3 Solve 2j = -2u - 4, 2u + 3 = j + 11 for u. 2 Solve 0 = 5n + m - 7, 2n + 5m + 13 = n for n. 2 Solve 2j + 12 = 3a - 5a, 0 = 3a - 5j - 14 for a. -2 Solve 9 = 2w - 3h, -h = -4w - 154 + 157 for w. 0 Solve q = t - 4, -q - 21 = -4t - 2q for t. 5 Solve v = 2a + 3, -45v = 2a - 44v + 1 for a. -1 Solve 5p - 7 = -5k + 2k, -16 = -3k + 4p for k. 4 Solve -u + 27i - 23i = -21, 4u = i + 9 for u. 1 Solve 9l + 3 = 10l + 4d, 3l + 5 = -5d for l. -5 Solve 3u - 5g + 84 = 102, 11 = 2u - 3g for u. 1 Solve 4h - b - 5 + 19 = 0, 0 = 3h + b + 14 for h. -4 Solve 4w + 4y + 14 = 6y, -10 = 2w + 2y for w. -4 Solve 4y + g = 8, 6g = 4y + g - 32 for y. 3 Solve 0 = -4p + 5i + 17, 39p - 42p - 16 = 2i for p. -2 Solve 2s - 4x - x + 15 = 0, 0 = s - 2x + 7 for s. -5 Solve 0 = 2l - 5x - 28, l - 6l - 2x + 12 = 0 for l. 4 Solve 3h + 0q = 5q + 22, 0 = -4h - 5q + 6 for h. 4 Solve 5h + 10 = 5o, 14h - 16h = 5o - 3 for o. 1 Solve -4w = 16, 5w + 2 = 3h - 3 for h. -5 Solve 5m + 4a = -5 - 16, -3m - 12 = 3a for m. -5 Solve 2r + 3y - 1 = 0, -3r + 3y = -7r + 17 for r. 8 Solve -5o = 5c + 25, -16c + 23 = -3o - 21c for o. -1 Solve 7l + 13 = 2t, 0l - 4l = 5t - 11 for t. 3 Solve 5u - 2y = 4u - 9, 0 = -5u - 2y - 21 for u. -5 Solve 3p - 4h - 17 = 0, 9p - 13p + 4h + 20 = 0 for p. 3 Solve -5j - 5r - 5 = 0, -5j = 8r - 9r + 17 for j. -3 Solve -6b + 3b = 0, -3v + 4b = 0 for v. 0 Solve 134h - 130h - 17 = -3a, -5a + 5h + 5 = 0 for a. 3 Solve 15l - 20l = 4i - 9, l - 3i - 17 = 0 for l. 5 Solve 4j + 8 = b, b + 13 = 4j - 7j for b. -4 Solve p + 3s + 0 + 12 = 0, -4p - 2s + 2 = 0 for p. 3 Solve -4m - 2 = -5h - 0h, -3h = 2m + 12 for h. -2 Solve -4g + 5n - 2n + 9 = 0, -4g = 2n + 6 for g. 0 Solve 0 = -4s, s - 2s - 10 = 2w for w. -5 Solve 5q - 4l - 7 = 0, -3q + 3 = 10l - 13l for q. 3 Solve -4n = 5x - 43 - 2, -3n = -x - 10 for x. 5 Solve -5g + 9 = 4h - 8, 4h = 2g + 10 for g. 1 Solve 2p - 2i = -6i - 4, -3p + i = 6 for p. -2 Solve -v = -2p - 6 - 4, -2v - 10 = 2p for v. 0 Solve 5p - 3y = 16, 0 = 2p - 64y + 65y - 13 for p. 5 Solve -u + 26 = 5j, 4j - 44 = -0u + 5u for u. -4 Solve -4 = 2w + 3x, w - 63 + 70 = -4x for w. 1 Solve 0 = -3y - 2c + 3, 2c = -9y + 5y + 4 for y. 1 Solve -9q + 6q + 4 = -h, -h + 2 = -q for h. 5 Solve -4p + 29 - 5 = -4j, 3p + 10 = -4j for j. -4 Solve -4u + 9 = z, 17z - 4u = 21z for z. -3 Solve -5m + 51 = -5z + 6, 5m - 37 = 3z for z. -4 Solve -2s + t = 2, 3t + 11 = 3s + 14 for s. -1 Solve 0p - p = 4x - 3, -2 = 2p + 4x for p. -5 Solve 5s - 2r - 17 = -13, -4s = 3r - 40 for s. 4 Solve 5l = -5b, -2b - 25 = -3l - 20 for l. 1 Solve -8m + 5v - 15 = -3m, m = -5v + 15 for m. 0 Solve 0 = -2y - 4b + 4, -2y + 2 = 14b - 11b for y. -2 Solve 2i + 4r + 16 = 0, i + 18 = -3i - r for i. -4 Solve -13 - 2 = -2r + 3o, 4o + 20 = 4r for r. 0 Solve 3g = -5m - 12, 2m = 3g - 8g - 20 for g. -4 Solve 3m - 3 = 3d, 36m - 4d + 24 = 39m for m. 4 Solve -3k + 8 = v, 3k - 2 = -4v + 6k for v. 2 Solve -5y + 4y = 5, -11 = -2s + 3y for s. -2 Solve -4r + f = -6, -f + 2f + 4 = 2r for r. 1 Solve 0 = 4c + 5y - 0y - 33, -5y + 27 = c for c. 2 Solve -v + n = 8, 5n = 4v + 8n + 11 for v. -5 Solve 0 = y - 4k + 19, -78k = 4y - 75k for y. -3 Solve -3 - 14 = 5w + 3j, w + 21 = -5j for w. -1 Solve z - 5d = -d, d = -2z for z. 0 Solve 4 = -3p + 4b + 39, 0 = -2p - b + 5 for p. 5 Solve -15 = t + 5n, n + 11 = -5t + 8 for t. 0 Solve 4a + 0h + 8 = 4h, 5a = -2h - 31 for a. -5 Solve -8x + 2t = -4x - 10, -4t = 5x - 19 for x. 3 Solve -9b = -5b + y - 12, b = -2y - 4 for b. 4 Solve -62k = -60k - a + 1, -5a + 25 = 0 for k. 2 Solve 8 = -4q - 4k, -2q = 4k + 3 + 5 for q. 0 Solve -3m = -4a - 8, -3m + 15 = -5a + 2 for a. -5 Solve c + d + 13 = 4c, -1 = c + d for c. 3 Solve 4l = 0, -3a + 162l - 164l = 3 for a. -1 Solve 5p + 35 = t + 4t, -3p + t = 17 for p. -5 Solve -6o = 4x - o + 35, 2o = -5x - 31 for x. -5 Solve 5g - 5 = 5d, -3 = 3g - 15 for d. 3 Solve -4m - d + 21 = 39, 5d = 4m + 30 for m. -5 Solve -3m = -2f - 14, 17 = 4m + 22f - 23f for m. 4 Solve 4w - 11d + 6d - 13 = 0, 0 = 5w - 5d - 10 for w. -3 Solve -5v - 2i = 12, -20 = 2v + 7i - 10i for v. -4 Solve 0 = -5r, -y + 16r - 13r = 2 for y. -2 Solve 0 = 2n - m - 6, 3n - 5m + 0 - 9 = 0 for n. 3 Solve -4 = -0v - 2v, 4v = b + 10 for b. -2 Solve 5s = -20, -12g - 1 = -11g - s for g. -5 Solve 3a + 0a = -u, -5a = -2u for a. 0 Solve q + 10 = -3i + 8i, -2q - 2i + 4 = 0 for q. 0 Solve -20 = l - 0l - 5q, 2l - 5q + 25 = 0 for l. -5 Solve -6 = 2q + 2d, 2q = 16d - 20d - 6 for q. -3 Solve n - 5k + 5 - 22 = 0, 0 = 5n + 5k + 5 for n. 2 Solve -a = 2r - 6, -17a = 4r - 19a - 20 for r. 4 Solve 5v + 53 = p + 41, p = -v - 6 for v. -3 Solve l + g + 4 = 1, 4g + 21 = 5l for l. 1 Solve 3k - 6 = -4n + 10, -k = -4n for k. 4 Solve 3i + 2g - 15 = 0, 4g = 5i + 2g - 9 for i. 3 Solve -20 = -4u - 5v, -5u + 4v - 3v = -25 for u. 5 Solve -7i + 4i = 4r + 22, 3r - 3i = -6 for r. -4 Solve 2h - 3x = 7, -1 - 10 = -h + 3x for h. -4 Solve 0s + s + 3n - 12 = 0, -2s + 5n = 31 for s. -3 Solve -1 = -2z - 3u, 7u = z + 4u - 5 for z. 2 Solve -4l - 14 = -0l - 2g, 3g = 3l + 15 for l. -2 Solve -2c = p - 6, 2c - 2p + 8 = 5c for c. 4 Solve -4m - 5w = -11, -4m + 3w + 18 + 1 = 0 for m. 4 Solve 0 = 5d - 2d + 5n + 21, -17 = d + 5n for d. -2 Solve -k - 5n - 18 = 0, 5k - 2n = 3k for k. -3 Solve -28h - 4t - 15 = -25h, 12 = 3h - 5t for h. -1 Solve h + z - 2 = 0, 4z + 3 = -3h + 9 for h. 2 Solve 2y - x - x = 2, -5y - x - 25 = 0 for y. -4 Solve 2v - 6 + 2 = 3m, -4m + 2 = v for v. 2 Solve -l + 1 - 3 = 0, -6 = -2j + 3l for j. 0 Solve -8o - f - 16 = -4o, 0 = -f for o. -4 Solve -3m = 2s + 11, 2m - 3m + s = 2 for m. -3 Solve 5c - 3m + 3 - 4 = 0, 4c - 4m - 4 = 0 for c. -1 Solve -28c - 5p = -24c - 3, 2p = c - 4 for c. 2 Solve 5m - 4 = -4y, 8y - 4*y = m -	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Between 2013 and 2015, The Pretty Reckless traveled the globe touring in support of their second album, the raucous, roaring, Catholic guilt-inspired Going To Hell. A bruising blend of ferocious rock and roll and inky blues, the album debuted in the Top 5 on the Billboard Top 200 and spun off three No. 1 Mainstream Rock singles, “Fucked Up World,” “Follow Me Down” and 2014’s most successful song at the format, “Heaven Knows,” which spent a total of 18 weeks in the top spot. Going to Hell’s success meant strong live demand for the New York City band, which is anchored by its songwriters, singer-guitarist Taylor Momsen and guitarist Ben Phillips, who have been making music together in partnership for ten years, and rounded out by bassist Mark Damon and drummer Jamie Perkins. The Going To Hell Tour sent The Pretty Reckless off on four separate jaunts across North America and three trips to Europe. Their explosive shows earned them legions of new fans at home and overseas. Despite feeling physically and emotionally spent after returning from their two-year odyssey, Momsen and Phillips jumped right into writing the songs for their third album, the scorching yet soulful Who You Selling For, which will be released by Razor & Tie in October. “We had so much we wanted to say, it was like shaking a can of soda on tour, and then when we started writing we cracked the seal,” says Momsen. “The touring life is very isolating. You look at the world through a bus or airplane window. But music is the healing factor. It’s the one thing that is grounding and a true companion through the forest. It saved us — again.” The necessity of music as a balm for the soul is a theme that threads its way through Who You Selling For, which finds Momsen and Phillips dealing with emotions ranging from confusion and frustration to depression and despair. “I think we felt a dire need to express those thoughts,” says Phillips. “And they’re things I think most humans feel on a daily basis but don’t always have an outlet to express. In the end we’re saying, ‘Don’t give up, your soul is all you have, so you’ve got to hang onto that.’” The album’s opening track, “Hangman” (which was inspired by a poem by Chidiock Tichborne written on the eve of his execution), tells a story of having control over your own mind and soul no matter what is happening to you. From there, Who You Selling For delves deep into the psyche of Momsen and Phillips — two artists who believe very much in the fiery redemptive power of rock and roll. The album’s first single, “Take Me Down,” is a story of desperation, with Momsen delivering such lyrics as “I spend all night and day / How much harder can I play? / You know I gave my life to rock and roll?” “It’s about wanting something so much you’d sell your soul for it,” Momsen says, adding that she and Phillips were inspired by blues artist Robert Johnson’s song “Crossroads,” which some have interpreted as Johnson singing about selling his soul to the Devil in exchange for his musical ability. “Back To The River” is about the desire to get away from everything, to go where no one can reach you, while the strutting “Wild City” is influenced by being young and on your own in New York (“We wrote it while walking down Rivington Street on the Lower East Side,” Momsen says). The most aggressive song on the album is “Oh My God,” which Momsen describes as “self-confession right out of a journal. I think it speaks for itself.” And finally “Who You Selling For” testifies to music being a form of salvation and describes how the rest of the album reaches into all forms of rock and roll looking for “The Answer.” The song inspired the album’s title, asking listeners to take a look at their own lives with its provocative query. “For me, it’s a question that challenges what I’m doing with my life,” Momsen says. “It questions the meaning of my actions whatever they are. It also defines the record in a grander way by asking the listener to look into the meaning of each song past the obvious.” Sonically, Who You Selling For alternates between blistering hard rock (“Oh My God,” “Prisoner,” “Wild City,” “Living In The Storm”) and gentler, more downtempo moments (“The Walls Are Closing In,” “Take Me Down,” “Back To The River,” “Who You Selling For,” acoustic ballad “Bedroom Window,” and closing track “The Devil’s Back”), giving Momsen a platform to showcase the power and versatility of her voice. She is one of rock’s most compelling contemporary frontpersons, capable of being both brash and confrontational and sultry and seductive, daring listeners to ignore her at their own peril with a fiery swagger that has only grown more fascinating as Momsen gets older. (She was 15 when The Pretty Reckless wrote and recorded their rock-grunge-blues debut album Light Me Up, which was released in 2010.) Momsen’s voice sounds all the more intimate thanks to the unvarnished way that she and Phillips, along with their long-time producer Kato Khandwala, recorded the songs. “It’s the most natural recording possible,” says Phillips. “It’s all performance-based, nothing was fixed. If Taylor walked in and sang the song and it didn’t work, she’d walk right out.” When more than just guitar, bass, and drums were needed, additional musicians were invited in, including guitarist Warren Haynes (Allman Brothers), guitarist Tommy Byrnes (Billy Joel), and keyboardist Andy Burton (Ian Hunter), as well as backing vocalists Janice Pendarvis (David Bowie), Jenny Douglas-Foote (P!nk), and Sophia Ramos (Rod Stewart). “It was so great having that many musicians in a room playing together and just hitting the record button,” Momsen says. “It’s very gratifying to feel the players and singers represented as they are. It gave life to these songs that were written tucked away in a bedroom and it enabled us to really deliver the most honest performances possible. What you hear is what it sounded like, no frills. That’s it.” It’s the band’s willingness to bare their souls that has earned them such a passionate fan base — people who identify with the raw candor of the lyrics and fearless way they are expressed. “I’ve had such a strange life,” Momsen says. “I’ve always felt on my own, running around the world on some mission that I barely understood. Our fans have been the ones who were really there for us. They have supported us through the good times and the bad. I owe them gratitude. They are the inspiration when things look too bleak to keep going. I know it’s been said a million times, but it’s true, I wouldn’t be here today without them. They make this all possible.” Comments comments By Dan Halen\| 2017-03-10T12:12:13+00:00 March 10th, 2017\|Comments Off on The Pretty Reckless UPCOMING SHOWS THIS EVENT IS ALL AGES All seating is general admission. Table reservations are available at The Cotillion or by calling 316-722-4201. Concessions and full bars open! Also featuring local favorites Nancy’s A-Maize-N Sandwich Booth and Wichita Brewing Company Hand-Crafted Beers! Check Room is open during events to check your merchandise purchases, coats, hats and purses.[...]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
(Title Image: nurseryworld.co.uk) At a Glance Guide Childcare Finance Bill at introduction (summary) Stage 1 report (summary) The Bill: Provides the legal necessities to introduce the Welsh Government’s free childcare scheme, which will provide 30 hours a week of free childcare (for eligible 3-and-4-year olds) for 48 weeks a year. Sets the eligibility criteria. In practice, this means the 3-and-4-year-olds of (a) working parent(s) earning at least 16 hours a week at minimum wage or living wage. No parent can earn more than £100,000 a year. Sets out the sanctions and appeal mechanisms – parents can be fined up to £3,000 for providing false information and can appeal to a tribunal to challenge any decisions. Major Changes at Stage 2 Stage 2 proceedings were undertaken by the Education & Young People Committee and the member in charge – Minister for Children & Social Care, Huw Irranca-Davies (Lab, Ogmore). Most of the amendments were changes to the wording and provided a bit more clarity on the eligibility criteria for children. The wording has also changed so the free childcare offer can be extended to children under the age of 3 in the future. There has been some controversy over the eligibility criteria, with the Children & Young People Committee recommending the scheme be extended to cover all 3-and-4-year olds . Amendments to that effect were rejected at Stage 2, but re-appear below. The Key Amendments at Stage 3 Amendment 2– Minister for Children & Social Services, Huw Irranca-Davies The Welsh Government will have to report on the effect of the Act five years after it becomes law. Vote: Approved – 32 for, 11 against Amendment 8– Sian Gwenllian AM (Plaid, Arfon) Expands the childcare scheme to include all children, not just those of working parents. Vote: Rejected -18 for, 25 against Reason for Rejection: There are a number of different Welsh Government programmes aimed at helping non-working parents or those in training/education, such as Flying Start and extra funding for student parents. Amendment 11– Janet Finch-Saunders AM (Con, Aberconwy) Expands the eligibility criteria to include children of parents who are undertaking at least 16 hours a week of education or training. Vote: Rejected – 18 for, 25 against Reason for Rejection: Same as Amendment 8. Amendment 13 – Janet Finch-Saunders AM No charge may be levied by childcare providers for children who would otherwise be eligible for free school meals if they were of school age. Vote: Rejected – 18 for, 25 against Reason for Rejection: There are already measures in place to stop “unreasonable charges”. Amendment 31– Janet Finch-Saunders AM Places a duty on the Welsh Government to properly promote awareness of the scheme. Vote: Rejected – 18 for, 25 against Reason for Rejection: The Minister made a commitment to launch a national awareness campaign. Amendment 35– Janet Finch-Saunders AM Inserts a “sunset clause” where the Act is automatically repealed in September 2023 unless the Senedd approves for it to continue (via regulations). Vote: Rejected – 18 for, 25 against Reason for Rejection: It would send the wrong message to parents and care providers about the Welsh Government’s commitment to the scheme. A vote on the final version of the Bill has been scheduled for next week.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
The invention relates to closures for fluid containers, and in particular to a safety locking closure assembly resistant to unauthorized opening by a child.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
A mini-moon is set to enter Earth's orbit, but NASA believes it may just be space junk	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
{ "entries": [ { "content": { "type": "html", "value": "<p>Entry Content</p>" } } ], "version": "1.0" }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Postnatal quality of life - A content analysis of qualitative results to the Mother-Generated Index. The Mother-Generated Index (MGI) assesses postnatal quality of life (QoL) without providing a predefined checklist, thus offering mothers the opportunity to identify areas of life affected by having a baby. To identify: (a) details and particularities of areas of life affected after childbirth and thus specific domains defining postnatal quality of life; (b) changes in the importance of domains specifying QoL within the first weeks postpartum; and (c) the potential role of cultural differences with regard to the nature of QoL definitions. Prospective, cross-cultural, longitudinal survey. We applied a qualitative content analysis to Mother-Generated Index data collected in Switzerland and Germany using combined deductively and inductively category building. Women participated at three days (n=124) and six and a half weeks (n=82) postpartum. Eleven domains were identified, each with several subdomains: 'physical well-being' (e.g. fatigue), 'psychological well-being' (e.g. happiness, emotional confusion), 'general well-being', 'motherhood' (e.g. bonding with the baby), 'family and partnership' (e.g. time for partner and children), 'social life' (e.g. friends, being isolated), 'everyday life' (e.g. organisation daily routine), 'leisure' (e.g. less time), 'work life' (e.g. worries about job), 'financial issues' (e.g. less money), and further aspects. The most frequently indicated domains were 'motherhood' and 'family and partnership'. Differences between the stages of assessment and countries were identified. Mothers faced challenges in defining their new role but welcomed the slowdown in the rhythm of life and experienced overwhelming maternal feelings. Our findings suggest that postnatal quality of life is a concept that changes over time and differs between countries.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Retrieving React state value via dynamic variables I am building a simple rgba selector which allows users to toggle the individual values via the arrow-up and arrow-down keys. Below is a snippet of my code. class App extends Component { constructor(){ super(); this.state = { red: 0, green: 200, blue: 0, opacity: 1, }; this.handleValueChange = this.handleValueChange.bind(this); this.handleArrowKeysInput = this.handleArrowKeysInput.bind(this); // for using up and down arrows to adjust the values handleArrowKeysInput = e => { const keyPressed = e.keyCode; let {id} = e.target; console.log(id); //returns red OR green OR blue console.log(this.state.id); // if up button is pressed if(keyPressed === 38){ // if value is already 255, stop increment if(this.state.green >= 255) return; console.log(`up button is pressed`); this.setState({[id]: this.state.id + 1}); } // if down button is pressed else if(keyPressed === 40){ // if value is already 0, stop decrement if(this.state.id <= 0) return; console.log(`down button is pressed`); this.setState({[id]: this.state.id - 1}); } } <input value={this.state.red} type="text" id="red" onChange= {this.handleValueChange} onKeyDown={this.handleArrowKeysInput}/> console.log(id) returns the desired value red or green or blue. However when i tried to console.log(this.state.id). It shows undefined. Why is this so? A: Your code is a bit confusing probably because its not a Complete Example but I try to give you some options to fix it. There is no id value on you initial state construction. Example this.state = { red: 0, green: 200, blue: 0, opacity: 1, id: 0 // This should be here if you are going to use it }; Secondly you are trying to add up 1 to a undefined value below; this.setState({[id]: this.state.id + 1}); Because this.state.id is undefined, this.state[id] will be undefined too. But from what I understand from your code you are trying to set red, green and blue values, so your code should be like below; this.setState({[id]: this.state[id] + 1}); Because you are trying to get a state value on the above code it is a better practice to use functional setState; this.setState((prevState) => ({[id]: prevState[id] + 1}));	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Introduction ============ Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness in the elderly worldwide.[@b1-opth-8-015] Profound vision loss is most distinct in neovascular AMD, which is a late stage of the disease.[@b1-opth-8-015] Neovascular AMD is characterized by the growth of newly formed choroidal neovascularizations, which protrude through Bruch's membrane, typically under the fovea, causing a decrease in vision due to leakage of fluid and hemorrhaging.[@b2-opth-8-015] Intravitreal injections of drugs are capable of halting the neovascularization through a blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, this current treatment regime does not provide a cure, but in most cases a stabilization of vision at a low level.[@b3-opth-8-015] AMD pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, but increasing evidence indicates a crucial role for inflammatory processes.[@b2-opth-8-015] One common marker of systemic inflammation is the hepatic secreted acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP), which also has been implicated in AMD;[@b2-opth-8-015] however, clinical studies seem inconsistent.[@b4-opth-8-015] Previous studies found associations between CRP elevation and such diseases as depression,[@b5-opth-8-015] type 2 diabetes,[@b6-opth-8-015] and cardiovascular diseases.[@b7-opth-8-015] Although inflammatory processes constitute a part of the pathogenesis in many diseases, a growing amount of evidence suggests that interpretation of CRP elevations should consider the impact of inflammatory comorbidities, such as aging, weight gain, or physical inactivity.[@b5-opth-8-015],[@b6-opth-8-015],[@b8-opth-8-015] Physical inactivity increases baseline CRP by decreased muscle-secreted hormones and cytokines.[@b9-opth-8-015],[@b10-opth-8-015] Muscular tissue constitutes around 40% of body weight, and is the largest endocrine organ in humans, thus its ability to modulate inflammatory activity is considerable,[@b11-opth-8-015] and one particular interesting aspect is that regular physical activity induces anti-inflammatory changes in blood, including a lower baseline CRP.[@b12-opth-8-015] Visually impaired patients with AMD are less physically active than individuals with normal visual capabilities.[@b13-opth-8-015],[@b14-opth-8-015] In this study, we evaluated whether the elevated CRP observed in patients with AMD is associated with the more sedentary lifestyle of visually impaired patients. Subjects and methods ==================== Study participants ------------------ We included consecutive participants from our outpatient AMD program, and control individuals from non-AMD patients, visitors, and department staff. We aimed at age-matching our control group by including only individuals of 60 years or older. This study was approved by the Regional Committee of Ethics in Research of the Region of Zealand (SJ-142) and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written and oral consent was obtained from all participants after explanation of the nature and possible consequences of the study. Inclusion and exclusion ----------------------- We photographed the macular area of all participants using Visucam NM/FA digital fundus photography (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), optical coherence tomography scanning and fundus autofluorescence imaging using Spectralis HRA-OCT, SLO (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Participants suspected of having neovascular AMD had fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography to confirm diagnosis and to exclude other causes of maculopathy. Fluorescein angiography was done after venous blood sampling to avoid any potential interference. We grouped participants as proposed in the Clinical Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System (CARMS) and by two independent investigators.[@b15-opth-8-015] Our study only included control participants as CARMS grade 1 (0--9 small drusen present in the retina without pigment abnormalities), and cases as CARMS grade 5 (neovascular AMD, including nondrusenoid pigment epithelial detachments, serous retinal detachments, choroidal neovascular membrane with subretinal or sub-retinal pigment epithelium hemorrhages, or fibrosis). We collected information about medical history and current medication use by a combination of interviews and electronic patient records. If participants or we were unsure of weight and height, these were measured. We categorized smoking habits into current smokers, former smokers (having previously consumed \>100 cigarettes), or never smokers.[@b16-opth-8-015] Participants having quit smoking within the last year were categorized as current smokers.[@b16-opth-8-015] Alcohol consumption was reported as units (equivalent to 12 g ethanol) per week. We measured best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in both eyes using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart.[@b17-opth-8-015] We included only participants without any known immunologic disease or cancer. We did not include participants if they were receiving immunomodulating therapy for any reason, or had received intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for any reason within the last 30 days, or had been feeling unwell within the last 5 days. To avoid interference with other acute-phase responses due to infections, or to avoid interference with potentially undiagnosed cancer, we excluded post hoc any participant with a CRP above 15 mg · L^−1.18^ Physical activity ----------------- We assessed physical activity by a single question, which has been validated in a previous study[@b19-opth-8-015]: "Do you currently participate in any regular activity or program (either on your own or in a formal class) designed to improve or maintain your physical fitness?" Outcome was patient reported as yes or no. Translation to Danish was performed by forward and backward translation.[@b20-opth-8-015] CRP analysis ------------ We collected venous blood in 3.5 mL evacuated gel tubes containing lithium heparin. Plasma high-sensitivity CRP was measured with latex immunoassay using Architect CI8200 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) with a detection limit of 0.2 mg · L^−1^. We took all samples between 8 am and 10 am, and all measurements were done within 2 hours of phlebotomy. Statistical analysis -------------------- Results are presented in median and interquartile range (IQR), since they were not normally distributed. We analyzed data using SPSS 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-- Whitney U test, and categorical variables were compared using the χ^2^ test. The relationship between CRP and various potentially influencing covariates (age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking \[current and former\], and medical history \[cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia\]) were investigated in a multiple regression analysis using a stepwise forward approach. Due to the skewed distribution of CRP, we logarithmically transformed CRP into normal distribution to be used as the dependent outcome in the multiple regression analysis. We considered a P-value below 0.05 as significant. Results ======= We screened 191 individuals, of whom 108 were patients and 83 were control individuals. We excluded post hoc eight patients and two controls as plasma CRP was above 15 mg · L^−1^, one patient and four controls due to missing CRP data, and one patient due to missing data on physical activity. Thus, our analyses include 175 individuals, of whom 98 were patients and 77 were controls. [Table 1](#t1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table"} shows characteristics of the study population. Patients and controls were comparable in sex, physical activity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and medical history in term of comorbidities. Patients were slightly older than controls (Mann--Whitney U test, P\<0.001), and more patients than controls were current smokers (χ^2^ test, P=0.045). BCVA in the best- and worst-seeing eye were lower among patients compared with the controls (Mann-- Whitney U test, P=0.001 and P\<0.001, for best- and worst-seeing eye, respectively). We found a trend similar to previous studies with fewer patients being physically active when the BCVA in the best-seeing eye was affected: we found 38 of 66 (58%) patients with BCVA above 70 ETDRS letters to be physically active, while 16 of 30 (53%) patients with moderately affected BCVA (between 35 and 70 ETDRS letters) in the best-seeing eye were physically active, and 0 of two (0%) patients with severely affected BCVA (below 35 ETDRS letters) in the best-seeing eye were physically active. In general, CRP was lower in physically active participants (1.6 mg · L^−1^, IQR 0.7--3.1 mg · L^−1^) compared with physically inactive participants (2.1 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.3--4.8 mg · L^−1^) (Mann--Whitney U test, P=0.003) ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-8-015){ref-type="fig"}). Physically active patients had lower CRP (1.7 mg · L^−1^, IQR 0.7--3.3 mg · L^−1^) than the physically inactive patients (2.1 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.4--4.5 mg · L^−1^) (Mann--Whitney U test, P=0.038). Similarly, physically active controls had lower CRP (1.4 mg · L^−1^, IQR 0.7--2.5 mg · L^−1^) than the physically inactive controls (2.1 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.2--4.9 mg · L^−1^) (Mann--Whitney U test, P=0.031) ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-8-015){ref-type="fig"}). Physically active patients (1.7 mg · L^−1^, IQR 0.7--3.3 mg · L^−1^) and physically active controls (1.4 mg · L^−1^, IQR 0.7--2.5 mg · L^−1^) did not differ significantly (Mann--Whitney U test, P=0.443). Similarly, physically inactive patients (2.1 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.4--4.5 mg · L^−1^) and physically inactive controls (2.1 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.2--4.9 mg · L^−1^) did not differ significantly (Mann--Whitney U test, P=0.625) ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-8-015){ref-type="fig"}). We found no significant difference in CRP between all patients (1.9 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.1--3.7 mg · L^−1^) and all controls (1.7 mg · L^−1^, IQR 1.0--3.4 mg · L^−1^) (Mann-- Whitney U test, P=0.394) ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-8-015){ref-type="fig"}). We used a multiple regression analysis to adjust for potential confounding factors on CRP. CRP values were logarithmically transformed into normal distribution (Kolmogorov--Smirnov Test, P=0.877), and were included in the multiple regression analysis as the dependent outcome. Five cases were excluded due to missing data (missing data on body mass index for four patients and one control). We found CRP to be independently influenced by physical activity (P=0.009), body mass index (P\<0.001), being a current smoker (P\<0.001) or former smoker (P\<0.001), and having a history of hypertension (P=0.001) or hypercholesterolemia (P=0.017) (adjusted R^2^=0.260). Our model did not include other covariates in the analysis, as they did not contribute significantly. Adding the presence of neovascular AMD into the analysis as a covariate did not improve the model, as the analysis did not include the covariate due to nonsignificant contribution (P=0.913) to the model. Discussion ========== We found physical activity to influence CRP levels in patients with neovascular AMD. We did not find elevated CRP levels in patients with neovascular AMD. This suggests that CRP levels in neovascular AMD may reflect lifestyle, rather than being disease-specific. Physical activity and body mass index are two well-studied lifestyle factors, which modulate baseline CRP levels. Regular physical activity has anti-inflammatory effects mediated by muscle-secreted cytokines.[@b11-opth-8-015] An acute bout of exercise temporarily increases interleukin (IL)-6 manyfold,[@b11-opth-8-015] which then inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production.[@b21-opth-8-015] Exercising regularly leads to sustained lower baseline levels of TNF-α.[@b22-opth-8-015],[@b23-opth-8-015] Exercise-induced IL-6 peaks increase muscular and adipose fatty acid oxidation, which lead to a decrease in adipose tissue mass.[@b24-opth-8-015],[@b25-opth-8-015] The decrease in adipose tissue mass is also partly explained by the energy expenditure from being physically active and by the energy spent on maintenance of the muscle mass.[@b26-opth-8-015] As adipose tissue is a major contributor to baseline IL-6,[@b27-opth-8-015] less adipose tissue leads to less total adipose IL-6.[@b28-opth-8-015] In conclusion, regular physical activity lowers baseline levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and as the secretion of CRP is primarily dependent on IL-6 and TNF-α,[@b29-opth-8-015] regular physical activity leads to lower CRP levels.[@b12-opth-8-015] Conversely, physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are associated with elevated CRP.[@b30-opth-8-015] In our study, we found physically active individuals to have lower CRP, and physically inactive individuals to have higher CRP (a 0.5 mg · L^−1^ difference in medians in our study sample). Patients with neovascular AMD are more likely to have mobility limitations and to be physically inactive due to visual impairment.[@b13-opth-8-015],[@b14-opth-8-015] One study demonstrated this by using accelerometers to measure physical activity among the visually impaired, and found that visual impairment leads to a lower number of steps taken per day and less time spent on moderate or vigorous physical activity, and that this relationship is particularly distinct when patients have moderate or severe visual impairment in their better eye.[@b14-opth-8-015] Interestingly, we also found a small difference in physical activity between patients with unilateral visual impairment and patients with moderate visual impairment in their better eye, while no patients with severe visual impairment were physically active. One should note, however, that we only had a few cases in the latter group, which may explain why our patient and control groups did not differ significantly in the overall prevalence of physical activity. The difference in physical activity between patients with unilateral visual impairment and patients with moderate visual impairment being small (58% and 53%, respectively) may explain why we did not find a significant difference in CRP between these groups (data not shown). Several cofactors were associated with higher CRP in our study (history of hypertension or hyperlipidemia, current or former smoking habits, and high body mass index), which are in agreement with findings in previous studies of CRP in patients with AMD.[@b4-opth-8-015] In addition, we also found physical activity to be associated with lower CRP in patients with AMD. A case-control study of patients with late AMD and control individuals found AMD to be associated with high CRP levels (\>6.5--117.0 mg · L^−1^) (odds ratio 1.65 \[1.07--2.55\]).[@b31-opth-8-015] Two studies linked an association between AMD and CRP to a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease among patients with AMD.[@b32-opth-8-015],[@b33-opth-8-015] CRP levels of 1--3 mg · L^−1^ and \>3 mg · L^−1^ are considered moderate risk and high risk, respectively, for development of future cardiovascular diseases.[@b34-opth-8-015] In our study, physically inactive patients with neovascular AMD had a median CRP of 2.1 mg · L^−1^, which suggests that more than half of our physically inactive patients were at moderate-to-high risk of developing future cardiovascular diseases. It is therefore not unlikely that an association between neo-vascular AMD, CRP, and cardiovascular diseases is at least partly mediated by physical inactivity. Future studies may investigate this potential relationship. The importance of lifestyle factors on CRP is also reflected by differences in previous studies, which may play a role in the inconsistent conclusions on whether or not elevated CRP is associated with AMD. For example, adjustment of influencing factors, such as diseases and lifestyle factors that influence CRP levels, differs among the previous studies.[@b4-opth-8-015] A number of other issues may play a role in CRP levels: severity of AMD in the study population (conclusions from some previous studies are based on patients with AMD before the introduction of anti-VEGF treatment, and the patients may thus have been more visually impaired and physically inactive), differences in the prevalence of comorbidities in the study population that affect physical activity, or differences in cultural or environmental factors (for example, cycling is common among the elderly in Denmark, but this may not be the case in other countries). Therefore, using a study sample with a low prevalence of bilaterally visually impaired and physically inactive individuals, we may not find that patients have elevated CRP compared with controls. Other study populations may find elevated CRP in patients using a study sample with a higher prevalence of bilaterally visually impaired and physically inactive individuals. Future studies should consider the impact of AMD-associated lifestyle when investigating associations with CRP. The impact of physical activity was more attenuated in the AMD group compared to the control group; however, this difference should be interpreted with caution, as this study was not designed to show an interventional effect of physical activity on baseline CRP levels, since this would require an interventional longitudinal study. A possible explanation of this observed difference could be a potential difference in physical activity intensity between the two groups. Our study has several strengths. We had a comprehensive retinal imaging protocol for disease grading. Potential participants feeling unwell were not included, and we excluded cases with CRP above 15 mg · L^−1^ to avoid interference with an acute-phase response from infections.[@b18-opth-8-015] We included consecutively to minimize any selection bias. Information about disease and medication use is patient-based, and there is a potential possibility of patients not giving all information, and we addressed this bias by checking electronic patient records for relevant information. However, this approach does not adjust for undiagnosed conditions, which may influence the measured CRP levels. Without using accelerometers, the validity of physical activity questionnaires to determine the extent and characteristics of physical activity is very low.[@b35-opth-8-015] Although accelerometers may be more valid in general, when used on the elderly, only studies with small samples and multiple (two biaxial) accelerometers have been able to yield very accurate results.[@b36-opth-8-015] We used a validated single question for physical activity assessment,[@b19-opth-8-015] and this approach is valid and preferred for screening purposes of general physical activity level,[@b37-opth-8-015] but does not provide an in-depth picture of physical activity characteristics. Our cases and controls were different with regard to age and current smoking, which potentially may overshadow an actual difference between controls and patients with AMD. We did not find age to be associated with CRP levels, but current smoking was associated with a higher CRP. Rerunning the analysis without including the current smokers gave us similar results (data not shown) and did not change our conclusions. Conclusion ========== We show that in patients with neovascular AMD, physical activity may influence CRP levels. Our findings suggest that an association between CRP and neovascular AMD should be interpreted with caution, as physical inactivity may interfere. We encourage future studies to consider the impact of visual impairment on confounding lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, when investigating levels of low-grade inflammation in the visually impaired. In this way, we may obtain a clearer picture of the pathogenesis and possible targets for treatment. This study was supported by the Lundbeck Foundation. Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. ![(A--F) Comparison of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels between patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and control individuals, and between physically active and physically inactive individuals. Bars represent median values and whiskerlimits represent interquartile range. P-values are based on the Mann--Whitney U test. CRP did not differ between patients with nAMD and control individuals (A), CRP was significantly lower among the physically active when compared with the physically inactive (B), and this pattern was also found within the group of patients with nAMD (C), and control individuals (D), Physically active patients with nAMD and controls did not differ in CRP (E), and physically inactive patients and controls did not differ in CRP (F).](opth-8-015Fig1){#f1-opth-8-015} ###### Characteristics of study population (n=175) Patients with Neovascular AMD (n=98) Controls (n=77) P-value ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- Age, years (range) 76 (70--82) 69 (65--76) \<0.001[a](#tfn1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Female, n (%) 59 (60%) 43 (56%) 0.561[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Best-corrected visual acuity Best-seeing eye, ETDRS letters (range) 76 (65--83) 83 (76--85)[d](#tfn4-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} \<0.001[a](#tfn1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Worst-seeing eye, ETDRS letters (range) 51 (22--70) 76 (63--83)[d](#tfn4-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} \<0.001[a](#tfn1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Physically active, n (%) 54 (55%) 41 (53%) 0.807[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Body mass index, kg · m^−2^ (range) 25 (23--28)[c](#tfn3-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} 26 (24--30)[d](#tfn4-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.055[a](#tfn1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Alcohol consumption, units/week (range) 4 (0--7) 4 (1--10) 0.322[a](#tfn1-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Smoking, n (%) Current smoker 23 (23%) 9 (12%) 0.045[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Former smoker 39 (40%) 35 (46%) 0.452[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Medical history, n (%) Cardiovascular disease 38 (39%) 22 (29%) 0.158[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Hypertension 63 (64%) 42 (55%) 0.192[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Type 2 diabetes 10 (10%) 15 (19%) 0.082[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Hypercholesterolemia 27 (28%) 17 (22%) 0.413[b](#tfn2-opth-8-015){ref-type="table-fn"} Notes: Mann--Whitney U test; χ^2^ test; missing data for four patients; missing data for one control. Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
One of the technical mechanisms that has helped earn bitcoin comparisons to cash is on the verge of a major update. Called “coin selection,” the term refers to the algorithm that today decides which bits of data come together to create a user’s transaction. Essentially, the coin selection code replicates the process of giving, say, a $10 bill to a cashier for a $7 item and the consumer receiving $3 in change. But if that doesn’t sound particularly complex, remember bitcoin is experimental software, and this function, while working, isn’t altogether optimized. Making matters worse, the part that perhaps needs tweaking has a direct impact on user costs. “Bitcoin Core’s original coin selection algorithm actually needs a lot of reworking, especially with regards to transaction fees. It’s inefficient and it ends up doing a weird loop to try to guess the amount of transaction fees that are needed,” Bitcoin Core contributor Andrew Chow told CoinDesk. Mark Erhardt an engineer at wallet provider BitGo agrees, going so far as to call the algorithm “convoluted” during a recent interview on the podcast Noded. As such, developers have been working on a new algorithm, dubbed “branch and bound” or “BnB,” which forges together data in a more efficient way, resulting in a small scaling bump and lower transaction fees. Erhardt first proposed some optimizations nearly two years ago, while Chow was the first developer to code up the changes. And recently the change was deemed ready to be added to bitcoin’s most popular software implementation, Bitcoin Core, and so was merged into the codebase. Even better for users, the feature should be available for widespread use with the release of the 17th version of the software in the next year or so. Speaking to the benefits of the changes, Chow said: “This will let us tidy up the coin selection code a lot and actually make it possible for one person to understand exactly what the coin selection algorithm is doing.” No change needed Stepping back, as mentioned, each bitcoin transaction a user sends is made up of different smaller amounts of bitcoin. That’s because, say you have one bitcoin in your wallet, this bitcoin is usually not just one piece of data. Rather, it’s often made up of a number of chunks of data pieced together. You might have one, two or dozens of little transaction chunks – each called “unspent transaction outputs” (UTXOs). For instance, tied to your bitcoin wallet address might be one piece of data worth 0.1 BTC, another worth 0.3 BTC, another of 0.1 BTC and a last one, worth 0.5 BTC, to make up a whole bitcoin. These pieces are based on the transactions that came before them and how they were initially split up to send to your wallet. So, if you need to send 0.2 BTC, the Bitcoin Core “coin selection” algorithm might decide to put the piece of data worth 0.3 BTC in what’s called the “input,” creating the transaction. There will then be two outputs: 0.2 BTC, which will be sent to the recipient, and 0.1 BTC, which will be put back into your wallet as the “change output.” Yet, according to the developers, the algorithm isn’t all that good at deciding how to select coins for transactions. The algorithm almost always automatically creates “change outputs,” which often aren’t necessary and waste space on the blockchain, Erhardt explained. In the example above, the algorithm could avoid this by picking the two pieces of data worth 0.1 BTC and not have to send “change” back to the sender at all. He continued, speaking to another unfortunate side effect: “You don’t want transactions to be ground up to dust.” “Dust” are pieces of bitcoin that are so small they’re almost not worth spending, since the fees could be more than the transaction itself. They’re perhaps analogous to pennies, in that a penny actually costs more to make than it’s actually worth in purchasing goods. How to choose? The new algorithm, BnB, avoids these issuers by trying to eliminate as many change output scenarios as possible. In short, it looks at all the inputs to see if there’s a way to reach exactly the number of bitcoins a user wants to send in a transaction. “This helps shrink the UTXO set a little more,” Chow said. “Additionally, transactions, where an exact match was found, will generally be smaller than ones where there is change, so this will also save on transaction fees for the user and free up a few more bytes of block space to fit in other transactions.” And there’s evidence this works. In a simulation, Erhardt found that, in approximately 40 percent of transactions that would normally have change outputs, the new algorithm was able to get rid of the unnecessary data. In addition to these user benefits, the code change also helps developers, since the new algorithm is much easier to understand for a technical standpoint. Still, developers aren’t done tweaking the coin selection process. Chow and others plan to take the algorithm further, by adding a so-called “simple random draw.” When the BnB algorithm goes through all a bitcoin user’s UTXOs and simply can’t avoid creating a change output, it then falls back on the original coin selection process. But with simple random draw, the algorithm will choose random UTXOs until it reaches the amount of money required. Interestingly, developers find randomly choosing coins is a better method than the more deliberate algorithm Bitcoin Core uses today. It’s the culmination of years of work, but according to Erhardt, the process couldn’t have been much quicker. Coin selection is a “sensitive part” of the code and changing it has “global consequences,” he said. As such, “no one wanted to fiddle with it for too long,” Erhardt explained, adding: “Now we’ve put in a lot of the plumbing for further changes.” Binary code image via Shutterstock	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Gunung Karang Gunung Karang (translations could refer to either "craggy mountain" or "coral mountain" in the Indonesian language) is a volcano at the westernmost end of Banten, Indonesia. See also List of Ultras of Malay Archipelago Notes References External links Volcanological Survey of Indonesia Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia Category:Subduction volcanoes Category:Volcanoes of West Java	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bill Belton was a major topic of discussion in the Rutgers camp in the days leading up to Saturday's game, and not just because of what the senior running back brought to Penn State's offense. Some of the Scarlet Knights took offense to comments Belton had made at Big Ten Media Days this summer and weren't shy about letting it be known. "They were doing a lot of talking the whole week, and we didn't do that," Belton said. "I think they approached it the wrong way. They made this game bigger than what it was. It was the Super Bowl for them. And we just came out here and played our brand of football." Belton had the last laugh after running for the game-winning touchdown with 1:15 left in Penn State's 13-10 win. The senior had just 36 yards on 15 carries as the Nittany Lions' running game struggled, but he added 52 yards on four catches and made some key blocks to keep pressure off of Christian Hackenberg. "He was working hard all day to try to get yards after contact," Hackenberg said. "He was having a tough day, and for him to be able to finish that off (with the touchdown run) … he did a great job." Belton, a Sicklerville, N.J., native, said he didn't feel any extra pressure to win his first game in his home state, even though he wound up in the news well before the game even started. "The pressure was on them," he said. "They came out and said what they said. They made it that way. We just kept our mouth shut."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Production and characterization of intergeneric somatic hybrids of Trachystoma ballii and Brassica juncea. Intergeneric somatic hybrids, Trachystoma ballii (2n=16)+B. juncea (2n=38), were obtained by fusing mesophyll protoplasts of T. ballii and hypocotyl protoplasts of B. juncea using polyethylene glycol. The heterokaryotic fusion frequency was around 23%. Plants were regenerated from 10 out of 2×10(4) calli of which four were hybrids. Hybrids were intermediate between the parents in general morphology. However, in some characters one of the parents dominated. All the plants were symmetric in their chromosomal constitution as revealed by the formation of 26 bivalents at metaphase-I of meiosis. Two trivalents and 2 univalents were also observed in some pollen mother cells. Hybrid nature was also confirmed by 'Southern' hybridization of DNA of one regenerated plant restricted with Hind III and probed with the nick translated plasmid pTA71 carrying a wheat nuclear r-DNA sequence. Hybrid plant RT 1 showed bands characteristic of both parents. All the plants were absolutely pollen sterile. However, on backcrosses to B. juncea seeds were obtained.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Human cortical fibroblast responses to high glucose and hypoxia. Approximately 30% of individuals with diabetes mellitus are susceptible to diabetic nephropathy, whereas ischemic injury uniformly induces renal impairment. As matrix accumulation correlates with progressive renal disease we assessed parameters associated with matrix turnover in response to high glucose +/- hypoxia in human cortical fibroblasts (CF). CF were grown to confluence and exposed to media containing 5 or 25 mmol/l D-glucose for 72 h with or without a superimposed hypoxic insult. High glucose increased cellular protein content (p < 0.05). Combined high glucose and hypoxia induced a further increase in cellular protein content (p < 0.005), suggestive of a synergistic hypertrophic effect. MMP secretion corresponded inversely with changes in TIMP expression. In cell cultures derived from 2/3 of patients, high glucose increased MMP-9 (p < 0.0005) and MMP-2 (p < 0.005) while TIMP-1 was reduced (p = 0.05). In the remaining cell cultures derived from 1/3 of patients, MMP-2 was reduced (p < 0.0001) while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were both increased (p < 0.05). In contrast, hypoxia induced uniform reductions in MMP-9 and MMP-2 in both normal and high glucose conditions. High glucose increased the expression of PAI-1 mRNA (p < 0.05) in all patients independent of changes in the MMP-TIMP axis. In summary, variability was observed in the MMP-TIMP axis following exposure to high glucose. In contrast, high glucose uniformly induces PAI-1 expression. Hypoxic insults uniformly reduce matrix breakdown independent of the prevailing glucose conditions.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
NEW LONDON – A father has been arrested after leaving his toddler abandoned in a stroller on Bank Street in New London Monday night. New London Fire Depar... NEW LONDON - A father has been arrested after leaving his toddler abandoned in a stroller on Bank Street in New London Monday night. New London Fire Department officials said that a passing motorist spotted a child abandoned in a stroller at around 7 p.m. Monday night. The young girl, estimated to be between 2-3 years old, was taken to a nearby firehouse. Firefighters were returning from a call when the good Samaritan--who was later identified as Brennan Ward, a local professional MMA fighter--walked into the firehouse pushing the stroller. The girl was evaluated and found to be in good health but was taken to Lawrence and Memorial Hospital for safekeeping and to get checked out for exposure, and to make sure the child wasn't injured during the incident. Ward told FOX 61 he was at a convenience store when he noticed the stroller. That's when his adrenaline kicked in, and he sprung to action. Police identified the child's father, Matthew Simpson, 25, with a last known address of 154 Prospect Street in Norwich. Police said witnesses saw him drinking most of the day in New London and, before the child was found on Bank Street, he was last seen in the area of 33 Tilley Street in New London with the stroller. Police said that at around 7:30 p.m. a highly intoxicated Simpson was found and taken into custody in the bathroom at Union Station on Water Street. "We got a call about a gentleman, who was unconscious in the men's room at the train station, which is only about two short blocks away from where the baby was found," said Deputy Chief Peter Reichard of the New London Police Department. He was charged with risk of injury to a minor and held in lieu of $99,000 bail. He was arraigned Tuesday, and was ordered by a judge to seek drug counseling and not to contact the mother and child. Police said the child's mother, who lives with Simpson, said that Simpson was supposed to be babysitting the child and that the child had been in his care since 12:30 p.m.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
2012–13 U.S. Alessandria Calcio season The 2012–13 season of U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912's was their 92nd in Italian football and their 16th in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione (former Serie C2). Key dates 26 August: gaining only 1-point in the two games against Pavia and Savona, Alessandria is eliminated in the first qualification round of Coppa Italia Lega Pro. 2 September: Alessandria wins its championship debut match against Fano with a considerable 0–6 away. 12 May: with a 1-1 draw away to Bellaria Igea, Alessandria finished the season in 8th position. Club Management Chairman: Maurizio Pavignano Consulors: Valerio Bonanno, Paolo Camagna, Gianluigi Capra and Gisella Villata General Secretary: Stefano Toti Amministrative Secretary: Federica Rosina Secretary: Stefano Carlet Communication: Gigi Poggio PR: Mario Risciglione Supporters Communication: Emanuele Bellingeri Referees Communication: Guido Nardone Marketing: Massimiliano Baroglio, Alberto Viarengo, Antonio Visca and Carlo Zoccola Coaching staff Sporting Director: Massimiliano Menegatti Coach: Egidio Notaristefano Vice Coach: Giampaolo Ceramicola Goalkeepers Coach: Gianluigi Gasparoni Fitness Coach: Andrea Bocchio Team Manager: Andrea La Rosa Observer: Fabio Artico Warehouser: Gianfranco Sguaizer Medical staff Director: Guido Ferraris Team Doctor: Biagio Polla Masseur: Luigi Marostica Players Transfers In Out Profiles and statistics Legend: Matches Lega Pro Seconda Divisione Coppa Italia Lega Pro Championship statistics Results by round Results summary References Alessandria Category:U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 seasons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ODOT forces Banks to cancel barbecue parade due to eclipse - KATU KATU There is some bad news for those planning to celebrate this month's total solar eclipse in Banks . According to the Banks Post, the Oregon Department of Transportation is forcing the Sunset Park Association to cancel its annual barbecue parade scheduled ... and more »...	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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Rape Crisis Center hosts meeting to address rape kit backlog Last week, we told you that thousands of rape kits are backlogged throughout Georgia. Nearly 300 of those unprocessed kits are from the Coastal Empire. Thursday night, the Rape Crisis Center, along with local commissioners, organized a meeting to shine a light on the issue. According to the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, the backup is because of a lack of funding. Rape Crisis Center Executive Director Kesha Gibson-Carter tell us the organization has been working for four years to raise awareness and stop sexual violence. She says Thursday’s meeting was for those wanting to take a stand. "We have experienced a direct impact of what it feels like when a kit is not processed in a timely manner. Essentially what happens is that yields more victims,” said Gibson-Carter. Gibson-Carter says advanced technology can help increase the number of arrests and convictions. For more information on how to get involved with the Rape Crisis Center, please click here.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
One of Syracuse basketball's biggest recruiting gets since possibly Carmelo Anthony -- Class of 2014, five-star forward Chris McCullough -- has been dismissed from his prep school, Brewster Academy, for a violation of school rules. There are no reports on what exactly McCullough did, but his actions have put him in a tough spot as he will need to find a new prep school to take him in and allow him to finish out his academics, which need to be up to par if he wants to play for the Orange next year. The news, first reported by ESPN's Jeff Goodman, comes just days before the 6-foot-9 recruit was expected to sign his National Letter of Intent to play at SU. The early signing period for '14 commits is Nov. 13. McCullough has already claimed responsibility for his mistake on Twitter and called the incident a minor setback. As a man you have to take responsibility for your actions I am accountable for mine. Minor set back I'll be good! 🙏 — Chris McCullough (@_CM5) November 11, 2013 SNY.TV's Adam Zagoria reached McCullough's former head coach, Jason Smith, who confirmed McCullough's dismissal and said via text: "I hope Chris will be successful in the future." McCullough, who is projected to be a possible one-and-done candidate, is expected to head a recruiting class that also features a verbal commitment from four-star point guard Kaleb Joseph.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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Q: In DataFrame.withColumn, how can I check if the column's value is null as a condition for the second parameter? If I have a DataFrame called df that looks like: +----+----+ \| a1+ a2\| +----+----+ \| foo\| bar\| \| N/A\| baz\| \|null\| etc\| +----+----+ I can selectively replace values like so: val df2 = df.withColumn("a1", when($"a1" === "N/A", $"a2")) so that df2 looks like: +----+----+ \| a1+ a2\| +----+----+ \| foo\| bar\| \| baz\| baz\| \|null\| etc\| +----+----+ but why can't I check if it's null, like: val df3 = df2.withColumn("a1", when($"a1" === null, $"a2")) so that I get: +----+----+ \| a1+ a2\| +----+----+ \| foo\| bar\| \| baz\| baz\| \| etc\| etc\| +----+----+ Edit: $"a1".isNull doesn't seem to work. Could it be because of how I'm constructing the dataframe I'm using to test, which is as follows? val schema = StructType( StructField("a1", StringType, false) :: StructField("a2", StringType, false) :: Nil ) val data = sc.parallelize(Array( Row("foo","bar"), Row("N/A","baz"), Row(null,"etc")) ) val df = sqlContext.createDataFrame(data, schema) I also can't use coalesce, as far as I know, because sometimes I need to use a static value instead of another column's value. Edit again: Setting my test columns to nullable = false doesn't help. A: Because null means no value and shouldn't be checked like this. Use isNull function: val df3 = df2.withColumn("a1", when($"a1".isNull, $"a2")) or coalesce, which returns first non-null value: val df3 = df2.withColumn("a1", coalesce($"a1", $"a2"))	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
When White House officials learned last week that The Daily Mail would publish an article about allegations by the ex-wives, Hope Hicks, the communications director, who had been dating Mr. Porter, and Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the press secretary, approached Mr. Kelly about a statement in support of him, according to two people briefed on the events. Mr. Kelly, who had been on Capitol Hill much of the day, agreed to have a statement issued in his name describing the charges as “vile.” Nonetheless, the people briefed on the discussions said, Mr. Kelly told Mr. Porter at some point later that evening that he needed to resign. Mr. Porter agreed. It was not issued as a clear order, but it was understood that Mr. Porter would go, according to the two people briefed on the discussions. Mr. Porter has offered a different version of events, telling associates that he was initially urged to stay on and fight, including by Mr. Kelly. Either way, Mr. Porter arrived at work on Wednesday morning and told Mr. Kelly that he was reconsidering stepping down, according to the two people briefed. Mr. Kelly again said Mr. Porter needed to leave, the people said. Mr. Porter agreed and told colleagues that he planned to resign without setting a departure date so he could help with the transition. He maintained to colleagues that his ex-wives were making up their stories of abuse and that while he was flawed, he was not physically abusive. The official line remained that Mr. Porter had made the choice to leave on his own and was not asked. Ms. Sanders, whose briefing materials take hours to prepare and whose official statements are agreed to in advance by senior aides, said from the briefing room lectern that Mr. Kelly and Mr. Trump still had full confidence in Mr. Porter. At various points, officials have said it was the publication of the photographs that changed their calculation. “The photographs took everybody by surprise,” Mr. Mulvaney said. Mr. Kelly was persuaded to issue a second statement expressing shock, and White House officials made clear that Mr. Porter would be gone the next day. But Thursday morning, Mr. Porter was still in his office, clearing out his things, and had to be nudged to leave. Mr. Porter has told associates that he had informed White House officials last year that he had two ex-wives who, he said, had manufactured claims about him. Other officials said he described messy and complicated divorces, but offered no specific details. Two West Wing officials said Mr. Porter had offered conflicting portraits of his marriages. One official said he at first discussed one divorce, and then two. Initially, he said that he had been verbally abusive but that his wives had been too.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
* All Rare and Very Rare items in the Immortal Treasures now use escalating chances whereas previously only the Ultra Rare items operated along that mechanic. Rarity rolls have been backfilled to users who have already opened Immortal Treasure I, and those with successful rolls will find the respective items waiting in their Armory.* Added an option for a hotkey to toggle autoattack state (between current and off)* Performance optimizations to the Immortal Gardens terrain* The -refresh cheat now refreshes Glyph and Scan	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Build containers for dev and production environment How do you build images for development and for production(swarm): I am trying to have one Dockerfile for both to keep "Dockerfile implementation in one place" like inheritance: FROM golang AS gobase ENV APP_ENV "pro" COPY ./app /go/src/github.com/user/myProject/app WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/user/myProject/app RUN go get ./ RUN go build EXPOSE 8080 FROM gobase AS godev ENV APP_ENV "dev" RUN go get github.com/pilu/fresh RUN go-wrapper download RUN go-wrapper install CMD [ "fresh" ] And then use docker-compose.dev.yml & docker-compose.pro.yml Like for docker-compose.dev.yml: version: '2' services: godev: environment: - APP_ENV="dev" image: godev So first of all, the naming is not working. Bonus question: how to you build an image for production - do you just compile in one container(docker run) and then copy the binary to a new container? A: Don't use dev as a name, but as a tag: go:dev go:prod and your compose.yml: services: go: image: go:dev Bonus: Have a look at this answer under "Edit 29/06/17" and use this build step for both (dev and prod)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
0 of 6 Speculation has been building that teams around the NBA are considering tanking this season. Why would a professional sports team lose on purpose? The answer is quite simple. The 2014 NBA draft class is stacked, headlined by the guy pictured above, Andrew Wiggins. Wiggins is a freak athlete, and some people have even referred to him as the next LeBron James or Kevin Durant. The folks over at Draft Express have him at the top of his prospect class. Wiggins has the potential to change the course of a team's history. He can be a superstar and a team leader. He could make any miserable team an instant playoff contender. Bleacher Report's very own Jonathan Wasserman breaks down exactly why Wiggins can change a franchise. Speaking of these miserable teams, here's a look at five teams who will have despicable seasons in 2014. These are the teams who have the best chance at landing the top pick in next year's draft and could walk away with a superstar.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: How to tell if I'm using a Server Dell PowerEdge 2900 I or II? How to find out the exact version of this old server? It doesn't seem to be any mark or number printed on it (I was looking for a roman numeral). Thanks A: The service tag is listed in the server's BIOS setup and is likely echoed to the screen during boot. Additionally, you can get this info by installing OMSA on the system.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: How to integrate bitly api to shorten my link in iphone sdk I created an app which get the url of my youtube videos in the text field using GData Client Library. Now i want to shorten that url using bitly api.. But i don't have an idea about that. if anybody done it before me, please tell me how you did it. Thanks, Chakradhar. A: This is a quick and easy way of doing it. You will need to register with bit.ly and obtain a login name and API key. NSString username = @"user"; NSString apiKey = @"R_11111111111111"; NSString url = @"yoururl.com"; NSString shortURL = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:[NSURL URLWithString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"http://api.bit.ly/v3/shorten?login=%@&apikey=%@&longUrl=%@&format=txt", username, apiKey, url]] encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
good ole "cop humor" .....! ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }
How to Avoid a Valentine's Day Disaster Valentine’s Day is Thursday and if you’re still stressing out over it, we’ve got four tips for how to avoid a complete disaster: Stereotypical gifts like flowers and chocolate are just ‘okay.’ Even though not many women hate flowers or chocolate, it can look like you put no thought into the gift. Instead, aim for something a little more personal like tickets to see her favorite band. Don’t ignore it or over-hype it. Guys, even if your wife or girlfriend says she doesn’t want anything for Valentine’s Day , please get her something because one in eight women who say they won’t want a Valentine’s gift secretly do. Which means that ladies, keep your expectations in check. Don’t go into it secretly hoping for a diamond ring. Make the right plans for your relationship stage. If you just started dating, it can be tempting to go overboard. But you’re better off making plans based on how long you’ve been together. Make plans even if you’re single. Valentine’s Day can be painful if you’re single and so, instead of sitting at home feeling sorry for yourself, do something that makes you feel good such as getting your single friends together for wine and horror movie night. Or, have a “you” day.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
James ‘Buster’ Douglas Knock Out Boxing (1990) James ‘Buster’ Douglas Knock Out Boxing released in 1990 is a Fighting game for the platforms Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. favoriteAdd to Favorites James ‘Buster’ Douglas Knock Out Boxing Final Blow is an action game based around the sport of boxing. You can play the fighters in a sequence of knock-out competitions, (the computer versions also include a round-robin league). Rounds last one minute, with a short break in between them. As in the real sport, your aim is to knock your opponent down for 10 seconds, by gradually weakening him with a series of punches. You can block punches, to avoid them inflicting damage onto you. The ring is of a limited size, so players can be cornered, although the referee will intervene to break the boxers up if they become entangled in a stalemate position.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Phase measurement of atomic resolution image using transport of intensity equation. Since the Transport Intensity Equation (TIE) has been applied to electron microscopy only recently, there are controversial discussions in the literature regarding the theoretical concepts underlying the equation and the practical techniques to solve the equation. In this report we explored some of the issues regarding the TIE, especially bearing electron microscopy in mind, and clarified that: (i) the TIE for electrons exactly corresponds to the Schrödinger equation for high-energy electrons in free space, and thus the TIE does not assume weak scattering; (ii) the TIE can give phase information at any distance from the specimen, not limited to a new field; (iii) information transfer in the TIE for each spatial frequency g will be multiplied by g2 and thus low frequency components will be dumped more with respect to high frequency components; (vi) the intensity derivative with respect to the direction of wave propagation is well approximated by using a set of three symmetric images; and (v) a substantially larger defocus distance than expected before can be used for high-resolution electron microscopy. In the second part of this report we applied the TIE down to atomic resolution images to obtain phase information and verified the following points experimentally: (i) although low frequency components are attenuated in the TIE, all frequencies will be recovered satisfactorily except the very low frequencies; and (ii) using a reconstructed phase and the measured image intensity we can correct effectively the defects of imaging, such as spherical aberrations as well as partial coherence.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Michael Dulin Michael Dulin is an American pianist and composer. In addition to performing his original music, Dulin has appeared both solo and with orchestra in performances of classical music. He has also toured as keyboardist with the Motown group, the Temptations. Four of Dulin's albums The One I Waited For, Atmospheres, Follow The River and Timeless II have reached the #1 spot on the Zone Music Reporter (formerly New Age Reporter or NAR) Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart. Two of his albums have been awarded the New Age Reporter's NAR Lifestyle Music Award in 2004, its inaugural year for Atmospheres (Best Instrumental Album – Piano), and again in 2005 for Timeless (Best Neo-Classical Album). Dulin was also a finalist in the Carnegie Hall International Piano Competition in 1985, and was awarded the Silver Medal in the Second Annual International Audio-Video Competition in New York. It has been noted that while Dulin has a strong classical music background, his music is reminiscent of New Age. Dulin has cited Philip Aaberg, David Lanz, Keiko Matsui and Clara Ponty as some of the artists whose work he has admired. Dulin and his business partner, Dan Whiteside, own and operate Equity Digital, a music label, and PSI Digital, a digital recording facility both located in Birmingham, Alabama. Early life Dan Michael Dulin was born on September 17, 1952 in Birmingham, Alabama, where he still resides. Mike's dad worked for US Steel, and his mom worked in her father's furniture store and then in a doctor's office filing insurance claims. Mike has one sister, Brenda, who is three years older. In an early interview Dulin has stated that in his formative years as an instrumentalist, he would play the piano by ear and learned to sight read at a much later date. He had started improvising on the piano when he was 8–9 years old. He has also credited his accomplishments to his parents who had made a lot of sacrifices to help him follow his dreams, including a gift of a Steinway grand piano on his 15th birthday. Dulin is a graduate of the Alabama School of Fine Arts. He studied piano performance at Birmingham-Southern College where he was twice awarded the Alys Robinson Stephens Piano Prize. Subsequently, he has studied at The Juilliard School in New York with concert pianist Adele Marcus. Music career In 1998, Dulin made his debut with Beethoven, Mendelssohn & Debussy, a solo piano performance of the works of classical composers Ludwig van Beethoven, Felix Mendelssohn and Claude Debussy. This was followed up by A Nice Boy From Brooklyn in 1999, a collection of songs by composer George Gershwin. In 2002, Dulin released his third album The One I Waited For, a debut of Dulin's original piano compositions. The music on the contemporary instrumental music featured Dulin's solo piano performance with the usage of occasional synth work. The album peaked at #1 in May 2003 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart, where it stayed for 3 months The album was #3 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2003. Dulin continued to explore the New Age genre on his 2003 release Atmospheres, his second release of original piano based compositions. The album peaked at #1 in September 2003 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart and was #9 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2003. Later in the same year, Dulin collaborated with Chuck Offutt on Balance of Nature. The album featured Offutt on Native American flutes and Dulin on piano and keyboards. The inspiration for the album came from a week Dulin spent in the mountains of North Carolina. Dulin has stated that the music was not intended to be representative of Native American culture, but the wooden flutes were the perfect medium to express the beauty of the untouched world. In 2004, Dulin released Timeless, a collection of classics. He has taken familiar melodies from the 19th and 20th century piano repertoire and gives them a new age styled interpretation. In an interview, Dulin had expressed his views that classical music was dying, and needs to be brought back to the attention of the general public. By updating some of these easily accessible pieces, he has made a step in that direction without compromising the integrity of the music in any way. The album peaked at #12 on ZMR in Dec 2004 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart, and was #86 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2005. Dulin released an album of Christmas standards in 2005 with Christmas at Our House. The album peaked at #9 in Dec 2005 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart. In 2008, Dulin released his fourth album of original material, and his third as a solo recording artist, on Follow The River. In an interview Dulin has stated that the inspiration for the album came from his observation that the journey of life is like a river. The main melody on the title track that opens the album also came to Dulin when he was sitting on a rock looking down at the river. It has been noted that while there are elements of classical music, the album exhibits a much wider range of influences including contemporary instrumental, new age, smooth jazz, and a bit of folk/roots Americana. Dulin has also dedicated a song each to his mother and to the late recording artist and pianist Laurie Z. The album peaked at #1 in June 2008 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart, and was ranked #10 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2008. In 2011, Dulin released Timeless II, the follow up to his 2004 release, Timeless. On this album, Dulin has moved away from the New Age genre, back to his Classical music roots with interpretations of works by Bach, Beethoven, Rachmaninoff, Chopin, and Saint- Saens. The instrumentation is based on the piano with strings, organ, and other non-piano sounds complementing with subtle accents. The album peaked at #1 in April 2011 on the ZMR Top 100 Radio Airplay Chart, and was ranked #8 on the ZMR Top 100 Airplay Chart for 2011. Dulin released These Are the Moments in 2012, a collection of his original music and arrangements from six of his releases from 2002 to 2012. The album is a collection of Dulin's contemporary instrumentals and his performances of classical music. The album has been featured in the Best New Age Albums in 2012. Dulin's arrangement of Erik Satie's Gymnopedie #3, Simply Satie, was featured in the soundtrack of 2014's Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles by Academy Award-winning director Chuck Workman. In 2015, Dulin released My Beloved, another album of original compositions dedicated to his wife, Jan. It was named 2015's Best Solo Piano Album by Enlightened Piano Radio. His music has also been heard in an episode of the final season of NBC's hit sitcom Parks and Recreation. Discography References Category:Composers for piano Category:New-age pianists Category:Living people Category:1952 births Category:21st-century pianists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nury, Masovian Voivodeship Nury is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rząśnik, within Wyszków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. References Nury	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Councillor claims walking routes are a ‘minefield of dog excrement’ CLLR MARY Jackman has hit out at dog owners who do not scoop up their dog’s doo doo. CLLR MARY Jackman has hit out at dog owners who do not scoop up their dog’s doo doo. Elderly people have slipped and mums and dads have to wash their buggies’ wheels when they get home, she said. The county councillor was speaking at a Castleconnell electoral area meeting where provision of dog fouling bins/disposal units on the Newtown/Monaleen/Castletroy walking routes were on the agenda. “There is a popular walking path there that is very well used and not just by residents. Consistently, when you go out walking there is dog fouling. “I’ve seen mums and dads pushing buggies, having to go through the dirt and then having to wash their buggies’ wheels when they get home. “I simply cannot understand how some dog owners don’t bring bags, collect their dog excrement and dispose of it properly,” said Cllr Jackman, who stresses that many dog walkers are civically minded but others are spoiling it for everybody. Walkers in the vicinity of Castletroy’s park have no excuse because Limerick County Council installed a pooper scooper there, she says. Along with the Demesne in Newcastle West they were the first ones in the county put in place. It has twin benefits as it provides dog owners with poop bags to enable them to clean up after their dogs and dispose of the waste, while at the same time safeguarding public health. Unfortunately no matter what you do some won’t use them, said Cllr Jackman “I walk that route regularly and do the full circle. It is a minefield of excrement. Elderly people have slipped and sometimes I’ve seen parents pushing buggies having to go out on the road to get away from it which is very dangerous too,” said Cllr Jackman, who has often raised the issue of dog fouling and the wider problem of littering. John Sheehan, executive engineer Limerick County Council, said new signs were to be erected with information of the fines for dog fouling. Meanwhile, Cllr Noel Gleeson said dumping of rubbish in the county is “rampant” while Cllr Eddie Wade said the dumping was “unreal”. He has seen everything from a dead pony to mattresses to black bin bags dumped near his home. You can contact us using the details below:Limerick Leader,54 O'Connell Street,LimerickEmail: news@limerickleader.ieTelephone: 061 214500 This website and its associated newspaper are full participating members of the Press Council of Ireland and supports the Office of the Press Ombudsman. This scheme in addition to defending the freedom of the press, offers readers a quick, fair and free method of dealing with complaints that they may have in relation to articles that appear on our pages. To contact the Office of the Press Ombudsman go to www.pressombudsman.ie or www.presscouncil.ie Limerick Leader provides news, events, and sport features from the Limerick area. For the best up to date information relating to Limerick and the surrounding areas visit us at Limerick Leader regularly or bookmark this page.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections In the last decades, several viruses emerged, as the consequence of cross-species passage from animal reservoirs to human being. Emerging infections always represent a significant challenge for public health system because knowledge about specific pathogens are generally little while at the same time we have few or no effective interventions. Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections explores special aspects of emerging infectious diseases including: • Application of the theory of focality of diseases to infective syndrome • The human-animal inter-face focusing on influenza • The role of bats as the main reservoir of emerging and novel human pathogens • MERS-CoV epidemiology and clinical presentation • The immediate impact on human health of the last Zika virus outbreak • The role and potential application of animal models for the study of emerging infections during an outbreak	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Geekbench result posted to their site on February 4th has generated a lot of excitement in our forums . The report seems to reveal the results for an unreleased Arrandale MacBook Pro running at 2.66GHz. Intel officially unveiled the new latest mobile chips at CES 2010 and Apple has been widely expected to use them in their next MacBook Pro revisions. The MacBook Pro gives a "6,1" model designation and a non-shipping build of Mac OS X 10.6.2 (Build 10C3067). The 6,1 designation has been spotted before in recent builds of Mac OS X 10.6.2. The later build number is also consistent with the kind of interim builds Apple provides with brand new hardware. The processor is listed as an Intel Core i7 M 620 running at 2.66GHz. The final benchmark score of 5260 compares favorably to identically clocked (2.66GHz) shipping MacBook Pros (3700-4000). The Core i7 M 620 is a high end dual core processor with Turbo Boost and Hyperthreading. Apple's MacBook Pros are due for updates and Intel's new mobile processors are the most likely candidates. While we haven't heard any solid evidence, there have been rumblings from international resellers that Apple's MacBook Pros supplies have been constrained. Supplies can be constrained for any number of reasons, but the timing does fit with a MacBook Pro refresh.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
set error non-classified off set error unknown_code off set error memory off set error stack off set hw simif nas 0xffff run state quit	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
A prior section 4323, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 516; Sept. 2, 1958, Pub. L. 85–859, title I, § 141(a), 72 Stat. 1296; Sept. 21, 1959, Pub. L. 86–344, § 5(b), 73 Stat. 619, called for the affixing of the stamps representing the tax upon the books of the corporation and the certification of the actual value of the shares transferred, and made reference to section 4352 in the case of transfers shown otherwise than by the books of the corporation. A prior section 4341, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 517; Sept. 2, 1958, Pub. L. 85–859, title I, § 141(a), 72 Stat. 1297, granted an exemption from the imposition of the tax under sections 4321 and 4331 in the case of transfers as collateral security and as security for performance. A prior section 4342, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 517; Sept. 2, 1958, Pub. L. 85–859, title I, § 141(a), 72 Stat. 1297, granted exemptions in the case of delivery or transfer of instruments by a fiduciary to his nominee or between nominees or by a custodian. Repeal of sections 4361 to 4363, 4375, 4382 to 4384 by section 1904(a)(12) ofPub. L. 94–455effective on first day of first month which begins more than 90 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1904(d) ofPub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 4041 of this title.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a photosensitive member which has a photoconductive layer containing amorphous silicon, and more particularly to a photosensitive member which has an insulation layer formed over the photoconductive layer. 2. Description of the Prior Art For the past several years, attention has been focused on the application to photosensitive members of amorphous silicon (hereinafter referred to as "a-Si") which is produced by the glow discharge decomposition process or sputtering process. Similarly, attention has been directed to amorphous silicon-germanium (hereinafter referred to as "a-Si:Ge") having improved sensitivity in the region of long wavelengths for use in forming images by a semiconductor laser. Such promising application is attributable to the fact that for use in photosensitive members, a-Si and a-Si:Ge are exceedingly superior to the conventional selenium and CdS materials in resistance to environmetal pollution, heat and abrasion, photosensitive characteristics, etc. However, a-Si or a-Si:Ge has the drawback of being low in dark resistivity and unusable as it is for a photoconductive layer which also serves as a charge retaining layer. It has therefore been proposed to incorporate oxygen or nitrogen into the material to improve the dark resistivity, but this conversely results in reduced photosensitivity, hence there is a limit to the content of the additive. To overcome the drawback that the photosensitive member prepared from a-Si has a low dark resistivity and a very high rate of dark decay, it is also proposed to form an insulation layer of carbon-containing a-Si on a photoconductive a-Si layer to give improved charge retentivity (e.g. Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application No. SHO 57-115551 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,750). The former publication discloses that carbon atoms are incorporated into a-Si at a high concentration of 40 to 90 atomic % (hereinafter abbreviated as "at. %"). Nevertheless, high carbon contents result in optical fatigue or reduced sensitivity, whereas improved chargeability requires a higher carbon concentration, which needs to be at least 70 at. % in some cases. Overcoat layers of such high carbon concentration are difficult to make by the common glow discharge decomposition process. The photosensitive member obtained, which has a high carbon concentration, exhibits poor adhesion to the photoconductive layer (of a-Si or a-Si:Ge), possibly creating blank streaks in the copy images obtained. Accordingly there is a limitation to the improvement of chargeability by increasing the carbon content.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
5 Angry Animal Character Set 5 Angry Animal Character Set This time I give a set of exclusive illustration character.. 5 angry animal characters, these all character are suitabale for tees, tattoo, logo, and other print or web material. if you have urban or skateboard brand maybe this is perfect graphic for you. also i give 2 graphic bonus, skateboard and ribbon. hope it makes you satisfy. +++++++++++ Contains of: 5 Angry Animal Character Set and 2 bonus (all high quality vector files) - Kingkong/ ape - Snake - Bull Dog - Giraffe - Rhino note: model are exclude. +++++++++++ HOW TO CHANGE COLORS : 1. Open the ai file through adobe illustrator. 2. klik object and ungroup 3. click the object part that you want to change the colors 4. click the color on color tab 5. well done	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: where is the index physically located in MySQL database Just wondering where is the index info physically located in MySQL database if I have indexed a table with ALTER TABLE contacts ADD KEY (columnName); ? it will stay with that table and add a new spacial column to it; stay separately from that table; I think the #2 is the correct answer. Can we index columns from more than one tables? how? A: For the MyISAM engine, a table's indexes are stored in the .MYI file (in the data directory, along with the .MYD and .frm files for the table). For InnoDB engine, the indexes are stored in the tablespace, along with the table. If innodb_file_per_table option is set, the indexes will be in the table's .ibd file along with the .frm file. No, it's not possible to create an index that references more than one table. An index is specific to a table.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
As if we need more, here is yet another reminder of the kind of terrible ideas that have taken hold of the Republican party and conservatives in particular. Let's hear what representative Steve King of Iowa said: He has dubbed illegal immigration not just a 'slow-motion terrorist attack' but a 'slow-motion holocaust.' 'The line of scrimmage has moved closer to our goal line,' King tells me, 'and you’ve got a different team calling the plays.' Steve King, by the way, is the ranking member (most senior, though he does not chair it) of the House subcommittee on immigration. That isn't all, though: Zoe Lofgren, the California Democrat who is surrendering her immigration subcommittee chair, recalls a 2007 bill that allowed more Afghan and Iraqi translators to obtain special visas to enter the U.S. 'When we took it to the floor,' Lofgren says, 'Steve King - and I thought it was irrational - called it 'amnesty.' A 2008 bill that would have helped U.S. soldiers and their family members gain legal status was named after Marine Lance Corporal Jose Gutierrez, one of the first Americans to die in combat in the Iraq War. 'Mr. King,' Lofgren recalls, 'wanted to know how the dead soldier had entered the United States.' (Emphasis mine.) These are the kinds of voices leading the Republican party in the immigration debate and it's pitiful.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Charles McCrum Charles McCrum (born 8 December 1964 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he played 22 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1990 and 1994 including one first-class match against Scotland and two List A matches in the NatWest Trophy. His brother Paul has also played cricket for Ireland. Career Having played once for Gloucestershire Under-25s in 1985, McCrum first played for Ireland in June 1990 against the MCC. He then spent two years out of the Ireland side before playing his only first-class match against Scotland in June 1992. This was followed by his List A debut against Durham the same month, and he rounded out 1992 with a match against the MCC, two matches against an England amateur XI and a match against Gloucestershire. In 1993, he played his final List A match against Yorkshire before seven more matches for Ireland, including games against Barbados, Wales, the MCC and the Netherlands. He represented Ireland at the 1994 ICC Trophy, winning the man of the match award against Gibraltar, which were his last matches for Ireland. Statistics In all matches for Ireland, McCrum scored 567 runs at an average of 25.77 with a top score of 70 against Scotland in 1992, also his highest first-class score. He took 25 wickets at an average of 29.24 with his best bowling performance being 4/16 against Gibraltar in 1994. References Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Irish cricketers Category:Sportspeople from Belfast Category:Cricketers from Northern Ireland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: How to change the frame of the UIImagePickerController I got a demand that I need to change the frame of the UIImagePickerController, but I didn't find how, so I guess maybe totally I walk into a wrong way , any idea? A: I met the same demand before, and I tried a lot and find out that, it is fixed. Once we want to do this effect, maybe we have to build a image picker one by our own instead of using the UIImagePickerController.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Researchers say they've unlocked key to cancer's growth and how to slow it Monday Jun 19, 2017 at 11:43 AMJun 19, 2017 at 2:32 PM By Carrie Wells The Baltimore Sun BALTIMORE -- Hasini Jayatilaka was a sophomore at the Johns Hopkins University working in a lab studying cancer cells when she noticed that when the cells become too densely packed, some would break off and start spreading. She wasn't sure what to make of it, until she attended an academic conference and heard a speaker talking about bacterial cells behaving the same way. Yet when she went through the academic literature to see if anyone had written about similar behavior in cancer cells, she found nothing. Seven years later, the theory Jayatilaka developed early in college is now a bona fide discovery that offers significant promise for cancer treatment. Jayatilaka and a team at Johns Hopkins discovered the biochemical mechanism that tells cancer cells to break off from the primary tumor and spread throughout the body, a process called metastasis. Some 90 percent of cancer deaths are caused when cancer metastasizes. The team also found that two existing, FDA-approved drugs can slow metastasis significantly. "A female patient with breast cancer doesn't succumb to the disease just because she has a mass on her breast; she succumbs to the disease because (when) it spreads either to the lungs, the liver, the brain, it becomes untreatable," said Jayatilaka, who earned her doctorate in chemical and biomolecular engineering this spring in addition to her earlier undergraduate degree at Hopkins. "There are really no therapeutics out there right now that directly target the spread of cancer. So what we came up with through our studies was this drug cocktail that could potentially inhibit the spread of cancer." The study was published online May 26 in the journal Nature Communications. The next step for the team is to test the effectiveness of the drugs in human subjects. Typically, cancer research and treatment has focused on shrinking the primary tumor through chemotherapy or other methods. But, the team said, by attacking the deadly process of metastasis, more patients could survive. "It's not this primary tumor that's going to kill you typically," said Denis Wirtz, Johns Hopkins' vice provost for research and director of its Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, who was a senior author on the paper. Jayatilaka began by studying how cancer cells behave and communicate with each other, using a three-dimensional model that mimics human tissue rather than looking at them in a petri dish. Many researchers believe metastasis happens after the primary tumor reaches a certain size, but Jayatilaka found it was the tumor's density that determined when it would metastasize. "If you look at the human population, once we become too dense in an area, we move out to the suburbs or wherever, and we decide to set up shop there," Jayatilaka said. "I think the cancer cells are doing the same thing." When the tumor reaches a certain density, the study found, it releases two proteins called Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8, signaling to cancer cells that things had grown too crowded and it was time to break off and head into other parts of the body. Previously, Wirtz said, the act of a tumor growing and the act of cancer cells spreading were thought to be very separate activities, because that's how it appeared by studying cancer cells in a petri dish, rather than the 3-D model the Hopkins team used. Many researchers study only cancer cell growth or its spread, and don't communicate with each other often, he said. Once the cancer cells start to sense the presence of too many other cancer cells around them, they start secreting the Interleukin proteins, Wirtz said. If those proteins are added to a tumor that hasn't yet metastasized, that process would begin, he said. The team then tested two drugs known to work on the Interleukin receptors to see if they would block or slow metastasis in mice. They found that using the two drugs together would block the signals from the Interleukin proteins that told the cancer cells to break off and spread, slowing -- though not completely stopping -- metastasis. The drugs the team used were Tocilizumab, a rheumatoid arthritis treatment, and Reparixin, which is being evaluated for cancer treatment. The drugs bind to the Interleukin receptors and block their signals, slowing metastasis. Though metastasis was not completely stopped, Jayatilaka said, the mice given the drug cocktail fared well and survived through the experiment. She said adding another, yet-to-be-determined drug or tweaking the dose might stop metastasis entirely. Contrary to the hair loss, nausea and other negative side effects patients undergoing chemotherapy suffer, Wirtz said the side effects from the drugs used in the study would be minimal. Never miss a story Choose the plan that's right for you. Digital access or digital and print delivery.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
the Chandler Travis Philharmonic, at the Lizard Lounge, with special guests Steve Shook (founding member of Travis, Shook, & the Club Wow and the Incredible Casuals; Steve will be playing new material from his debut solo recording, a 6 song EP which will be released this spring, and this is his first appearance in the Boston area in about 30 years), and Kimon Kirk (producer of said Steve Shook EP, which makes him a bit of a miracle worker, too... not to mention his own fine solo recordings and work with Session Americana, which -oops! -I just mentioned!) Dixieland romps, twisted Mardi Gras marches, sweaty 60's rock, smoky torch songs, and occasional novelties that sound somewhere between Randy Newman and They Might Be Giants, all with hilariously offbeat lyrics. The world would be a better place if Travis would only visit more often. Sam Hurwitt, San Francisco Express the best band in the universe Rob Caldwell, Hudson-Catskill Register Star The Chandler Travis Philharmonic is a 9-piece ensemble from Boston that includes a horn section, string bass, keyboard, mandocello, guitar, drums, accordion, and singing valet. It's possible they might be the missing link between the Kinks and Sun Ra Songwriter, bassist, and producer Kimon Kirk has toured with Aimee Mann, Grant-Lee Phillips, Amy Correia, and Sarah Borges, and was a founding member of Boston's award-winning roots collective Session Americana. He has also released two solo recordings, 2009's Eye On You and 2011's Songs For Society, both of which traverse the pop-music landscape. He recently produced Dignify, Steve Shook's first solo album, as well as new releases by Tom McBride, Kerry Schneider, and the Heygoods. There's some chance you may be aware of Chandler's other band, the Incredible Casuals, or of his earlier work with Travis Shook and the Club Wow; either solo or in one or another of these guises, he has appeared with Elvis Costello, Green Day, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, John Cale, Bonnie Raitt, NRBQ (longtime buds Terry Adams and Al Anderson from the 'Q played on the first Philharmonic album), Charles Mingus, the Beach Boys, Allen Ginsburg, the Replacements, George Carlin (a guest star on two CTP albums, and a traveling companion for decades), Of Montreal, etc., etc. The Philharmonic was born in the fall of 1996 at the Lizard Lounge in Cambridge, on the occasion of Chandler doing a guest shot there with a house band led by multi-instrumentalist/singer Dinty Child. When asked if he would like to add any additional instrumentation, Chandler, having always hated when elderly bands ruan out of ideas to this extent, facetiously suggested "oh yeah,let's get some horns and chick back-up singers." Strangely, Dinty complied with the horn part, booking (among others) genius trumpeter Keiichi Hashimoto, and the CTP was surprisingly hatched! Later on,cross-dressing drummer Rikki Bates, a pal of Chandler's from the Casuals and one of the more amazing instrumentalists on the planet, and Keith Spring, (NRBQ, Martin Mull) helped complete the picture. Since then,the band -all colorfully garbed 8 pieces of them, plus singing valet Fred Boak -have introduced the concept of alternative dixieland and omnipop to audiences all over Massachusetts and far beyond (San Francisco,Chicago,and especially New Orleans and New York City have proved particularly responsive -the Village Voice declared them "keenly entertaining", calling Chandler "a true New England eccentric and a master of daft power pop", and the band "a blend of Ringling Bros. and Ra" that "puts the harm back in Philharmonic", and the New Yorker has repeatedly concurred.) The band released its debut album, "Let's Have a Pancake",along with 26 other website-only full-length CDs (the improbable and ground-breaking RadioBall series) in 2000 as a means of welcoming in the new century; four more "official" Philharmonic releases followed,all on the Sonic Trout label, the most recent being 2010s "The Chandler Travis Philharmonic Blows!", which followed hard on the heels of Chandler's first solo release in a decade, 2009s "After She Left".	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
<?php header('Access-Control-Allow-Origin: '); header('Content-type: application/json'); require_once('TwitterAPIExchange.php'); //get it from https://github.com/J7mbo/twitter-api-php /* Set access tokens here - see: https://dev.twitter.com/apps/ **/ $settings = array( 'oauth_access_token' => "place_token_here", 'oauth_access_token_secret' => "place_secret_here", 'consumer_key' => "place_key_here", 'consumer_secret' => "place_consumer_key_here" ); $twitter_username = $_GET['user']; $ta_url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/statuses/user_timeline.json'; $getfield = '?screen_name='.$twitter_username; $requestMethod = 'GET'; $twitter = new TwitterAPIExchange($settings); $follow_count=$twitter->setGetfield($getfield) ->buildOauth($ta_url, $requestMethod) ->performRequest(); $data = json_decode($follow_count, true); $followers_count=$data[0]['user']['followers_count']; $json_array = array('followers'=>$followers_count); echo json_encode($json_array);	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
The core mobile firm brought 19 billion rupees for the six months from 12.4 million subscribers, with revenues up 4 percent. Higher consumption taxes hurt revenue growth, the firm said. The group had provided 19.1 billion rupees in taxes to the government, with 5.7 billion rupees in direct taxes and levies, and 13.4 billion rupees in indirect taxes collected on behalf of the state. This worked out to about 42.2 percent of net revenues earned by the group. Net loss for the six months to June was 528 million rupees, up from 228 million rupees last year. Dialog Broadband Networks increased year-to-date revenues 36 percent to 5.9 billion rupees, and net profits of 331 million rupees for the June quarter and 568 million for the first half compared to a loss of 40 million rupees last year.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Exposure assessment and other challenges in non-ionizing radiation studies of childhood leukaemia. Studies of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and the development of childhood leukaemia face unique difficulties. EMF are imperceptible, ubiquitous, have multiple sources, and can vary greatly over time and distances. Childhood leukaemia and high average exposures to magnetic fields are both quite rare. Thus, a major challenge in EMF epidemiology is the small number of highly exposed cases and the necessity for retrospective assessment of exposure. Only studies designed to minimize bias while maximizing our ability to detect an association, should one exist, would have a potential to contribute to our understanding. New approaches are needed; the most promising in the extremely low-frequency range involves a study of a highly exposed cohort of children who have lived in apartments next to built-in transformers or electrical equipment rooms. Another promising avenue is an investigation of possible joint effects of environmental exposures and genetic co-factors. An exposure assessment methodology for residential radiofrequency fields is still in its infancy. Rapid changes in technology and exponential increases in its use make exposure assessment more difficult and urgent.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Formula One driver Jules Bianchi has died in hospital nine months after crashing at the Japanese Grand Prix. The 25-year-old Marussia driver had been in a coma since October 2014 after suffering a diffuse axonal injury following a collision with a crane on the side of the Suzuka circuit. Bianchi had been receiving treatment at a hospital in Nice, France but his family announced his passing in the early hours of Saturday morning. Scroll down for video Jules Bianchi, 25, has passed away nine months after crashing into a crane during the Japanese Grand Prix Bianchi pictured driving during the Japanese Grand Prix on October 5, when the crash occurred Bianchi received urgent medical treatment after crashing at the Suzuka Circuit on October 5 A statement read: 'It is with deep sadness that the parents of Jules Bianchi, Philippe and Christine, his brother Tom and sister Melanie, wish to make it known that Jules passed away last night at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) in Nice, (France) where he was admitted following the accident of 5th October 2014 at Suzuka Circuit during the Japanese Formula 1 Grand Prix. 'Jules fought right to the very end, as he always did, but today his battle came to an end. The pain we feel is immense and indescribable. We wish to thank the medical staff at Nice's CHU who looked after him with love and dedication. 'We also thank the staff of the General Medical Center in the Mie Prefecture (Japan) who looked after Jules immediately after the accident, as well as all the other doctors who have been involved with his care over the past months. Marussia driver Bianchi suffered a diffuse axonal injury following the collision with a crane by the circuit Bianchi crashed into a crane by the side of the circuit in wet conditions during the Japanese Grand Prix Jules Bianchi's girlfriend Camille Marchetti, 24, has not yet commented on his death. After the crash Miss Marchetti, who has dated Bianchi for a number of years, led prayers for the race ace's recovery 'Furthermore, we thank Jules' colleagues, friends, fans and everyone who has demonstrated their affection for him over these past months, which gave us great strength and helped us deal with such difficult times. Listening to and reading the many messages made us realise just how much Jules had touched the hearts and minds of so many people all over the world. 'We would like to ask that our privacy is respected during this difficult time, while we try to come to terms with the loss of Jules.' Manor Marussia tweeted: 'We are devastated to lose Jules after such a hard-fought battle. It was a privilege to have him race for our team.' Earlier in the week Bianchi's father Philippe revealed the suffering his family had been under as they waited for their son to show signs of improvement. Bianchi pictured during a press conference in August 2014, two months before his fatal crash in October Bianchi of Marussia pictured during the Japanese Grand Prix before his horrific crash into a crane Bianchi was taken away by ambulance after crashing and has unfortunately passed away nine months on After the crash his girlfriend posted this photo and wrote online: 'You are my champion! You are the strongest' Marchetti was often seen cheering Bianchi on from the pits as he raced around the world 'It's unbearable, it is a daily torture,' he told France Info. 'It sometimes seems crazy because for me, it is certainly worse than if he had died in the accident. Because we don't have the power to help him more. 'In general, progress must be made in the first six months and it has been nine months and Jules is still not awake and there is no significant progress. 'The passing time, it makes me less optimistic than I was two or three months after the accident, when we were hoping for a better outcome.' Bianchi entered F1 as a test driver for Ferrari in 2011 before joining Force India the following season. Philippe Bianchi (right) previously admitted his family were going through 'daily torture' following the crash Manor Marussia tweeted their condolences after hearing the sad news after their driver Bianchi THE STATEMENT FROM THE BIANCHI FAMILY It is with deep sadness that the parents of Jules Bianchi, Philippe and Christine, his brother Tom and sister Mélanie, wish to make it known that Jules passed away last night at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) in Nice, (France) where he was admitted following the accident of 5th October 2014 at Suzuka Circuit during the Japanese Formula 1 Grand Prix. 'Jules fought right to the very end, as he always did, but today his battle came to an end,' said the Bianchi family. 'The pain we feel is immense and indescribable. We wish to thank the medical staff at Nice's CHU who looked after him with love and dedication. We also thank the staff of the General Medical Center in the Mie Prefecture (Japan) who looked after Jules immediately after the accident, as well as all the other doctors who have been involved with his care over the past months. 'Furthermore, we thank Jules' colleagues, friends, fans and everyone who has demonstrated their affection for him over these past months, which gave us great strength and helped us deal with such difficult times. Listening to and reading the many messages made us realise just how much Jules had touched the hearts and minds of so many people all over the world. 'We would like to ask that our privacy is respected during this difficult time, while we try to come to terms with the loss of Jules.' Advertisement In 2013, the Frenchman made his debut for Marussia – finishing 15th at the Australian Grand Prix. He failed to win a point that season but managed a 13th-place finish at the Malaysian Grand Prix. Bianchi scored his and Marussia's first points in F1 at the Monaco Grand Prix the next season when he finished ninth, and he impressed so much so that he was tipped as a future Ferrari driver. Bianchi's fateful accident happened when he lost control of his car during wet conditions at the Suzuka circuit and collided with a tractor crane that was removing Adrian Sutil's Sauber which had crashed a lap earlier. STATEMENT FROM JOHN BOOTH, TEAM PRINCIPAL FOR MARUSSIA F1 'Words cannot describe the enormous sadness within our team this morning, as we come to terms with losing Jules. He has left an indelible mark on all our lives, and will forever be part of everything we have achieved, and everything we will strive for going forward. 'Jules was a shining talent. He was destined for great things in our sport; success he so richly deserved. He was also a magnificent human being, making a lasting impression on countless people all over the world. They recognised, as did we, that at the same time as being a fiercely motivated racer, he was also an extremely warm, humble and intensely likeable person, who lit up our garage and our lives. 'We are incredibly grateful that we were able to provide Jules with the opportunity to show the world what he could do in a Formula 1 car. We knew we had a very special driver on our hands from the first time he drove our car in pre-season testing in 2013. It has been an honour to be able to consider him our race driver, our team-mate, and of course our friend. 'Our thoughts and prayers are with the wonderful Bianchi family, who have remained so strong for Jules throughout the past nine months. In turn, Jules was an absolute credit to them. 'Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has supported Jules since his accident in Japan last October. Your kindness has been such a source of comfort to his family and to us, his team. We will rely on your continued support over the coming days and months as we race on for Jules.' Advertisement The race was red flagged and ended nine laps early as medics attended to Bianchi, who was later taken to hospital and underwent surgery on a severe head injury. He remained in hospital in Japan before later being moved to France but failed to show any improvement in his condition. Following Bianchi's accident, F1 chiefs launched an investigation and shifted the start times of five Grand Prix for this season so that no race would start with a risk of running in bad light. The times for Australia (now 4pm), Malaysia (3pm), China (2pm), Japan (2pm) and Russia (2pm) are all one hour earlier than they were in 2014. Bianchi lost his battle after the crash which occurred on the Suzuka Circuit in October Bianchi entered F1 as a test driver for Ferrari in 2011 before joining Force India the following season, and the Frenchman made his debut for Marussia in 2013	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Grant will bring educators together from CVTC, Northcentral Technical College, Western Technical College, and the Eau Claire, Wausau, La Crosse, Cornell, and Elk Mound School Districts to participate in a study travel experience and create culturally sensitive curriculum for students across Wisconsin Eau Claire – Today, U.S. Rep. Ron Kind announced an $87,615 grant from the U.S. Department of Education’s Fulbright-Hays Group Projects Abroad Program for Chippewa Valley Technical College. The grant will fund a study-abroad experience for program participants that includes a 4-week visit to Hmong villages and schools in Thailand, so educators can gain a firsthand understanding of cultural norms, practices, and living conditions of Hmong students and families who have relocated from Asia to the Midwest. Following the trip, instructors will integrate resources gathered during the seminar into coursework back in the U.S., in an effort to enhance students’ understanding of the Hmong population and its role as Wisconsin’s fastest growing ethnic minority group. “Decades after courageously fighting for the U.S. and seeking refuge in Wisconsin, our Hmong population are still forced to fight for cultural understanding here in our state,” said Rep. Ron Kind. “I look forward to seeing how this project helps bridge the gap between our Hmong students and their peers, and am confident it will give all of our students and teachers the opportunity to take pride in the unique cultures and stories that make Wisconsin a great place to live.” “This exciting project will help foster collaboration and understanding between Wisconsin’s teachers and the Hmong population in the region,” said Dr.Ka Vang, CVTC’s Project Director for the grant. “I look forward to working with educators across the state to lead the immersion experience and support curriculum that provides better background into the lives and culture of Wisconsin’s Hmong families.” “This grant will help CVTC to foster a better understanding of the substantial Hmong population in the Chippewa Valley,” said CVTC President Bruce Barker. “Valuing diversity is one of CVTC’s core abilities that is woven into all programs and student activities. We appreciate the efforts of Rep. Kind and the Department of Education in helping us broaden these efforts.” Twelve educators will have the opportunity to participate in the project. Six instructors will be selected from CVTC, Northcentral Technical College, Western Technical College, and 6 will be selected from K-12 schools within the Eau Claire, Wausau, La Crosse, Cornell, and Elk Mound School Districts.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: convert "é" to "é" in PHP? What is the best way to convert a string will XML entities like é to => éin PHP ? $string = "\xe9"; // é echo utf8_encode($string ); is working great, but what to do with é replace &# per \ then use utf8 ? A: Prior to PHP 5.4, the encoding defaults to ISO-8859-1 So use: echo html_entity_decode('é', ENT_COMPAT, 'UTF-8'); Output for 5.0.0 - 5.5.0beta2 (in UTF-8 encoding) é Example in 80+ PHP Versions	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Determination of barbiturates by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and ion trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in conjunction with quadrupole ion trap GC-MS was applied to the determination of a series of barbiturates. A 65 microns Carbowax-divinylbenzene (DVB) SPME fiber was used to successfully extract a series of eight barbiturates from aqueous solution. Absorption kinetics and distribution coefficients for the 65 microns Carbowax-DVB SPME fiber were determined for the compounds. In addition the method was evaluated with respect to linearity, limit of detection, precision, desorption time, and the effect of salt. Limits of detection reached 1 ng/ml for the barbiturates. Linearity was established for the barbiturates over a concentration range of 10-1000 ng/ml, with coefficients of correlation 0.99. Overall, the precision of the method fell between 2.2%-6.5%, depending on the barbiturate. SPME was applied to the identification and quantitation of the barbiturates in a urine matrix. The method was validated by analyzing a reference standard pentobarbital-spiked urine sample. Both standard addition and internal standard with [2H5]-pentobarbital techniques were evaluated, with recoveries found to be 93% and 104%, respectively SPME was then used to rapidly screen a urine specimen tested positive for barbiturates, and butalbital was detected and quantified.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
[Pharmacology of the glutamate receptor]. The history of pharmacological examinations of glutamate receptor agonists such as kainic acid, quisqualic acid, acromelic acid, L-CCG-I, DCG-IV and L-F2CCG-I was described. Kainic acid is one of the most potent excitants in the mammalian central neurons, and its powerful excitatory actions gave rise to the excitotoxic concept that glutamate destroys neurons by excessive activation of excitatory receptors. Single systemic administration of acromelic acid, a kainate analog, caused behavioral and pathological effects quite different from those seen after systemic administration of kainate in the rat, demonstrating that the distribution of neuron damage caused by various excitatory amino acids is not always identical even if their receptors are in the same pharmacological category. 2-(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (CCG) is a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate. CCG and its derivatives demonstrate unique neuropharmacological actions; for example, L-CCG-I and DCG-IV (a carboxylated derivative of L-CCG-I) relatively preferentially activate group II mGluRs. Prolonged infusion of very small amounts of DCG-IV showed a bell-shaped dose-response relationship with regard to protection against kainate-induced neurotoxicity. Low concentrations of L-glutamate neither affected spinal reflexes nor the resting membrane potentials of motoneurons, but preferentially potentiated the depression of monosynaptic excitation caused by L-F2CCG-I. Following L-F2 CCG-I treatment, L-glutamate decreased the monosynaptic spinal reflexes in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating a 'priming' effect of L-F2CCG-I. Thus, pharmacological actions of mGluR agonists are of great interest and remain to be clarified.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: OR and AND combination fail MySQL I tried to figure out which mysql code to use. I tried the following script which contains all search features I need: SELECT * FROM `zk_posts` WHERE `form_id` IN (3,6) AND FROM_UNIXTIME(published, '%Y') = 2013 AND `message` LIKE '%search%' OR `description` LIKE '%search%' OR `name` LIKE '%search%'; At first I want to only show posts where form_id is 3 or 6 and the published year is 2013. At the same time I want to search inside my text columns, if there is any match inside one of these three, but by using OR in combination with AND it doesn't work the way I want. If I run this mysql it returns posts which for example don't match with the form_id. Can anyone tell me how he or she would solve this. A: Try it like this... SELECT * FROM `zk_posts` WHERE `form_id` IN (3,6) AND FROM_UNIXTIME(published, '%Y') = 2013 AND (`message` LIKE '%search%' OR `description` LIKE '%search%' OR `name` LIKE '%search%');	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Clinical information in using mini-screws in orthodontics. Mini-screws in orthodontics has become the most commonly used skeletal temporary anchorage device. The basic clinical information regarding its indications, contra-indications, implant sites, angulations, placement, maintenance and complications is presented to enlighten orthodontic practitioners planning to start using them.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Critical thinking in nursing is complex and described by a mosaic of different definitions. These various definitions have led to confusion about what critical thinking entails \[[@R1]\]. In nursing education, critical thinking is a key objective and/or desired outcome for almost every nursing course and is an aspect of knowledge-based nursing practice evident in Canadian provincial standards \[[@R2]\]. A strong emphasis on the need to develop critical thinking is evident in nursing education despite the lack of an agreed upon definition to guide teaching practice. The variety of critical thinking definitions has also made measurement of students' critical thinking more difficult \[[@R3]\]. To this end, research has been inconclusive as to whether critical thinking results from nursing educational experiences and has called into question whether critical thinking can be learned \[[@R4]\]. Due to the presence of inconclusive literature, a different approach to conceptualizing critical thinking is warranted. Many literature reviews have examined critical thinking and the related definitions and measurement, however none have offered a new lens from which to view similar conclusions \[[@R5],[@R6]\]. More specifically, the philosophical underpinnings upon which critical thinking is based should be explored to determine whether critical thinking is a result of nursing education. By using a philosophical inquiry approach, how critical thinking is conceptualized and operationalized in nursing education can be more thoroughly examined. In this article, we offer a discussion related to the philosophical issue of whether nursing students can learn to think critically. Prompting the need for this exploration was a review of the critical thinking literature in nursing. Articles written in English and published from 2000-2010 focusing on critical thinking in nursing were examined. From those articles, the issues of defining and measuring critical thinking in nursing education were evident. Seminal works that contribute to a definition of critical thinking were included, as well as articles more specifically related to measurement of critical thinking in nursing education. Narrative articles were also incorporated to represent the current perspectives on critical thinking in a nursing context. Limits to the literature reviewed for this paper include the exclusion of non-English written articles, anecdotal articles describing methods to enhance critical thinking in nursing, critical thinking research articles outside nursing, and other formats of literature including dissertations and unpublished works. This paper is meant as a starting point to spark additional discourse examining concepts, such as critical thinking, using a philosophical approach. We begin this discussion with a brief overview of what is known about critical thinking in nursing education, more specifically the definitions available in nursing and the predominant results from measurement efforts. Given the more general nature of the nursing education critical thinking literature, a philosophical look at the feasibility of learning critical thinking in nursing is then offered. Using the broader philosophical perspectives of person, knowledge, truth and the nature of nursing, various positions outlining whether a nursing based definition of critical thinking is compatible with learning, are analyzed and discussed. We conclude with suggestions as to how the discipline should proceed, and the potential implications of not examining the philosophical implications associated with learning critical thinking in nursing. OVERVIEW OF CRITICAL THINKING: DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT IN NURSING EDUCATION =============================================================================== The multiple definitions of critical thinking highlight various interpretations of what 'thinking critically' is believed to be. These definitions also vary depending on the discipline. For example, the most cited non-nursing critical thinking definitions evident in the literature are those by Facione \[[@R7]\], Brookfield \[[@R8]\], and Paul \[[@R9]\]. Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\], and Alfaro-Lefevre \[[@R11]\] offer the most commonly cited nursing specific critical thinking definitions in published literature. Each are included and discussed below. Facione's \[[@R7]\] critical thinking definition emerged from his work with the American Philosophical Association (APA), which led to the creation of the Delphi consensus statement. This definition states: We understand critical thinking to be purposeful, self-regulatory judgment that results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is based... The ideal critical thinker is habitually inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, flexible, fair-minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent in making judgments, willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances of inquiry permit (p. 4). Facione's critical thinking definition includes both skills and dispositions and served as the basis for the development of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) and the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). Both tools are commonly used to measure critical thinking in various populations, including nursing students and educators. Brookfield \[[@R8]\] is also cited for his definition and description of critical thinking. It includes: a) identifying and challenging assumptions; b) challenging the importance of context; c) imagining and exploring alternatives; and d) engaging in reflective skepticism. These components illustrate Brookfield's view of critical thinking as a process with both emotive and rational aspects. Similar to Brookfield, Dewey \[[@R12]\] asserted that reflection resulted from some disbelief in thought. The dissonance in one's thinking then triggers a careful consideration of one's beliefs in order to re-establish beliefs based on knowledge. Similarly, Brookfield identified that reflective skepticism is initiated by imaging and exploring alternatives to problems and situations. Another critical thinking definition frequently cited in the literature is by Paul \[[@R9]\]. Similar to Facione \[[@R7]\], Paul defines critical thinking including cognitive aspects, more specifically perfections of thought. Paul stated: Critical thinking is self-disciplined, self-directed thinking that exemplifies the perfections of thinking appropriate to a particular mode or domain of thought. It comes in two forms. If disciplined to serve the interests of a particular individual or group, to the exclusion of other relevant persons and groups, it is sophistic or weak-sense critical thinking. If disciplined to take into account the interests of diverse persons or groups, it is fair-minded or strong-sense critical thinking (p. 10). The definitions by Facione \[[@R7]\], Brookfield \[[@R8]\], and Paul \[[@R9]\] are non-nursing definitions. Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\] also used a Delphi technique to generate a nursing based definition of critical thinking. This definition will be used as a reference point for this discussion and it states: Critical thinking in nursing is an essential component of professional accountability and quality nursing care. Critical thinkers exhibit these habits of mind: confidence, contextual perspective, creativity, flexibility, inquisitiveness, intellectual integrity, intuition, open-mindedness, perseverance, and reflection. Critical thinkers in nursing practice the cognitive skills of analyzing, applying standards, discriminating, information seeking, logical reasoning, predicting and transforming knowledge (p.357). The above definition by Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\] situates critical thinking as an integral part of nursing practice and asserts that both skills and dispositions are required by nurses to think critically. The obvious difference in this definition is the emphasis on intuition, contextual perspective, and creativity as part of how critical thinking is defined in nursing. These more feminine concepts highlight the difference between definitions created from within nursing compared to those more cognitively emphasized and created from outside nursing. Another nursing definition frequently cited in critical thinking literature is authored by Alfaro-Lefevre \[[@R11]\]. She stated: Critical thinking and clinical judgment in nursing is: a) purposeful, informed, outcome-focused (results oriented) thinking, b) carefully identifies key problems, issues and risks, c) is based on principles of nursing process, problem solving and the scientific method, d) applies logic, intuition, and creativity, e) is driven by patient, family, and community needs, f) calls for strategies that make the most of the human potential and, g) requires constant reevaluating self-correcting, and striving to improve (p. 7). This definition offers a comprehensive description of elements comprising critical thinking from a nursing perspective. It is evident that Alfaro-Lefevre infers a strong link between critical thinking and clinical judgment, which is not evident in other definitions. Given the various definitions and perspectives, critical thinking is not consistently defined \[[@R3],[@R1]\] and is "not one, monolithic thing" \[[@R13], p. 216\]. Therefore, the diversity of critical thinking definitions and perspectives is understandable, yet remains problematic for some \[[@R14]\]. Not having a clear conceptualization of what it means to think critically within or outside of nursing is challenging and requires reexamination why and how critical thinking is being operationalized within the discipline. In nursing critical thinking is often employed as a goal of education, to promote quality nursing care, and positive patient outcomes. Interestingly, the application of this concept as a desirable educational outcome was determined by educational institutions and the academic community to ensure nursing graduates and practicing nurses have the necessary 'skills' to deal with the acuity and complex nature of nursing practice. Moreover, critical thinking is mainly conceived as a cognitive process to assist nurses in managing their expanding knowledge base and to foster the application of knowledge into practice \[[@R5]\]. However, the underlying philosophical implications of critical thinking and whether it can be learned as a cognitive skill or otherwise, has not been explored or discussed in recent literature. The predominantly cognitive nature of critical thinking definitions, such as those proposed by Facione \[[@R7]\] and Paul \[[@R9]\] are evident. More specifically, a chiasm of difference has been created between the more cognitive definitions and those definitions emphasizing more feminine aspects, such as those emanating from nursing. For example, critical thinking has been equated with reflection, problem solving, decision-making, clinical judgment and practical reasoning in nursing \[[@R15]\], whereas others believe that critical thinking is a set of more defined thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, inference, as well as inductive and deductive reasoning \[[@R7]\]. As a result, it appears many authors use critical thinking as a blanket statement to capture its fluid and non-linear nature. Looking at our reference definition for this discussion, the components of the critical thinking definition offered by Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\] are inclusive of both skills and dispositions. The generalizability of these skills and dispositions; that is, can critical thinking skills and dispositions be transferred to different contexts, is not clear. Generally there is no consensus as to whether critical thinking is contextually specific to nursing. Forneris \[[@R16]\] describes how different philosophers address context but limited discussion occurs whether critical thinking is transferable. Based on Scheffer and Rubenfeld's definition, critical thinking will manifest differently in varying situations and contexts, which makes the task of conceptualizing and operationalizing critical thinking more difficult. In addition to various definitive aspects of critical thinking, the varying philosophical beliefs concerning the nature of the individual responsible for the thinking process also impacts whether one believes critical thinking can be learned. Yet without a fundamental discipline specific definition of critical thinking, it is difficult to measure educational outcomes. Another problematic aspect of trying to clearly understand critical thinking and its place in nursing education results from attempts to measure it. Measurement of critical thinking in nursing has yielded inconclusive findings. For example, some studies identify significant increases in students' critical thinking following the completion of a nursing education program \[[@R17]-[@R21]\]. Yet, other studies reported insignificant increases in critical thinking and unexplained decreases that occurred at certain points in students' nursing programs \[[@R22]-[@R26]\]. These contradictory findings require further exploration and understanding to better design and complete future research in this area. A clear link between nursing education and critical thinking has not been established despite prominent calls for the necessity of critical thinking in nurses and the proof of critically thinking graduates. Ferguson and Day \[[@R27]\] purport that many scholars believe critical thinking is not necessarily a direct outcome of nursing education. Inconsistent and mixed results are evident in many studies examining the critical thinking skills and abilities of students at various points in their nursing education programs. This inconsistency speaks to the need for additional exploration into critical thinking as an outcome of nursing education programs and the potential creation of a nursing specific critical thinking measure \[[@R1],[@R4],[@R26]\]. There has been no nursing specific critical thinking measure created to date and given the varied nature of definitions and measurement results, a deeper examination of critical thinking from various perspectives is warranted. By using the concepts of person, truth and nature of nursing, the potential of learning critical thinking is investigated. THE CONCEPT OF PERSON AND CRITICAL THINKING =========================================== Critical thinking is usually associated with skills and abilities demonstrated at the individual level. As individuals we are unique in personalities and abilities. One philosophical perspective purports that man is a rational and autonomous being \[[@R28]\]. However, it would appear that what makes us similar and different is at the heart of whether one can learn to think critically. More specifically, if individuals are similar, then some aspects of the processes of thinking critically must be similar in order to clearly identify and label such skills and dispositions found in general definitions. These similarities provide a common foundation from which core thinking skills can be defined, taught and hopefully measured. Conversely, the differences in each individual showcase the autonomous and personal nature of applying critical thinking skills in various contexts. Critical thinking may in fact be the application of common cognitive abilities in tandem with each individual's own adaptation and application. We therefore propose that it is through understanding both similarities and differences between individuals that students' critical thinking can be fostered. Different philosophical perspectives on the nature of being offer an interesting starting point to understand whether critical thinking can be learned. From a reductionist perspective, humans are essentially similar biological beings with brain power regulated by chemicals. Cognitive activity is supported by evidence and as human beings we have more similarities than differences. However, any differences are usually explained by physical changes and validated by science. The assumptions underlying a reductionist perspective on being are that science explains all intellectual activity by reducing each step to a simple, empirically proven brain state \[[@R29]\]. Overall, a reductionist perspective is not compatible with the definition of critical thinking offered by Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\]. More specifically there is a lack of consideration for individuals' non-physical attributes in reductionism that does not resonate with a nursing definition of critical thinking. Furthermore, a reductionist viewpoint does not account for the relational properties human beings exhibit within a larger social context. Although some cognitive processes, such as logic and rational thought can be explained by scientific evidence, the main essence of individuality related critical thinking and the reliance on the specific context of nursing is not explained through reductionist principles. Moreover, a linear scientific viewpoint fails to consider the critical thinking process and the overall goals of nursing. One could not learn anything contextually based or meaning driven (part of thinking critically in nursing) if critical thinking was viewed using this perspective. Although learning of cognitive behavioral skills would be feasible using a reductionist lens, it is unclear whether the less tangible critical thinking skills and dispositions could be learned or even valued from this perspective. Another perspective on 'person' is based on the work of Merleau-Ponty and follows a dualistic approach. Dualism espouses that mind and body are seamlessly connected and that sensory perceptions and motor skills are inseparable \[[@R29]\]. The unified being would then focus on the relationship between oneself and the world, ultimately becoming part of that environment. From a dualistic perspective, each human being experiences the world differently, without similarities to other individuals. Critical thinking in nursing, as defined by Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\], appears incongruent with this perspective. The main reason for this incongruency is the dualistic tendency to focus on one individual's experiences without considering similarities of those experiences to other individuals. Since critical thinking as defined by Scheffer and Rubenfeld predicts and transforms knowledge as one aspect of quality nursing care, it is suggestive of a relational process. Critical thinking based on a dualistic perspective would be so personalized that the overall goal of nursing, doing good for others, would be lost. Individuals could not learn critical thinking from this perspective because they might not consider undertaking similar processes and actions not driven from their own interpretation. An alternate viewpoint is that of the dependent concept of person where mental and physical states are thought to be closely linked but not inseparable. From this perspective thinking relies on a person's physical state but would not be driven by it \[[@R29]\]. As well, this perspective allows for feelings in addition to brain states to be involved in thinking, through the link with the physical world. The main principle of the dependent position focuses on the cognitive realm being related to the physical self and the physical world. Although it does not specifically say how the mind and body are linked, this perspective allows for mind and body to be somewhat independent from each other where neither the mind nor body can claim full control of one's actions. This perspective embraces the role of self, inclusive of similar physical attributes and unique mental states. Within the nursing context, individuals from this perspective would be able to learn critical thinking through similar cognitive processes as others, with a unique application that would celebrate individual differences. Scheffer and Rubenfeld's \[[@R10]\] definition of critical thinking further supports an independent conceptualization of 'being' by emphasizing individual introspection alongside application of common standards to one's thinking. These are evident in the included definitive elements of reflection and intellectual standards such as those found in Paul's \[[@R9]\] critical thinking definition. KNOWLEDGE, TRUTH, AND CRITICAL THINKING ======================================= Whenever an individual thinks, it is undoubtedly about something. It is this 'something' that is important in the domain of critical thinking in nursing. How one attains and applies knowledge to one's nursing practice involves critical thinking. As well, how one views truth is an important piece in how knowledge is utilized when thinking critically. In order to better understand how knowledge and critical thinking impact whether one can learn to think critically, the received and perceived viewpoints are compared to Scheffer and Rubenfeld's \[[@R10]\] critical thinking definition. Based on a received viewpoint of knowledge, information is solely obtained through deductive methods that verify propositions through scientific means and deem valuable facts empirically proven \[[@R30]\]. This viewpoint assumes a general stance that knowledge is value free, objective and quantifiable. From the correspondence perspective of truth, knowledge is proven and justifiable until it is contested and falsified \[[@R30]\]. This view of the Truth (big T versus small t) is based on one objective and removed reality - the pursuit of one universal Truth. When comparing a nursing critical thinking \[[@R10]\] definition to the received viewpoint, some aspects related to making rational, operational and sound judgments resonate between them. However, the overall complexities in the world of nursing would not be compatible with the unbending nature of knowledge and Truth associated with the received or correspondence viewpoint. Thus, although individuals might be able to learn structured and logical thinking based on empirical knowledge, incorporating values, human situations, and personal feelings into one's thinking would not be supported by those in the received or correspondence camp. Seymour, Kinn, and Sutherland \[[@R31]\] argued against adopting a received or correspondence perspective as it would narrow the reasoning strategies one could use in critical thinking and limit the overall goal of engaging in thinking for mere truth versus understanding. If one adopts a received or correspondence perspective, the important personal attributes and necessary context to critically think in nursing would be rendered unimportant. Based on these viewpoints of knowledge and truth, there would be no room for an individual to learn to think critically as these perspectives do not align with the more feminine skills and dispositions of critical thinking as defined in nursing. If one believes that truth emanates from a variety of sources and ways of knowing in nursing, these philosophical perspectives would not foster the growth of individuals' critical thinking since it only supports an empirically driven reality. The perceived view acknowledges a value laden nature of understanding and supports knowing from multiple means. The perceived view highlights the individual nature of knowledge construction and emphasizes the need for subjective, intuitive, human factors in both theoretical and practical knowledge \[[@R30]\]. Similar to this viewpoint is the pragmatic perspective on truth, and the existence of probable truths in nursing. This viewpoint is open to numerous understandings and thus various origins of what constitutes truth. The goal of this perspective on truth is to not rely on evidence as defined in the correspondence view, but to examine observations and to respect the humanity, subjectivity, and usefulness of claims \[[@R30]\]. The perceived and pragmatic perspectives on knowledge and truth are congruent with the multiple ways of knowing represented by a nursing based definition of critical thinking. Based on the critical thinking definition provided by Scheffer and Rubenfeld \[[@R10]\], the personal traits of critical thinking include intuition as do the perceived and pragmatic viewpoints. The main goal of the perceived view for knowledge and the pragmatic view on truth is understanding, which also resonates and corresponds with the goals of critical thinking in a nursing context. Although critical thinking involves inductive reasoning, it also involves deduction as evident in the received viewpoint. Thus the full cognitive complement of skills that are involved in critical thinking is not necessarily captured entirely with the perceived and pragmatic perspectives. THE NATURE OF NURSING AND CRITICAL THINKING =========================================== Another important aspect of this debate is how one views the nature of nursing and whether a certain perspective supports critical thinking and is conducive to the facilitation of critical thinking in nursing. Thus far we have discussed the viewpoints on how one might view the concept of person, knowledge and truth. The concept of the nature of nursing offers a macro layer to this discussion, where the overall essence of nursing is brought into the equation. Is nursing a science, an art, both or none? Nursing is constantly evolving and increasing in complexity. One perspective is that nursing is a science. Johnson \[[@R32]\] categorized nursing from a science perspective and discussed three distinct sub-types: basic, applied or practical. The basic science view supports the attainment of knowledge and Truth as the main goal of nursing \[[@R32]\]. This view does not address the means for obtaining this knowledge but relies solely on description and explanation to make generalizations about nursing. Applied science supports the integration of other disciplinary knowledge into nursing through a resynthesis process \[[@R32]\]. Nursing integrates knowledge from other disciplines to achieve pragmatic outcomes and to develop a more rich and diverse knowledge base. Nursing as an applied science does not foster nursing built solely from knowledge created from within the discipline but supports the ongoing development of nursing knowledge through contributions from other disciplines. Nursing as a practical science embraces truths as a means to an end goal of helping others and doing good. This practical perspective aligns science with art in nursing and uses practical knowledge to presuppose theoretical knowledge \[[@R32]\]. Based on Scheffer and Rubenfeld's \[[@R10]\] critical thinking definition, conceptualizing nursing as a practical science is congruent with the application of scientific and theoretical knowledge to foster the understanding and quality care of individuals within practice. The practical science viewpoint offers the same goal of using critical thinking to integrate truths, which achieve higher order outcomes of quality care. Many would argue that choosing not to use scientifically-based knowledge created to enhance what is known about the world, is immoral and could ultimately cause harm to patients if ignored. Shared principles of analysis, purposeful application, reasoning and action based on principles are evident in both critical thinking and nursing as a practical science. Thus, the learning of critical thinking in a practical nursing context is justifiable and possible due to the congruence of principles and goals. In this sense, students learn to employ theoretical knowledge through critical thinking to meet pragmatic outcomes. Another perspective supposes that nursing is an art. From this perspective, nursing is more than just the application of science and objective facts. It is the ability to nurse in an artful manner that more specifically encompasses what Johnson \[[@R33]\] regarded as the ability to grasp meaning, establish meaningful connections, skillfully perform nursing activities, rationally determine an applicable course of action, and morally conduct his or her nursing practice (p.1). Johnson \[[@R33]\] suggested that there is no consensus whether one's thinking is part of the art of nursing however discussed the importance of intellectual activity in the performance of nursing care. The importance or irrelevance of thinking as artful practice is not addressed in many philosophical pieces of literature despite many authors' focus on how knowledge is transferred, gained, applied and questioned \[[@R33],[@R34]\]. From an artful perspective, nursing can be learned in the practice setting and consists of behaviors and intellectual activities that draw upon nursing knowledge applied in a practical sense. Scientific knowledge plays a part in nursing as an art and is used as the antecedent to action \[[@R33]\]. Artful nursing actions are not considered automatic but are more grounded in intellectualism and judged by certain established standards \[[@R33]\]. If nursing is considered an art, nurses' personal traits include intuition, esthetic knowing, sensitivity, and an ability to use past experiences to understand situations would impact how that practice is enacted. In this sense, the nature of nursing as an art is a very fertile ground from which those who think critically can grow. This perspective also supports the view that individuals could learn something as elusive as critical thinking as it mirrors the ambiguity and complexity of an artful nursing environment. IMPLICATION FOR THE DISCIPLINE ============================== A discipline can be defined as a branch of knowledge, education or learning that evolves from creative thinking about pertinent issues \[[@R35]\]. The discourse surrounding critical thinking in nursing education is necessary to advance the discipline through questioning and scholarly discussions. By asking and attempting to answer critical questions about critical thinking within the context of nursing, nursing's knowledge base develops and theoretical operationalizations can be explored and tested. To generate and foster the application of nursing knowledge in practice, critical thinking is a necessary skill. As the discipline evolves alongside societal needs, the complexity of health care, increased use of technology, and increased patient acuity requires nurses with well-developed critical thinking. In turn, this requires educational nursing institutions to ensure that its graduates have these higher order thinking skills in order to provide quality patient care and to further the application and questioning of important philosophical issues such as critical thinking within the discipline. Further discussion about whether students can learn critical thinking is at the crux of whether nursing as a discipline should focus on this concept as a valuable and viable outcome in nursing education. We believe, as do others, that critical thinking can be learned to a certain point and that fostering this skill should remain an important aim in nursing education \[[@R5],[@R16],[@R31]\]. It is evident that multiple views exist related to whether critical thinking can be learned in nursing. Not all available views have been discussed in this paper. However, based on the discussions focused on the concepts of person, knowledge, truth and the nature of nursing, we believe some are more aligned with supporting, fostering, and developing critical thinking. It is suggested that the discipline should support a pluralistic approach to explain and welcome a variety of perspectives on critical thinking. As situational contexts vary and the nature of nursing varies dependent on the context, critical thinking can transcend these differences and assume a variety of different forms to best suit the situation. We believe that one perspective alone cannot possibly explain and support critical thinking in nursing. Thus the use of pluralism or multiple lenses and perspective is necessary to capture the depth and breadth of the knowledge and essence of what constitutes nursing. Guiliano, Tyer-Voila and Lopez \[[@R36]\] support pluralism and multiple ways of knowing, which translates into supporting unity versus diversity of knowledge. Given the complexity and diversity of nursing, it is feasible and realistic that the philosophical perspectives within nursing are also complex and diverse \[[@R37]\]. Multiple perspectives would more effectively capture the various aspects of critical thinking and could help explain the concept, its principles, and how critical thinking is learned by students. LOOKING FORWARD =============== Whether or not critical thinking can be learned is a difficult topic to philosophically debate. However, this paper has attempted to add to the discussion surrounding this subject and foster a critical spirit of discourse. This issue cannot be solved without further scholarly exploration to uncover and understand the various facets of critical thinking, beginning with a solid conceptual analysis of critical thinking in the literature. Without further attention and questioning, the very vagueness that is thought to plague many definitions of critical thinking and critical thinking research attempting to measure outcomes, will continue to grow and lead to ambivalent operationalization of critical thinking in nursing. This could affect our ability to measure and gauge potential progress and perpetuate the use of the term 'critical thinking' without the necessary knowledge behind it for meaningful application. Although one could advocate for a pluralistic approach to explain the multifaceted nature of critical thinking and its many applications in a nursing context, there are drawbacks to treading this path as well. By not examining specific perspectives further and not analyzing why some perspectives are better suited to the current definition and application of critical thinking, one becomes complacent in accepting that everything has multiple meanings and viewpoints. This perspective can fragment the nursing profession and discipline by raising more questions than answers. Moreover, it would cause confusion among educators and nurses by continuing to use an elusive concept without truly knowing whether it fits within the nursing context. Thus, if we decide to adopt a pluralistic approach, we should do so with caution and with the intent to foster scholarly discussion versus agreeing to disagree without thought. A further incentive for nursing to take a closer look at critical thinking is that much of the literature currently used in nursing derives from other disciplines. More needs to be known about critical thinking in nursing and more specifically how students learn this important skill and its associated attributes. The goal of this initial philosophical exploration was to further understand critical thinking and the implications of exploring it using different philosophical perspectives. If the discussion ends here we are no further along from where we started. There needs to be additional scholarly attempts to understand critical thinking within nursing by comparing it to various philosophical concepts and previous understanding. By exploring critical thinking philosophically, multiple ways of understanding this important concept are illuminated to better inform whether we think critical thinking can be learned in nursing education.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Anu Malik, Vishal Dadlani & Neha Kakkar to judge ‘Indian Idol 10’ Sony Entertainment Television is bringing back its popular singing reality show ‘Indian Idol’ for a tenth season this June. Now, we can confirm that Anu Malik will return as a judge, who has been a part of the original panel since its inception. This time around, he will be joined by Vishal Dadlani and Neha Kakkar. Malik was cited in DNA India saying, “I am excited to make a comeback on the show. I have been associated with the show since its inception and have got a chance to see some unique singing talent across the nation. The last season saw some of the best singing talent and the competition was tough. This time, we return with a bang and khabar phaila do ki we will have the best singing talent hunt in India.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
SMS Falke SMS Falke ("His Majesty's Ship Falke—Falcon") was an unprotected cruiser of the , built for the Imperial German Navy. She was the second member of the class of six vessels. The cruiser was laid down in 1890, launched in April 1891, and commissioned into the fleet in September of that month. Designed for overseas service, she carried a main battery of eight guns and had a top speed of . Falke served abroad for the majority of her career, seeing duty in East Asia, the Central Pacific, and the Americas. She assisted in the suppression of a revolt in Samoa in 1893, and was damaged in a later uprising there in 1899. In 1901, Falke was transferred to the American Station, and the following year she took part in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03, during which she helped enforce an Anglo-German blockade of the Venezuelan coast. In 1907, Falke was recalled to Germany. She was stricken from the naval register in late 1912 and subsequently broken up for scrap. Design Falke was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced at full combat load. Her propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 3-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines powered by four coal-fired cylindrical boilers. These provided a top speed of and a range of approximately at . She had a crew of 9 officers and 152 enlisted men. The ship was armed with eight 10.5 cm SK L/35 quick-firing guns in single pedestal mounts, supplied with 800 rounds of ammunition in total. They had a range of . Two guns were placed side by side forward, two on each broadside in sponsons, and two side by side aft. The gun armament was rounded out by five revolver cannon. She was also equipped with two torpedo tubes with five torpedoes, both of which were mounted on the deck. Service history Falke was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel in January 1890 under the contract name "D". She was launched on 4 April 1891; at the ceremony, Prince Heinrich gave a speech and his wife, Princess Irene, christened the ship. Falke was commissioned on 14 September of that year for sea trials. While steaming off Bornholm, the ship ran aground but was pulled free by other vessels. She was temporarily decommissioned in Kiel on 31 October. Falke was recommissioned on 14 August 1892 in order to participate in the annual fleet training maneuvers that began that month and continued into September. She was assigned to the III Division, along with the coastal defense ship . Deployment to West Africa Falke was transferred to Germany's West African colonies in western Africa after the conclusion of the maneuvers, departing Kiel on 16 October to replace the gunboat . After arriving in western Africa, Falke went to Dahomey, where the Second Franco-Dahomean War had recently broken out. In December, her captain unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the release of two German merchants who were being held by Dahomean soldiers. On 31 December, Falke returned to Duala, the main German port in Kamerun, where she joined the second warship stationed in the colony, the gunboat . The borders of German South-West Africa had been settled via treaties with Portugal (1886) and Britain (1890), but the coast line had not been surveyed in detail. Falke was tasked with locating a suitable port to connect to the capital at Windhuk. She departed Luanda on 23 January 1893 and arrived in Cape Cross four days later. The ship surveyed the area thoroughly, and discovered a Portuguese padrão. It had been placed there by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão in the late 15th century. Falkes crew removed it to protect it from further weathering and placed a wooden cross to mark the location. The ship's crew received a period of rest from 14 to 16 March, after which time Falke steamed back to Kamerun, stopping in several ports along the way and arriving in Duala on 29 April. There, the stone monument was unloaded and later transported back to Berlin for preservation by the steamer , which departed Duala on 29 October. A granite copy, carried by the cruiser , was installed in its place in 1895. In the meantime, Falke had been sent to Liberia on 27 May in response to unrest in the country. She arrived in Monrovia on 9 June, and temporarily took Joseph James Cheeseman, the President of Liberia, aboard to protect him from the rebels. Falke wa back in Duala by 22 July. She was sent to Cape Town in South Africa for an overhaul that began on 30 November, but a rebellion among the Khoikhoi in German South-West Africa forced a postponement of the work; by 5 December the ship was in the colony to join the effort to suppress the rebels. Her presence proved to be unnecessary, and so she was sent back to Cape Town later in the month. After she arrived, the Admiralstab (Admiralty Staff) transferred Falke to the colony in German New Guinea. Falke departed on 23 December, arriving in Melbourne via Sydney. Deployment to the Pacific Upon arriving in Melbourne on 8 February 1894, Falke met her sister ship and the gunboat . The three ships then departed for Apia in the Caroline Islands, arriving on 16 April, where they conducted gunnery training. Falke remained in Samoa until early October when she returned to Sydney for repair work; at the time, Sydney possessed the only shipyard with the facilities necessary for major repairs, which meant that the Germans were dependent on the Australian port to keep their warships operational. A lengthy overhaul took place in Sydney from March to July 1895. From 29 July to 10 November, Falke was again in Samoa. During this period, the ship surveyed the port at Salua, north of the main island of Upolu. In mid-November, the governor of the Marshall Islands requested the presence of Falke, and in late December she left the Marshalls for Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, arriving in Matupi Harbor in January 1896. There she met Möwe; Falkes tour of Germany's Pacific colonies ended that month. Another overhaul in Sydney followed from 4 February to 4 April. On 15 April, Falke dropped anchor once again in Apia. At the end of August, the ship steamed to Auckland, New Zealand, where she met Bussard and Möwe. The threat of rebellion in the Marshalls forced Falke to make another trip there in early November. Her cruise through the colonies ended with a stop in Sydney on 18 February 1897. She departed for another visit to Auckland on 23 April. She also stopped in Tonga before continuing on to Apia, arriving on 16 May. The following month, three Germans, including Curt von Hagen, the governor of the colony, were murdered in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland. Falke was sent to (south of modern Madang) on 24 June to apprehend the murderers; she transported a police detachment from the capital at Herbertshöhe to Ali Island and contributed a landing party from her crew. On 10 November Falke returned to Apia, but two days later she departed for Sydney via Auckland for repairs. A new crew had also arrived in Sydney from Germany. On 24 April 1898, she departed Sydney for a tour of the colonies. After the conclusion of the cruise, Falke returned to Sydney, where her new commander, Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain) Victor Schönfelder had arrived; he formally took control of the ship on 1 September. On 1 October, Falke left Sydney for Apia before making visits to the New Hebrides, Fiji, and Tonga on the 15th. Four weeks later, Bussard departed the central Pacific, bound for Germany; Falke was now alone in the region, despite the rising international tensions concerning a succession crisis in Samoa. In March 1899, Falke was in the harbor at Apia. Unrest on the island, instigated by Mata'afa Iosefo, prompted the American cruiser and the British sloop and torpedo cruiser to shell the rebel positions. Their gunfire was poorly aimed, however, and several shells hit Falke. Schönfelder kept his crew from escalating the situation to prevent a more serious diplomatic crisis from developing. Eventually, the Second Samoan Civil War was resolved by splitting the islands into German and American colonies, while Britain received concessions elsewhere. By June, the fighting was over and the situation had calmed. Falkes sister ship arrived at that time to relieve her. Falke then began the journey back to Germany on 1 July, stopping in Sydney, Batavia, Colombo, Mahé, and Lisbon. She reached Hamburg on 14 October. Her crew conducted a landing exercise to demonstrate how they had practiced it during their tour abroad. Kaiser Wilhelm II greeted Schönfelder and congratulated him for his skillful and levelheaded handling of the crisis in Samoa. On 27 October, Falke steamed to Danzig, where she was decommissioned on 3 November. The Kaiserliche Werft in Danzig conducted a lengthy overhaul and modernization. Deployment to the Americas On 2 October 1901, Falke was recommissioned for another tour abroad, this time to the Americas. She was sent to reinforce the protected cruiser due to unrest in the Caribbean and South America. Three days later, she departed Neufahrwasser and crossed the Atlantic, arriving in Castries on Saint Lucia on 14 November. Falke visited several ports in the area before joining the training ships and and the light cruiser . Falke was then ordered to steam up the Amazon River; she entered the Amazon via the Pará River on 7 March 1902 and reached Manaus by 23 March. There, she met several HAPAG and NDL steamers. Falke continued upriver, her voyage hampered by a lack of accurate maps and insufficiently knowledgeable river pilots. She finally reached San Ignacio in Peru on 17 April. By this point, the river was above sea level and only from the Pacific coast; Falke had travelled around up the river; a shortage of coal prevented her from proceeding further. On 30 April, she arrived back at the mouth of the river. On 8 May, Falke arrived in Port of Spain in Trinidad before being ordered to the coast of Venezuela to safeguard German interests during a period of unrest there. While en route, she stopped in Fort-de-France, Martinique to pick up a load of food and medical supplies for the people living around Mont Pelee, which had recently erupted. She then proceeded to La Guaira and Carúpano in Venezuela to protect German nationals from expected fighting, and from June evacuated German and French nationals from the two cities to Saint Thomas. She was based out of the port of Charlotte Amalie in the Virgin Islands. During this period, she made stops in Carúpano, La Guaira, and Puerto Cabello, along with a visit to Willemstad in Curaçao. On 30 September, she was sent to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to protect German nationals there during a revolution in the country. At times, landing parties had to be sent ashore to protect the German consulate in Gonaïves. By this time, the situation in Venezuela had worsened, necessitating foreign warships to remain of the coast to protect foreign nationals in the country. In December, Falke ran aground while leaving Willemstad; the training ship pulled her free only with great difficulty. The ship was nevertheless not damaged in the accident. On 16 December, the East American Cruiser Division was formally established by the German Navy, led by the flagship Vineta. Falke was thereafter occupied with operations during the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903. The Germans operated in concert with the British Royal Navy and the Italian Regia Marina; they sought to compel the Venezuelan government to make reparations for grievances related to internal conflicts in the over the previous decade. The crisis began when a British merchant ship was boarded and its crew arrested by Venezuelan forces on 13 December; in response, British forces bombarded the forts at Puerto Cabello, and enlisted the German squadron to assist them in punishing the Venezuelans. Falke and Gazelle were tasked with blockading the Venezuelan coast, in cooperation with the British squadron. On 28 February 1903, Falke went to the Bermudas, where she stayed from 8 to 13 March. From October 1903 to November 1905, Paul Behncke served as the ship's commander. In January 1904, the ship visited New Orleans with the rest of the American Squadron, which at that time included Vineta, Gazelle, and the gunboat . She stopped in Newport News in the United States from 26 May to 16 June 1904. She then cruised south to visit several Brazilian ports, starting on 17 July. On 23 September, she stopped in Buenos Aires, and four weeks later, continued south around Cape Horn via the Strait of Magellan. She continued as far north as Peru by the end of 1904 and stopped in several Argentinian and Chilean ports along the way, including Valparaiso on 20 December. In the meantime, the East American Cruiser Division was disbanded. Starting on 6 January 1905, Falke resumed her voyage up the Pacific coast of the Americas, stopping in Peru, Colombia, and several Central American countries. On 15 June she reached San Francisco, where she stayed for three weeks. On 10 July she resumed her cruise northward and visited harbors in Canada and southern Alaska. On the return voyage, she steamed up the Columbia River and toured the Gulf of California. She spent Christmas and New Year's Day in Mazatlán in Mexico and also stopped in Callao. While cruising off the coast of Chile in August, she was damaged by a severe storm. Repairs were effected in Talcahuano; while she was being repaired, an earthquake struck Valparaiso. Once she was ready for sea, Falke carried food and medical supplies to the city between 28 August and 2 September. The ship returned to Chile to be present during the inauguration ceremony for President Pedro Montt on 18 September. She then returned to Talcahuano to complete her repairs. On 4 September, she departed and steamed down to Punta Arenas, where she stayed from 2 to 15 December. Falke then crossed back to the Atlantic and steamed up to Montevideo in January 1907; there, she received the order to return to Germany. Falke departed Montevideo and crossed the Atlantic to Dakar, proceeding to Las Palmas and then Lisbon. There she was visited by Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. She arrived in Danzig on 15 April, after five and a half years abroad. The ship was decommissioned on 20 January, and an evaluation determined that she was not worth overhauling. She was accordingly stricken from the naval register on 25 October 1912 and broken up the following year at the Kaiserliche Werft in Danzig. Notes Footnotes Citations References Category:Bussard-class cruisers Category:1891 ships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Add an image in another image I want to insert an image in another image, I have been able to do so using, per example, img=open('logo.png') as inserted image and background image background=open('backgroundImg.png') but when I want to work with askopenfilename I get this error : background.paste(img, offset) AttributeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object has no attribute 'paste' This is my code : from PIL import Image from tkFileDialog import askopenfilename import cv2 filename1 = askopenfilename(filetypes=[("image",".png")]) filename2 = askopenfilename(filetypes=[("image",".png")]) img=cv2.imread(filename1,1) background=cv2.imread(filename2,1) img_w, img_h =img.shape[:2] bg_w, bg_h = background.shape[:2] offset = ((bg_w - img_w) // 2, (bg_h - img_h) // 2) background.paste(img, offset) background.save('savedImg/out6.png') any help will be appreciated Thank u ^^ A: You can simply overwrite the values of your image with the values of your logo. Your image is a WxHx3 array, and your logo is W1xH1x3, assuming W < W1 and H < H1. Having said that, you can simply: background[offset[0]:offset[0]+img_w,offset[1]:offset[1]+img_h] = img A simple test: import cv2 import numpy background = numpy.zeros((100,100,3)) img = numpy.ones((10,10,3)) offset = numpy.array((10,10)) background[offset[0]:offset[0]+img.shape[0],offset[1]:offset[1]+img.shape[1]] = img cv2.imshow("test", background) cv2.waitKey(0) cv2.destroyAllWindows()	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
According to Giuliani, Ukrainian officials conspired with the Clinton campaign and the Democratic National Committee to help boost the Democratic nominee’s campaign and damage Trump’s candidacy. No evidence has emerged to support that idea. In his testimony, Vindman said there was no “factual basis” for such claims. “I am, frankly, unaware of any authoritative basis for Ukranian interference in 2016 elections, based on my knowledge,” he said. Hill went further, telling lawmakers she had no reason to believe that the intelligence community’s assessment was wrong or that Ukraine interfered in the 2016 election, though she clarified that she was referring only to the government in Kyiv. Hill appeared frustrated by repeated questions from the Republicans’ lead counsel about a POLITICO article from January 2017, which said a Ukrainian-American working for the DNC had met up with top officials at the Ukrainian embassy to discuss Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort’s ties to Russia. “It is a fiction that the Ukrainian government was launching an effort to upend our election, upend our election to mess with our Democratic systems,” Hill testified. Asked whether a Ukrainian-American might have been interested in “injecting” negative information about Manafort into the press, Hill retorted that the same could be said of the Ukrainian-American operatives Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, two Giuliani associates “who were also trying to subvert our democracy and who managed to get one of our ambassadors sacked.” Former White House advisor on Russia, Fiona Hill, arrives on Capitol Hill on Oct. 14 as she is scheduled to testify before congressional lawmakers. \| Andrew Harnik/AP Photo Parnas and Fruman had been lobbying members of Congress and the administration to pressure the State Department into firing U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch, whose anti-corruption efforts were interfering with Parnas and Fruman’s business interests. “If you're also trying to peddle an alternative variation of whether the Ukrainians subverted our election, I don't want to be part of that, and I will not be part of it,” Hill said. “What we're dealing with now is a situation where we are at risk of saying that everything that happened in 2016 was a result of Ukraine in some fashion.” “I'm extremely concerned that this is a rabbit hole that we're all going to go down in between now and the 2020 election, and it will be to all of our detriment,” she added. “And I just want to, if I've done anything, leave a message to you that we should all be greatly concerned about what the Russians intend to do in 2020. And any information that they can provide, you know, that basically deflects our attention away from what they did and what they're planning on doing is very useful to them.” It wasn’t just Giuliani who has advanced the Ukraine-did-it conspiracy theory. During his July 25 call with Zelensky, Trump mentioned a somewhat garbled version of events while asking his Ukrainian counterpart to also investigate former vice president Joe Biden and his son Hunter. “I would like you to find out what happened with this whole situation with Ukraine,” Trump told Zelensky, going on to make a convoluted reference to a DNC server that he apparently, and falsely, believes is in Ukraine. During the 2016 campaign, hackers linked to Russia broke into the DNC’s computer system and released internal emails of discussions between top committee officials. The publication of the emails, which suggested to some that DNC leaders were conspiring to help Clinton win the Democratic primary over Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, led to the resignation of chairwoman Debbie Wasserman-Schultz, cast a pall over the nominating convention and embittered many voters on the left against the party establishment. The idea that Ukraine was behind the DNC hack may first have been planted in Trump’s mind by Manafort, who pushed the widely debunked theory shortly before the November election, according to FBI documents released last week and first published by BuzzFeed. The allegation was made by Rick Gates, Manafort’s former deputy, who broke with his boss to testify as part of the Russia probe led by special counsel Robert Mueller. “Gates recalled Manafort saying the hack was likely carried out by the Ukrainians, not the Russians, which parroted a narrative Kilimnik often supported,” FBI notes say, referring to Konstantin Kilimnik, a Manafort business partner who has been linked to Russian intelligence. “Kilimnik also opined the hack could have been perpetrated by Russian operatives in Ukraine,” the FBI memo said. Hill testified to House lawmakers that she had met Kilimnik years earlier, and believed he was a Russian operative—and that Ukraine under its previous president Petro Poroshenko had allowed Kilimnik, who was a witness in the Mueller investigation, to flee to Russia. “All of my staff thought he was a Russian spy,” she said.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Immunomodulatory activity of heparan sulfate mimetics from Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide in vitro. Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide (K5PS) has been used as starting material to synthesize heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics with various biological properties. This study determined the immunomodulatory activities of K5PS through the sulfation process. The immunomodulatory effects of sulfated K5 polysaccharide derivatives were evaluated in vitro on murine macrophages and lymphocytes. Results indicated that HS mimetics with high sulfation in the O-position stimulated cell proliferation of macrophages and lymphocytes, significantly enhanced cytokine secretion and upregulated the cytotoxicity of NK cells. This study suggests that high sulfation in O-position of HS is required for the immunomodulatory activities.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Spider bun and foxpool, the end❤ (for now) Hope you all enjoyed it! Special thanks to @lexalvax for helping me out when i got stuck	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Harry Reid: Don’t build mosque near ground zero Sen. Harry Reid on Monday came out against plans to build a mosque near the site of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, moving away from President Barack Obama on the controversial election-year issue. Locked in a tight race, Reid became the highest profile Democrat to respond to Obama, who last week backed the right for the developers to build a mosque near ground zero. Since his comments Friday, the Democratic president and his aides have worked to explain the statement, which drew criticism from Republicans and Democrats alike. "The First Amendment protects freedom of religion," said Jim Manley, a Reid spokesman. "Senator Reid respects that, but thinks that the mosque should be built some place else." Critics have said the location of the mosque is insensitive because the terrorists who struck were Islamic extremists. The plans call for a $100 million Islamic center two blocks from where almost 3,000 people perished when hijacked jetliners slammed into the World Trade Center towers on Sept. 11, 2001. "As the president said on Friday night, he respects that Americans of all political persuasions will have different opinions on this issue," White House spokesman Bill Burton said, commenting on Reid's position. "That is a strength in our country and in the Democratic Party. Senator Reid is a fiercely independent individual and the president believes that is one of his strengths as a leader." Reid is in a close campaign for re-election. A spokesman for Republican Sharron Angle, Reid's opponent, said Muslims have the right to worship anywhere, but Obama's support for construction of the mosque at ground zero "ignored the wishes of the American people, this time at the expense of victims of 9/11 and their families." Spokesman Jarrod Agen argued that the families consider the mosque at the World Trade Center site to be an "affront to the memories of their loved ones." He called on Reid to respond to Obama's comments. On Friday, Obama used an annual dinner at the White House celebrating the Islamic holy month of Ramadan to weigh in on a controversy that grabbed New York and the nation. "As a citizen, and as president, I believe that Muslims have the same right to practice their religion as everyone else in this country," Obama said. "That includes the right to build a place of worship and a community center on private property in lower Manhattan, in accordance with local laws and ordinances," he said. While insisting that the place where the twin towers once stood was indeed "hallowed ground," Obama said that the proper way to honor it was to apply American values at the nearby property. In days since, White House aides have worked to dampen the political power behind the president's words. "I can't speak to the politics of what the Republicans are doing," Burton told reporters traveling with Obama to Wisconsin on Monday. But he said Obama "felt it was his obligation as president to address this."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Kathe Grinstead’s “NZ 4/13/09” (detail shown here) is part of the exhibition “In the Clouds,” opening on May 12th at 2 p.m. and running through June 21st in the Duke Gallery and side lawn at Community Arts Center, 414 Plush Mill Road, Wallingford, PA. I’ve always found clouds to be so cool. When I was a kid, I’d play that game where you looked at the clouds and tried to imagine what object they looked like. As an adult, I still love to look at clouds. One particularly memorable experience involving clouds occurred in Hawaii. We were headed to the Haleakalā volcano and we were driving through all of the clouds. I had to stick my hand out the window to feel them. Be a part of them. They were simply stunning. Also stunning is the new exhibition, “In the Clouds,” opening at Community Arts Center in Wallingford, PA on May 12th from 2 – 4 p.m. I had the opportunity to get a sneak peek of the exhibit and the images are so wonderful. A collection of fine art photography and painting featuring cloud imagery and landscapes that include clouds, it’s beautifully soothing yet powerful too. Some of the images make you just want to jump right into them and become part of the scene. A great feature of this particular exhibit is that it spills out from the gallery and onto the lawn with a collection of kinetic and environmental outdoor sculpture created using various kinds of materials like recycled and repurposed steel, creating art under the clouds as well.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Puerto Vallarta 2015 We are moving to Puerto Vallarta Mexico to help promote and manage the Red Room Cabaret in Zona Romantica. These will be the pictures of our moving and living there. I will make another gallery for the acts at Red Room and Act II ( http://www.actiientertainment.com) for everyone to enjoy.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Outmaneuvered by Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan never got to deliver his closing argument in the Scopes trial. But soon after the trial -- and Bryan's subsequent death -- the entire text of Bryan's 15,000-word argument was published as Bryan's last speech. Here are a few excerpts: Science is a magnificent force, but it is not a teacher of morals. It can perfect machinery, but it adds no moral restraints to protect society from the misuse of the machine. It can also build gigantic intellectual ships, but it constructs no moral rudders for the control of storm tossed human vessel. It not only fails to supply the spiritual element needed but some of its unproven hypotheses rob the ship of its compass and thus endangers its cargo. In war, science has proven itself an evil genius; it has made war more terrible than it ever was before. Man used to be content to slaughter his fellowmen on a single plane -- the earth's surface. Science has taught him to go down into the water and shoot up from below and to go up into the clouds and shoot down from above, thus making the battlefield three times a bloody as it was before; but science does not teach brotherly love. Science has made war so hellish that civilization was about to commit suicide; and now we are told that newly discovered instruments of destruction will make the cruelties of the late war seem trivial in comparison with the cruelties of wars that may come in the future. If civilization is to be saved from the wreckage threatened by intelligence not consecrated by love, it must be saved by the moral code of the meek and lowly Nazarene.... It is for the jury to determine whether this attack upon the Christian religion shall be permitted in the public schools of Tennessee by teachers employed by the state and paid out of the public treasury. This case is no longer local, the defendant ceases to play an important part. The case has assumed the proportions of a battle-royal between unbelief that attempts to speak through so-called science and the defenders of the Christian faith, speaking through the legislators of Tennessee. It is again a choice between God and Baal; it is also a renewal of the issue in Pilate's court.... ...Your answer will be heard throughout the world; it is eagerly awaited by a praying multitude. If the law is nullified, there will be rejoicing wherever God is repudiated, the savior scoffed at and the Bible ridiculed. Every unbeliever of every kind and degree will be happy. If, on the other hand, the law is upheld and the religion of the school children protected, millions of Christians will call you blessed and, with hearts full of gratitude to God, will sing again that grand old song of triumph: "Faith of our fathers, living still, In spite of dungeon, fire and sword; O how our hearts beat high with joy, Whene'er we hear that glorious word -- Faith of our fathers -- Holy faith; We will be true to thee till death! Excerpts from Bryan, William Jennings. Bryan's Last Speech: Undelivered Speech to the Jury in the Scopes Trial. Oklahoma City: Sunlight Publishing Society, 1925.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Sanitise in wordpress but keep html I understand that sanitising user input is important and i want to make sure bad stuff is removed but i also want to be able to have users add html to a custom field. The wordpress sanitise text field function does a great job but i want to tell it to keep html. Is there another function i can use that will allow me to do that? Stackoverflow won't let me post a short question so it seems i need to pad it out. Sorry about this. I've tried looking up the function in the wordpress codex to see if there are parameters that i can switch in order for it to allow html. I've taken out the sanitise function to see if that works and of course it does. A: wp_kses() will do what you need. You need to tell it what tags to allow. Alternatively use wp_kses_post() which allows anything you can add to a post. This one may not be strict enough for user input though so I'd suggest going with the first. echo wp_kses( $text, array( 'a' => array( 'href' => array(), 'title' => array() ), 'br' => array(), 'em' => array(), 'strong' => array(), ) ); http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/wp_kses http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/wp_kses_post	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Mechanical actuators in the form of keys, buttons, switches, and other actuators have long been used for the entry of operation commands and parameters to machines, such as household appliances. Various issues, however, have led to the replacement of mechanical keys or buttons with data entry components that electrically sense data input, such as capacitive switches. One of the issues leading to the replacement of mechanical actuators with capacitive switches is the wear and tear of moving parts in mechanical actuators. Because capacitive sensing does not require moving parts for data input, the capacitive switches have a longer life. Moreover, capacitive switches are typically sealed with a protective membrane. The membrane helps protect the switches from environmental conditions, such as dirt or spillages. This protection makes capacitive sensors especially suitable in devices that need to be cleaned regularly, as the sensor is not exposed to cleaning agents or other foreign substances. Thus, capacitive switches are especially useful in household appliances that are exposed to dirt, spillage, and other contaminations. A typical capacitive switch includes a pair of electrical conductors separated by a dielectric, such as air. Each conductor may be, for example, a metal trace that is applied as a layer on a printed circuit board (PCB). An excitation source is connected to one of the two conductors. The conductor coupled to the excitation source is sometimes called an emitter and the other conductor is sometimes called a receiver. An electrical field is formed between the emitter and the receiver. Most of the electrical field is concentrated between the emitter and the receiver on the PCB, however, a fringe field extends out of the PCB from the emitter. The capacitance of the capacitive switch may be measured with a capacitance measurement circuit. The measurement circuit may be a frequency counter that is coupled to the output of a relaxation oscillator that has the capacitive switch coupled to one of its inputs. The capacitive switch is also coupled to a current source and a discharge switch is coupled to the other oscillator input. The discharge switch opens and closes in response to the signal on the output of the oscillator. The charging and discharging of the capacitor through the discharge switch generates a signal having a frequency that is related to the capacitance of the switch. By counting the frequency during a fixed period, a value for the untouched switch may be determined. In other known devices, a sigma-delta capacitance-to-digital converter senses the capacitance formed between the two conductors across the dielectric and generates a digital data value corresponding to this capacitance. When a human finger approaches a capacitive switch, the capacitance of the person's finger affects the capacitance of the switch. The change in the switch capacitance affects the frequency of the relaxation oscillator or the value generated by a sigma-delta capacitive-to-digital converter. The change in capacitance may be detected by the change in the value generated by the converter or the frequency count measured during the fixed time period. By comparing the change to some threshold value, touching of a capacitive switch may be detected. Thus, touching a capacitive switch is analogous to depressing a mechanical switch. Identification of the touched key provides an appliance with data for control of the appliance. The above description assumes that the capacitance of a capacitive switch remains relatively constant as long as the switch is not touched. However, capacitance of a switch may change in response to ambient air changes, such as temperature and humidity, as the air is the dielectric for the capacitor. If the capacitance of a switch changes significantly, it may approach the threshold that indicates the switch has been touched. If the capacitance reaches or passes through the threshold, the appliance may process data corresponding to the key even though a user has not touched the key. The erroneous detection of a key being touched in response to ambient air changes is commonly called ghosting. Ghosting may cause an appliance to respond to false commands. Therefore, reducing the likelihood that an appliance processes commands corresponding to a capacitive switch in response to environmental condition changes is desirable.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: HTML5 dialog element close button not working properly I'm looking at this question post, and I'm having trouble applying it to work in my code. It's confusing me because I'm doing the exact same thing for the save button as I am the cancel button (at least, the part about it closing) and nothing happens upon clicking cancel. <dialog class="my-modal"> <p>Add Cust</p> <label for="nameField">Name</label><input id=nameField><br> <label for="addressField">Address</label><input id=addressField><br> <label for="cityField">City</label><input id=cityField><br> <label for="stateField">State</label><input id=stateField size=2>   <label for="zipField">Zip</label><input id=zipField><br> <br> <button onclick="closeAndSave()">Save</button> <button onclick="close()">cancel</button> </dialog> function close(){ const modal = document.querySelector('.my-modal'); modal.close(); } Have also tried: <button class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="my-modal" aria-label="Close">Cancel</button> A: Another way to approach this would be to bind behavior to buttons in your script, rather than to specify functionality for buttons with the inline "onclick" attribute. The "inline onclick method" can lead to unexpected behavior (which may be the cause of the problem in your case). An example would be, if close() is redefined/reassigned elsewhere in your apps global scope, then that would cause "the wrong close function" to be called by the dialog's close button. Consider revising your HTML and script so that event binding is delegated to your script for better control, as shown below: /* Obtain modal as before / const modal = document.querySelector('.my-modal') / Select buttons from modal and bind click behavior / modal.querySelector("button.cancel").addEventListener("click", () => { / Call close method on modal to dismiss / modal.close(); }); modal.querySelector("button.save").addEventListener("click", () => { alert("save data"); modal.close(); }); / Added for snippet to prelaunch dialog */ modal.showModal(); <dialog class="my-modal"> <p>Add Cust</p> <label for="nameField">Name</label><input id=nameField><br> <label for="addressField">Address</label><input id=addressField><br> <label for="cityField">City</label><input id=cityField><br> <label for="stateField">State</label><input id=stateField size=2>   <label for="zipField">Zip</label><input id=zipField><br> <br> <!-- Replace onclick with classes to identify/access each button --> <button class="save">Save</button> <button class="cancel">cancel</button> </dialog> Hope that helps!	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The traditional implantable cardiac pacemaker includes a pulse generator device to which one or more flexible elongate lead wires are coupled. The device is typically implanted in a subcutaneous pocket, remote from the heart, and each of the one or more lead wires extends therefrom to a corresponding electrode, coupled thereto and positioned at a pacing site, either endocardial or epicardial. Mechanical complications and/or MRI compatibility issues, which are sometimes associated with elongate lead wires and well known to those skilled in the art, have motivated the development of implantable cardiac pacing devices that are wholly contained within a relatively compact package for implant in close proximity to the pacing site, for example, within the right ventricle RV of the heart. With reference to FIG. 1, such an implantable medical device 100 is illustrated, wherein an hermetically sealed housing 105, preferably formed from a biocompatible and biostable metal such as titanium, contains a pulse generator, or an electronic controller (not shown), to which at least one electrode 111 is coupled, for example, by a hermetic feedthrough assembly (not shown) like those known to those skilled in the art of implantable medical devices. Housing 105 may be overlaid with an insulative layer, for example, medical grade polyurethane, silicone, or parylene. FIG. 1 further illustrates a distal portion of a standard guiding catheter 150 having been maneuvered up through the inferior vena cava IVC and into the right ventricle RV from the right atrium RA, according to methods known in the art of interventional cardiology. Although catheter 150 may be employed to deliver device 100 to the right ventricle RV, for implant, more sophisticated tools, which are more suitable to facilitate deployment of relatively compact implantable devices, like device 100, are desired.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: Howto use django regular inheritance in models and forms How to define helpers to the Class Event so I can integrate them to EventForm and use them in event_new(request). The 'helpers' should be used in forms, views, templates but not go into the database. It's about showing existing events and autogenerate new events due to various aspects models.py class Event_helper(object): number = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField() class Event(Event_helper, models.Model): event_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=False, null=True, blank=True) forms.py class EventForm(forms.Event): class Meta: model = Event fields = ('event_date', 'number') views.py def event_new(request): if request.method == "POST": form = EventForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): event = form.save(commit=False) ... generate events ... event.save() A: The easiest solution I could find was without proper inheritance. But it is possible to make two different requests in views models.py class Event(models.Model): event_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=False, null=True, blank=True) forms.py class EventForm(forms.ModelForm): number = forms.IntegerField(initial = 1) class Meta: model = Event fields = ('event_date',) views.py def event_new(request): if request.method == "POST": form = EventForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): number = int(request.POST['number']) event = form.save(commit=False) print(number) print(event) ... generate events ... event.save()	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Is there a clean way to use pointers (ids) as keys in an NSMutableDictionary? I'm using NSMutableDictionary to store what is effectively a descriptor for certain classes, because I'd rather not waste the memory of adding the descriptor to every instance of classes, since only a very small subset of 1000s of objects will have the descriptor. Unfortunately, given: MyClass* p = [MyClass thingy]; NSMutableDictionary dict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; NSString description = @"blah"; //does this work? If not I'm just simplifying for this example. [dict setObject:description forKey:p]; // BZZZZT a copy of p is made using NSCopying MyClass* found = [dict objectForKey:p]; //returns nil, as p becomes a different copy. So that doesn't work. I can hack it by passing in an NSNumber like so: [dict setObject:description forKey:[NSNumber numberWithInt:(int)p]]; // this is cool But that's not only ugly, but error prone since it is nonstandard. With that in mind, is there a clean way to do this? A: NSValue confirms NSCopying as per NSValue Class Reference. So you can use an instance of NSValue as a key. Use +valueWithPointer: to wrap the pointer value up. NSString* foo = @"foo"; id bar = @"bar"; NSMutableDictionary* dict = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init]; [dict setObject:@"forKey:foo" forKey:foo]; [dict setObject:@"forKey:bar" forKey:bar]; [dict setObject:@"forKey:[NSValue... foo]" forKey:[NSValue valueWithPointer:foo]]; [dict setObject:@"forKey:[NSValue... bar]" forKey:[NSValue valueWithPointer:bar]]; NSLog(@"%@", [dict objectForKey:foo]); NSLog(@"%@", [dict objectForKey:bar]); NSLog(@"%@", [dict objectForKey:[NSValue valueWithPointer:foo]]); NSLog(@"%@", [dict objectForKey:[NSValue valueWithPointer:bar]]); Gives 2013-01-24 04:42:14.051 a.out[67640:707] forKey:foo 2013-01-24 04:42:14.052 a.out[67640:707] forKey:bar 2013-01-24 04:42:14.053 a.out[67640:707] forKey:[NSValue... foo] 2013-01-24 04:42:14.053 a.out[67640:707] forKey:[NSValue... bar]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Día de Halloween If you clicked through the headline then you are here for one of three reasons: RAGE because these events should NOT be combined ASSURANCE because you think these events are combined CURIOSITY because you are not sure if these events are combined The headline is simply clickbait. I firmly think that people combine these events because they have no idea what either really is. How many people in the United States celebrate Halloween and truly have no reason why? It is the same reason so many people think the Tooth Fairy is a thing when it is not. We simply do not know but are longing for some sort of tradition in the fashion we best know how to celebrate, capitalism. Celebration via capitalism will be its own post one day though. Here is a great intro on Halloween and its origins from Anglophenia. Hint, it is not originally from the USA: So there you go… the veil thins after the work of the harvest before we descend into darkness with the solstice. The veil thinned and people guised to walk among wicked ghouls and evil spirits without retribution. It is a fear response to those who have passed, they are thought of as ghosts and not ancestors. Now Día de los Muertos, the fun holiday where people may dress like fantastical skeletons and there is food, dancing, and ofrendas… I am hoping most of you saw the movie Coco which dips its toe into the explanation. After the work of the harvest before we descend into darkness with the solstice the veil thins. It is a joyful response to welcome those who have passed, welcoming the ancestors back home to this realm for a little bit. Both Halloween and Día de los Muertos share origins from ancient people. I am actually curious about this phenomena of convergences because it seems most non-dualistic cultures that revered the fantastic based on seasons share commonality in when to recognize their dead. Harvest is a time to work hard and pray for good crops > the transition out of harvest is dependent on weather but everything is so fantastic it has to go beyond what you see every day > at least you have some line to your ancestors to get your back > you revere them with gratitude for what you have or placate them in hopes of the next year. Now do you meet ancestors with ideas of fear and conditional retribution or with joy and unconditional love? Combining these ideas is like combining Michael Myers from Halloween with Miguel from Coco… two totally different things! This goes beyond cultural heritage and is based on values and intent. THIS IS WHERE WE GET INTO APPRECIATION VERSUS APPROPRIATION. As soon as this line starts I feel like people call out the PC police and the conversation is over in one of the three categories I started this post with. I roll with some folks who think we are truly in a time of convergences as we can learn so much from each other. You can appreciate wanting to connect to your ancestors or that others do it without dishonoring the values of unconditionally welcoming the dead. This means you can be a skeleton for Halloween to run around and go on a candy grab or wow friends at a costume contest without wearing calavera make-up if it does not relate to the spirit of celebrating what can be a sacred time. If you are curious about the sacred of this time then participate with a local organization that invites people to learn more and be respectful. I am going to leave you with the hard question now. Can you dress a kid up like Miguel from Coco for Halloween or would that be un poco loco?	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Submit a correction Bbb accredited, affordable, reputable, & professional movers! a professional, affordable and reputable moving company w/ over 30 years experience moving and packing furniture, ensuring your next move relieves you of stress and is done on time and to the tee* james d. Masson movers prides itself in experienced movers that are customer service friendly, and know how to make your move safe and fast!* make the right choice and call masson movers for your next move! ------- we guarantee the cheapest professional mover quotes! Photos of the Business What the community has to say about MASSON MOVERS James D Masson Movers has been providing quality moving service to Middlesex and Essex County for 30 years. From homes to commercial properties, our fully licensed and insured company specializes in local and long distance moving service for your convenience and satisfaction. We offer full packing service for pianos, organs and more, even 24 - hour service. With Masson Movers, "one call moves it all". There is no moving company in the MASS area that quite compares to James D. Masson Movers. With over 30 years of experience, our team of expert movers can assist with all of your moving needs from organizing and packing to the full move itself. We take care of your property like they belong to us. *We take the hassle out of your residential move. Our team understands how hectic life can get, so... Respectful, Professional Movers who saved me money! A+ Job was estimated at 8 hours and the guys, working hard through the hot day, finished it in 6.5 hours saving money. All my furniture was taken care of and no damage to property. I rate this company, with Professional movers at an A+. Highly Recommended. Other reviews from the web (2) Insane. Very, Very bad moving company Average Rating 20 I had to leave for a signing for the new house and left the phone number and instructions if anything happens, contact me I will be back shortly. When I left the owner Jim Masson instructed his crew to drop what they were doing and move on to the next job. I had clothes, tools, yard furniture and assorted items left where they were dropped. When I contacted mr Masson all I got was an angry,... Masson Movers, is a BBB Accredited, Professional, Reputable and by far - an affordable Moving, Packing and Storage Company serving MASS & NH. We have 8 dispatching offices, assuring we have the practicality of completing your local or long distance move. Our company has been in operation for over 30 years of experience and contains 36 Professional Movers, as well as office staff. James D....	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Gilani Kicks Off PPP Election Drive In Azad Kashmir 16 May 2011The DawnTariq Naqash Muzaffarabad: Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani on Saturday kicked off election campaign of the AJK chapter of his People’s Party, calling upon the Kashmiris to elect his nominees in order to get their problems resolved at his hands. “I have come at a time when general election is round the corner. I promise to hold free, fair and transparent election because we respect the mandate of people. I hope the way you will support the PPP candidates. You elect them and (in return) I will resolve your issues in my capacity as AJK Council chairman and prime minister of Pakistan,” he said. Mr Gilani was speaking to a convention of PPAJK workers who had been drawn from different constituencies by their leaders, aspiring for party ticket for the upcoming general election, most likely to be held in the last week of June. His brief visit was aimed at reinvigorating the party’s rank and file before the announcement of election schedule which might debar him and other public office holders from attending election rallies. “We are democrats and have come to power not through backdoor but with the support of the people. People’s Party will also succeed in AJK with the power of people and its office bearers and workers,” he said. Prior to Mr Gilani’s speech, federal ministers Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah, Manzoor Ahmed Wattoo, former AJK premiers Barrister Sultan Mahmood, Sardar Yaqoob Khan and PPAJK president Chaudhry Abdul Majeed also spoke on the occasion. “We want to strengthen democracy, the system and institutions,” Mr Gilani said, adding, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto also sacrificed their lives to strengthen their countrymen. “The way people of Kashmir have been offering sacrifices for their freedom, Pakistan and the PPP makes us duty-bound to take care of your development and prosperity,” Mr Gilani said. Assuring completion of all developmental projects, he said although Pakistan was in the grip of recession but, nevertheless, there will not be any cut on AJK’s budget. However, Mr Gilani stopped short of making any categorical announcement notwithstanding some demands made earlier by Mr Majeed. As the convention also saw some unruly scenes with some group of activists chanting slogans against local leadership, Mr Gilani twice urged the PP workers in his speech to shun their “petty personal differences.” “There should not be any friction in your ranks because it will eventually deal a blow to the party,” he warned them. Recalling a famous quote of ZAB that “we will fight for freedom of Kashmir for 1,000 years,” he said: “That fight continues to this day.” While reaffirming Pakistans political, moral and diplomatic support to the struggling Kashmiris, he added: “We will support you as much as possible for settlement of your longstanding issue.” “I am sure the sacrifices you have rendered will not go in vain. The day of freedom will definitely dawn in Kashmir,” he said, pointing out that Pakistan and Kashmir had a deep rooted and spiritual bondage which will remain in place for good. Regarding the war on terror, he said Pakistan was a responsible country fighting terrorism to ensure law and order and peace for its people. “The sacrifices by the people, political leadership and security forces of Pakistan during the war against terrorism are without parallel. Our sacrifices are greater than the collective sacrifices offered by the rest of the world.” Stating that the PPP was the largest party with its government in Centre, Sindh, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan, he added: “As far as Punjab is concerned, we respect the mandate of people and have no intentions, whatsoever, to dislodge any government.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Christian Benner Christian Benner is a New York-based fashion designer known for his custom distressed leather jackets and band tees that he produces by hand at his store in the South Street Seaport. The records he listens to often inspire his work, and for Benner the creation of a leather jacket is an artistic process almost like the creation of a painting. He was initially inspired by the whole individual do-it-yourself fashion of the punk rock scene of the late 70s and early 80s. After seeing photographs of the era, Benner bought his first leather jacket thinking he could do it himself. He finally reached his comfort zone though trial and error. Benner's designs have particularly sought by musicians and stylists for public appearances, performances and editorial shoots and can be seen on today’s top celebrities such as Kate Moss, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Lenny Kravitz, Demi Lovato, Carrie Underwood, Miranda Lambert, Jared Leto, Ellie Goulding, Brandon Boyd, Taylor Momsen, and the members of 5 Seconds of Summer. His designs have been featured in Rolling Stone Magazine, Italian Vogue, W Magazine, Interview Magazine, Billboard Magazine, Teen Vogue, and Bullett Magazine, among many other publications. References Category:American fashion designers Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2929 SE Ocean Boulevard Unit 119-4 Stuart, FL 34996 Overview Beautiful just updated kitchen in January 2017 with granite countertops and marble subway tile backsplash. First floor unit conveniently located near restaurants and all downtown Stuart has to offer. Close to the water and beaches. This 2/2 condo is perfect for a seasonal get away or a full time residence. Each village as its own community pool and recreational area. 1 designated parking spot per unit as well as guest parking. New Electrical panel in February 2017. School Population Grade Size Distribution PreK: 64 Knd: 44 1st: 31 2nd: 38 3rd: 26 4th: 35 5th: 27 6th: 32 7th: 15 8th: 44 School Population Teachers: 0 Students per Teacher: N/A Students: 356 * School data provided by US Department of Education All listings featuring the BMLS logo are provided by BeachesMLS Inc. This information is not verified for authenticity or accuracy and is not guaranteed. Copyright 2018 Beaches Multiple Listing Service, Inc.. * Rates and payment information listed in the mortgage calculator are provided as for general reference only. Specific mortgage information should be verified with a qualified lending professional	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: SQLAlchemy custom load/save functionality (setter and getter) I am using the SQLAlchemy ORM for loading/saving from the database. However, I would like specific functions to be called on loading the data from the database, something like this: class MyClass(Base): id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True) _data = relationship('Data') def __init__(self): self._data = [] self.max_data = None self.min_data = None @property def data(self): return self._data @data.setter def data(self, data): print('gone through setter') self.min_data = min(data) self.max_data = max(data) self._data = data However, I noticed that the setters and getters aren't called when saving/loading from the db. Is there a way to have these setters and getters called? myclass = MyClass() myclass.data = [0,1,2,3,4,5] # gone through setter myclass.max_data # 5 myclass.min_data # 0 session.add(myclass) session.commit() del myclass myclass = session.query(MyClass).all()[0] # setter is not called here myclass.max_data # None myclass.min_data # None I would like the setter to be called on loading from the db as well, so that the min_data and max_data are set (without having to save them in the db explicitly) A: To attach behavior on load, use the load event: @event.listens_for(MyClass, "load") def _set_min_max_on_load(target, context): target.max_data = max(target._data) target.min_data = min(target._data) In this particular instance, it may be helpful to simply use hybrid_propertys instead: class MyClass(Base): ... @hybrid_property def max_data(self): return max(self.data) @max_data.expression def max_data(cls): return select([func.max(Data.__table__.c.some_value)]).where(Data.__table__.c.my_class_id == cls.id)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Case Expression on a created column using Microsoft SQL Within a view I put put together a select statement within a case and delcared it as a column. The column name is 'IR2' How can I case off of the column 'IR2'? I end up getting an error which says 'Invalid Column Name 'IR2'. What are my work around options? case when r.ana = 'nh3' and r.serv='energy' and exists( select 1 from results x where x.no=r.no and x.ana='nh3' and x.sa='rejected' and x.serv <> 'energy') then '' else r.sa end as IR2, CASE IR2 WHEN 'Released' then '' ELSE '' END AS IR A: CTE would be the best choice. If you want to continue with current statement, you need to put a copy of the case statement in other case statement. Very messy code. SELECT case when r.ana = 'nh3' and r.serv='energy' and exists( select 1 from results x where x.no=r.no and x.ana='nh3' and x.sa='rejected' and x.serv <> 'energy') then '' else r.sa end as IR2, CASE (case when r.ana = 'nh3' and r.serv='energy' and exists( select 1 from results x where x.no=r.no and x.ana='nh3' and x.sa='rejected' and x.serv <> 'energy') then '' else r.sa end) WHEN 'Released' then '' ELSE '*' END AS IR	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Autoban studio visit The entrance to Autoban’s office The entrance to Autoban’s office In our inaugural 2004 design awards we singled out the Turkish design duo, Seyhan Ozdemir and Sefer Caglar, otherwise known as Autoban, as Best Newcomers after spotting their debut collection in a small corner at Maison in 2003. From small beginnings Autoban has gone on to great things and we stopped by their new office near Taksim square in Istanbul to say hello and find out what they’re up to and how the designscape has changed in Turkey since they started out. In just six years the team of two has become a team of 30, hence the need to upscale to the new HQ - a former Union France bank, built in the 1830s - which has been gutted, leaving just the original facade and wooden window frames intact. The marble-floored office is peppered with Autoban’s signature designs, against a whitewashed backdrop. The ornate wooden windows and heavy, inlaid wooden desks are in stark contrast to the contemporary office space, reminders that this is a Turkish firm in Turkey’s finest city, not just another creative agency in downtown Manhattan. And this contrast is what attracted us to Autoban’s work in the first place. The clean, reassuringly domestic designs, made interesting by details and instances of character, showed a confident balance of new and old, tradition and innovation, international and local. It’s a winning formula and one that has seen the studio form a partnership with De La Espada - who has produced their domestic designs for five years - and go on to become Turkey’s most sought after interior architects. "Turkish people have always wanted to buy designs from international brands," says Ozdemir, "when we started there was no awareness of contemporary Turkish design. Hence we understood the importance of starting abroad, getting recognition from an international crowd so Turkish people would see us in an international context." This canny tactic paid off and as luxury hotels, retail emporia, restaurants, bars and nightclubs opened the length and breadth of Turkey, Autoban were perfectly positioned - the homegrown talent with the international reputation and everyone wanted them on board. They’ve since completed well over 50 commercial interior design commissions in Turkey, from the glittering Istanbul Suites Hotel to the Vakko luxury department stores, the entire identity of Komsu Firin, a new luxury bakery chain, to the redesign of Angelique nightclub. "We like to work with brands to create experiences," says Ozdemir. "Our goal is to improve every element of lifestyle that we can in Turkey. We want to create somewhere that we would like to go for coffee, shop in, eat in, stay, party." It’s not an overstatement to say they’re Turkey’s foremost arbiters of taste and given their level of demand, their influence is immense. There’s no corner of Istanbul or city in Turkey where the Autoban stamp can’t be found. With the job all but done at home (though many projects are still in the pipeline) next on the agenda is unsurprisingly abroad and they’re currently working on two projects, one in Madrid and one in Hong Kong. Pleasingly though, they’re still designing furniture and their beautiful showroom is just across the street from the office. Recently they launched the Wired King lamp, the Deco sofa, The Holy table, the Nest chairs and the Reedy bookcase, a strong collection that continues the spirit at the core of their brand identity. "As designers we never want to say ’this is it - we’ve arrived’" says Ozdemir. "Our designs are a constant process of improvement for us and it’s how many people are initially introduced to us and what we do, so it’s like a signature. Sefer and I decided on the name Autoban six years ago because we wanted to convey this sense that we are taking the highway - creating a lifestyle that takes people with us." It’s been a very fast journey and they’ve covered much ground but there’s no doubt Autoban will go a lot further yet. The design firm’s Best Newcomer award from the Wallpaper* design awards in 2004 has pride of place in Seyhan Ozdemir’s office The design firm’s Best Newcomer award from the Wallpaper* design awards in 2004 has pride of place in Seyhan Ozdemir’s office Seyhan Ozdemir, one half of Autoban’s founding duo Seyhan Ozdemir, one half of Autoban’s founding duo The original wooden window frames remain from the 19th Century French bank The original wooden window frames remain from the 19th Century French bank The only other remnant of the building’s former incarnation is a list of the French dead from the Second World War The only other remnant of the building’s former incarnation is a list of the French dead from the Second World War Thank you for registering to the newsletter Please keep me up to date with special offers and news from Wallpaper*. You can unsubscribe at any time. Please keep me up to date with special offers and news just by email from carefully selected companies. Your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Scattamek Scattamek was a Lenape living in the Ohio Country during the 18th century. He was a religious leader later termed a prophet who continued and built on the teachings of Neolin. Their teachings influenced many of the surrounding tribes, including the Shawnee, the Miami, and Wea. Scattamek is known to have been teaching during the 1770s. The teachings were largely based on earlier traditions, but their teachings focused on the need to return to the tribe's ancestral ways, giving up European dress, liquor, and firearms. They blamed their misfortunes on the gods anger with their adoption of European customs. Scattamek had particular influence on Tenskwatawa, who led a nativist revival during the early 19th century that catalyzed tribal support for Tecumseh's War during the 1810s. References Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Holt, 1997. Category:Lenape people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nursing responsibility in child abuse. The major intent of this presentation was to demonstrate: nursing responsibility according to legal mandate, using the example of legislation signed into Michigan Public Law in September, 1975; components of child abuse and neglect services including identification, reporting, diagnosing, and treatment; and to identify for other health professionals providing services to families and children, the nurse's role in dealing with the child abuse and neglect phenomenon.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Like Ocean Warming Advances Killer Seas, Shifts El Nino, Heats Hydrates But as the [IUCN] study points out, 90% of the extra heat that our greenhouse gases trap is actually absorbed by the oceans. That means that the upper few meters of the sea have been steadily warming more than a tenth of a degree celsius per decade, a figure that’s accelerating. When you think of the volume of water that represents, and then try to imagine the energy necessary to raise its temperature, you get an idea of the blowtorch that our civilization has become. — Bill McKibbenThe scale of ocean warming is truly staggering with the numbers so large that it is difficult for most people to comprehend. If there’s one simple fact about past Earth climates that should keep you awake at night, it’s this — warming the world ocean eventually produces a killing mechanism that is unrivaled by any other in Earth’s deep past. Great asteroids, gamma-ray bursters, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanism — none of these can rival the vast damage to life on planet Earth that is resulting from ocean warming. (Since the 1970s, about 300 zettajoules’ (ZJ) worth of heat energy has accumulated in the Earth System due to fossil-fuel burning and related greenhouse gas emissions. That’s about 5 Hiroshima bombs worth of heat accumulating every second. Most of that energy has gone into the world’s oceans. So much heat is bound to have consequences, and these impacts are starting to show up in the form of declining ocean health, melting sea ice and glaciers, shifting climate zones and weather patterns, worsening droughts and storms, and threats of Earth System carbon feedbacks. Image source: Explaining Ocean Warming.) Liquid water is also far denser than air. And this density generates an even higher impact heat energy transfer multiplier. So not only does it take four times more energy to warm a similar weight of water vs air, once warmed, that water contains that higher level of specific heat energy in a much more tightly concentrated package. And when that high heat concentration liquid water comes into contact with other substances — like ice in the form of ocean contact, or air in the form of evaporation, or frozen hydrates on the sea bed — it can pack a serious heat punch. There’s a starker message to convey here, one that focuses on this simple yet dire question — how do warming oceans kill? In basic terms, they become toxic and anoxic. Warming oceans melt ocean-contacting glaciers. The glacial melt forces seas to rise and forms a freshwater lid on the global ocean, breaking down ocean conveyor belts and preventing mixing. This freshwater lid also deflects heat toward the ocean bottom. This process in turn helps to thaw methane hydrates. Warm waters that don’t mix and that are filled with bubbling hydrates become very oxygen-poor. (Massive algae bloom covers tens of thousands of square miles of open water in the Barents Sea during August of 2016. As glaciers melt, oceans stratify and warm; as water oxygen levels drop, and as hydrates vent due to warming, such blooms result in significant reductions to ocean health and a related global mass-extinction threat. Image source:LANCE MODIS.) As the land glaciers bleed out into the oceans, the stratified, oxygen-deprived waters become less and less able to support advanced life. The kinds of life warm, oxygen-deprived waters do support are poison-producing microbes. These microbes thrive in the warm, oxygen-poor waters. If ocean heating continues to progress, the warming seas will eventually fill up with their deadly byproducts. Among the most nasty of these is hydrogen sulfide. If enough of it is produced, it will spill out from the ocean into the nearby air, resulting in land animal mortality as well. In microcosm, we saw a mild taste of some of these effects this past year in Florida as toxic algae blooms filled the warming state’s waterways and coastlines, even forcing some riverside marinas to close due to toxic gasses wafting up from the purple-green, oxygen-starved waters. These effects are a snapshot of a possible future for Earth’s oceans if we don’t get our act together yesterday. Sea-surface temperature, ocean heat content, sea-level rise, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, CO2 emissions and atmospheric concentrations are increasing at an accelerating rate with significant consequences for humanity and the marine species and ecosystems of the ocean. There is likely to be an increase in mean global ocean temperature of 1-4 degrees C by 2100. The greatest ocean warming overall is occurring in the Southern Hemisphere and is contributing to the subsurface melting of Antarctic ice shelves. Since the 1990s the atmosphere in the polar regions has been warming at about twice the average rate of global warming. There is likely to be Arctic warming and ice loss, and possibly the essential removal, in some years, of the summer Arctic sea ice within the next few decades. Over the last 20 years there has been an intensification and distinct change in the El Niño events, with a shift of the mean location of sea-surface temperature anomalies towards the central Pacific. Currently 2.5 Gt of frozen methane hydrate are stored in the sea floor at water depths of 200 to 2000 m. Increasing water temperature could release this source of carbon into the ocean and ultimately into the atmosphere. These are all Earth-shattering scientific statements. For those who frequent this blog, points 1 through 3 are probably pretty familiar. The last two, however, require more in-depth explanation. For a long time now, scientists have believed that El Niño wouldn’t be affected by climate change until the end of this century. But as with sea ice, it appears that such impacts may well be advancing faster than expected. As we’ve alluded to here, there’s been an apparent shift in El Niño toward the central Pacific over recent decades. This may well be a climate change-related shift. The fact that the IUCN report highlights this change is a sign that the broader sciences are starting to tackle the notion of early alterations to El Niño due to climate change as well. However, the most ominous language here centers around methane hydrate. For years, there’s been adamant push-back against potential risks to hydrates coming from well-respected sections of the climate sciences. Nonetheless, those downplaying the threat of warming to hydrates have yet to produce any conclusive proof as to why warming the ocean bottom and applying heat to hydrates won’t result in at least some feedback from these carbon stores (especially under the higher-range warming scenarios). The IUCN report reiterates this risk by identifying 2.5 billion tons of frozen seabed methane at shallow and mid-ocean depths that will ultimately be exposed to warming — risking both an ocean and an atmospheric release. These last points serve to underline some pretty basic facts, the chief of which is that pushing Nature, and heating up her life-blood world ocean waters, is a very, very dangerous game. And if this poignant new report sends any message at all it could simply boil down to this — turn back before it’s too late.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to network technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to reducing roaming latency in a network device. 2. Description of the Related Art Over recent years, the market for wireless communications has enjoyed tremendous growth. Hundreds of millions of people exchange information every day using pagers, cellular telephones, and other wireless communication products. With tremendous success of wireless telephony and messaging services, it is hardly surprising that wireless communication is beginning to be applied to the realm of personal and business computing. No longer bound by the harnesses of wired networks, people will be able to access and share information on a global scale nearly anywhere they venture. Many network users, especially mobile users in businesses, the medical profession, factories, and universities, to name a few, find benefit from the added capabilities of wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). The major motivation and benefit from wireless LANs is increased mobility. Untethered by conventional network connections, network users can move about almost without restriction and access LANs from nearly anywhere. In addition to increased mobility, wireless LANs offer increased flexibility. Moreover, sometimes it is more economical to use a wireless LAN. Thus, wireless LANs offer the connectivity and the convenience of wired LANs without the need for expensive wiring or rewiring. Various protocols have been developed to support wireless networks. As one example, IEEE 802.11 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN technology. IEEE 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client (e.g., Mobile Node) and a base station (e.g., Access Point) or between two wireless clients. Mobile IP is another protocol which allows laptop computers or other mobile computer units (referred to as “Mobile Nodes” herein) to roam between various sub-networks at various locations—while maintaining internet and/or WAN connectivity. Without Mobile IP or a related protocol, a Mobile Node would be unable to stay connected while roaming through various sub-networks. This is because the IP address required for any node to communicate over the internet is location specific. Each IP address has a field that specifies the particular sub-network on which the node resides. If a user desires to take a computer which is normally attached to one node and roam with it so that it passes through different sub-networks, it cannot use its home base IP address. As a result, a business person traveling across the country cannot merely roam with his or her computer across geographically disparate network segments or wireless nodes while remaining connected over the internet. This is not an acceptable state-of-affairs in the age of portable computational devices. To address this problem, the Mobile IP protocol has been developed and implemented. An implementation of Mobile IP is described in RFC 2002 of the Network Working Group, C. Perkins, Ed., October 1996. Mobile IP is also described in the text “Mobile IP Unplugged” by J. Solomon, Prentice Hall. Both of these references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes. The Mobile IP process and environment are illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown there, a Mobile IP environment 2 includes the internet (or a WAN) 4 over which a Mobile Node 6 can communicate remotely via mediation by a Home Agent 8 and a Foreign Agent 10. Typically, the Home Agent and Foreign Agent are routers or other network connection devices performing appropriate Mobile IP functions as implemented by software, hardware, and/or firmware. A particular Mobile Node (e.g., a laptop computer) plugged into its home network segment connects with the internet through its designated Home Agent. When the Mobile Node roams, it communicates via the internet through an available Foreign Agent. Presumably, there are many Foreign Agents available at geographically disparate locations to allow wide spread internet connection via the Mobile IP protocol. Note that it is also possible for the Mobile Node to register directly with its Home Agent. As shown in FIG. 1, Mobile Node 6 normally resides on (or is “based at”) a network segment 12 which allows its network entities to communicate over the internet 4 through Home Agent 8 (an appropriately configured router denoted R2). Note that Home Agent 8 need not directly connect to the internet. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, it may be connected through another router (a router R1 in this case). Router R1 may, in turn, connect one or more other routers (e.g., a router R3) with the internet. Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 is removed from its home base network segment 12 and roams to a remote network segment 14. Network segment 14 may include various other nodes such as a PC 16. The nodes on network segment 14 communicate with the internet through a router which doubles as Foreign Agent 10. Mobile Node 6 may identify Foreign Agent 10 through various solicitations and advertisements which form part of the Mobile IP protocol. When Mobile Node 6 engages with network segment 14, Foreign Agent 10 relays a registration request to Home Agent 8 (as indicated by the dotted line “Registration”). The Home and Foreign Agents may then negotiate the conditions of the Mobile Node's attachment to Foreign Agent 10. For example, the attachment may be limited to a period of time, such as two hours. When the negotiation is successfully completed, Home Agent 8 updates an internal “mobility binding table” which specifies the care-of address (e.g., a collocated care-of address or the Foreign Agent's IP address) in association with the identity of Mobile Node 6. Further, the Foreign Agent 10 updates an internal “visitor table” which specifies the Mobile Node address, Home Agent address, etc. In effect, the Mobile Node's home base IP address (associated with segment 12) has been shifted to the Foreign Agent's IP address (associated with segment 14). Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 wishes to send a message to a corresponding node 18 from its new location. A message from the Mobile Node is then packetized and forwarded through Foreign Agent 10 over the internet 4 and to corresponding node 18 (as indicated by the dotted line “packet from MN”) according to a standard internet protocol. If corresponding node 18 wishes to send a message to Mobile Node—whether in reply to a message from the Mobile Node or for any other reason—it addresses that message to the IP address of Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 12. The packets of that message are then forwarded over the internet 4 and to router R1 and ultimately to Home Agent 8 as indicated by the dotted line (“packet to MN(1)”). From its mobility binding table, Home Agent 8 recognizes that Mobile Node 6 is no longer attached to network segment 12. It then encapsulates the packets from corresponding node 18 (which are addressed to Mobile Node 6 on network segment 12) according to a Mobile IP protocol and forwards these encapsulated packets to a “care of” address for Mobile Node 6 as shown by the dotted line (“packet to MN(2)”). The care-of address may be, for example, the IP address of Foreign Agent 10. Foreign Agent 10 then strips the encapsulation and forwards the message to Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 14. The packet forwarding mechanism implemented by the Home and Foreign Agents is often referred to as “tunneling.” As described above, a Mobile Node may roam from one Foreign Agent to another Foreign Agent. Similarly, the Mobile Node may roam from one Access Point to another Access Point. An Access Point may be defined as a point of connectivity in a wireless or non-wireless network. During roaming, the Mobile Node registers with its Home Agent to notify the Home Agent of its new location. Specific events trigger the roaming of the mobile node to one Foreign Agent or Access Point to another Foreign Agent or Access Point when the mobile node is traveling at relatively low speed (e.g., walking speed). However, at a higher speed, these events do not trigger the roaming process quickly enough. As a result, the Foreign Agent or Access Point via which communications are received by the Mobile Node may be outside the coverage area of the Foreign Agent or Access Point. Accordingly, communications may be disrupted. In view of the above, it would be beneficial if the roaming process could be improved to support travel of Mobile Nodes at higher speeds.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <!-- eXist-db Open Source Native XML Database Copyright (C) 2001 The eXist-db Authors info@exist-db.org http://www.exist-db.org This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. 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listener="java.awt.event.ActionListener" parameters="java.awt.event.ActionEvent" handler="miEditGroupActionPerformed"/> </Events> </MenuItem> <MenuItem class="javax.swing.JMenuItem" name="miRemoveGroup"> <Properties> <Property name="text" type="java.lang.String" value="Remove Group"/> </Properties> <Events> <EventHandler event="actionPerformed" listener="java.awt.event.ActionListener" parameters="java.awt.event.ActionEvent" handler="miRemoveGroupActionPerformed"/> </Events> </MenuItem> </SubComponents> </Container> </NonVisualComponents> <Properties> <Property name="defaultCloseOperation" type="int" value="2"/> <Property name="title" type="java.lang.String" value="User Manager"/> </Properties> <SyntheticProperties> <SyntheticProperty name="formSizePolicy" type="int" value="1"/> </SyntheticProperties> <AuxValues> <AuxValue name="FormSettings_autoResourcing" type="java.lang.Integer" value="0"/> <AuxValue name="FormSettings_autoSetComponentName" type="java.lang.Boolean" value="false"/> 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listener="java.awt.event.MouseListener" parameters="java.awt.event.MouseEvent" handler="tblUsersMouseClicked"/> </Events> </Component> </SubComponents> </Container> <Container class="javax.swing.JScrollPane" name="spGroups"> <AccessibilityProperties> <Property name="AccessibleContext.accessibleName" type="java.lang.String" value="Groups"/> </AccessibilityProperties> <AuxValues> <AuxValue name="autoScrollPane" type="java.lang.Boolean" value="true"/> </AuxValues> <Constraints> <Constraint layoutClass="org.netbeans.modules.form.compat2.layouts.support.JTabbedPaneSupportLayout" value="org.netbeans.modules.form.compat2.layouts.support.JTabbedPaneSupportLayout$JTabbedPaneConstraintsDescription"> <JTabbedPaneConstraints tabName="Groups"> <Property name="tabTitle" type="java.lang.String" value="Groups"/> </JTabbedPaneConstraints> </Constraint> </Constraints> <Layout class="org.netbeans.modules.form.compat2.layouts.support.JScrollPaneSupportLayout"/> <SubComponents> <Component class="javax.swing.JTable" name="tblGroups"> <Properties> <Property name="model" type="javax.swing.table.TableModel" editor="org.netbeans.modules.form.RADConnectionPropertyEditor"> <Connection code="getGroupsTableModel()" type="code"/> </Property> <Property name="autoCreateRowSorter" type="boolean" value="true"/> <Property name="componentPopupMenu" type="javax.swing.JPopupMenu" editor="org.netbeans.modules.form.ComponentChooserEditor"> <ComponentRef name="pmGroups"/> </Property> <Property name="showGrid" type="boolean" value="true"/> </Properties> <Events> <EventHandler event="mouseClicked" listener="java.awt.event.MouseListener" parameters="java.awt.event.MouseEvent" handler="tblGroupsMouseClicked"/> </Events> </Component> </SubComponents> </Container> </SubComponents> </Container> <Component class="javax.swing.JSeparator" name="jSeparator1"> </Component> <Component class="javax.swing.JButton" name="btnCreate"> <Properties> <Property name="text" type="java.lang.String" value="Create"/> </Properties> <Events> <EventHandler event="actionPerformed" listener="java.awt.event.ActionListener" parameters="java.awt.event.ActionEvent" handler="btnCreateActionPerformed"/> </Events> </Component> <Component class="javax.swing.JButton" name="btnClose"> <Properties> <Property name="text" type="java.lang.String" value="Close"/> </Properties> <Events> <EventHandler event="actionPerformed" listener="java.awt.event.ActionListener" parameters="java.awt.event.ActionEvent" handler="btnCloseActionPerformed"/> </Events> </Component> </SubComponents> </Form>	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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