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Safe Tips to Meet Men from Online in Real Life
Lately you are being diligent to go online. Especially since you met him through the virtual world. He is so captivating that it makes your online moments happy. Now itโs time for you to decide on a date, in the real world. You must keep in mind to take care of yourself, however, your idol is still a stranger youโve never met. So watch carefully, below are some important tips so you do not lose if virtual man deceive you.
Do not tell your address
Do not let someone you just met in cyberspace pick you up at home. You certainly do not want strangers to know your home, although maybe you and he have often sent each other email, sms, or even call. He remains in the category of foreigners, especially if the picture you have about him is only from his email profile only. So, where is the suitable place for your first date with him? Find a place that is familiar enough to you, and it should be in a public place. If anyone you know, maybe some waiter, or even the owner of the restaurant, this is better, so you can seek help if he does not mean well.
Go by yourself
Self-securing system does not end there. When you decide to meet him on the first date, then go on your own and tell people at home or your friends that you will go to meet.
Do not reveal an important identity
Another key to your security is to keep your personal information private. You do not want a stranger to know everything about you, right? This may include your phone number and where you work. Talk only common thing on a first date, not concerning about your job information. After all, you never asked to reveal all things about you on the first date. Try to find out more about him. Do not be easily hooked with reciprocal relationships, if he opens himself wide for you, then remember that you do not have to do the same.
Do not invite your new date to come home
Just say that your first date with him is so successful and you do find him as good and sweet as you think, but that does not mean then you forget yourself. Make it your own constraint that you will invite him home, if your relationship with him is already in the stage of actually getting to know each other and heading to a more serious level. And, we all know it all takes a while, not enough just on the first date only. This is especially true for those who had never married and had children. Never bring a new date home and introduce them to children, because it is very sensitive for them.
Whether you are a divorcee, or a deceased husband, both remain a traumatic experience for children. You should only introduce your date when it is really in a serious stage.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
August 8, 2012
I really don't have much to say about today. It is a sad day for me. I am sitting at home, all alone, with only our animals to keep me company. :(
I miss our little girls already!
Here is some pictures from this morning!
Ashes and B before school
B on the drive to school
Ashes on the drive to school!
In the cafeteria at school!
Our girls will be separated for Kindergarten. =( On Tuesday they confessed that they were scared to be apart. B even cried about it!
Waiting to go to class!
It'll be a rough couple of days/weeks for me. I cried BIG time when we dropped them off. In some way I swear the girls are NOT like me because I remember my mom leaving me at the door, her and I crying our eyes out. These girls were great and went away with not 1 tear to shed. I even had to call out to them to look at me and say by.
My lovely partner was great! She didn't shed a tear and was there supporting me the whole time.
April 27, 2012
I seriously don't update this thing enough. But ah that is the life of a busy housewife. Some things have been going on(don't worry nothing really serious).
First off...we aren't doing the home-school thing. I know, I know....I'm a little sad too. But as of right now this isn't possible. And my partner really wants them to try out Kindergarten first. And if things don't work out then 1st grade we may pull them both out or just one(depends). But I am okay with that.
I am job hunting and have been for over a month there. Anything will do, I just need to get it done. No results yet but I am determined...and slightly desperate. I am preferably looking for something in the evening and weekends.
You know...it's so funny because last year when I was job hunting I was looking for jobs during the day so I could be free in the evenings and weekends. And a lot of places were looking for night and evening work. And now it is the total opposite. sigh This is really frustrating. We can't afford...or at least we can't afford me to work just to pay for daycare. It seems redundant to me to have daycare and work then come to find out the only thing you are paying for is the care.
And to top off all this stress I have been a stay at home mom for the past 5 years. The only kind of job experience I have is the 3 months I worked during my pregnancy at Pizza Hut. I do have some slight volunteer work, with a local parenting group, as my role is to promote the group in real life and on the internet. But.....
March 22, 2012
If you would of asked me that 3 years ago I would of said no. I would of told you that in order to get what you want in life you have to take it, even demand for it. But now.......
It all started back on 2/16/2010. I was sitting at home when I got a text message from Facebook: "Dawn" sent you a message. What started as an innocent announcement turned into a blossoming, loving relationship. What started as a "I found you in a local lesbian group," turned into a family.
2 days later we met.......
And it was.....amazing. Words can not describe the happiness she brought me. The sunshine that came into my life. She was the 2nd best thing in my life. She stayed that first weekend with me....the whole weekend. We went to the park with the girls, played around. She pushed them on the swings. They laughed and she laughed. And I stood back taking pictures. Hoping she was the one.....
That weekend was one of the shortest in my life. Before I knew it, she was gone. Back to home. Back to college. She only lived 30-40 minutes from me but the distance might as well been 3,000 miles, because it felt like it.
A month and 2 days after we met I asked one of the first important questions any person asks another, "will you be my girlfriend?"
I knew she was going to say yes, but I was still nervous. As we sat outside on the bench, outside of Outback Steakhouse, all I could think was "this is the moment that will define our future." And as she said yes an unexplainable joy washed over me. That is my girl now.
And 2 years later I am glad to say that I am even more lucky today than i was then to have her in my life. I have come quite a ways because of her support, because of her love and her belief in me. Just thinking of every joy and happiness she has brought into my life makes me cry. Watching her with OUR girls when she comes home makes every minute we are apart, as a family, worth it.
This woman, who I am so proud to call my partner, is....is.....taking all the words in the universe right out of my mouth. Words can not explain the gratitude and love and......just everything I feel about her and towards her.
And my biggest dream.....my last dream is to take this woman into my arms, hold her tight and make her my wife. That is all I want in this world. I want to carry her last name until the last breath escapes me. I want to be by her side until for eternity. And if possible....even after that. I want to buy a house together, I want her to lawfully be the twins 2nd parent. I want a joint banking account with her. I want to file my taxes with her. And I want the world to see and know that Dawn E. M. and I are bound to each other.
So this here is dedicated to the love of my life. My Princess, my Boo.....my Dawn.
I love you so much. Happy Anniversary!! 2 years down and a lifetime to go. I will always be by your side....no matter what.
March 7, 2012
I have watched a lot of shows. I mean it. But there is one that has stuck with me. One that I have watched SOOOO many times and never get tired of it. And sure it is probably cliche of me, but I just can't help it.
And so I introduce to you my FAVORITE cast!!!
The L Word
Yes, yes see...I told you. Very cliche. But you know what...I don't care. This show is awesome. It is the right drama, suspense, love and sex that anybody could want. And on top of that....those are some HOT chicks!!
I am sure my audience out there is just MASSIVE so to anyone reading this: What is your favorite show?
Well looking forward to any responses. And I'll see ya tomorrow with Day #4. Good Night(or good morning or, well, possibly good day).
I've always been a big board games person. I started playing Monopoly with my mom when I was in the 1st grade. I've always loved the game!! My mom and I would have games lasting days, week and sometimes even months. Monopoly is the one game that I have not lost interest in.
Well for the girls birthday that just passed last month my parents bought them Crazy Cash Monopoly game(with my recommendation of course). It is for ages 5+ and up to 4 people can play. The day we brought it home Dawn & I played it first(to see how long it would take to get through). It lasted a pretty long time. We spent over a hour playing it. However it was REALLY fun!!
So last night we played with the girls. And they LOVED it!!
Brittney moving
ATM spewing money!
As you can tell they were really getting into it. Ashley was losing a lot of her money but she was actually excited about it. Brittney kept getting ahead of herself. Before Ashley would even move Brittney snatched up the die and started to roll. LOL!! It was great and within a 1/2 hour the game was finished. Ashley lost all her money. Brittney had $26, Dawn had $36 and I had $25 left.
Earlier that day, when Dawn was on her way home, the girls and I got out the Cootie game and they played with it. They REALLY love that game and love making silly faces for their bug. They also used different legs for each roll. I don't have any pictures from the ending of the game but here is some from when they were playing it.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
Tuesday, April 23, 2013
The BabbyFamily House Tour Pt. I: Welcome!
At my house, 99% of visitors come in through the kitchen, so I thought it makes sense to start my house tour in what is clearly the heart of my home. Is your house like that, too? I swear I have a living room, but guests nearly always end up in the kitchen!
It's weird, too, because we don't have like epic levels of seating. Two grownup chairs, the Tripp Trapp, and the hairpin leg bench I made, plus Bo's way too big highchair now. People are so drawn to the kitchen that they don't mind standing! Can you tell I love red? I also love having the art supplies out where we can get at 'em.
Here's my kitchen clock, and here's where I say 'I made that!'
We have bright purple kitchen cabinets. The mister was originally anti purple but I convinced him and now he loves it. Before the purple, we had dark brown wood cabinets. Dark brown in a tiny south-facing kitchen. Seriously.
Free printables, woo!
I originally wanted to put some kind of framed picture over the stove - where there's not enough room to put much anything else. But I didn't have any frames and I did have paint, so this was the result. We <3 coffee!
A certain someone convinced me that repainting with chalkboard paint would be a bad idea, so I compromised with a chalkboard panel. We have fun posting recipes and messages to one another so I consider it worth the hassle of wiping up chalk dust.
It's a fridge. It's an art gallery. It's a strategic planning center. How much stuff is hanging on your refrigerator at any given time?
And that's my kitchen! Stay tuned for House Tour Pt. II, coming tomorrow... probably. I'll be giving you a glimpse into the kids' rooms!
I LOVE your table area. All that color makes me happy. We use a lot of red in our house too, but this makes me really want to pump it up! Don't think I'll go with purple cabinets, though (yours look fantastic)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
[Studies on anti-tumor activity of crude drugs. III. The effects of decreasing resistance of cancer cell in long-term in vitro screening test with aqueous extracts of some crude drugs].
When human cancer cell (JTC-26) was subjected to aqueous extracts of some crude drugs for a long time, its drug resistance against the cancer cell decreased. However, the cancer cell with decreased resistance recovered its proliferative power completely when cultured without the addition of the specimens. This revealed that the drug resistance-decreasing action or cytostatic action was entirely reversible. On the other hand, chemical anticancer agents increased cancer cell resistance, but the cancer cell did not recover itself and then perished when damage was given to it to a certain extent. Normal cell showed no decrease in resistance to the aqueous extracts.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2015
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*******************************************************************************/
package jsettlers.common.material;
/**
* This enum defines the priority of material requests.
*
* @author Andreas Eberle
*
*/
public enum EPriority {
// NOTE: THE STOPPED PRIORITY MUST HAVE priorityIndex == 0
STOPPED(0),
LOW(1),
HIGH(2), ;
public static final EPriority[] VALUES = EPriority.values();
public static final int NUMBER_OF_PRIORITIES = VALUES.length;
public static final EPriority DEFAULT = EPriority.LOW;
public final byte ordinal;
private final int priorityIndex;
EPriority(int priorityIndex) {
this.ordinal = (byte) ordinal();
this.priorityIndex = priorityIndex;
}
/**
*
* @return Returns the index of the priority. 0 Means the request is stopped. Indexes >= 1 have increasing priority with increasing index.
*/
public int getPriorityIndex() {
return priorityIndex;
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Migrating a large classic ASP page to php?
We've got a large classic asp application and we consider migrating to either asp.net or php. I don't want to talk about the pros and cons of either one, but I'd rather like to know whether there are ways to avoid a complete rewrite in one shot when migrating to php. We simply can't stop maintaining the current codebase just to do a rewrite. So things have to go hand in hand.
If we'd move to asp.net, we should be able share session data among both technologies and have parts of the site replaced with new asp.net code, while other just keep on running. Is such an approach possible with php? Does anyone has got experiences with such a migration or could point me to some good readings?
A:
The ability to share session state between ASP Classic and ASP.NET isn't an intrinsic feature of either language, though it's fairly easy to accomplish.
Microsoft provides sample code:
http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=share%20session%20data%20between%20ASP%20and%20ASP.NET%20pages&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
By using Microsoft's example, you could pretty easily implement something similar in PHP. Basically you'd use the ASP Classic portion of Microsoft's code above. Then in PHP you'd write a fairly simple class to read session state from the database into an array or collection when each page is loaded. It's a little extra work in PHP, but shouldn't be more than a few extra days of coding and testing.
PHP runs pretty well on IIS6 in my limited experience and support for it is supposedly even better in IIS7. The only snag I've hit in is that a most of the PHP code out there assumes you're running on Linux/Unix... but generally this is only an issue for file-handling code (think: user image uploads) that works with local filesystem paths. Because they assume your filesystem uses / instead of \ like on Windows. Obviously fairly trivial to fix.
Good luck!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Hearing sound, such as music, live has often been considered more pleasurable than hearing the same music after it has been converted into an electronic audio signal and re-converted back into sound (i.e., reproduced sound). There can be many reasons for this perceived drop in quality. One reason resides in the sound reproduction process itself.
Many of the sounds we hear, especially musical notes, are often a composite. For example, a musical note having a basic pitch or fundamental frequency, usually contains other frequency components such as a number of integer multiples of the fundamental frequency called harmonics or overtones. These harmonics create the tonal quality or character (i.e., the timbre) of the note or sound that is often unique to the musical instrument being played, i.e., the sound producing source. In other words, these harmonics enrich the sound we hear. While the human ear typically cannot discern the individual harmonics, it can perceive the presence or absence of these harmonics as an increase or decrease in the quality of the sound, respectively. Equipment for converting live sound into electronic audio signals (e.g., microphones, etc.) typically does not adequately register and convert the full quality of the live sound. That is, the electronic audio signals do not include many of the original harmonics. Numerous sound reproduction systems have been developed in an attempt to add harmonic enhancement to such audio signals. However, these systems are often very sophisticated and expensive and sound produced from such systems may still be perceived to be of a lesser quality than the same sound heard live.
Another reason reproduced sound is often perceived to have a lower quality than live sound can be attributed to the environment in which the sound is produced and recorded. For example, music played in an open field typically sounds one dimensional because much of the sound waves dissipate into the field and are not heard by a listener. On the other hand, music played in an acoustically designed room, i.e., acoustic chamber, usually has a fuller sound and individual sound sources, e.g., musical instruments, are typically more distinguishable, one reason being that the sound heard by the listener includes high quality reverberations.
Not all reproduced sound is originated in an acoustically designed environment and therefore does not contain high quality reverberations. And, even when an acoustically designed environment is used, high quality reverberations which are perceptible by the human ear may get lost in the recording process, for instance if the sound converting equipment (e.g., a microphone, etc.) is unable to register them. In addition, some reproduced sound originates in environments which produce low quality reverberations. Sound reproduction systems have been developed to remove these low quality reverberations. However, in their effort to clean up or remove the unwanted reverberations from the audio signal, desirable or high quality reverberations may be partially or completely removed.
Another problem with reproduced sound, such as music, is that it can become distorted when heard at high volumes. It is often difficult to clearly hear the words being sung in a song or distinguish one musical instrument from another in a piece of music.
An additional problem is that the quality of the reproduced sound can vary depending upon the geometry of the room in which the sound is heard and upon where the listener is located with respect to the source of the reproduced sound (i.e., the speakers). Typically, when this occurs, there will be one or more specific locations of higher quality, often referred to as sweet spots. Thus, in order to enjoy the full potential of such sound reproduction systems, a listener is forced to remain at these sweet spots.
Various systems, a number being very sophisticated and expensive, have been developed in an effort to produce an enhanced electronic audio signal which, when converted into audible sound, is perceived as more closely duplicating the experience of hearing the original live sound. The present invention is an improvement thereon which is relatively inexpensive and simple.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Induction of tumors of the liver, lung, ovary and adrenal in adult mice after brief maternal gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic: promotional effects of postnatal phorbol ester exposure on hepatic and pulmonary, but not dermal cancers.
Arsenic is a recognized human carcinogen and development of rodent models remains a critically important research objective. Since gestation can be a period of high sensitivity to chemical carcinogenesis, we have performed a series of transplacental carcinogenicity studies in mice with inorganic arsenic. In this study, groups of pregnant C3H mice received drinking water containing sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at 0, 42.5 and 85 p.p.m. arsenic ad libitum from days 8 to 18 of gestation. These doses of arsenic were well tolerated. Dams delivered normally and at weaning (4 weeks) offspring were randomly put into groups (n = 25) of males or females according to maternal dose. In an attempt to promote skin cancers initiated by transplacental arsenic, duplicate groups of control or arsenic exposed offspring were topically exposed to 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 2 micro g/0.1 ml acetone, twice/week) from 4 to 25 weeks of age. Irrespective of TPA exposure, male offspring showed arsenic-induced dose-related increases in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and multiplicity, as well as increases in adrenal tumor incidence and multiplicity. In female offspring, an increase in epithelial ovarian tumors occurred with arsenic exposure regardless of TPA exposure. Females also showed pre-neoplastic lesions of the reproductive tract, including hyperplasia of the uterus and oviduct, after arsenic but independent of TPA exposure. Although TPA had no effect on skin tumors, it promoted arsenic initiated liver tumors in females and lung tumors in both sexes. Thus, inorganic arsenic, as a single agent, can consistently act as a complete transplacental carcinogen in mice, inducing tumors at multiple sites, and as a tumor initiator in some tissues. Skin tumors were not initiated by arsenic in mouse fetuses possibly indicating tissue-specific mechanisms of action. This study indicates that gestation is a period of high sensitivity to arsenic carcinogenesis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Susceptibility of 169 USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates to two copper-based biocides, CuAL42 and CuWB50.
To test the activity of two copper-based biocides, CuAL42 and CuWB50, and benzalkonium chloride against 169 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pulsotype USA300, a virulent, multiply resistant, widespread clone in the USA. Tests including MIC, MBC and time-kill studies were performed multiple times. The MIC range, MIC(50) and MIC(90) (0.59-18.75, 4.69 and 4.69 ppm, respectively) and the MBC range, MBC(50) and MBC(90) (1.17-18.75, 4.69 and 9.38 ppm, respectively) for CuAL42 were identical with those obtained with CuWB50, except that the MBC range for CuWB50 was wider (0.59-37.5 ppm). In time-kill studies, a 6 log(10) reduction of cfu was achieved within 1 h (150 ppm) and 0.5 h (300 ppm) for CuAL42, and 1.5 h (150 ppm) and 0.75 h (300 ppm) for CuWB50. Both copper-based biocides can effectively kill USA300 MRSA and may facilitate the eradication of the organism from healthcare settings.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
RegEx match the first occurance of a word, from a list of desired words
I seem to have hit upon a corner case - or it's so easy, no one has ever asked!
I have a list of desired words I'd like to match in a block of text. However, I only want to match the first occurrence of each of these, (edit: if they exist in the target block).
If my block of text reads:
glass shoes door doors window door glasses. glass's glass window windows glasses
I'd like to match:
glass door window
I'm learning how to narrow it down as I try to understand the groupings... This:
/(?:[\s]|^)door|glass|window(?=[\s]|$)/g;
gives me "ghost" occurrences:
glass, door, door,window, door,glass,glass,glass,window,glass
Wrapping my desired words in brackets as a set (group?) like this:
/(?:[\s]|^)(door|glass|window)(?=[\s]|$)/g;
gives me only every actual occurrence:
glass, door, window, door, glass, window
which is so far the best (narrowest) I can get.
I would have expected that:
/(door|glass|window)/
without the /g global flag would give me the first occurrence of "my" OR "desired" OR "words", but it stops at the first find, "glass".
So to restate the question, (edited) I'm trying to find the first instance of each of these words (first door, and first window, and first glass), if they show up at all, wrapped by (?:[\s]|^) and (?=[\s]|$), in a block of text.
Many thanks!
A:
Out of order matching
( For more advanced out of order matching see:
this and
this
)
This can easily be done in a single match.
You could do this if you have a small, fixed amount of words to match.
This requires all the words be there.
(With a slight modification, each word can be optional)
^(?=.*?(door))(?=.*?(glass))(?=.*?(window))
Expanded
^
(?=
.*?
( door ) # (1)
)
(?=
.*?
( glass ) # (2)
)
(?=
.*?
( window ) # (3)
)
Output
** Grp 0 - ( pos 0 , len 0 ) EMPTY
** Grp 1 - ( pos 12 , len 4 )
door
** Grp 2 - ( pos 0 , len 5 )
glass
** Grp 3 - ( pos 23 , len 6 )
window
Additional - Make items optional
The tweak to make items optional:
^(?=.*?(?:door|window|glass))(?=.*?(door))?(?=.*?(glass))?(?=.*?(window))?
Expanded
^
(?= # Prevent matching nothing.
.*?
(?: door | window | glass ) # At least one should exist
)
(?=
.*?
( door ) # (1), Optiional first door
)?
(?=
.*?
( glass ) # (2), Optiional first glass
)?
(?=
.*?
( window ) # (3), Optiional first window
)?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
163 F.2d 316 (1947)
SHEEHAN et al.
v.
DANA.
No. 13458.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
August 5, 1947.
Rehearing Denied September 2, 1947.
*317 Maurice P. Wolk, Sp. Asst. to Atty. Gen. (Sewall Key, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., Lee A. Jackson and Wm. B. Waldo, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., Mr. Harry C. Blanton, U. S. Atty., of Sikeston, Mo., and Rosemary M. Ramsey, Asst. U. S. Atty., of St. Louis, Mo., on the brief), for appellants.
William H. Biggs, of St. Louis, Mo. (Davis Biggs and Biggs, Curtis & Crossen, all of St. Louis, Mo., on the brief), for appellee.
Before SANBORN, JOHNSEN, and RIDDICK, Circuit Judges.
RIDDICK, Circuit Judge.
In 1914 the Charter Oak Stove and Range Company, a Missouri corporation, had outstanding 4,000 shares of $100 par value common stock. The business of the company was expanding, and it was in need of additional capital. To provide the needed capital, stock dividends of $100,000 were declared out of surplus in each of the years 1914, 1920, and 1923.
Substantial cash dividends were paid by the company from 1914 to 1934, but the years 1921 and 1931-1934, inclusive, were loss years, and as of September 1, 1934, the books of the company showed a deficit of $23,558.53. The business of the company had steadily declined for several years, and its capital requirements were greatly reduced. The company reduced the par value of its stock from $100 to $70 a share and transferred $210,000 resulting from this reduction from capital to surplus account. In a letter to the stockholders enclosing a notice of a meeting called to reduce the par value of the company's stock, the appellee, who was the president and a large stockholder of the company, advised the stockholders that the purpose of the contemplated action was "To eliminate the deficit in our capital structure * * * to provide for any other deficit which may arise. * * * To restore to surplus the capitalized earnings of prior years out of which distributions may be made to stockholders as and when the funds are not required in the business." These transactions were for a legitimate corporate purpose and not for tax evasion.
In 1935 and 1936 the company made distributions to its stockholders partly from current earnings and partly from the surplus created by the reduction in the par value of its capital stock. The appellee received a distribution in 1935, of which $22,318.85 was attributable to surplus; and in 1936, a distribution of which $16,633.88 was attributable to surplus. He included all of the 1935 and 1936 distributions in his income tax returns for those years as ordinary dividends.
In due time, the appellee filed claims for refunds on the ground that the portions of the distributions attributable to surplus derived from the reduction in par value of the company's stock were not ordinary dividends taxable as such, but instead constituted distributions from capital in partial liquidation of the corporation. The collector denied the claims. His ruling was reversed in the District Court and this appeal followed.
The District Court [66 F.Supp. 47, 48] held that the distributions were paid out of capital "released through the reduction in par value of the stocks," were not essentially equivalent to the distribution of taxable dividends, and were made in partial liquidation of the corporation. We agree with appellants that these findings are either without support in the evidence or are based on an erroneous interpretation of law.
Decision of the question presented is controlled by sections 22 and 115 of the Revenue Acts of 1934, 26 U.S.C.A. Int. *318 Rev.Acts, pages 669, 671, 703, and 1936, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, pages 825, 826, 827, 868.[1] The sections referred to clearly evince the intention of Congress to tax as ordinary dividends distributions of corporate earnings to the full extent thereof unless made in liquidation within the statutory meaning of that term.
Dividends are included within the definition of gross income (section 22(a), and by section 22(d) are made taxable to shareholders as provided in section 115. This section provides the taxable result to follow the shareholders' receipt of distributions paid from earnings, commonly referred to as ordinary dividends, and the different result following the receipt of distributions in complete or partial liquidation. The term "dividend" is defined to mean any distribution made by a corporation to shareholders whether in money or other property, (1) out of earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913,[2] or (2) out of earnings and profits in the taxable year without regard to the amount of earnings and profits at the time the distribution was made (section 115(a). For the purposes of the Acts every distribution is made out of earnings and profits to the extent thereof and from the most recently accumulated earnings and profits (section 115(b). Section 115(c) provides for the treatment for income tax purposes of amounts distributed in complete or partial liquidation. Amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation are treated as in full payment in exchange of stock, and amounts distributed in partial liquidation of a corporation are treated as part or full payment in exchange of stock. A distribution of stock of a corporation is not treated as a dividend to the extent that it does not constitute income to the shareholder within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution (section 115(f) (1). If a corporation cancels or redeems its stocks (whether or not such stock was issued as a dividend) at such time and in such manner as to make the distribution and cancellation or redemption in whole or in part essentially equivalent to the distribution of a taxable dividend, the amount so distributed in redemption or cancellation of the stock, to the extent that it represents earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, is treated as a taxable dividend (section 115(g). And by section 115(h) of the Act of 1936 the distribution of its stock by a corporation to its shareholders, whether before, on, or after January 1, 1936, is not considered a distribution of earnings or profits if no gain to the shareholder is recognized by law, or if the distribution was not subject to tax in the hands of the shareholder because it did not constitute income to him within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment or because exempt to him under section 115(f) of the Revenue Act of 1934 or the corresponding provision of a prior revenue act.
When the appellee received additional shares of Charter Oak stock on the distribution of stock dividends from surplus, he received no income. Neither capital nor earnings came into his hands. The number of his shares was increased, but his prorata interest in both capital and earnings remained the same as before the distributions of stock dividends. Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 40 S.Ct. 189, 64 L.Ed. 521, 9 A.L.R. 1570; Helvering v. Griffiths, 318 U.S. 371, 63 S.Ct. 636, 87 L.Ed. 843; Section 115(f) and (h). For corporate bookkeeping and, doubtless, by State law, earnings were transferred to capital, but for Federal taxation purposes the earnings of the corporation available for distribution as ordinary taxable dividends remained intact and undiminished. Section 115(h); Long v. Commissioner, 6 Cir., 155 *319 F.2d 847, 849; Beretta v. Commissioner, 5 Cir., 141 F.2d 452, 455; Wilcox v. Commissioner, 9 Cir., 137 F.2d 136, 139; Commissioner v. Estate of Bedford, 325 U.S. 283, 290, 65 S.Ct. 1157, 89 L.Ed. 1611; Chapman Price Steel Co. v. Commissioner, 7 Cir., 146 F.2d 189, 191; Robinette v. Commissioner, 9 Cir., 148 F.2d 513, 516; Compare Century Electric Co. v. Commissioner, 8 Cir., 144 F.2d 983, and United States v. Ogilvie Hardware Co., Inc., 67 S. Ct. 997, construing the word "deficit" and the phrase "accumulated earnings and profits", as used in section 501(a) (2) of the Revenue Act of 1942, amending section 26 (c) (3) of the Revenue Act of 1936, 26 U.S. C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 334; Bazley v. Commissioner, 67 S.Ct. 1489, 1491. The distributions received by the appellee in 1935 and 1936 were ordinary dividends within the meaning of the applicable revenues acts, paid from corporate earnings and profits, and to their full extent properly included in appellee's income for the years in question unless it can be said that they were distributions in liquidation.
In the District Court the appellee did not contend, and in fact could not have contended, that the distributions of 1935 and 1936 were made in contemplation of the complete liquidation of the corporation. The letter of the appellee to the company's stockholders explaining the reasons for the reduction in par value of the stock, while not conclusive, points to a continuation of the corporation's business. The business was continued for several years during which the corporation distributed dividends. The corporation was never liquidated, but was later sold as a going concern and, so far as the record reveals, is still in existence and engaged in business.
The appellee contended and the trial court found that the distributions in question were distributions in partial liquidation. We think the court's conclusion was based on an erroneous interpretation of section 115(i). By this section the term "amounts distributed in partial liquidation" means "a distribution by a corporation in complete cancellation or redemption of a part of its stock, or one of a series of distributions in complete cancellation or redemption of all or a portion of its stock." Since it is clear from the evidence that neither of the distributions in question was one of a series in complete cancellation or redemption of all of the company's stock, the precise question here is whether either distribution accomplished a complete cancellation or redemption of a part of the company's stock, or whether either was one of a series of distributions in complete cancellation or redemption of a portion of the stock.
To meet the statutory definition of "amounts distributed in partial liquidation" it is not necessary that the particular distribution involves winding up the business activity of the corporation, but it is required that the distribution be made in cancellation or redemption of a part of the corporation's capital stock unless at the time of distribution complete liquidation is under way. Stern v. Harrison, 7 Cir., 152 F.2d 321, 324; Yankey et al. v. Commissioner, 10 Cir., 151 F.2d 650, 652; R. D. Merrill Co. v. Commissioner, 4 T.C. 955, 967; Thornton v. Commissioner, 7 Cir., 159 F.2d 578, 579, 581. The mere reduction in the par value of outstanding shares is neither a complete cancellation nor redemption of a part or portion of the corporation's stock within the meaning of section 115(i). Beretta v. Commissioner, 1 T.C. 86, 96; R. D. Merrill Co. v. Commissioner supra, page 967 of 4 T.C.; Long v. Commissioner, 5 T.C. 327, 334; Beretta v. Commissioner, supra, 141 F.2d at page 455; Wilcox v. Commissioner, supra, page 139 of 137 F.2d; 1 Merten's Law of Federal Income Taxation, ยง 9.83, p. 551. In the present case distributions were not made contemporaneously with the reduction in par value of the Charter Oak stock. All that was accomplished by that transaction was to transfer to surplus the capitalized earnings of prior years. After the reduction in par value of its stock the pro-rata interest of the shareholders in the company's assets was the same as it was before the reduction. The declared par value of their shares was $70 instead of $100, but the actual value of the shares was apparently the same as before the reduction in par value. The business of Charter Oak continued. The distributions from surplus in subsequent *320 years must be regarded as ordinary dividends paid from corporate earnings and taxable as such.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed.
NOTES
[1] Subsections (a) and (d) of section 22 and subsections (b), (g), and (i) of section 115 of the Acts of 1934 and 1936 are identical. In the 1936 Act some changes from the text of the 1934 Act are made in subsections (a), (c), (f) (1), and (h) of section 115, but none of them are significant on the issues in this case. The language of section 115(h) of the Act of 1936 is quite different from that in section 115(h) of the Act of 1934. The 1936 Act, however, applies in this case.
In this opinion references are to the Act of 1936.
[2] Appellee does not contend that any part of the distributions were paid from corporate profits accumulated prior to March 1, 1913.
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Q:
What's the best/proper way to set up my database
I have a database, image below, and I feel that there must be an efficient way to add separate books for each child. For example... there may be 50 clubbers in the database. Each clubber will be in their own book and to make it simple, each book has 10 sections a clubber must complete. I was thinking of making a table for each child with the 10 sections, but that would end up with over 50 tables in my database. I also thought of creating a table called book and just having that table contain the 10 sections, but the problem with that is each child may be in one of 8 different books. So one table called book wouldn't work either.
Does anyone have a good suggestion on how to set this up in the database? My ultimate goal is to have each child linked to one of the 8 books that is available. Then the database will track which section each child is in for their certain book. So... today clubber A could finish section 1 and 2 in book 1, but clubber B might only finish section 1 in book 2. I'm wanting to pull this information from the database to see where each clubber is in their books... but... I first need to set the database up correctly.
Should I create 8 separate tables for each of the books and have the table data be section 1... section 2...? Or should I create one table and list 8 books in it and then link that to another table that has the section info? Or is there an even better way?
Thanks for any help
A:
you need a table for books, and a table for sections. sections would contain a book_id so it knows which book it's part of. Then you link your children to sections with a section_id showing which section they're up to. A query joining to books would show you which book that was part of.
If the children can be reading multiple books at the same time, then you'll need an intermediate table which logically sits in between the two containing both the child's id and the section id so multiple books can be associated with the same child.
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Adding a face to an AI
Update 02/12/2014: I made a slightly better version using graphics that implement a little bit of the actual mouth movements (see here for code):
So for a face, I thought I would try making some sort of realtime voice animating system. I made a very very simple one in python. Here is an example of what it looks like and sounds like:
The source code is very simple. Get the whole code at my github page (the following excludes the saySomething function which is part of mouth_function. Basically the following code opens a process to say something and at the same time tries to animate it with an open/closing mouth. The timing between the mouth open and mouth closed comes from an average timing I got from recording the Google TTS and recording how much time it takes to say a word and the amount of time between words.
The other trick is to count the number of syllables in a word. Python has a fast way of doing this using nltk (coded below).
Thatโs it! Future implementations will try to make the timing a little better. Unfortunately it would probably work better with a worse TTS because the Google TTS has some special phrasing for common phrases that changes the time in between words. Also, I am going to work with a linguist to figure out the right kind of mouth openings.
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Antoaneta Vasileva, Secretary of the Bulgarian National Commission for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, has been charged with corruption, according to the press office of the prosecuting authority.
The Sofia City Prosecutorโs Office pressed charges against Vasileva in connection with two cases of offence concerning her professional conduct.
Vasileva is accused of exceeding her powers of Secretary of the National Commission for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in the period January 2012 โ December 2013, thereby triggering substantial harmful effects.
Despite lacking authorization and without a public procurement procedure, Vasileva concluded contracts with Burgas-based โEquilibriumโ Association, an NGO specialized in the field of education, social work, civil and human rights, and the Varna-vased โSOS-Families at Riskโ Foundation, an NGO specialized in providing womenโs shelters.
The contracts involved services provided at temporary shelters for accommodating victims of human trafficking based in Burgas and in Varna.
The offence was carried out to secure benefits amounting to BGN 200 940.56 for the Equilibrium Association and the โSOS-Families at Riskโ Foundation.
Vasileva is also charged with exceeding her powers of Secretary of the National Commission for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in the period January 2012 โ December 2013 to conclude two annexed agreements to a Framework Agreement, thereby securing personal gain of BGN 3607.60.
She has been released from custody on a promise to appear.
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Michael Edison Hayden, Newsweek, December 22, 2017
{snip}
โI believe the radical energies and deep yearning for change that flowed into the Trump campaign in 2015 and 2016 are now receding with the tide,โ Brad Griffin, a self-described Southern Nationalist, wrote on his blog, Occidental Dissent. โIโm confident the Democrats will come roaring back in the 2018 midterms. I donโt want to be associated with โMAGAโ because our policies were discarded by the Trump administration.โ
Griffin, who helped organize a so-called White Lives Matter rally in Tennessee in October and publishes under the pseudonym Hunter Wallace, has earned a reputation for being among the more cogent and discerning commentators in the white nationalist community. {snip} Among his gripes with the president, Griffin mentioned in his post the airstrike on Syria in April, the attempt to undo health care reform, the tax reform effort and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnellโs promises to make a deal on the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. {snip}
He added: โIn 2017, the Trump administration didnโt want anything to do with us and dropped us like a hot potato after the election.โ
In his post, Griffin reminded readers of a warning he gave prior to Trump taking power, suggesting that the alt-right movement would not be content to be โlocked in the basementโ of mainstream conservatism and โtreated like a retarded cousin for the next four years.โ {snip}
{snip} Griffin suggested that people will see less โactivismโ from the alt-right in 2018.
{snip} On Alt-Right Politics, a podcast co-hosted by Richard Spencer, one of the most visible faces of the movement, he and others have been critical of Trump for ignoring his promise to build a wall along the southern border. {snip}
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The free-radical damage theory: Accumulating evidence against a simple link of oxidative stress to ageing and lifespan.
Recent work on a small European cave salamander (Proteus anguinus) has revealed that it has exceptional longevity, yet it appears to have unexceptional defences against oxidative damage. This paper comes at the end of a string of other studies that are calling into question the free-radical damage theory of ageing. This theory rose to prominence in the 1990s as the dominant theory for why we age and die. Despite substantial correlative evidence to support it, studies in the last five years have raised doubts over its importance. In particular, these include studies of mice with the major antioxidant genes knocked out (both singly and in combination), which show the expected elevation in oxidative damage but no impact on lifespan. Combined, these findings raise fundamental questions over whether the free-radical damage theory remains useful for understanding the ageing process, and variation in lifespan and life histories.
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Where I'm teaching
SENZ Ltd - Home10th-12th July 2015. This year, not only will I be teaching at SENZ, but I will also be selling my kits at a stall I will be sharing with Robbi Bell.
2016 Patchwork, Quilting and Paper Craft Cruise1st -9th April 2016 on board the Celebrity Solstice. From Sydney to New Caledonia and back to Sydney. A huge selection of tutors to choose from, including a variety of scrapbooking and quilting.
COPYRIGHT
COPYRIGHT
All images, text, and content on this site are the sole property of Trina McClune and may not be used, copied or transmitted without the express consent of Trina McClune. If you wish to link to this site or to a post from this site, thatโs great! Please give appropriate credit for content when you do so. Any other inquiries please email trinamcclune@xtra.co.nz
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Q:
SML - Recursive datatypes VS Polymorphic datatypes
Can someone explain the difference between them?
Also, when trying out:
datatype exp = Const of real | Pair of exp * exp;
val my_exp_2 = Pair(Const(1.2),Pair(Const(9.0),Const(2.0)));
The interpreter gives:
val my_exp_2 = Pair (Const 1.2,Pair (Const #,Const #)) : exp
Why does the # symbol appear there?
Thanks!
A:
A recursive datatype is a datatype, which uses itself in its definition.
An example of this could be:
datatype intlist = IntNil
| IntCons of int * intlist
Notice how intlist is used in the definition of the IntCons value constructor.
val ls = IntCons(5, IntCons(6, IntNil));
Notice how IncCons contains another list value in this example.
A polymorphic datatype is a datatype, where one or more of the value constructors can contain a polymorphic value.
For instance, you could look at:
datatype 'a pair = Pair of 'a * 'a
Here, 'a is a type variable, and as such the constructor can be used on values of any type. Example:
val pairInt = Pair(1, 5);
val pairStr = Pair("Hello", "Goodbye");
val pairChr = Pair(#"x", #"y");
These two things are often combined into polymorphic recursive datatypes, as is done for normal lists:
datatype 'a mylist = MyNil
| MyCons of 'a * 'a mylist;
This is both polymorphic and recursive, as can be seen in these examples:
val listInt = MyCons(5, MyCons(6, MyNil));
val listStr = MyCons("abc", MyCons("def", MyNil));
val listChr = MyCons(#"a", MyCons(#"b", MyNil));
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366 S.C. 339 (2005)
622 S.E.2d 526
In the Matter of Walter Henry SMITH, Respondent.
Supreme Court of South Carolina.
November 9, 2005.
ORDER
The Office of Disciplinary Counsel has filed a petition asking this Court to place respondent on interim suspension pursuant *340 to Rule 17(b), RLDE, Rule 413, SCACR, and seeking the appointment of an attorney to protect clients' interests pursuant to Rule 31, RLDE, Rule 413, SCACR.
IT IS ORDERED that respondent's license to practice law in this state is suspended until further order of the Court.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that John Barron McArthur, Esquire, is hereby appointed to assume responsibility for respondent's client files, trust account(s), escrow account(s), operating account(s), and any other law office account(s) respondent may maintain. Mr. McArthur shall take action as required by Rule 31, RLDE, Rule 413, SCACR, to protect the interests of respondent's clients. Mr. McArthur may make disbursements from respondent's trust account(s), escrow account(s), operating account(s), and any other law office account(s) respondent may maintain that are necessary to effectuate this appointment.
This Order, when served on any bank or other financial institution maintaining trust, escrow and/or operating accounts of respondent, shall serve as an injunction to prevent respondent from making withdrawals from the account(s) and shall further serve as notice to the bank or other financial institution that John Barron McArthur, Esquire, has been duly appointed by this Court.
Finally, this Order, when served on any office of the United States Postal Service, shall serve as notice that John Barron McArthur, Esquire, has been duly appointed by this Court and has the authority to receive respondent's mail and the authority to direct that respondent's mail be delivered to Mr. McArthur's office.
/s/ Jean Hoefer Toal, C.J.
FOR THE COURT
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Q:
preg_match with UTF8
Let's say I have the following:
$str1 = "via Tokyo";
$str2 = "via ๆฑไบฌ";
I want to match any non-whitespace characters after the "via ". Normally I'd use the following:
preg_match("/via\s(\S+)/", $str2, $match);
to obtain the matching characters. I assumed this wouldn't work with the above due to preg_match not understanding utf8, however it works perfectly in this case.
Is this working correctly because preg_match is simply looking for bytes that aren't whitespace, and if so, am I safe to use this for any UTF8 characters?
PS I'm aware that I should really be using the mb_ereg functions for this (or avoiding PHP altogether) but I'm looking for a better understanding of why this works. Thanks!
A:
Yes, UTF-8 uses multi-byte sequences for the special Unicode characters, and it guarantees that they are different from the ASCII ones by having a high bit (undermore). So searching for slash, backslash or space will never have a false positive in a multi-byte sequence.
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One of the biggest misconceptions from those outside the swinging arena is that women are forced into the lifestyle by their husbands or partners. This ideal that women are conceding to swinging in some feeble attempt to either keep their marriage together, or the feministsโ belief that theyโre the epitome of submissiveness, simply isnโt true.
Granted, one spouse might bring up the subject of swinging, but maintaining an active role in the swinging lifestyle is definitely a consensual agreement between both partners. Would I have ever given swinging a try had John not already been involved? Probably not, as I never even knew there was such a thing. Am I glad I gave swinging a try? Absolutely! I have learned so much about myself and my sexuality that I had never been exposed to before.
I began to understand the benefits this open relationship concept brought to my marriage and how loving from a compersion base actually created an even deeper level of love for myself and my partner. Most importantly, I learned about me, what I bring to the table and how swinging actually benefitted me as a woman.
What are some of the benefits for us women?
Confidence: According to non-swingers, confidence would be the last way they would ever describe what happens when a woman becomes involved in the swinging lifestyle. However, it has been my experience (as well as the experience of thousands of other women) that opening up a relationship to incorporate swinging can do wonders for a womanโs confidence.
Think about it, not only will a woman have the affirmation, love, attention and affection from her husband, but sheโll also receive some of these same benefits from others, both men and women. Now Iโm not saying a womanโs confidence is based on outside confirmation, but I do know that when I feel confident about a decision and this confidence is affirmed by my partner, I come away feeling even more vested in my choice.
It doesnโt take much to think back to the beginning of our own relationships and recall those pangs of excitement and self-confidence on those first few dates when we were paid all kinds of attention to how we looked, during those all night conversations and those new adventurous experiences with our partner. Have the image in your mind?
Now, imagine having the opportunity to experience those same โpangs of excitement,โ those moments when we meet someone, that wonder in experiencing something new and different. Having the opportunity in swinging to experience this newness isnโt because you donโt love or take comfort in the steadfast love you have with your partner, itโs because you do! In swinging, youโre actually encouraged to participate in cultivating new intimacies with whomever draws your attention.
By doing so, youโll be reminded of how wonderful you are, how wonderful your partner is and how compersion (happiness in our partnerโs sexual happiness) can bring about a much deeper union. I remember well that first night I experienced being in an intimate situation with John and another man. The attention draped on me was empowering. I FELT my potential in those moments. Suddenly I was proud of myself and my capacity for owning all the decisions in my life!
Acceptance: Women in the swinging world are all about building each other up. If you walk into a swingers club in that sexy outfit, youโre not going to be critiqued or be the recipient of any โshaming.โ Instead, youโll have women asking you where you purchased that amazing outfit! Youโll be exposed to open arms and love. This was one of my favorite revelations upon becoming involved in the swinging lifestyle.
Another memory I have when being introduced to the swinging lifestyle is the first time I visited a swingers club. I was excited yet nervous. I knew the first thing I needed to do was go shopping. My closet at the time was full of business attire and uber casual wear, not sexy outfits. So, even though Iโm never one to turn down a shopping excursion, I realized not long after arriving at my local department store that finding a โsexyโ outfit had me somewhat intimidated.
I vacillated between thinking I was too old to be sexy to being convinced that if I walked into the club in something too revealing that I would be the subject of criticism by others. Unfortunately, women are very quick to criticize other women because weโre taught or we think that women are the enemy. You can imagine my sheer joy and relief when I was completely accepted. Yes, these other women loved my outfit, shoes and handbag, but more importantly, they made me feel special, accepted and beautiful!
Sexuality: This for me was the clincher in embracing the swinging lifestyle. Having grown up being taught that a manโs sexual appetite and need for release was paramount, you can imagine my awe when I was accepted as a sexual being with just as many needs and wants and releases as my partner. I wasnโt a woman with โmale tendenciesโ because I enjoyed sex but a healthy, natural, normal woman. No longer did I have to carry around all the shame and guilt of being sexual.
As a matter of fact, in the swinging world, I was encouraged to find out who I was and what I wanted from a sexual standpoint. It was okay for me to experiment. It was okay if I said I liked porn or that I found it arousing to watch my husband make out with another woman. I was encouraged to leave any embarrassment at the door. Sex wasnโt just intercourse anymore, it was about calling on all my senses: touching, tasting, smelling, looking and hearing what was happening to myself when I was making love as well as turning off that portion of my brain that wanted me to feel โbadโ about what I was doing.
All those years I was taught that because I was a woman I had to live my sexual life by a different set of rules that enslaved me to a code of conduct: Have sex, just not too much, donโt enjoy sex too much or youโll look like a whore, but donโt be a prude, donโt have sex before marriage, definitely donโt get pregnant, make sure your husbandโs wants and needs are fulfilledโฆ
The list goes on and on. This list for me is beginning to fade. All those โstandardsโ I felt as though I had to uphold are being stripped away thanks to swinging. I no longer feel a responsibility to sex, instead, I embrace those โvacationโ moments I have with my partner or another play partnerโthose occasions when I can put away the toil of the day and be primal, when I grant myself permission to be me.
I hope those women who are out there sitting on the fence struggling with being honest with themselves about how they feel sexually, those women who so desperately want to say YES to who they are sexually, will find comfort in what Iโve learned. I hope those woman whose partners have brought up the topic of swinging will take the time to look into this viable relationship model. If youโre anything like me, youโll enter swinging with a little trepidation, but youโll come out the other side stronger, more self assured, confident and more vested in the power of you!
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Structure of basement membranes in malignant melanoma and nevocytic nevi.
Basement membranes found around tumor cells in nevocytic nevi, Spitz's nevi, and malignant melanomas were analyzed by electron microscopy and antibody staining for several basement membrane proteins. Nevocytic nevi and Spitz's nevi showed a distinct, occasionally discontinuous lamina densa regardless of whether they were located in junctional zones of the epidermis or within the dermis. All basement membranes around nests of aggregated nevus cells, however, lacked anchoring fibrils. This correlated with the absence of type VII collagen. In contrast, type IV collagen, laminin, and nidogen were present at the periphery of the nevus cell clusters in agreement with the presence of an intact lamina densa. Aggregated tumor cells in malignant melanomas were bordered by a lamina densa when located in a junctional position and lacked this structure when they had migrated into the dermis. This process was accompanied by a drastically reduced staining for collagen type IV and nidogen, whereas laminin was still detectable. Anchoring fibrils and their molecular correlate, type VII collagen, were consistently absent. These observations demonstrate major alterations in the composition of basement membranes around malignant melanomas, which can be an important factor for the invasive growth and formation of metastases of these tumors.
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This is an exclusive arrangements for flute & piano of EASY skill level from the original composition by Miscellaneous. This title is available as instant sheet music download. Contents: oh hanukkah, o hanukkah, oh chanukah, o chanukah, maoz tsur, ma oz tsur, rock of ages, okh bin a kleyner dreydl, i have a little dreidel, little dreidel, sevinon, sov, ner li, i have a candle, manurah, candle, mi yimalel, who can retell, al hanisim, thank you for the miracles, birchat, chanukah blessings, hanukkah blessings, banu choshech legaresh, we come to chase the dark away, etc.
Anna Laura Page has taken this hymn classic and put it into a lovely setting for choir, solo handbells and flute. Handbell and flute parts included. Available separately: SATB, BonusTrax CD. Duration: ca. 4:00. New product for the week of Sept 10th, 2012.
One of Mozart's most famous operas and one of his last works, The Magic Flute continues to be performed worldwide each year. From its iconic, majestic opening three chords, Mozart's overture is a wonderful combination of the sentiment and spirit of the opera that follows. This adaption for strings is classical programming at its very best. New product for the week of October 1st, 2012.
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ACE Forwarding CaspianDESCRIPTION:ACE Forwarding Caspian is an International Moving & Freight Forwarding company, the leader in the market of Caucasus region. We provide all multimodal and logistic services throughout the Former Soviet Union and Caucasus regions.
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595 F.2d 1176
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Sandra Elaine SMITH, Appellant.
No. 78-2623.
United States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.
May 1, 1979.
1
Alan R. Freedman, Asst. U. S. Atty., Las Vegas, Nev., for appellee.
2
Robert Archie, Las Vegas, Nev., for appellant.
3
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.
4
Before TRASK and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and WYATT,* District judge.
WYATT, District Judge:
5
Sandra Smith appeals from a judgment of conviction for possession of a controlled substance (heroin) with intent to distribute (21 U.S.C. ยง 841(a) (1)). The judgment was entered on a jury verdict in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. The sentence was a fine of $10,000; imposition of sentence as to imprisonment only was suspended and appellant was placed on probation for three years. We affirm the judgment of conviction.
1.
6
Acting on a tip from a confidential informer that appellant was in possession of heroin, Las Vegas police, at about three o'clock in the morning of March 17, 1977, at D and Harrison Streets in Las Vegas, stopped and searched without a warrant an automobile. The automobile was being driven by Lawrence Booker. Appellant Smith was in the front passenger seat.
7
The officers first stopped the car and took the two occupants to its rear. They then began a search. On the front seat they found a loaded pistol. Under the passenger side of the front seat they found tissue paper packets which contained what appeared to be narcotic drugs. They then told the two occupants that they were under arrest. The search was continued and after opening the glove compartment (which had been locked) they found hidden near the top of the compartment a brown paper sack with more small tissue packets. It was later ascertained that the several found packages contained, among other things, 363 grams of heroin. It was also later determined that the pistol was registered to appellant Smith; the automobile had been rented for Smith a few weeks earlier by her ex-husband.
2.
8
In the latter part of March, 1977, Smith and Booker were indicted by a grand jury of the State of Nevada for drug and gun offenses. There was a pre-trial motion by one or both defendants in the state court to suppress as evidence the gun and the drugs. The State attempted to show probable cause for the search solely by the testimony before the Nevada grand jury, specifically that of the officer who ordered the car stopped. Naturally, in this testimony before the grand jury, the officer had not addressed a search and seizure problem but had concerned himself solely with whether an offense had been committed. The state court judge, by order filed August 11, 1977, granted the motion to suppress.
9
Thereafter, the prosecution of the state court indictment was dropped, apparently by an oral motion by the prosecution at a calendar call to dismiss the state court indictment (Record ("R"), vol. VI, p. 284). We are told in appellant's brief (p. 3) that this was on August 19, 1977.
3.
10
On October 27, 1977, an indictment against Smith (but not Booker) was returned and filed by a federal grand jury in the District of Nevada. There were two counts, but one of these counts was later dismissed at trial on motion of the government (R VI, p. 206) and for present purposes may be disregarded.
11
The count on which the present judgment of conviction was entered charged possession of heroin and cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. ยง 841(a)(1). All reference to cocaine was later deleted from the indictment on motion of the government (R VI, p. 206) and may be disregarded here. (The government gave as its reason that the amount of cocaine was too small to permit an inference of an intent to distribute (R VI, p. 216)).
12
Appellant moved to suppress as evidence the drugs and the statements made by her when arrested. It was claimed that the arrest was unlawful and also the search, the statements being thereby made inadmissible. The District Court had a hearing. The government called the officer who ordered the car stopped. His testimony at the hearing was much more detailed in the area of probable cause than his testimony before the Nevada grand jury. Appellant offered no evidence at the hearing. The District Judge denied the motion (R V, pp. 41-43), without prejudice to its renewal at trial.
13
The trial commenced on June 29, 1978, and continued for three and a half days. Booker testified for the government that he had met appellant early on March 17 and got from her the keys of the car he was driving when they were stopped. Appellant offered no evidence at trial. The jury returned a guilty verdict, sentence was imposed, and this appeal followed.
4.
14
Appellant contends that search of the car without a warrant was a violation of the Fourth Amendment prohibition against "unreasonable searches and seizures." Admission of the seized drugs in evidence is therefore claimed to be reversible error.
15
Wisely, there is no claim for appellant that the state court ruling that the evidence be suppressed has significance for the case at bar. The District Judge "was correct in making an independent inquiry on the constitutional validity of the state search, irrespective of whether there had been such an inquiry by the state court, or how such an inquiry had turned out." United States v. Garrett, 565 F.2d 1065, 1068 (9th Cir. 1977), Cert. denied, Morgan v. U. S., 435 U.S. 974, 98 S.Ct. 1487, 55 L.Ed.2d 517 (1978). It may be noted that the evidence in the state court was scanty whereas in the federal court it was overwhelming.
16
The rule is that "all that is required to stop and search an automobile on the highway is probable cause to believe that it contains any type of contraband." United States v. Abascal, 564 F.2d 821, 828 (9th Cir. 1977), Cert. denied, Frakes v. U. S., 435 U.S. 953, 98 S.Ct. 1521, 55 L.Ed.2d 538 (1978).
17
The issue here, then, is whether there was probable cause to believe that drugs were in the automobile. The showing for the government was so strong as to make the argument for appellant almost, if not entirely, frivolous.
18
The Las Vegas officers were relying on an informer with whom the Sergeant had dealt in the past on three occasions; each time his information was true, each time heroin had been seized, and on one occasion a homicide had been revealed.
19
This informer, on March 13, 1977, advised the Sergeant that appellant would be returning in a few days from Los Angeles to a hotel in Las Vegas and bringing with her some twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars worth of heroin, and that she was bringing it in her 1977 rose-colored Lincoln Continental. The Sergeant secured a search warrant for the Lincoln.
20
The informer advised the Sergeant at about 10 o'clock in the evening of March 16 that Smith was back in Las Vegas but had changed cars and was now driving a blue Ford. Thereafter, the informer telephoned several times, advising the Sergeant that Smith had heroin at several locations, that she was going to pick him (the informer) up, and that they were going to one of the locations and would cut the heroin there. Finally, at about 2:45 a.m. on March 17, the informer said that Smith was leaving her residence in the blue Ford and that she had heroin with her in the car.
21
Meanwhile, since 10 o'clock in the evening of March 16, several Las Vegas police officers had kept the blue Ford under observation. When the 2:45 a.m. message was received from the informer, the Sergeant told the officers on surveillance to stop the blue Ford and to do whatever was necessary. The stopping, search, and arrest followed.
22
There was abundant probable cause and a search warrant had already been secured for the Lincoln; the switch to the blue Ford made this warrant useless, and there was no time to secure a warrant for the blue Ford.5.
23
Counsel for appellant assigns as error that the trial court did not require the government to supply the name of the informer.
24
It appears that during the suppression hearing (R V) in the court below, there was reference to a motion for Smith (made as part of an omnibus motion) to require the government to disclose the name of any informer on whom the government relied. During this discussion the government stated (R V, p. 12) that it intended to call the informer as a witness but was having trouble in finding "him". The government agreed that if it located the informer, his identity would be revealed to defense counsel. The government did not locate him, his identity was not revealed, and he did not testify.
25
Counsel for Smith asserts in his Brief (p. 22) that he relied on a statement by the government that the informer would be identified ten days before trial. This assertion is somewhat disingenuous and cannot be accepted. The transcript containing the government's statement (R V, pp. 11, 12), fairly read, is clear that the government undertook to identify the informer only if the government could locate him so that he could testify.
26
The record shows, moreover, that from the trial testimony of Booker taken with that of Sergeant Park at the earlier suppression hearing as well as at trial, the informer had to be Rocky West who was with Booker and appellant Smith just before they drove off in the blue Ford and were stopped and arrested. Defense counsel thus knew at trial the identity of the informer, as seems to be conceded (Brief, p. 23).
27
It is settled law in this Circuit that the burden of proof is on the defendant to show a need for disclosure of an informer's identity. United States v. Marshall, 526 F.2d 1349, 1359 (9th Cir. 1975) Cert. denied, 426 U.S. 923, 96 S.Ct. 2631, 49 L.Ed.2d 376 (1976). It is not seriously claimed here that the defendant met this burden; instead, the argument is entirely speculative. It is said (Brief, p. 22) to have been "very possible", had his identity been revealed, that the defense could have found the informer and "had the possibility" of securing his testimony for the defense. But the defense knew that Smith and Booker had been at the Moulin Rouge Hotel with Rocky West and had left Rocky for the drive during which they were stopped and arrested. Nothing prevented the defense from calling Rocky as a witness, if he were found, and this seems to be conceded (Brief, p. 23). The argument (Brief, p. 23) is that "possibly some other informant may have been involved . . .". This argument is without merit. "Mere speculation that the informer might possibly be of some assistance is not sufficient to overcome the public interest in the protection of the informer." Lannom v. United States, 381 F.2d 858, 861 (9th Cir. 1967), Cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1041, 88 S.Ct. 784, 19 L.Ed.2d 833 (1968).
6.
28
It is argued for appellant (Brief, pp. 20-22) that there was not sufficient evidence to show that she possessed the heroin or that she intended to distribute it.
29
As to her possession, the evidence was that the heroin was found in a car which had been rented for her and which she had been using; that the heroin was hidden under the seat where she had been riding and in the locked glove compartment of the car in front of that seat; that Booker, although he was driving the car at the time of the arrest, testified to securing the keys from Smith and knew nothing about the heroin; and that after her arrest, Smith made a statement to Officer Park which showed an awareness on her part that the heroin was in the car. From this evidence, the jury was entitled to conclude that Smith was in control of the car and in at least constructive possession of the heroin.
30
As to an intent to distribute, this can be inferred from the quantity of drugs involved. In United States v. Ramirez-Rodriquez, 552 F.2d 883, 884-885 (9th Cir. 1977), there were 13.74 grams of a mixture containing 30% Pure cocaine. This Court approved the principle that intent to distribute could be inferred from the quantity involved. In that case, however, because the quantity involved was not large, the Court relied, in affirming a conviction, on the presence of other circumstances.
31
In the case at bar, there were at least seven separate packets of mixtures containing various percentages of pure heroin, from unknown to 1.5% To 3.5% To 12%. The total weight of the mixtures was slightly over 360 grams (R VI, pp. 60-70). This certainly justifies an inference that the packets of heroin were not simply for the personal use of appellant. Moreover, there were other circumstances, including the carrying by appellant of a loaded pistol and her possession in her purse when arrested of $3,200 in currency.
32
We have no difficulty in finding the evidence sufficient to support the conviction.
7.
33
Appellant makes several arguments related in one way or another to the prior proceedings in the courts of Nevada. They are each so lacking in merit as to deserve no more than brief discussion.
34
a.
35
It is argued (Brief, pp. 23-25) that the indictment in the case at bar should have been dismissed as in violation of the "Petite policy". The reference is to Petite v. United States, 361 U.S. 529, 80 S.Ct. 450, 4 L.Ed.2d 490 (1960), where there were two separate convictions in different federal district courts for separate offenses arising out of the same transaction. The defendant had unsuccessfully invoked double jeopardy to prevent the second conviction. After the Supreme Court granted certiorari to review the second conviction on double jeopardy grounds, the government moved that the second judgment of conviction be vacated and the cause remanded for dismissal of the indictment, not on the merits as to double jeopardy but because it was not the policy of the Department of Justice that several offenses in a single transaction should be the basis of multiple prosecutions. The Supreme Court granted the motion and did not reach the merits. In submitting its motion, the government referred to its policy as to multiple federal prosecutions as "closely related to that against duplicating federal-state prosecutions" (361 U.S. at 531, 80 S.Ct. at 451).
36
The policy referred to in the Petite case had to do with a prosecution in a state court completed to final judgment. In the case at bar, there was no completed state prosecution; for reasons best known to themselves, the Nevada authorities elected to drop the state prosecution before any trial. Moreover, even were there a violation of some policy of the Attorney General, this would be no defense to the present indictment. See United States v. Chavez, 566 F.2d 81 (9th Cir. 1977).
37
b.
38
It is argued (Brief, pp. 25-27) that the indictment should have been dismissed because the grand jury was not informed of the proceedings in the Nevada courts.
39
It is impossible to determine from this record what the grand jury was informed, since there was no grand jury transcript; the argument here has no basis except the speculation of counsel for appellant. Moreover, the Magistrate below found that the grand jury had been informed of the Nevada proceedings (R VI, p. 131). The government's brief on this appeal (p. 16) tells us that the grand jury was so informed.
40
But if it be assumed that the grand jury was not so informed, this would in no way affect the validity of the indictment. Some states, for example California (Johnson v. Superior Court, 15 Cal.3d 248, 124 Cal.Rptr. 32, 539 P.2d 792 (1975)), impose a duty on the prosecution to disclose to the grand jury evidence which would negate guilt. This is not, however, the rule in the federal system, United States v. Y. Hata & Co., Ltd., 535 F.2d 508, 512 (9th Cir.), Cert. denied, 429 U.S. 828, 97 S.Ct. 87, 50 L.Ed.2d 92 (1976).
41
The basic principle is firmly stated in Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359, 363, 76 S.Ct. 406, 409, 100 L.Ed. 397 (1956):"An indictment returned by a legally constituted and unbiased grand jury, like an information drawn by the prosecutor, if valid on its face, is enough to call for trial of the charge on the merits. The Fifth Amendment requires nothing more."
42
c.
43
Appellant argues (Brief, pp. 27-30) that her constitutional rights were violated when the government was permitted to relitigate in the court below the search and seizure issue, after suffering an adverse decision in the Nevada court. Appellant urges an analogy to Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494-95, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1976). This same argument was made to this Court and rejected in United States v. Garrett, 565 F.2d 1065 (9th Cir. 1977), Cert. denied, Morgan v. U. S., 435 U.S. 974, 98 S.Ct. 1487, 55 L.Ed.2d 517 (1978). We can do no better than to refer to that opinion (at pages 1068-69) for the reasons for the rejection.
44
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
*
Honorable Inzer B. Wyatt, United States District Judge, Southern District of New York, sitting by designation
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Heading into the 2015 NFL offseason, it was easy to say the Chicago Bears needed help on the defensive side of the ball.
Getting that help would include drafting a defensive player in the upcoming NFL Draft. Almost every expert and mock draft had the Bears taking a defensive player with the pick or a quarterback if the team went with offense. But now recent signings may have changed what the Bears will do when they go up there and pick in April.
The Bears decided to bring back Jay Cutler for another season, putting a damper on the hope that they would somehow land Oregonโs Marcus Mariota in the draft. More recently, the team added some defensive talent via free agency making us believe that the team is now leading towards offense with the seventh overall pick.
Add in the trade of Brandon Marshall and itโs all setup for the Bears to go and grab a wide receiver in the first round.
The top two targets on the wide receiver draft board for the Bears is likely West Virginiaโs Kevin White and Alabamaโs Amari Cooper who scouts have been raving about. White dominated the NFL Scouting Combine in February, showing off his hands and speed going through the drills. White will likely draw interest from the Raiders as they love speed, so he may not be there for the Bears at seven.
Then there is Cooper. His raw skills are an attraction for NFL teams and all season long heโs proved he can play while at Alabama. Cooper might be the best fit for the Bears at seven as heโs more likely to be there than White.
If the Bears do grab a receiver with the seventh pick, they will set up a core that features Alshon Jeffery, either White/Cooper and Marquess Wilson. Of course they can also go receiver in the second round or trade down and hope a someone like Jaelen Strong is still available. Pairing a young receiving core could be the first step in fixing this offense.
Before the Marshall trade, people would have laughed at the thought of the Bears going receiver in the first round. Now it looks like the safest bet for the team.
Best player available
Every NFL teams draft boards are different based off the teams needs. When the Bears hired General Manager Ryan Pace, one of the first things he stated regarding the NFL Draft was a comment on the โbest player availableโ strategy. We fully expect Pace to implement that strategy as he studies potential picks until the April Draft.
That brings me to my next option. If a defensive player is high on the Bears board and available, will they take him? The Bears have a glaring need at safety and cornerback. The safety position has been a complete struggle for the Bears over the past few seasons. Generally taking a safety at number seven is a reach, so that would leave the Bears with the option of trading down in the draft to grab one.
One potential fit is Alabamaโs Landon Collins. Heโs been linked to the Bears in a few mock drafts since the season was over but is more of a box safety. Then there are the midrounds where the Bears could potentially fill the void with someone like Damarious Randall, Anthony Harris or Eric Rowe.
Then there is the cornerback position which in a way is a weakness for the Bears. Kyle Fuller will head into his second year but seemed to regress a bit down the stretch last season. Part of that was due to the fact that he was injured and had to go up against some of the best receivers in the game. Tim Jennings will likely be out the door after next season, leaving a void for the Bears to fill.
That void could be filled in this yearโs NFL Draft.
Much like the safety position, thereโs really no sure-fire talent worthy of the
number seven pick at cornerback. Trae Waynes is arguably the top cornerback, but the Bears may be able to move down a few spots and grab him. Pairing someone like Waynes with Fuller for the future is a plus for this Bears defense.
Other options include: Jalen Collins, P.J. Williams, Byron Jones and Kevin Johnson. The Bears could decide to trade down and land one or potentially use the second round pick on a cornerback.
Whatever the Bears do, the recent signings have left them with some options.
About Us
ChiCitySports is the largest independent Chicago Sports Blog and Message Board on the internet. Home to Bears, Blackhawks, Bulls, Cubs, Fire, and White Sox fans. Anything relating to Chicago sports teams and itโs athletes can be found on the confines of the site.
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Syed Jafar
Syed Ali Jafar is an Indian-American electrical engineer and computer scientist. He works at the University of California, Irvine, and has previously worked at Lucent Bell Labs, Qualcomm and Hughes Software Systems. His research interests include multi-user information theory, wireless communications and network coding. He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2014 "for contributions to analyzing the capacity of wireless communication networks" and won the Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists in 2015 "for his discoveries in interference alignment in wireless networks, changing the fieldโs thinking about how these networks should be designed."
Career
He studied electrical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Delhi, where he earned a B.Tech in 1997. He then studied electrical engineering in the United States, receiving an MSc at the California Institute of Technology in 1999 and then a PhD at Stanford University in 2003. He then worked at University of California, Irvine, while occasionally also holding positions at Lucent Bell Labs, Qualcomm and Hughes Software Systems. He studied communications networks and solved problems in network information theory, and made numerous discoveries in the area of wireless communication and networks, including important discoveries in interference alignment in wireless networks.
Interference alignment
An important discovery in wireless network design is interference alignment. Specialized applications were previously studied by Yitzhak Birk and Tomer Kol for an index coding problem in 1998, and then by Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali and Abolfazl S. Motahari in the specialized context of the X channel. Interference alignment was eventually established as a general principle by Jafar and Viveck R. Cadambe in 2008, when they introduced "a mechanism to align an arbitrarily large number of interferers, leading to the surprising conclusion that wireless networks are not essentially interference limited." This led to the adoption of interference alignment in the design of wireless networks.
Jafar explained:
According to New York University senior researcher Paul Horn:
References
Category:American computer scientists
Category:American electrical engineers
Category:American information theorists
Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE
Category:Indian computer scientists
Category:Indian electrical engineers
Category:Indian emigrants to the United States
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Spring blossom
No, no this is not this year's spring yet! We get such views only in May. Currently only the buds are noticeable on the first bushes and trees. That's the phase of spring here now - but how is it in your town (well, if you're from Northern hemisphere, of course!)?
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Yolk-Shell MnO@ZnMn2 O4 /N-C Nanorods Derived from ฮฑ-MnO2 /ZIF-8 as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Manganese oxides (MnOx ) are promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries, but they generally exhibit mediocre performances due to intrinsic low ionic conductivity, high polarization, and poor stability. Herein, yolk-shell nanorods comprising of nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) coating on manganese monoxide (MnO) coupled with zinc manganate (ZnMn2 O4 ) nanoparticles are manufactured via one-step carbonization of ฮฑ-MnO2 /ZIF-8 precursors. When evaluated as anodes for lithium ion batteries, MnO@ZnMn2 O4 /N-C exhibits an reversible capacity of 803 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 after 100 cycles, excellent cyclability with a capacity of 595 mAh g-1 at 1000 mAg-1 after 200 cycles, as well as better rate capability compared with those non-N-C shelled manganese oxides (MnOx ). The outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique yolk-shell nanorod structure, the coating effect of N-C and nanoscale size.
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Solid state multi-layer avalanche diodes, such as silicon or gallium arsenide IMPATT diodes for example, have been used for several years in the microwave industry as active semiconductor devices in microwave oscillators and amplifiers. To a first order approximation, the operational frequency, f, in GHz of these diodes, e.g. single-drift-region IMPATT diodes, is related to the width, W, in micrometers, of the intermediate P or N type layer of three layer avalanche diodes as follows: EQU f(GHz) = (30/W(.mu.m) Eq.1)
In the construction of microwave oscillators and amplifiers, it has been one practice to mount these semiconductor diodes on one surface of a waveguide cavity and thereafter make DC electrical contact to these diodes using a pin or post-like connection. Such contact is necessary to supply the diodes with appropriate DC operating bias for oscillation or amplification of microwave energy.
As the maximum operating frequency requirements for these semiconductor diodes were increased, especially with the interest in increasing the operational frequency of solid state oscillators and amplifiers into the millimeter wavelength range, it became necessary to reduce the geometry of these diodes, e.g. IMPATT diodes, to produce a corresponding reduction in the width of the P and N type layers forming the diodes, as specified by Eq. 1. This requirement for reducing the geometry of these solid state diodes obviously produced a corresponding reduction in their structural strength and ability to withstand contact pressures, such as the contact pressures produced when a DC bias pin is brought directly into contact with one surface of the diode.
To alleviate the latter problem, workers in this art began to mount the diodes in a manner that would eliminate the requirement for directly contacting one surface of the diode with the DC bias pin. One of the approaches used to accomplish this involved mounting one surface of the diode on a conducting substrate forming part of an insulating package and extending a conductive ribbon from the tab of the vertical insulator down into electrical contact with the second surface of the diode. Now the upper portion of the package could be utilized for making direct pressure contact to a DC bias pin, and the diode itself was removed from any direct pressure from such a pin. This type of package structure is disclosed, for example, in an article by N. B. Kramer entitled "IMPATT Diodes and Millimeter Wave Applications Grow Up Together" Electronics, Oct. 11, 1971, at page 79.
The electrical characteristics of the above and other similar packaging techniques can be represented by a lumped element equivalent circuit of parasitics near the active diode. In the simplest form, this parasitic equivalent circuit consists of a lead inductance in series with the active diode, and this series combination is shunted by a parallel combination of a conductance, G, and capacitance, C, of the remainder of the package. Thus, the total parasitic equivalent capacitance C and inductance L causes the package to have a natural resonant frequency f.sub.pack, which is inversely proportional to the square root of LC, that is: EQU f.sub.pack .varies. (1/.sqroot.LC) (Eq. 2)
The above-described package must not only provide an arrangement to remove mechanical pressure from the diode as mentioned, but the electrical properties of the package must be such that they do not greatly detract from the interaction between the diode and the microwave cavity in which the diode is mounted. This is accomplished by making G small to reduce the conductance loss of the package, and by either making f.sub.pack much higher than the operating frequency f of the diode (minimizing the impedance transformation from the diode chip to the package terminals) or by making f.sub.pack close to the operating frequency of the cavity in order to use the package transformation as part of the diode/waveguide impedance matching network. However, at frequencies .gtoreq. 100 GHz, the parasitic inductance and capacitance associated with these packages produces a natural resonance f.sub.pack which is below the desired operation frequency, making it difficult to realize the proper device circuit interaction. In any event, it is desirable from the point of view of circuit design to provide a package arrangement with reproducible parasitics so that the circuit configuration can be designed to compensate for these parasitics as much as possible.
Another difficulty that arises in the construction of diodes for operation above 100 GHz is the mechanical damage that occurs to the diode during the fabrication of the package arrangement. That is, the size (area) of these diodes becomes reduced to such an extent that the strength of the metal contact bond to the diode is weakened and contact bonding failures often occur.
In the fabrication of high frequency semiconductor devices of the type described, it is also important to control the DC electrical characteristics for optimum device performance. A feature common to certain such device structures formed with a mesa geometry is the exposure of their p-n junctions to an uncontrolled environment. The electrical characteristics of these devices, notably the reverse-bias leakage currents associated with exposed or unpassivated junctions, are most difficult to control when compared to junctions that are passivated. It is desirable, therefore, to develop a package arrangement that not only has mechanical strength and low-losses at high frequencies, but one that also provides complete passivation of the p-n junction.
One prior art approach for fabricating semiconductor devices that have uniform avalanche breakdown junction characteristic of mesa device structures while providing the desirable junction passivation is described in a U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,386 issued to B. T. Murphy. In Murphy's approach, a dielectric layer, such as silicon dioxide, is formed around the edges of the mesas, so that the top surface of the dielectric layer is substantially coplanar with the top surfaces of the individual semiconductor mesas. This oxide provides surface passivation of the p-n junction as well as structural support for the mesas in a subsequent contact bonding operation. The silicon dioxide dielectric has a low conductance G and thus produces a minimum amount of resistive loss at high frequencies. To minimize the parasitic inductance L associated with this planar-mesa package, the top and bottom surface of the planarized mesas can be bonded directly to layers of contact and heat sink metallization. Such metallization completes the package for the diode, and the top and bottom metal surfaces of the above package may be contacted directly to a DC bias pin in a microwave cavity or the like.
The above planar-mesa approach to semiconductor diode packaging has, however, several distinct disadvantages, among which include the difficulty in adjusting the oxide thickness to the exact height of the mesa in order to obtain an oxide surface which is coplanar with the mesa height. Additionally, the high temperatures necessary for the thermal oxide growth cause a significant diffusion of the previously established doping profiles, resulting in degradation of device performance.
When Murphy's approach in U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,386 to junction passivation is combined with an additional etching step that produces another mesa in the oxide surrounding the previously formed semiconductor mesa, a passivated structure is formed that can be directly bonded to a heat sink, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,478 by R. Henry. The major disadvantage of this approach for high frequency devices designed to operate at millimeter-wavelengths is the large shunting reactance associated with the thin silicon dioxide layer that surrounds the p-n junction of the semiconductor mesa. Furthermore, reduction to practice of structures similar to the one purposed by Henry necessitates several complicated processing steps that result in low device yields.
Another approach for fabricating passivated semiconductor diodes of the general type described without requiring ribbon bonding and its associated housing support members is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,366 to M. P. Lepselter. Lepselter's approach is to bombard selected regions of a silicon crystal with gold ions in order to raise the resistivity of the silicon crystal around the active diode regions therein. The Lepselter approach has several disadvantages, among which include the very high acceleration energies necessary to accelerate gold ions (of heavy mass) to the required depth into the silicon crystal. Other disadvantages of the Lepselter approach include the requirement for accelerating these gold ions through an oxide layer on the surface of the silicon crystal and also the ion implantation damage to the silicon crystal; in Lepselter's process this damage must either go unannealed in the fabrication of the ultimate device structure, or if annealed the annealing temperatures produce significant lateral and horizontal diffusion of the implanted gold ions, which result in either degradation or destruction of the device's PN junction geometry and performance.
Another prior art approach to fabricating devices of the general type described herein is disclosed in an article by Foyt et al entitled "Isolation of Junction Devices in GaAs Using Proton Bombardment" in Solid-State Electronics, vol. 12, 1969, pp. 209-214. In the above Foyt et al process, protons are utilized to bombard and raise the resistivity of certain layers of gallium arsenide IMPATT diodes in order to define the active device region of these structures and provide passivation therefor. By using proton bombardment, the Foyt et al approach does not require the high acceleration potentials required in the above Lepselter approach. But the Foyt et al approach, like the Lepselter approach, produces an ultimate device structure in which proton bombarded high-resistivity (semi-insulating) regions must necessarily be unannealed, thereby leaving the semiconductor crystal damaged in that portion of the structure bombarded by protons and immediately surrounding the active device regions of the diode structure.
Thus, the above-described Foyt et al and Lepselter approaches are similar in that both of these processes first introduce conductivity type determining impurities into the semiconductor crystal to establish the doping profiles of the active device regions and define the PN junctions therein, and thereafter utilize particle bombardment and implantation to control the exact geometry and current limiting necessary for the active device regions. Thus, this prior art sequence of processing steps leaves the particle bombardment damage present in the ultimate device structure.
Summarizing, therefore, in all of the Lepselter, Foyt et al and planar-mesa approaches described above, the impurity concentration and PN junctions for the active device regions are formed first, and thereafter geometry control, passivation and current limiting for these regions (and PN junctions) are provided last. Obviously, any attempt to anneal the semiconductor structures thus formed and remove implantation damage after completion of these implantation steps would adversely lower the resistivity of the semiconductor crystal which was intentionally raised by ion implantation in the first place. Although the passivation feature is retained in these approaches, the lower resistivity of the semiconductor leads to significant degradation of the microwave characteristics of the active device. And if annealing is attempted in the Lepselter approach described above, significant degradation of the active PN junction area is produced by the above-described enhanced diffusion effects.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Upcoming Events & Highlights
Evaluation
Internal Design
Communication Enhancers
The internal evaluation design for the project is utilized for the benefit and enhancement of the Residents' communication skills. Over the course of the project year, Residents will implement four inquiry-based lessons within the classroom: 2 discipline specific lessons and 2 inter-disciplinary lessons. Once a semester, an experienced STEM faculty member called Communication Enhancer (CE) visits the classroom during a lesson implemented by the Resident. After the observation, the CE provides constructive feedback to the Resident and LT about his/her observations. The first evaluation occurs during the first implemented lesson in November, and will focus on the Resident's ability to communicate content and research to the students. The second evaluation occurs during the inter-disciplinary lessons implemented in the spring semester. Evaluation and discussion will include topic areas such as: organization, accuracy, relevance, logic, language, equity, delivery, audiovisual aids, use of time, questions, presence.
In addition to feedback from the Communication Enhancers, the Residents are required to complete a lesson reflection form about the lesson implementation and thoughtfully reflect on many aspects of performance, learning and teaching styles, communication, and evaluation. This reflection is then reviewed by both the Lead Teacher and Resident together, to better improve the communication of the Residents.
Workshop & Project Feedback Questionnaires
In order to improve the project and experiences of the participants, you will be asked to complete feedback
questionnaires after workshops & orientation, mid-year of the project, and at the end of the year.
Mid-year Participation Evaluation
Residents and LTs will be evaluated mid-year by the GK-12 Staff regarding their participation in the program and fulfillment of requirements.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
[Standardized measurement of surface tension of tracheal secretions of newborn infants for diagnosis of surfactant deficiency--secretory immunoglobulin A as a dilution marker].
The surface tension value (gamma min) of tracheal aspirate samples (TA) from newborns depends on lung maturity and is determined by concentrations of surfactant components (phospholipids, surfactant proteins, ions). During tracheal aspirate collecting the aspirate is diluted with physiological saline. Information about TA dilution is necessary for a standardized surface tension measurement. The purpose of this study was to establish an ELISA for determination of secretory IgA (SIgA), to determine the cutoff value of SIgA for surface tension measurement in tracheal aspirates and to test SIgA as marker for tracheal aspirate dilution. In group 1 (normal range determination of gamma min) pharyngeal aspirates of 42 healthy newborns (nb) were investigated. In group 2 (determination of SIgA cutoff value) 15 TA and 8 pharyngeal aspirates of 23 pulmonary healthy nb (group 3) were used for validation of SIgA cutoff value. In group 4 36 TA of 22 nb with respiratory distress syndrome were studied. The gamma min of group 1 were measured to establish the range of normal gamma min. The TA of group 2 were diluted stepwise and the dependence of gamma min on SIgA concentration were depicted in a diagram. The SIgA cutoff value was estimated by these dilution curves. Below this value the TA are very diluted and a measurement of gamma min is not useful. To test the reliability of SIgA as dilution marker the gamma min and SIgA values of TA from group 3 were determined. After exclusion of TA with reduced SIgA the gamma min of group 3 and 4 were compared. For the enzyme immunoassay following performance characteristics were determined: the accuracy (recovery): 95.6%, sensitivity: 4 ng/ml, and precision (intra- and interassay coefficient of variation): 9.8 and 19.1%, respectively. The range of normal gamma min (median (5th and 95th percentile)) amounts to 23.0 (14.8 and 28.7) mN/m. A SIgA cutoff value of 80 ng/ml was estimated. The gamma min from 8 of 27 TA (group 3) were above the normal range of gamma min during examination of the estimated SIgA cutoff value. 5 of these 8 TA had concentrations of SIgA below the cutoff point and could be excluded with the help of SIgA as dilution marker. The median of gamma min was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in group 3 (18.3 mN/m) in comparison to the median (35.8 mN/m) of group 4 (nb with respiratory distress syndrome). The performance characteristics of the SIgA enzyme immunoassay and the tested reliability of the SIgA cutoff value demonstrate, that a simple determination of surfactant deficiency by surface tension measurement of TA is possible using the concentration of SIgA as dilution marker.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Factors influencing the academic motivation of individual college students.
Motivation is an important psychological concept in academic learning. Subjects performed jigsaw puzzle and square puzzle sessions (as difficulty variant task) and 80%, 50%, and 20% completion sessions (as completion variant task). After square puzzle or 20% completion sessions, subjective motivation decreased. Although baseline scores on an academic motivation scale were negatively correlated with changes in subjective motivation for the square puzzle session, a positive correlation was observed for the 20% completion session. These suggest that while continual completion of facile task trials may support the motivation of college students with lower academic motivation, attempting difficult task trials may sustain that of those with higher academic motivation.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Former University of Akron adjunct faculty member, Maria Maisto, of Akron, holds her signs during a part-time faculty rally outside the Student Union on the University of Akron campus on Wednesday. The rally called attention to the school's plans to reduce their hours in the classroom and their work benefits. (Paul Tople/Akron Beacon Journal)
Senior chemistry major Emily Schors, (right) of Wadsworth, catches a few rays in the warm afternoon sun as part-time faculty supporters rally outside the Student Union on the University of Akron campus on Wednesday. The rally called attention to the school's plans to reduce their hours in the classroom and their work benefits. (Paul Tople/Akron Beacon Journal)
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Mitt jokes about his birth certificate
COMMERCE, Mich. โ While campaigning here in his home state, Mitt Romney joked about his birth certificate, an apparent jab at President Barack Obama that drew immediate rebuke.
โNow I love being home in this place where Ann and I were raised, where both of us were born. Ann was born in Henry Ford Hospital. I was born in Harper Hospital,โ he said. โNo oneโs ever asked to see my birth certificate. They know that this is the place that we were born and raised.โ
The crowd โ that Romney pegged as between 5,000 and 10,000 โ erupted in cheers.
( Also on POLITICO: 8 Romney lines that drew a firestorm)
Romney barely finished speaking before Obamaโs campaign shot back.
โThroughout this campaign, Governor Romney has embraced the most strident voices in his party instead of standing up to them,โ said Ben LaBolt, Obamaโs press secretary, in a statement. โItโs one thing to give the stage in Tampa to Donald Trump, Sheriff Arpaio, and Kris Kobach. But Governor Romneyโs decision to directly enlist himself in the birther movement should give pause to any rational voter across America.โ
Romneyโs camp was quick to dismiss the idea that he was latching onto the birther movement, which claims that the president wasnโt born in the United States.
A Romney spokesman said afterward that Romney was โjust illustrating that he was born and raised here in Michiganโ and that the GOP nominee has been โon the record a number of tim
esโ on the birther issue.
โThe governor has always said, and has repeatedly said, he believes the president was born here in the United States,โ spokesman Kevin Madden said. โHe was only referencing that Michigan, where he is campaigning today, is the state where he himself was born and raised.โ
Ryan spokesman Michael Steel said the congressman, like Romney, believes Obama was born in the United States.
โHeโs been very clear throughout this entire process, as I believe the governor has.โ
Romney has previously struggled to keep some distance between himself and the birther movement, which remains alive despite the April 2011 release of Obamaโs long-form birth certificate. Romney has accepted the endorsement of Donald Trump โ a vocal proponent of the push that Obama wasnโt born in the United States โ who will be in Tampa at the Republican convention this coming week.
But as itโs remained a rallying cry of the fringe of his party, Romney hasnโt been able to fully escape it.
Michigan Republican Senate candidate Pete Hoekstra โ who earlier this year suggested that there should be a federal office to vet the birth certificates of presidential candidates โ was also on site here.
The rally, which reunited Romney and his running mate Paul Ryan on the campaign trail, was expected to be a run-of-the-mill stump speech, with the added bonus that it was in the state where Romney and his wife were born.
Both the candidate and Ann Romney spoke glowingly about Michigan at the beginning of the speech.
โI love coming to a place where I put up my hand and everybody knows what that means!โ Ann Romney said as she started to get choked up. โMitt and I grew up here, we fell in love here, and this is a special place for us, and we want to have a big W next to Michigan in November.โ
Ann then explained that the size of the crowd was what was making her get teary.
โItโs amazing that people in Michigan have not forgotten the promise of America and the promise, the promise of Mittโs father and my father who made their livings here, and who came here โ both of our fathers came here and made their livelihoods here,โ she said.
It was when she handed the microphone back to her husband that he continued his talk about Michigan and made the seemingly unscripted joke about Obamaโs birth certificate.
Romney had been introduced by Ryan, who also touted his ties to the state, pointing out that his Wisconsin House district includes the banks of Lake Michigan.
โItโs great to be back home in Big Ten country,โ Ryan said. โI represent part of the western shoreline of Lake Michigan. Youโve got the sand and weโve got the rocks, but we all came from the same place.โ
Romney made a plea that winning Michigan โ a state considered a longshot for his campaign but one it has concentrated on regardless.
โI need you to go out and find at least one person who voted for Barack Obama and get them to change their mind and come vote for us,โ Romney said. โI want Michigan to vote for Romney and Ryan and if Michigan does that he and I will be the next president and vice president of the United States and America will stay strong and prosperous and free and the hope of the earth.โ
For the most part, Ryan and Romney stuck to their usual economic message.
โWe will lead. We will honor you,โ Ryan said. โMichiganders, our fellow citizens, I respected you by giving you a choice of two futures. We will not duck the tough issues, we will lead. we will not blame others.โ
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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[The treatment of hypomagnesemia].
Hypomagnesemia is seen in 11% of the normal hospital population and in up to 65% of severely ill patients, and can have many causes. The clinical picture may comprise the signs of Chvostek and Trousseau, paraesthesias, tremor and convulsions, although asymptomatic hypomagnesemia is seen most often. Hypomagnesemia can be treated by parenteral or oral administration of magnesium, guided by the serum magnesium level. Parenteral magnesium suppletion is indicated if the concentration is below 0.5 mmol/l or in the presence of symptoms of hypomagnesemia. In patients with magnesium concentrations between 0.5 and 0.7 mmol/l and a deficient diet or malabsorption, prolonged therapy is sometimes necessary. In such cases, oral Mg-containing antacids in a normal dosage regimen may be a good choice, but clinical proof is still lacking. In case of renal insufficiency or constipation the magnesium dose should be lowered, while in hypophosphatemia oral antacids are contra-indicated.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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1. Field of the Disclosure
The present invention relates generally to wireless communication, and more particularly to a system and method for managing power of wireless protocol circuitry based on current state information.
2. Description of the Related Art
Wireless communication is being used in a number of applications, such as in laptops, cell phones, and other wireless communication devices (โwireless devicesโ). Many of these wireless devices operate on battery power. Accordingly, it is important that the wireless protocol circuitry that allows for wireless communication uses the available power as efficiently as possible. Accordingly, improvements in wireless protocol circuitry power management are desired.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Short Brown Dude
Really quick story. I've got plenty of experiences, but this one happened just about 2 weeks ago.
I was driving at night back home, and as I drove I got this strange feeling. I continued to drive in this 30 mph zone, and as I came up and around a
bend, I saw standing next to a tree a humanoid-like being, about 3 and a half feet to 4 feet tall with a wide, flat-ish head, brown leathery skin,
with fairly large, bright yellow eyes.
If I saw what I think I saw, and the vibe that seemed to come from it was real, it was something along the lines of:
Someone will be by just now to ask you why you did'nt stop to see what would transpire,or why you did'nt take a pic,so it may as well be me who will
do it in a nice way.
If I may ask,did you feel too freaked out to stop?(which would be understandable)
Anyway,interesting
He is one of the main scientists in charge of the human documentation and cataloging program. I am not saying that he is in fact who you saw, but
sounds very much like him. Kind of freaked me out reading the OP because I would hate to hear that he was somehow in trouble or stuck in our dimension
without the ability to cloak.
I have written a thread about some of the scientists in charge of the other programs such as water and plant life.
It never flew and the interest was minimal so the information ceased and I let the thread die back. It was titled:
I love hearing about the motives of the lil' visitors, because I'm human, curious and have seen things in the sky that really shouldn't be there if
all I was taught was correct... and it stands to reason someone built them.
So, I remember reading your Sedona account and would love elaboration on their science experiment, if that's what they're doing.
I've always felt their motives must be beyond our complete comprehension because some of the encounters are simply too weird... or so I thought. If
it's a scientific endeavor of a sort we can "get" then please, do tell, if you have an inside track. Or if it's weirder than that, then tell anyway
because that fits into my guesses... heh.
Oh, btw Antar, did you see that post a few months back where the OP saw an alien similar to the one you described? Darned if I can find it, but noted
it and thought it a nice supporter to your experience.
edit: and if you answered this already in detail in your thread you linked to, kindly tell me as I didn't see it (and just so you know I lurked it and
forgot about it when it died... as many interesting threads do).
I missed the thread similar to my accounts in Sedona Oak Creek canyon. Love to find a link to it. As for a special inside track, wish I could tell
you yes and answer all of your questions, but the truth can be found imho on a SKEPTIC forum far more readily than in some airy fairy etherical site
where wading through the imaginings of want to be believers who simply tell their dreams and visions rather than get to the truth behind off world
visitors and expect me to believe them. It is not cut and dry, it is so complicated that even if I did have a definitive piece of the puzzle it could
never be more than that, a piece. To be honest, I am more than afraid to cross any lines that are not at this time to be crossed, and I do not mean by
humans.
To stay on topic, I did have a final and profound visitation while living in Sedona by the Doctor. I need to do a thread sometime but I just hate
scaring people or getting the crap kicked out of me for openly discussing it. One thing I will say is that when it happened I tried to talk to
everyone I knew, telephoned, went to visit, and without telling a soul what had happened, not a single UFOlogist, friend or professional in the field
gave me any answers that matched my experience, instead I realized that they ALL had preconceived ideas of what a Grey is.
This happened on a night when everyone in town was witness to a glowing red light in the area it had been reported the guys in black uniforms and
machine guns kept hikers out. That mountain has been under great controversy over the years because many reports have come out of craft flying into
the mountain according to eye witness reports.
It was at that point my search went deeper and more underground, more private knowing that no one could truly answer my questions, that it was an
individual experience whether a light in the sky, a close encounter or even a personal meeting with off world beings.
I've read so much about this ... for so many years.. and the strangest thing, to me, is the lackadaisical way most treat this subject as I can't
think of many more important "subject" other then how to sustain biological life! It's as if a forget spell was cast over the Earth's populace
and only a few of us weren't totally affected... hmmm.
But what did the doc say that would "scare" us? The guys in black with guns... I mean I know the gov must be way more aware than they let on, but
your indicating collusion ...or at least over watch? Details, woman!
Explain a tad as I've heard it all, but haven't heard it from some source I was fairly sure of... or at least wasn't totally "woo woo" if you
have the time, that is.
We resonate I can give you that much. Having read your reply nodding my head on the first paragraph and as if in sync saying HUmmm, at the same point
you wrote it, lol. Listen today has been very trying, started out fantastic but then reality struck. People can be so intentional in their lack of
empathy. School can be so cruel to our children. But through it all there is always a ray of light, kindness shared to balance the nastiness. Too
much personal stuff to divulge, but wanted to reply to you because I do appreciate the interest, the trust.
This content community relies on user-generated content from our member contributors. The opinions of our members are not those of site ownership who maintains strict editorial agnosticism and simply provides a collaborative venue for free expression.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Pages
Free stuff
Do you like getting freebies? Then you've come to right place! Here you can find freebies I find as well as some of my favorite sites where you can earn points in exchange for rewards. :)Rewards Site:
ExpoTV - Rewards site where you upload videos to earn points in exchange for rewards.Swagbucks - Rewards site where you can earn points through various actions in exchange for rewards.Kellogg's Family Rewards - Earn points by entering codes from Kellogg's products or by free codes they give out. Lionsgate Horror Society - Get Exclusives, Earn Points, Get Prizes.
A great opportunity has arose in my daily routine; I have come to realize that you have some of the greatest of giveaways! If I won.... I would want to put the items towards my dream business, gifts for family or fund raiser auctions!
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I am a stay at home mom of 2 girls, a wife, a daughter and a sister. I have a degree in B.S. Medical Technology but because of some circumstances, I've devoted my time to my family and my extra time to blogging. As a stay at home mom, I enjoy writing reviews on just about anything! In order for me to do a product review, I require a full sized-product sent to me. Although it's not mandatory for a giveaway, I highly recommend you offer a similar product for a giveaway as this attracts more readers. I will write a blog post review in 10 days after receiving the product. I will not write a review on sample-sized products sent to me.
I do not ask for monetory compensation for a product I review. I will write a full, honest review on what I like about the product and if I find something I don't like, then I'll include that in my review too.
It is in my own discretion if I will accept the product you want me to review or not.
You can contact me at mygreatfinds41(at)yahoo(dot)com if you feel like I'm the right person to try or test and review your product.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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AVP (4-8) improves concept learning in PFC-damaged but not hippocampal-damaged rats.
A position reversal task was used to test the memory-enhancing effects of the arginine vasopressin analog [pGlu4, Cyt6] AVP (4-8) at a dose of 1.5 microg/kg. Rats received either sham operations (SHM), medial prefrontal cortex lesions (PFC), or hippocampal lesions (HIP). The peptide was administered daily, via s.c. injection, 30 min prior to training to half of the animals in each group. As expected, all animals performed equally well on the initial position habit and the first reversal. Overall, it was found that AVP (4-8)-treated animals performed significantly better across trials than saline (SAL)-treated animals. Further analysis showed that PFC animals that received AVP (4-8) (PFC+AVP) performed significantly better (at the level of controls) across trials than saline-treated PFC (PFC+SAL) animals. Sham animals that received the AVP (4-8) analog (SHM+AVP) only showed significant improvement on the last two reversals when compared to the sham saline-treated animals (SHM+SAL), which was likely due to a ceiling effect as performance reached high levels early in the reversal task. Trial 2 analysis across reversals revealed enhanced cognitive abilities in both sham groups (SHM+SAL, SHM+AVP) and the PFC+AVP group, but not in the PFC+SAL, HIP+AVP or the HIP+SAL groups. Hippocampal lesioned animals performed poorly on the task and injections of AVP (4-8) did not improve their performance. It is thus concluded that AVP (4-8) enhanced the acquisition of concept learning (win-stay/loose-shift) in this paradigm in PFC-damaged animals and ameliorated the perseverance habit that is often seen in PFC animals on this task. It is suggested that AVP (4-8) might have an enhancing effect on general cognitive abilities that is not limited to memory processes.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Copyright ยฉ Magento, Inc. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
namespace Magento\Sales\Service\V1;
use Magento\TestFramework\TestCase\WebapiAbstract;
class OrderCommentsListTest extends WebapiAbstract
{
const SERVICE_NAME = 'salesOrderManagementV1';
const SERVICE_VERSION = 'V1';
/**
* @magentoApiDataFixture Magento/Sales/_files/order.php
*/
public function testOrderCommentsList()
{
$comment = 'Test comment';
$objectManager = \Magento\TestFramework\Helper\Bootstrap::getObjectManager();
/** @var \Magento\Sales\Model\Order $order */
$order = $objectManager->get(\Magento\Sales\Model\Order::class)->loadByIncrementId('100000001');
$history = $order->addStatusHistoryComment($comment, $order->getStatus());
$history->save();
$serviceInfo = [
'rest' => [
'resourcePath' => '/V1/orders/' . $order->getId() . '/comments',
'httpMethod' => \Magento\Framework\Webapi\Rest\Request::HTTP_METHOD_GET,
],
'soap' => [
'service' => self::SERVICE_NAME,
'serviceVersion' => self::SERVICE_VERSION,
'operation' => self::SERVICE_NAME . 'getCommentsList',
],
];
$requestData = ['id' => $order->getId()];
$result = $this->_webApiCall($serviceInfo, $requestData);
foreach ($result['items'] as $history) {
$orderHistoryStatus = $objectManager->get(\Magento\Sales\Model\Order\Status\History::class)
->load($history['entity_id']);
$this->assertEquals($orderHistoryStatus->getComment(), $history['comment']);
$this->assertEquals($orderHistoryStatus->getStatus(), $history['status']);
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
"Ouran High School Host Club brought to you by Kizuna Fansubs" "Ouran Private High School." "One of the few elite schools in Japan for children of the wealthy." "Welcome." "Welcome to the Ouran Host Club." "and has to pay her debt with her body." "000 yen?" "Be a host." "She had no choice but to become a host." "[1st Year Fujioka Haruhi (Commoner)]" "Do you have time after school today?" "I have something important to say to you." "I fell in love with you a long time ago." "So will you be my girlfriend?" "Miyabi-kun." "Renge." "Renge really likes games." "I am sorry for suddenly calling you out." "I want to marry him." "Of course you can." "look." "They mailed the pictures from my business trip to Japan last week." "This is a photo of my client's family and me eating." "Look." " I took a picture with his son..." " Father!" "Did your promise just then count? my prince!" "Renge!" "there's an unlucky shadow flying over." "inside is a Japanese garden of handsome men." "Welcome to the host club." "your kimono is very pretty." "Why are you so beautiful?" "In order for your eyes to stop on my body even for a second." "Why are you looking at me with those watery eyes? for making the spring in my heart overflow." "How touching!" "What a pretty color!" "You two are wearing the same kimonos." "My mom designed everyone's kimonos today." "my grandma helped us with wearing this." "Kaoru." "I am embarassed." "I want to see!" "How beautiful!" " How touching!" " How touching!" "Kaoru-sama!" " They are doing that again." "Haru-chan!" "I lost one of my wooden sandles." "Weren't you just wearing it?" "don't cry!" "We will help you find it." "Takashi." "You dropped it over there." "Takashi!" " I really don't get it." " How perfect!" "What is the relationship between Honey-senpai and Mori-senpai?" "someone designated you again." "you have a stable number of designators." "Continue working hard." "I was going to ask this before." "right?" "Of course." "Our revenues come from online auction sales." "Look." "Your private pictures are popular." "When did you take these pictures?" "then you take care of the expenses." "I need to be able to make enough for costume expenses and food expenses." "What? but it seems we've reached the limit." "I am thinking of new products that will have an impact." "isn't he?" "Father secretly took some photos for you." "Look." "It's the prince edition." "I don't want them." "Haruhi?" "Place them under your pillow." "You'll sleep soundly on sleepless nights." "Let me go!" "Sorry." "Is this your first time here?" "Come in." "Don't be afraid..." "Princess." "Are you shocked because of my beauty?" "Welcome to Ouran High School Host Clu... you fake!" "I can't believe you are the prince of this club!" "Why do you look like such an idiot?" "[Idiot]" "You are just a simple minded narcissist!" "[Narcissist]" "The lowest!" "[Lowest]" "It's a new tactic." "One man slow motion." "Are you..." "Kyoya-sama!" "I have finally met you!" "The prince that only belongs to me." "I have decided." "I will become the host club's manager." "Kizuna Fansubs Presents Ouran High School Host Club" "[Third Music Room]" "Fiancee?" "Kyoya-senpai's?" "I am Houshakuji Renge." "I rushed here from France." "You two know each other?" "She is my father's business partner's daughter." "today is the first day we've met." "What?" "He's still depressed." " I fell in love with him at first sight." "He is after all our king." "The Kyoya-sama that would pity the wild flowers that no one notices." "The Kyoya-sama that would warmly hold an injured kitten." "His soul is as pure and white as a recently washed sheet." "no!" "Did you get the wrong person?" "I could not have seen wrong!" "He is warm to everyone." "He would never ask anything in return." "He's in the love simulation game Ukidoki Memorial*." "a dating sim game.]" "He is actually very lonely." "You're exactly the same as the game's Uchijou Miyabi-kun." "[Miyabi]" "Otaku?" "I knew it was you." "So that's it." "Projecting the love she has for a game character onto me to the point of fantasizing." "Kyoya?" "She is my family's important partner's daughter." "Please treat her kindly." "That's true." "Haruhi." "This can be considered as part of your host training." "We'll leave this to you." "Wait!" "That's right." "I want to make some sweets for Kyoya-sama." "I am honored." "Haruhi?" "But we will need to borrow the key for the cooking classroom." "I have the key." "What? so I made a copy of all the keys of the school." "How scary." "can we put sugar in the cream?" "Yes." "How's the chocolate?" "look." "It's melting properly." "It can't be heated over direct flame." " Chocolate should be melted using a water bath." " The cream over there also..." "Sorry." "It's okay." "She's as beautiful as a painting." "Our Haruhi is so cute!" "Yes." "This was unexpected." "this is planned." "This is the big project to make the young teenage girl in Haruhi wake up." "Yes!" "Girls have a warm atmosphere together." "It will make Haruhi admit that she is a young girl." "fake king! Haruhi-kun just taught me how to make commoner cookies." "Not bad." "It smells great." "Renge-chan!" "Let me try your cookies." "It's burnt." "Shut up!" "it hurts!" "Takashi!" "She pinched my face!" "I think what I made tastes better." "Haruhi!" "Let me try." "Haruhi!" "There are cookie crumbs on your face." "Stop you two!" "What are you doing?" "Don't you know where the line between a man and a woman is?" "My Lord!" "Undisciplined." "Very undisciplined." "The personalities of each of you is very undisciplined." "There is a lack of shadows around you." "Shadows?" "This group's behavior is childish!" "It's a manner of time before the guests grow tired of it." "Do you all want to ruin Kyoya-sama's business?" "Business?" "I have decided." "we are going to re-design your characters." "What?" "Starting with you!" "you're a devil!" "[Behind this cute face is actually a devil!" "]" "you take abuse quietly but you actually enjoy it." "[A silent M!" "*]" "A silent M?" "*M=Masochist." "The twins are troubled because they are too alike." "They will be brothers on a basketball team with a lot of problems!" "[Big trouble twins!" "]" "What?" "Haruhi-kun is the super poor honor student that is bullied!" "[Poor bullied honor student!" "] you..." "What?" "What?" "You are complimented because of your good looks." "you are a prince with a loneliness complex." "[Lonely prince!" "]" "Lonely prince?" "My new role is so fitting!" "no!" "Kyoya-sama is absolutely perfect." "I am honored." "Renge-kun!" "Does this pose suit a lonely feeling?" "Doesn't feel bad." " How about pointing to a further place?" " Really?" "Yes!" "Point toward the sun." "Yes." "You must make it seem further." "Yes! do something about this." "let's first observe for a while." "This time it might be very interesting." "Do NOT upload onto streaming sites or redistribute without permission." "Kaoru!" "Was it Kaoru or Hikaru that made the shot right now?" "Which one?" "Kaoru." "Kaoru!" "Don't mind me." "Quickly return to the game." "I don't care about the game anymore!" "Stay calm." "You must not feel my pain." "Listen well." "You are not injured." "I can't do it." "It hurts a lot." "The brothers who share a strong bond will face a tragedy." "I admire you two a lot." "But you are the prince of the school." "Prince?" "But the person that really understands me... does not exist." "Their wounded hearts interact with one another." "These teenagers who cause pain to each other;" "what is the darkness in their hearts?" "you commoner!" "Mitsukuni." "Takashi." "Do you want to get punished again?" "I despise commoners that don't know their place the most. will it be their light of salvation?" "Also..." "Haru-chan!" "Sorry!" "I am sorry!" " I have never thought that..." " Cut!" "Cut!" "Cut!" "Follow the script!" "Stop first camera." "boss." "This is all bad." "Who are these people of the film crew?" "She urgently brought them from Hollywood." "Why does she need us to film?" "To satisfy her desire for the characters' roles." "Who can stop that princess's imagination?" "director!" "How was my acting?" "Would it be better if I add a sense of gloom?" "That's true." "Gloomy." "Gloomy." "Shadow." "why don't you ask me?" "thank you. you are quite handsome." "What? you will meet disaster." "I want to ask you for a favor." "What?" "Please film a clip with these classmates." "What?" "honor student?" "Come over." "You know them?" "No." "I think they would fit the role of antagonists." "Look at their cruel facial expressions; they'd fit the role of juvenile delinquents." "Come." "Please come this way to stand by." "What?" "What are you doing?" "You want us to obediently shut up and listen to you?" "Who do you think you are?" "Look out!" "I guarantee that it will be amazing." "Absolutely." "Were you the punk that pushed her?" "No." "I didn't do it on purpose." "Hey!" "Quickly run!" "Haruhi." "It hurts." "The contact lens came out." "Contact lens?" "Yes." "Sorry." "Ca...camera!" "Did you film that scene just then?" " Perfect!" " Perfect!" "This is so fitting for what I wanted." "Haruhi-kun is attacked by the antagonists." "The prince rushes in at high speed to defeat the antagonists." "The prince warmly brushes away Haruhi-kun's tear in the corner of her eye." "the two of them fall into a forbidden love. it was perfect!" "we have finally reached the film's climax." "Kyoya-sama is going to come on screen." " My god!" " What is he doing?" " Come on man!" " My camera!" "Kyoya-sama." "Oh my god!" "Immediately stop the filming that is endangering the lives of my host club members." "I'm not happy." "it's not bad." "We had fun filming." "Why?" "Kyoya-sama should be patting my head" "It will be alright." "That is not Kyoya." "I..." "I don't believe it!" "Renge-chan!" "I finally met you!" "[Miyabi]" "The prince that only belongs to me." "Kyoya-sama is perfect!" "Immediately stop the filming that is endangering the lives of my host club members." "I'm not happy." "Oh no!" "What's wrong?" "My treasure flew into that building." "[Director's Office] the director is often working in the field." "I can't lend you the key." "Please." "Renge-chan." "I am being punished." "I also know... that there's a difference between a game and reality. is imagining a bad thing?" "It is not necessarily a bad thing." "But..." "It is waste to think of someone one-sidely." "It is interesting because people can be unpredictable." "Unpredictable?" "What does that mean?" "princess?" "We saw everything." "You should rely on us at a time like this." "Let's look together." "I will help too." "Look for it as well." "But I don't have the key. so I made a copy of all the keys of the school." "right?" "See?" "right?" "Yes." "Abandon your one-sided thinking." "Seriously look at the people around you." "Then slowly fall in love with him." "You will be happy too." "Kyoya-sama and everyone..." "Sorry for giving you trouble again." "this prince is different than what I imagined him to be." "I realized something important." "What is this?" "What do you mean what?" "This was the one filmed before." "It's called Ouran Host Club's Heart Beat Memories." "Wasn't the camera ruined?" "I got all the data from the camera." "hitomi83" "Translator:" "TeddayBear" "Spot Translator: mikilove13" "Timer: allen2792" "Editor:" "Yukino" "QCer: hitomi83" "Thanks for watching!" "Do NOT upload onto streaming sites or redistribute without permission" "Follow us on twitter @kizunafs" "I thought it wasn't filmed too badly." "What?" "When did you make this?" "there's more orders." "I should rush the factories to increase the production." "You're selling them online?" "Could it be..." "This is going to be interesting." "You actually..." "It is so interesting that there are so many orders." "Just as I predicted." "How dark." "Haruhi!" "Father is coming onscreen." "let's go see." "Look." "What do you think?" "I think the mood is quite good." "I think I'm going to go this route." "Really?" "I think the way you are now is better." "If you say so." "Geez." "Again?" "How useless." "What a failure." "that would be more annoying." "over here." "How could I let people see my cute daughter in swimsuits?" "Let's see who can find Haruhi's weakness." "Use your brain." "Whatever you want then." "Haruhi!" "Haruhi!"
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In general, display devices which can be applied to mobile communication terminals called smartphones or tablet computers can be operated by bringing a means for inputting data, such as a stylus or fingers, into contact with a display surface which displays an image. These display devices include in-cell display devices in which a touch detection function is partially or entirely incorporated into a display panel, and on-cell display devices in which a sensor having a touch detection function is provided on the display surface of a display panel.
As the above in-cell display device having a touch detection function, the following structure is known. Sensor electrodes formed of a transparent conductive film such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO) are provided in matrix in the display area which displays an image. A detection circuit is provided so as to correspond to each sensor electrode. Further, the sensor electrodes are connected to the detection circuits by thin metal lines.
However, the conventional display devices having a touch detection function require the same number of detection circuits as the number of sensor electrodes. Thus, it is difficult to respond to increase in the number of sensor electrodes caused by improvement of detection performance or by increase in the size of the display panel.
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Josuรฉ Balamandji
Josuรฉ Kossingou Balamandji (born 9 August 1989 in Bangui) is a Central African footballer who currently plays for Mulhouse. He plays as either a striker or a winger.
Career
Club career
Balamandji was born in Bangui and moved to France at two months old. After rotating between both countries in his youth, at the age of eight, his family moved permanently to France settling in Paris. Balamandji began his career with Red Star before joining professional club Lens at the age of 15. Following the 2006โ07 season, he was released from the club and, subsequently, signed with Lorient. With Lorient, Balamandji played on the club's reserve team. After two years with Lorient, he signed with Plabennec in the Championnat National. Balamandji only made one appearance with the team in the 2009โ10 season.
Prior to the 2010โ11 season, Balamandji joined amateur club Villemomble in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football. The forward had a successful campaign appearing in 20 matches and scoring 11 goals, which included a double against his former club Red Star. On 24 May 2011, it was announced that Balamandji had signed his first professional contract agreeing to a two-year deal with Reims. He made his professional debut on 30 July 2011 appearing as a substitute in a 2โ0 win over his former club Lens.
Career statistics
Club
(Correct as of 28 November 2011)
Notes
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:1989 births
Category:People from Bangui
Category:Central African Republic footballers
Category:Central African Republic international footballers
Category:Naturalized citizens of France
Category:French footballers
Category:French people of Central African Republic descent
Category:PFC Chernomorets Burgas players
Category:Expatriate footballers in France
Category:Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Category:Ligue 2 players
Category:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Category:Association football wingers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Central African Republic emigrants to France
Category:Central African Republic expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Category:Stade Plabennรฉcois players
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Molecular diffusion in sperm plasma membranes during epididymal maturation.
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis has been used to measure lipid diffusion in different regions of the sperm plasma membrane. Our goal has been to understand how some membrane components are confined to specific surface domains, whilst others are freely diffusing and in some cases are able to migrate against large concentration gradients. Results with a variety of fluorescent lipid reporter probes (ODAF, NBD-PC, NBD-cholesterol) show that diffusion coefficients (D) are generally three to four times higher on the sperm acrosome than on the principal piece of the tail and increase significantly during epididymal maturation (ram, mouse, goat, dog and monkey sperm). Cholesterol diffusion is approximately 10 times faster on the sperm head than the tail and has a heterogenous distribution when detected with filipin. Lipid diffusion is very temperature sensitive but remarkably insensitive to changes in external pH and osmotic pressure. There was no evidence that the posterior ring or annulus functioned as diffusion barriers to lipids. On this basis it was possible to construct models of increasing complexity to describe the behaviour of a lipid molecule on the sperm surface, beginning with simple linear diffusion progressing to random diffusion and eventually to constrained diffusion.
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Responding to a call to eradicate hunting, Dana Loesch joined Grant Stinchfield on NRATV to discuss how hunters can stand up to PETA, an organization that has been investigate by the FBI for domestic terrorism.
โHunters are the true conservationists. Itโs not people like PETA,โ said Loesch, going on to say how this fight will likely be fought locally. โPeople need to be really aware of whatโs happening in their statehouse,โ Loesch said. โThey need to be really aware of what is happening in their town and their jurisdiction and their city council even. You have to engage and be active.โ
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Q:
pandas OHLC plot only high values with time
I have a text file with the following real-time data.
1,16:20:35
2,16:20:40
3,16:21:41
4,16:21:50
5,16:21:52
6,16:22:20
7,16:22:42
8,16:23:44
I want to plot only the high values against time. The following is what I tried.
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data = pd.read_csv(('output.txt'), header=0, sep=',', names=['count', 'time'])
data['time'] = pd.to_datetime(data['time'], format='%H:%M:%S')
data = data.set_index(['time'])
df2 = data.resample('1T').ohlc().ffill()
print(df2)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
df2.plot(time="time", high="high value", ax=ax)
plt.draw()
plt.show()
A:
As you already have a DateTime index, You can simply plot it as:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
df2[('count', 'high')].plot(ax=ax)
I would also suggest removing the MultiIndex from df2, as there is only need of one level. i.e.:
df2.columns = df2.columns.droplevel(0)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
df2['high'].plot(ax=ax)
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I made my first batch of home brew (irish red ale) and after 1.5 weeks in the bottle I tried the first one and it was delicious. I had 3 more after that and they all tasted the same with almost a caramel flavor at the end (very pleasant). Tonight we tried another one and it seems like there is a skunky flavor in place of what was evident before. No idea why the flavor would seem to change with a few more days.
The first few bottles tasted were in the fridge for only a few hours or up to a day but the latest ones that I tried were in the fridge for 4 days. Could this make any difference?
The bottles that I am using are brown so I don't see how any UV light could have caused this. All the bottles have been stored in my closet closed up in a cardboard case with no temperature fluctuations.
I have also noticed that the two latest beers seemed to have more sediment at the bottom of the bottle as opposed to the initial beers tasted. I have looked at other bottles and there is about the same amount of sediment apparent on those as well.
Could it be that the good tasting beer that I had at first was "green" and not finished and could produce a beer that tastes worse?
I'm planning to try another tomorrow with less soak time in the fridge but am not hopeful. Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Some off flavors from fermentation don't show up till carbonation,even conditioning start to mellow sharp hop flavors,etc to where they're more noticable. That's why good initial ferment temps are important. That's when off flavors are made. Not to mention,giving the beer 3-7 days after FG to clean up said off flavors while settling out clear or slightly misty.
Less fridge time just means less co2 getting into solution,making it more noticable.
My fermentation was in a controlled freezer at ~68F for 16 days, went from 1.044 OG to 1.008 FG, bottled and then tasted 9 days after bottling and it tasted very good. Had about 4 bottles over the next few days and all tasted the same.
Left 4 bottles in the fridge over the weekend and tried one 14 days after bottling and it has the mild skunky aftertaste. Tried another beer and it tasted the same.
Is it possible that bottles can be this different from one to the other or does it seem like whatever is settling out in solution is now bringing out this less desirable flavor?
I don't really get a cardboard taste from it but it does seem more "bitter and harsh" which also leans towards oxidation based on some explanations I've seen online.
We used a tube and bottle filling stick that you press in the bottom of the bottle. We had our bucket up pretty high (probably 3-4 ft above the bottles) and we were getting a lot of pressure and fast flow from the bucket during the bottle filling so it could have been splashing fairly significantly down at the bottom of the bottle. There were also a few fills that slightly overflowed and we noticed some bubbles when we pull the bottle filling stick out.
I don't really get a cardboard taste from it but it does seem more "bitter and harsh" which also leans towards oxidation based on some explanations I've seen online.
We used a tube and bottle filling stick that you press in the bottom of the bottle. We had our bucket up pretty high (probably 3-4 ft above the bottles) and we were getting a lot of pressure and fast flow from the bucket during the bottle filling so it could have been splashing fairly significantly down at the bottom of the bottle. There were also a few fills that slightly overflowed and we noticed some bubbles when we pull the bottle filling stick out.
Should the fill height be close to the bottom of the filling bucket?
Are there better ways to fill the bottles?
The bottling wand should be pressed against the bottom of the bottle, then released just as the beer reaches the top. When you withdraw the wand, you leave the perfect amount of headspace.
Since you are pressing against the bottom of the bottle, there really should be no splashing.
I purchased new bottles from Northern Brewer. I didn't actually clean the bottles but did use Star San and soaked each of them for a few minutes each. I thought that because they were new and didn't see anything hiding down in there that it would be OK.
The head room in the bottles all appear to be about 1" rather than the 1/2" that is recommended, maybe too much oxygen left? We capped them right away after filling.
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Coutinho In Team Of The Week (3/10/17)
Liverpool are represented in the latest Premier League team of the week that has been selected by BBC pundit Garth Crooks.
Actually Garth is now down as a 'Football Analyst' these days, a posh term for a pundit then!
The performance by Philippe Coutinho in the one all draw with Newcastle United at the weekend at St James' Park was enough to earn them a place in the side alongside the other, in the opinion of the former Spurs striker anyway, most impressive performers in the topflight over the latest weekend.
I think we'll already know ourselves, and not just based on the latest performance, why Crooks, we'll also not argue with it, selected Coutinho as part of his team but explaining his choice he told the BBC.
'What is wrong with Liverpool? The Reds should have smashed Newcastle out of sight, but instead they limp away from St James' Park with a point. Are they over-reliant on Philippe Coutinho? Since his return to first-team duties, the Brazilian attacking midfielder been absolutely wonderful. I've been banging on about Liverpool's defence for 12 months and nothing has been done about it. Jonjo Shelvey drove a ball through Joel Matip and Dejan Lovren with such ease for Newcastle's equaliser it was frightening. You could have driven a coach and horse through the gap between Liverpool's defenders, it was so wide. Coutinho is at Anfield for now following the transfer saga of the summer. But I wouldn't be in the least surprised if it were for one more season only, in a similar manner to Luis Suarez, who also eventually departed to Barcelona. However, if performances like this continue you will either burn him out or he will become disenchanted. Manager Jurgen Klopp must now fulfil his side of the bargain with Liverpool having held on to Coutinho, and ensure he has a defence worthy of playing with the Brazilian. Otherwise, what is the point of the little magician scoring breathtaking goals, if his team can't defend a lead when he does? There's no point keeping him.'
It's always good to see the club represented in this way, and well played to Coutinho for his recognition, but the most important thing about the weekend was of course the point.
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#
# Makefile for the Switch device API
#
obj-$(CONFIG_NET_SWITCHDEV) += switchdev.o
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
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1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to hand tools and, more particularly, to hand tools designed to assist those who have trouble manipulating small objects such as the buttons and zippers on everyday clothing. Specifically, the present invention relates to a hand tool that is used to pull a button through a button hole.
2. Background Information
Shirt buttons are one of the daily frustrations for those who have difficulty manipulating small objects with one or both hands. The process of aligning a button with a button hole is difficult and time consuming for anyone who has difficulty grasping and manipulating fine objects between the thumb and finger or for those with limited eyesight. Various devices are known in the art for pulling a button through a button hole. Despite the existence of these devices, room for improvement remains in the art.
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Q:
Fourier series of $f(x)=1$
$\displaystyle f(x)=\frac{a_{0}}{2}+\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_{n}\cos nx$,
where $a_{n}=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_0^\pi f(t)\cos(nt) \ dt$, if $f$ is even.
But for $f(x)=1$, the left side goes to $0$. How can I get the Fourier series of $1$?
A:
Define the function periodically over $\;[-\pi,\pi]\;$ , so being the function even we get:
$$\begin{align*}&a_0=\frac2\pi\int\limits_0^\pi dx=2\\{}\\
&a_n=\frac2\pi\int\limits_0^\pi\cos nx\;dx=\left.\frac2{n\pi}\sin nx\right|_0^\pi=0\end{align*}$$
and the Fourier series we get is pretty boring:
$$f(x)=\frac{a_0}2+\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n\cos nxdx=1$$
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The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, which are extensively used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis ([@B1]). By inhibiting [l]{.smallcaps}-mevalonic acid synthesis, statins may also decrease mitogenic responses and antiangiogenic actions that are independent of the cholesterol-lowering effect ([@B2]). Previous studies revealed that treatment with simvastatin-attenuated leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the subsequent breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier via the suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in *db/db* mice retinas ([@B2],[@B3]). Moreover, this effect is associated with the inhibition of NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by statins ([@B4],[@B5]).
Progression of vascular abnormalities, in addition to blood-retinal barrier breakdown, including the selective loss of pericytes and formation of acellular capillaries, characterizes early diabetic retinopathy (DR). The increased VEGF expression, on one hand, leads to increased vascular permeability whereby statins decrease retinal vascular permeability via VEGF downregulation ([@B3],[@B6]). On the other hand, it is paradoxically associated with the selective loss of pericytes and formation of acellular capillaries as a potent survival factor for endothelial cells in vivo ([@B7]). Therefore, there is a need to explore the mechanisms underlying the apoptosis of vascular cells in diabetic rats and the possible role of statins in this process.
It has been reported that hyperglycemia-induced ROS production is primarily associated with mitochondria and NADPH oxidase ([@B8]), and an increase in oxidative stress in vascular cells plays a key role in DR pathogenesis ([@B9][@B10]--[@B11]). A strong in vivo correlation exists between ROS production and the expression of neovascularization and growth factors in diabetic retinas ([@B12],[@B13]). Recently, Brownlee ([@B16]) suggested a unifying hypothesis integrating various mechanisms discussed in past years that an overproduction of mitochondrial ROS is an initiating cause in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. This concept proposes that high glucose levels (HG) in the endothelial cells lead to overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, which then inactivates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and subsequent ADP ribosylation ([@B14][@B15]--[@B16]). However, there is no evidence as to whether there is an effect of statins on mitochondria-derived ROS under HG conditions.
Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect and molecular mechanisms of statins on mitochondria-derived ROS and retinal vascular cell apoptosis under HG. Our results showed that simvastatin significantly inhibited the increase of mitochondria-derived ROS and prevented the apoptosis of retinal vascular cells mediated by p38 MAPK through PARP under HG, in addition to attenuating retinal vascular permeability via downregulation of VEGF. The effect was associated with the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator--activated receptor ฮณ coactivator-1ฮฑ (PGC-1ฮฑ).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
===========================
All experiments in this study comply with the requirements of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. All chemicals were reagent grade quality and were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO), unless stated otherwise.
Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing โผ200 g (Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences) were randomly assigned into groups receiving either 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally or citrate buffer alone. Rats were categorized as diabetic when the blood glucose exceeded 16.7 mmol/l at 48 h after STZ administration. Diabetic rats were randomly assigned into groups receiving either 10 mg/kg/day simvastatin administered via drinking water for 24 weeks or no treatment at all. Age-matched rats that had not received STZ served as controls. All rats were provided free access to standard rat food and drinking water. Diabetic rats received subcutaneous insulin (Humulin-N, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN) twice weekly to maintain body weight and maximize survival rate. Every week the plasma glucose concentrations were monitored using the glucose oxidase technique. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were determined with a commercially available enzyme kit (Leadman Biotech, Beijing, China). At the end of the experiments, the eyes were resected from deeply anesthetized animals. The right eyes were assigned for preparation of retinal digests, and the left eyes for the extraction procedures.
Retinal digest procedures.
--------------------------
The eyes were immediately placed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde for 24 h. Retinal trypsin digestion was performed according to the method of Cogan et al. ([@B17]). Preparations of retinal vascular networks were set onto polylysine-coated glass slides in distilled water and then dried. The preparations were stored at โ20ยฐC until used for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and hematoxylin staining. The capillary network was evaluated to identify the number of pericytes and acellular capillaries by using previously described quantitative methods ([@B11]).
Measurement of retinal blood vessel leakage using Evans blue dye.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Retinal blood vessel leakage was quantitated using Evans blue dye, which noncovalently binds to plasma albumin in the blood stream ([@B18]). With the rats under deep anesthesia, Evans blue dye was injected through the tail vein at a dosage of 30 mg/kg. After the dye had circulated for 60 min, the chest cavity was opened and the left heart ventricle was cannulated. After each mouse was perfused, the eyes were enucleated, and the retinas were carefully dissected away under an operating microscope. The weight of each retina was measured after thorough drying in a Speed-Vac. Albumin leakage into the retinal tissue was estimated via the measurement of extravasated Evans blue dye. Evans blue was extracted by incubating each retina in 60 ฮผl formamide for 18 h at 70ยฐC. The extract was ultracentrifuged at a speed of 70,000 rpm for 45 min at a temperature of 4ยฐC. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured with a spectrophotometer at 620 nm, the absorption maximum for Evans blue in formamide. The concentration of dye in the extracts was calculated from a standard curve of Evans blue in formamide and normalized to the dry retinal weight.
Cell culture.
-------------
The primary culture of bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (BRECs) was obtained as described in our previous study ([@B11]). The endothelial cells generated after four passages were used in later experiments. The cells were incubated with either normal glucose (5 mmol/l glucose), normal glucose plus 25 mmol/l mannitol, HG (30 mmol/l glucose), normal [d]{.smallcaps}-glucose(5 mmol/l) plus H~2~O~2~ (500 ฮผmol/l), HG plus PJ-34 (3 ฮผmol/l; a potent-specific PARP inhibitor), or HG plus simvastatin (5 ฮผmol/l; Merck and Co., China) in the absence or presence of either mevalonate (100 ฮผmol/l dissolved in ethanol), the general ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (10 mmol/l), or NAC and GW9662 (an irreversible peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ฮณ \[PPARฮณ\] inhibitor; 20 ฮผmol/l). The cells were washed with PBS after 72 h for subsequent experiments.
For knockdown studies, BRECs were infected with either a control adenovirus vector expressing green fluorescent protein, or 50 nmol/l PGC-1ฮฑ siRNA, as indicated, for 48 h. Adenoviruses for PGC-1ฮฑ siRNA were generated as described ([@B19]).
Mitochondrial membrane potential (ฮฯm).
---------------------------------------
The potentiometric dye 5,5โฒ,6,6โฒ- Tetrachloro1,1โฒ,3,3โฒ-tetraethyl-benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1; Molecular Probes) exhibits membrane potential-dependent loss as J-aggregates (polarized mitochondria) are converted to JC-1 monomers (depolarized mitochondria), as indicated by the fluorescence emission shift from red to green ([@B20]). Hence, mitochondrial depolarization was determined by an increase in the green/red fluorescence intensity ratio. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ฮฯm) measurements were performed by flow cytometry (Coulter Epics XL, Beckman-Coulter) as described in our previous study ([@B11]).
Real-time RT-PCR.
-----------------
Total RNA was extracted from rat retinal tissue and BRECs by using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) and stored at โ80ยฐC. The DyNAmo Flash SYBR Green qPCR Kit (Finnzymes Oy, Espoo, Finland) was used according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. The primer sequences (sense/antisense) used were as follows: VEGF, 5โฒ-GCGGGCTGCTGCAATG-3โฒ/5โฒ-TGCAACGCGAGTCTGTGTTT-3โฒ; PGC-1ฮฑ, 5โฒ-CACCAAACCCACAGAGAACA-3โฒ/5โฒ-GGGTCATTTGGTGACTCTGG-3โฒ; ฮฒ-actin, 5โฒ-GCACCGCAAATGCTTCTA-3โฒ/5โฒ-GGTCTTTACGGATGTCAACG-3โฒ. The specificity of the amplification product was determined by performing a melting curve analysis. Standard curves were generated for expression of each gene by using serial dilutions of known quantities of the corresponding cDNA gene template. Relative quantification of the signals was performed by normalizing the signals of different genes with the ฮฒ-actin signal.
Western blotting.
-----------------
The protein concentration in the supernatant was measured using the Bio-Rad DC protein assay. Fifty micrograms of protein obtained from each sample (retinas or BRECs) were subjected to SDS-PAGE in a Bio-Rad miniature slab gel apparatus and electrophoretically transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked in 5% nonfat dried milk solution and incubated overnight with partially purified mouse anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (mAb; 1:500; Chemicon, Temecula, CA), rabbit anti-PGC-1ฮฑ mAb (1:500) (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-phospho-p38 MAP kinase polyclonal antibody (polyAb; 1:500; Cell Signaling Technology), or rabbit anti-PPARฮณ polyAb (1:500) (Upstate, Millipore). Detection of ฮฒ-actin expression with a mAb (1:1,000; Sigma Chemical) was used as an internal control to confirm equivalent total protein loading. Signal intensities in the control lanes were arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0. Western blots were repeated 3 to 5 times and qualitatively similar results were obtained.
Statistical analysis.
---------------------
The experimental data are expressed as means ยฑ SD. Group means were compared by one-way ANOVA using the GraphPad Prism 4.0 software system (GraphPad, San Diego, CA) and the statistical software program SPSS 13.0 for Windows (Chicago, IL). Pearson correlation tests were also performed. *P* values \< 0.05 were considered significant in all cases.
RESULTS
=======
Animal data.
------------
Nonfasting blood glucose, 24-h urine volume, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels were strikingly increased in the diabetic group as compared with those in the normal control group (*P* \< 0.01). Administration of simvastatin did not ameliorate the severity of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. The values obtained for nonfasting blood glucose and 24-h urine levels determined throughout the duration of the experiment were comparable between the two diabetic groups (diabetes and diabetes plus simvastatin), but were significantly different (*P* \< 0.01) from those of the normal control group ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Compared with the diabetic group, treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the diabetic rats (triglycerides, *P* \< 0.05; cholesterol, *P* \< 0.01). Diabetic rats were treated with insulin to prevent weight loss. Body weight in both diabetic rat groups remained significantly lower than those of the nondiabetic control rats (*P* \< 0.05). Long-term simvastatin administration did not have adverse effects on the health or lifespan of the diabetic rats.
######
Metabolic and physical parameters of the experimental groups (24 weeks)
Control DM DM + S
----------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------
Body weight (g) 581 ยฑ 53 388 ยฑ 31\* 409 ยฑ 45\*
Nonfasting blood glucose (mmol/l) 4.6 ยฑ 0.3 26.2 ยฑ 5.3[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"} 27.1 ยฑ 3.3[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"}
24-hour urine volume (ml) 21 ยฑ 5.2 203 ยฑ 56[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"} 189 ยฑ 63[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Triglycerides (mg/dl) 103.6 ยฑ 9.3 146.8 ยฑ 11.6[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"} 119 ยฑ 8.9[\#](#TF1-2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Cholesterol (mg/dl) 89.6 ยฑ 5.2 154.5 ยฑ 9.8[\*\*](#TF1-1){ref-type="table-fn"} 112.6 ยฑ 8.2[\#\#](#TF1-3){ref-type="table-fn"}
\*\**P* โค 0.01 for the difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic groups or between the nondiabetic and diabetic + simvastatin groups;
\#*P* โค 0.05 for the difference between the diabetic and diabetic + simvastatin groups;
\#\#*P* โค 0.01 for the difference between the diabetic and diabetic + simvastatin groups. Control, control rats; DM, diabetic rats; DM + S, diabetic rats treated with simvastatin.
Alleviation of retinal vascular permeability in diabetic rats by simvastatin is associated with downregulation of VEGF.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compared with the control, the VEGF mRNA and protein were upregulated significantly in the retinas of diabetic rats with a concomitant increase in retinal vascular permeability, whereas simvastatin significantly inhibited these changes ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}*A--C*). Pearson correlation tests showed significant positive correlations between the changes in retinal vascular permeability and the changes in VEGF expression in diabetic rats with or without treatment with simvastatin (data not shown).
{#F1}
Simvastatin-mediated decrease of apoptosis of retinal capillary cells in diabetic rats is associated with reduced activation of p38 MAPK.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accelerated death of capillary cells is believed to be the major cause of acellular capillary formation ([@B21]). Compared with the control rats, the number of pericytes and endothelial cells significantly decreased (*P* \< 0.01), and that of acellular vessels significantly increased (*P* \< 0.01) in diabetic rat retinas. In addition, there was a significant increase and reduction, respectively, in the diabetic eyes treated with simvastatin compared with untreated diabetic rats (*P* \< 0.01) ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}*A--E*). Concomitantly, in diabetic rat retinas, the activity of p38 MAPK significantly increased as compared with those in the nondiabetic animals, and the changes were significantly inhibited by simvastatin ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}*F*). By immunohistochemical analysis of trypsin-digested retinal blood vessels, it was found that simvastatin significantly decreased the activation of p38MAPK induced by diabetes ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}*G* and supplementary data in the online appendix available at <http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2010/06/15/db10-0638/suppl/DC1>). Pearson correlation tests showed significant positive correlations between the changes in apoptosis of retinal capillary cells and acellular vessel formation and the changes in activity of p38 MAPK in diabetic rats with or without simvastatin treatment, respectively (data not shown).
{#F2}
Protective effect of simvastatin on retinopathy in diabetic rats is associated with the inhibition of PARP activity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PARP activity was demonstrated using a mAb to detect poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins, which is the product of the enzyme. As illustrated in [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}*A*, a marked increase was observed in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the proteins obtained from the retinal extract of 6-month diabetic rats as compared with the nondiabetic controls, and it was significantly inhibited by simvastatin, which was accompanied by upregulation of VEGF ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}*A* and *B*) and activation of p38MAPK ([Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}*F*). Moreover, the effects were similar to that with PJ-34 (data not shown). In vitro, PJ-34 also significantly inhibited VEGF expression and activation of p38 MAPK and prevented the apoptosis of BRECs incubated in HG, as did simvastatin ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}*B* and *C*). In addition, we found that PARP antisense oligonucleotides downregulate VEGF expression (data not shown) and inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK in BRECs ([@B22]). These results suggest that the effect of simvastatin on retinopathy in diabetic rats may be associated with the inhibition of PARP activity.
{#F3}
PARP activation is mediated by mitochondrial ROS in vivo and in vitro.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Our study revealed that the production of **ฮ**ฯm and ROS was significantly increased in the retinas of diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic rats (*P* \< 0.01), and simvastatin treatment reduced these effects ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}*A* and *C*). Similarly, we found that in vitro exposure of BRECs to HG increased ฮฯm, ROS synthesis, and PARP activity, upregulated VEGF, increased p38 MAPK activity, and concomitantly induced the apoptosis of the cells; however, these changes were significantly inhibited by simvastatin ([Figs. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}*B* and *C*, [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}*B* and *D*). Moreover, we observed dosage-dependent effects of simvastatin on cell apoptosis, ROS generation, PARP activity, VEGF, and p-p38MAPK in BRECs in serum-free DMEM containing HG ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}*E*). As described in our previous study ([@B23]), localization of ROS production was investigated in cultured cells double-labeled with CM-H~2~DCFDA to detect ROS production and MitoTracker Red CM-H2XRos (MTR; Molecular Probes) to visualize mitochondria. The results of this study indicated that mitochondria are the major source of ROS production after exposure to HG (data not shown).
{#F4}
To test our hypothesis that ROS is an upstream molecule of PARP/VEGF/p38MAPK pathway activation under high glucose condition, we employed two approaches: one with ROS scavengers NAC, and the other with exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H~2~O~2~) (commonly used on behalf of ROS). First, our results showed that NAC, a ROS scavenger, prevented the activation of PARP, arrested the elevation of VEGF, and inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK induced by hyperglycemia ([Fig. 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}*A*). Second, our results indicated that incubation with H~2~O~2~ induced the activation of PARP, upregulated VEGF expression, and increased p38 MAPK activity. In addition, the effects were similar to that by HG ([Fig. 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}*B*). Our results also demonstrated that the effect of H~2~O~2~ on them was both time- and dosage-dependent (data not shown). To rule out the influence of osmolarity on ROS generation, mannitol was used to treat the cells, but we found that mannitol had no effect (data not shown).
{#F5}
Inhibition of p38 MAPK restores cell survival.
----------------------------------------------
To confirm the role of p38 MAPK activation in the proapoptotic effects of HG or exogenous H~2~O~2~, we treated the cells with the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (25 ฮผmol/l) and assessed apoptosis. The p38 MAPK inhibitor did not affect cell death in the normal glucose control, but significantly reduced the apoptosis induced in HG-maintained or exogenous H~2~O~2~ cultures ([Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}*A* and *B*).
{#F6}
Simvastatin reduces ROS production and inhibits the activation of its downstream pathway through the PGC-1ฮฑ pathway.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A previous study revealed that PGC-1ฮฑ is a broad and powerful regulator of ROS metabolism ([@B24]). To explore the mechanism underlying the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS by simvastatin, PGC-1ฮฑ was assayed. In the present study, we first found that PGC-1ฮฑ mRNA and protein expressions were significantly decreased in the retinas of diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic rats (*P* \< 0.01), and simvastatin treatment inhibited this effect ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}*A* and *B*). In vitro, simvastatin treatment not only inhibited the downregulation of PGC-1ฮฑ mRNA and protein expression in BRECs induced by HG, but also directly upregulated the expression of PGC-1ฮฑ mRNA and protein under NG conditions ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}*C* and *D*). Moreover, the effects of simvastatin on PGC-1ฮฑ expression in BRECs incubated by HG were offset by the addition of mevalonate; however, Y27632, an inhibitor of Rho kinase, inhibited the HG-induced PGC-1ฮฑ downregulation, and the action was similar to that with simvastatin ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}*C* and *D*).
{#F7}
We also found that the effect of simvastatin on ฮฯm and ROS production in BRECs incubated by hyperglycemia were lost in cells infected with viruses expressing RNAi directed against PGC-1ฮฑ ([Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}*B* and *D*). Furthermore, the PGC-1ฮฑ null cells displayed a higher activation of PARP and p38 MAPK, and upregulation of VEGF induced HG; in contrast, under NG conditions, PGC-1ฮฑ null cells showed no definitive activation of PARP, p38 MAPK, and VEGF ([Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}*E* and *F*). These data indicate that PGC-1ฮฑ null BRECs have a higher activation level of the mitochondrial ROS pathway and a greater sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by HG. Therefore, the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS by simvastatin may be mediated by the PGC-1ฮฑ pathway.
DISCUSSION
==========
This study demonstrates, for the first time, that simvastatin can decrease the mitochondria-derived ROS generation through the PGC-1ฮฑ pathway, subsequently downregulating VEGF expression and blocking the activation of p38 MAPK through the inhibition of PARP activity in retinas of diabetic rats and in BRECs incubated with HG. Concomitantly, this leads to the alleviation in retinal vascular permeability and reduction of apoptosis of retinal capillary cells in diabetic rats.
Recent trials revealed lower coronary risk, despite comparable cholesterol levels, in patients treated with statins compared with those in the placebo group ([@B25]). Statins inhibit the synthesis of mevalonic acid, a precursor of many nonsteroidal isoprenoid compounds such as farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate ([@B26]). In endothelial cells, farnesylation and geranylgeranylation are responsible for the translocation of Ras and Rho from the cytoplasm to the membrane, that is, the site of action of these proteins ([@B27]). In the present study, we found that simvastatin upregulated PGC-1ฮฑ expression, subsequently resulting in the decrease of ฮฯm and ROS production in retina in diabetic rats and in BRECs incubated by hyperglycemia. This action may be executed through the inhibition of the synthesis of mevalonic acid since it was offset by the addition of mevalonate. These results imply that the effect of statins on PGC-1ฮฑ expression is mediated by the inhibition of the pathway from isoprenoid to small G proteins. This is supported by the observation that Y27632 could mimic the effects of the statins.
The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1ฮฑ was identified through its functional interaction with the nuclear receptor PPARฮณ in brown adipose tissue (BAT), a mitochondria-rich tissue specialized for thermogenesis ([@B28]). A PPARฮณ-responsive element is located in the distal region of the PGC-1ฮฑ gene promoter that binds PPARฮณ/retinoid X receptor heterodimers ([@B29]). In addition to BAT, PGC-1ฮฑ is strongly expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain, all of which are highly oxidative tissues ([@B30][@B31]--[@B32]). PGC-1ฮฑ is highly versatile and has the ability to interact with many different transcriptional factors, including nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2), estrogen-related receptor-ฮฑ, Gabpa/b, PPARs, and the thyroid hormone receptor. These transcriptional factors support mitochondrial biogenesis through the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial protein import ([@B33]).Through binding to and coactivating different transcriptional factors, PGC-1ฮฑ activates distinct biologic processes in different tissues. For example, when ectopically expressed in fat or muscle cells, PGC-1ฮฑ strongly promotes increases in mitochondrial DNA as well as expression of a large set of nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded genes ([@B30]). Thus, PGC-1ฮฑ initiates the elevation of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism, participates in the regulation of the downstream steps of this biologic program, and is also involved in pathogenic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cardiomyopathy ([@B34]). In this study, we first demonstrated that PGC-1ฮฑ was expressed in rat retina and in BRECs, that diabetes and HG downregulate PGC-1ฮฑ, and furthermore, that simvastatin inhibited these changes. Upregulation of PGC-1ฮฑ by simvastatin suppressed the production of ฮฯm and ROS, and the effects of simvastatin on ROS were blocked by PGC-1ฮฑ RNAi. In addition, PGC-1ฮฑ null BRECs displayed a greater sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by HG. With respect to the mechanisms underlying the action of PGC-1ฮฑ on ROS, a previous study demonstrated that PGC-1a induces the classic ROS-scavenging enzymes by an oxidative stressor, and importantly, the induction of anti-ROS genes is not limited to those of the mitochondria; GPx1, catalase, and SOD1 are all present substantially or totally in the nonmitochondrial cytoplasm and peroxisomes ([@B24]). Also key is the fact that PGC-1a can regulate the expression of UCP2 and UCP3, both of which are now understood to be important regulators of ROS formation, as we and others have demonstrated ([@B11],[@B24],[@B35]).
We also investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of simvastatin on PGC-1a. BRECs were coincubated with mevalonate or Y27632 (an inhibitor of Rho kinase) in the presence of simvastatin. Mevalonate is a precursor for cholesterol and isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. The isoprenoids are important lipid moieties added during post-translational modification of a variety of proteins, including G-proteins and G-protein subunits, Ras, and Ras-like proteins such as Rho, Rab, Rae, Ral, or Ra. Statins inhibit the biosynthesis of mevalonate. In this present study, we found that mevalonate prevented the effects of simvastatin, suggesting that the observed effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on ROS are primarily dependent on the absence of mevalonate, but may not be entirely related to cholesterol reduction. We also found that Y27632 inhibits the HG-induced PGC-1ฮฑ downregulation, similarly to that with simvastatin, indicating that its effect may be through the inhibition of Rho kinase.
As stated in the [introduction]{.smallcaps}, HG in the endothelial cells leads to overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, which inactivates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by PARP activation and subsequent ADP ribosylation ([@B14],[@B15]). PARP is a family of eukaryotic nuclear enzymes and plays an important role in regulating DNA repair, gene transcription, cell cycle progression, chromatin function, genomic stability, and cell death. However, excessive activation of PARP represents a fundamental step in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases and in diabetic complications ([@B14],[@B15],[@B36]). A previous study revealed that PARP activation is involved in diabetes- and hypoxia-induced VEGF production, which is located downstream from sorbitol pathway activation and oxidative stress ([@B37]). Recent evidence from our previous study and a study of PARP knockout mice suggests that PARP function is involved in signal transduction, important in enhancing the p38/MAPK signaling in response to HG or inflammatory stimulation ([@B22],[@B38]). In this study, our results revealed that PARP activity was increased in the retinal tissues of diabetic rats and simvastatin treatment inhibited PARP activation, downregulated VEGF expression, and reduced the activation of p38 MAPK; the latter finding is consistent with the report indicating that simvastatin attenuates blood retinal barrier breakdown via VEGF suppression ([@B3],[@B6]). Moreover, it was found that p38 MAPK activity decreased concomitantly with the retinal vascular cell apoptosis.
In the present study, first, we found that ROS is an upstream molecule of PARP, and this is in agreement with previous studies ([@B14],[@B15]) in which NAC, a ROS scavenger, could inhibit hyperglycemia-induced activation of PARP, whereas H~2~O~2~ increased PARP and p38 MAPK activity, upregulated VEGF expression, and induced the apoptosis of BRECs. Additionally, we found that VEGF expression and p38 MAPK activity were mediated by PARP activity, as the PARP inhibitor PJ-34 or PARP antisense oligonucleotides downregulate VEGF expression in BRECs (data not shown), and inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and HUVECs apoptosis ([@B22]). Finally, we found that the effects of simvastatin on VEGF expression, p38 MAPK activity, and cell apoptosis were associated with the suppression of PARP activity since the action of simvastatin was similar to that by PJ-34 or PARP antisense oligonucleotides.
VEGF, an angiogenic cytokine secreted by a variety of cells, is a potent survival factor for endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro ([@B7]). However, diabetes or HG treatment blocks the prosurvival effect of VEGF and causes accelerated endothelial cell apoptosis via the action of peroxynitrite in causing tyrosine nitration of PI 3-kinase, inhibiting the activity of Akt-1 kinase, and increasing the activity of p38 MAPK ([@B39]). In the present study, we found similar results in that HG or H~2~O~2~ upregulated VEGF, increased the activity of p38 MAPK, and induced the apoptosis of the endothelial cell (data not shown). Furthermore, the action of simvastatin in the apoptosis of BRECs was similar to that by the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Therefore, the upregulation of VEGF induced by hyperglycemia leads to not only increased vascular permeability, but also to the selective loss of pericytes and formation of acellular capillaries by increasing the activity of p38 MAPK.
In conclusion, simvastatin alleviated retinal vascular permeability and inhibited the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells and formation of acellular capillaries in diabetic rats through the inhibition of VEGF expression and p38 MAPK activity mediated by the PGC-1ฮฑ/mitochondrial ROS/PARP pathway. These results suggest that statins have potential clinical applications in the prevention and treatment of mitochondrial oxidative stress-related illness such as DR.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Online Appendix
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
This work was supported by grants from the Research Fund for the National Nature Science Funding of China (numbers 30871204 and 30872828), National Key Basic Research Program (2010CB535006), and the Funding of Shanghai Key Laboratory for Retinal Disease (number 0904).
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Z.Z. and H.C. researched data, contributed to the discussion, and wrote and reviewed/edited the manuscript. H.W., B.K., B.Z., Q.L., P.L., and L.S. researched data and contributed to the discussion. Q.G. researched data. X.X. researched data, contributed to the discussion, and reviewed/edited the manuscript.
[^1]: Z.Z. and H.C. contributed equally to this work.
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By Juan Cole
Dark Satire: Irony alert
Prosecutor: โJustices of the International Criminal Court, I shall demonstrate to you that this man (points at detained Israeli PM Binyamin Netanyahu in orange jump suit and manacles at accused table) is guilty of serious breaches of international law and not just of war crimes but of a pattern of systematic war crimes over time. As you know, such a pattern amounts to crimes against humanity. He is also guilty of the crime of Apartheid, which is itself a crime against humanity according to the United Nations.โ
Lead Justice leans over his elevated desk. โProceed, counselor.โ
Prosecutor: โThe first charge is the systematic and prolonged violation of the 1949 Geneva Convention on the treatment of populations in times of war and in militarily occupied territories. According to article 49,
โThe Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.โ
Justices of the ICC, I maintain to you that Israel occupied the West Bank in 1967 and that it is an occupied territory under the definition of the law. I maintain to you that Israel illegally annexed part of the West Bank to its artificial โdistrict of Jerusalem,โ itself a violation of the United Nations charter that forbids acquisition of territory by military conquest, and to which Israel is signatory. Thereafter, Israel flooded 300,000 Israelis from its own civilian population into this district, surrounding Arab East Jerusalem and isolating it from the Palestinian population of the West Bank.
I further maintain to you that Israel has settled over 400,000 Israelis from its own population in what is left of the West Bank. This is a total of 700,000 or more persons from Israeli proper settled in Occupied Palestine. Mr. Netanyahu has accelerated this squatting, and sees it increasing by 50% over the next few years. Worse, these settlers are often armed and commit violence against the native Palestinians, with the connivance of Mr. Netanyahu.โ
Justice looks at Netanyahu: โHow do you plead to the charge?โ
Netanyahu: โJudea and Samaria are an inalienable part of Israel and not occupied territories.โ
Justice: โMr. Netanyahu, you are to plead guilty or not guilty. The status of the West Bank as an occupied territory is not in question here; it is universally recognized as such in international law.โ
Netanyahu: โThe terrorists will not be allowed to pose an existential threat to the state of Israel.โ
Justice: โGuilty or not guilty to the charge of violating article 49, Mr. Netanyahu. Terrorism charges may be brought against Hamas leaders if you like, but they are not pertinent to your violation of article 49. As you should have learned in kindergarten, two wrongs donโt make a right.โ
Defense attorney for Netanyahu whispers in his ear, then turns to Justices. โYour honors, my client pleads not guilty by virtue of Iranโs nuclear bomb.โ
Justice: โIran does not have a nuclear bomb; and if it did it would be irrelevant to the charge against you. If you insist on these histrionics, Mr. Netanyahu, I will have you gagged.โ
Prosecutor: โYour honors, the West Bank, home to 2.6 million Palestinians, has become an Apartheid situation under Israeli rule. Mr. Netanyahu has denied the Palestinians the right to a nationality, and says he will forever do so. He has built large numbers of apartment complexes for illegal Israeli squatters on Palestinian land, from which all Palestinians are excluded. This pattern of systematic residential discrimination is typical of Apartheid. He has built highways that Palestinians may not drive on. He has established checkpoints that limit Palestinian mobility in the Palestinian West Bank. He has instituted a pass system identical to that of old Apartheid South Africa. He has had wells dug into aquifers for illegal Israeli squatters, lowering their level and causing Palestinian wells to run dry, in hopes of chasing Palestinians out of the West Bank. This situation meets most of the elements in the Rome Statuteโs definition of Apartheid, II, C:
โAny legislative measures and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and the deliberate creation of conditions preventing the full development of such a group or groups, in particular by denying to members of a racial group or groups basic human rights and freedoms, including the right to work, the right to form recognised trade unions, the right to education, the right to leave and to return to their country, the right to a nationality, the right to freedom of movement and residence, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and associationโฆโ
The Palestinian West Bank under Israeli military occupation is the very face of Apartheid, your honors.โ
Justice to Netanyahu: โHow do you plead to the crime against humanity of Apartheid?โ
Netanyahu: โIsraeli security can only be guaranteed if we control the borders with Jordan.โ
Justice slaps forehead. โClerk, enter a plea of โnot guiltyโ for Mr. Netanyahu. And schedule him for jail time for contempt of court until he apologizes for wasting our time with propaganda.โ
Netanyahu defense attorney: โYour honors, we request dismissal of all these charges.โ
Justice: โOn what grounds, counselor?โ
Counselor: โInternational law is clearly anti-Semitic.โ
Justice (to clerk): โClerk, please schedule defense counsel for jail time for contempt of court, as well.โ
Netanyahu: โNazi!โ
Justice (to clerk): โDouble the jail time for contempt of court.โ
Prosecutor: โYour honors, the current Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip, which Israel occupied in 1967 and which it continues to surround and blockade today, has involved numerous strikes on medical facilities, including an old peopleโs home and health care clinic and a medical center for the disabled. At the disabled center, two challenged persons were killed and more were wounded.
โThis is a direct violation of Article 18, โCivilian hospitals organized to give care to the wounded and sick, the infirm and maternity cases, may in no circumstances be the object of attack but shall at all times be respected and protected by the Parties to the conflict.โ โ
Justice to Netanyahu: โHow do you plead?โ
Netanyahu: โIt is very unfortunate that Hamas hides its rockets in hospitals.โ
Justice: โDo you have any proof of that allegation?โ
Netanyahu: โAll Arabs are terrorists, so obviously the handicapped ones are, as well.โ
Justice: โI give up. Bailiff, gag him!โ
Justice (to Prosecutor): โDo you have more charges, counselor?โ
Prosecutor: โYes, your honor. About 1,000 more.โ
Justices sigh.
Netanyahu stands and gives long muffled speech that cannot be understood because of the gag.
======
Related video:
Euronews: โNetanyahu says Gaza campaign may take โa long time'โ
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Springtomize 2, a popular jailbreak application for deep customization of the SpringBoard for iOS 5, has now been extended with support for iOS 6. Springtomize 2 comes with many different categories of customization and can keep you from having to install multiple different jailbreak tweaks to get the same job done. Itรญs really a super tweak.
Unlike the upgrade from iOS 4 to iOS 5, where Springtomize 2 became a different package from the original Springtomize, Springtomize 2 has been updated to run on both iOS 5 and iOS 6. This means that existing owners of Springtomize 2 can upgrade to the updated version of Springtomize 2 with iOS 6 support for free without having to buy another application to get the iOS 6 support.
In case youรญre not familiar with Springtomize 2, it adds an application icon to your home screen and a preferences pane to your Settings application. You can access either of these to get to Springtomize 2รญs options. From the options, youรญll be able to customize all kinds of features of your SpringBoard, such as your deviceรญs animations, capabilities, features of the dock, features of the lock screen, features of your icons, features of your folders, features of your App Switcher, features of your Status Bar, features of Notification Center, and a whole lot more.
In addition to support for iOS 6, the update includes many fixes and performance enhancements, as a lot of the code was re-written from scratch. Some new features have been added as well.
Some of the new features include:
Apply effects to your wallpaper, such as:
Grayscale
Sepia
Negative
Faded colors
Psycho
Red ascendant
Green ascendant
High contrast
Apply effects to your home screen icons, such as:
Negative
Faded colors
Psycho
Red ascendant
Green ascendant
High contrast
Ability to disable icon dimming when opening folders
Improved check for backup
Faster loading
The Grayscale on Grayscale effect looks cool:
Some of the fixes include:
Restored the old "Hide Knob" option to hide the lock screen slider
No more conflicts with f.lux
Now uses 'uicache' for cleaning the icon cache
Fixes a crash when installing apps
The developer notes that many more new features for Springtomize 2 are on their way. If you haven't purchased Springtomize 2 yet, you'll be able to get it as soon as you can launch Cydia from the BigBoss repository for just $2.99.
It crashed my springboard every time I unlocked my phone on 5.0.1 on my iPhone 4S
Filippo was developing for iOS 5.1.1. Not iOS 5.0.1. This is the reason we always recommend to get to the latest jailbreakable firmware before jailbreaking. Compatibility, compatibility, and compatibility.
If you're going to jailbreak tomorrow, I suggest you go to iOS 6.1 and not iOS 6.0/iOS 6.0.1/iOS 6.0.2.
Multitasking is one of the main known reasons for loss of RAM - apps staying stuck in the switcher.. It seems like Springtomize can actually turn this functionality in the phone OFF - so, like turning PUSH off will allow only Manual get mail or Fetch schedule for getting mai; -- with Springtomize set a certain way an app will only reside in memory while it's 'OPEN' and then when hitting home button - RAM will clear again. I think that's what this tweak claims to do.. Just wanting to verify. There are few things more 'slowing' to a jailbroken phone - than a full APP switcher.
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888 F.2d 1396
Central FL Clinicv.Citrus County**
NO. 89-3131
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
SEP 27, 1989
1
Appeal From: M.D.Fla.
2
AFFIRMED.
**
Local Rule 36 case
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Rotation-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Thermally Stable Multiwalled Titanate Nanotubes and Their Application to Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3.
Titanate nanotubes are widely applied in various fields, including photocatalysts and electronic devices, but their weak thermal stability limits their application for catalyst support. Here, we found that titanate nanotubes with a thick multiwalled structure of 15 layers or more can be prepared by using rotation-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The porous structure of conventional nanotubes synthesized without rotation collapsed easily after thermal treatment, whereas the nanotubes having a thick multiwalled structure retained their pore structure and the specific surface area (โผ300 m2/g) even after calcination at 400 ยฐC in air. Systematic variation of rotation speed suggested that rotation in the synthesis process accelerated the stacking of layered titanate nanosheets, which are known to be intermediates of nanotubes. Thus, the rapid assembly of titanate nanosheets facilitated by rotation led to the formation of nanotubes with a multiwalled structure. Overly fast rotation, however, caused excessive stacking and created a thicker structure that cannot be easily wrapped into nanotubes. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the optimum rotation speed to obtain both the nanotube morphology and the thick multiwalled structure. Vanadium-tungsten-oxide catalyst supported on the multiwalled titanate nanotubes was used in NH3-selective catalytic reduction, which showed stable NO x reduction performance with high selectivity to N2, which may originate from the suppressed sintering of VO x on multiwalled nanotubes. This study demonstrates that the morphology of nanotubes can be tuned by controlling the degree of interaction supplied by external forces.
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I had never heard of singer/songwriter Josh Ritter, but I was moved to find out about him because his debut novel, Brightโs Passage, received very positive notices. Additionally, I was curious because of the diverse backgrounds of the people (Thomas Ricks, Jesse Kornbluth, Dennis Lehane, and Robert Pinsky) who were singing his praises.
Brightโs Passage tells the story of WWI veteran and widower Henry Bright taking flight from both a raging forest fire and his malevolent in-laws. His passage takes place in the company of his infant son and an unusual guardian angel in the Appalachian foothills of West Virginia as Brightโs recollections range from his childhood to his traumatic experiences in the killing fields of France. Itโs a tale told with great assurance and skill as might be expected from so skillful a songwriter.
Josh Ritter and I spoke in late June 2011, when Brightโs Passage first came out and the discussion ranged across writing fiction and songs, books he loves, making music, growing up in Moscow, Idaho with a love of reading, and more. Brightโs Passage is out in paperback today.
RB: What was growing up in Moscow, Idaho like?
JR: It was good. I donโt have much to compare it to. We grew up pretty far out of town โ my brother who is four years younger than me and my folks and kind of parade of psychopathic dogs.
RB: What distinguishes a psychopathic dog?
JR: I havenโt figured that out.
RB: I havenโt checked a map โ is Moscow near a river, and thus its name?
JR: No. No one quite knows. Itโs the same with Idaho as a name. No one really knows where the name came from. There are a lot of theories.
RB: The Indian word for โpotatoโ (laughs).
JR: Somebody said it was based on real estate, like a sub-division, like โHardwood Acres.โ No one really knows.
RB: Not an Indian word.
JR: No, no. And Moscow was the same sort of thing. Some people said it was from Russian immigrants. It was originally called Hog Heaven.
RB: (Laughs).
JR: And then they decided they wanted to get some girls there and so they called it Paradise Valley. And then Moscow finally.
RB: Youโd think they might have changed the name during the Cold War because of John Birchers.
JR: Yeah, yeah. Thereโs a big file out there somewhere.
RB: When did you leave Idaho? How old?
JR: Eighteen. And then I moved back after I lived here in Boston for a while. And then to New York.
RB: Why back to Idaho?
JR: I was on the road all the time and there was a moment when I realized that I was going to freak out unless I had something familiar. And it was, in a way. Coming back gave me a sense of familiarity I really needed at the time.
RB: No big airport that was conveniently located?
JR: Thereโs Boise but thatโs eight and a half hours south.
RB: So Moscow is up north. Is there much evidence of Native American culture?
JR: Definitely. All around โ there is Nez Perce to the south and Coeur dโAlene to the north. All kinds, Blackfoot, all kinds around.
RB: So you came east when you were 18.
JR: First to Oberlin, to college. And then from there to Boston. (Actually I lived a block down the street from here.)
RB: Oberlin has a fine music department, though little known on the East Coast.
JR: Amazing music department. I took some [courses]. I still play with Zack who I met there. Heโs an amazing bass player. And then Darius, who is my manager, who I met there as well, were roommates. So it was great for music โ lots of music-minded people went there.
RB: Somewhere in Ohioโ
JR: The old Northwest.
RB: Did Oberlin have a football team?
JR: It actually did and it lost the entire time I was there. They did not win a single game.
RB: (Laughs).
JR: It became a point of pride.
RB: I read that you began writing Brightโs Passage, this, your first novel, at Oberlin, which reportedly was written because you felt you couldnโt express certain things in a song.
JR: I always felt that the songs โ my favorite songs are usually stories. A lot of times I feel like a song can be an instant. Like a love song, but there is always a setting. Always a sentiment expressed. Always, you know, a moment. And in other songs there can be a whole story. So I think songs are really great, kind of, delivery vehicles for a story. They allow you to make your own conclusions. Good songs never give you everything. So I really believe a song is like an envelope. A novel, you can unfold from a song. Say like โTennessee Studโ or โIsisโ or โThe River.โ Or โFamous Blue Raincoat.โ You could unfold stories from them. So I was finishing my last record and I had a bunch of long narrative songs on there. I was pretty much done and I had this song and I thought it might be too long. It might make the record โ there would just be one too many of these longer songs. But I had nowhere else to put it. So, I figured that I had been talking about it for a while โ how songs and novels were closely related. So I thought I would just do it, you know. Or try it. I had come out of a long spell of not really feeling excited about some of the writing. And suddenly I was writing all these songs and then I didnโt really turn off the tap. So I just started writing this [Brightโs Passage] without thinking too much about it. It was exciting โ it began as an experiment.
RB: So as you are writing this novel do you know how itโs going to end?
JR: No. No.
RB: That was a discovery made along the way.
JR: Absolutely.
RB: So why a novel and not a short story โ itโs a big jump from songs.
JR: I have never been interested in short stories.
RB: You donโt read them?
JR: I mean, I read them. I read a lot of Eudora Welty and Flannery OโConnor and Raymond Carver and Dashiell Hammett stuff. Mostly because I felt like I needed to relax in something.
RB: Reportedly people read short fiction less today โ which I donโt understand given the demands on time that exist.
JR: Right, yeah.
RB: But many writers will say that short fiction is more difficult. Less forgiving.
JR: Thatโs true. I agree. I totally agree. The thing about good writing is concision and when itโs a song in which you tell a story, it has to be as tight as possible. You cannot have anything thatโs going to obfuscate if you are telling a story in a song. You can do lots of missteps in a novel or go off on some tangents and still bring it back.
RB: I agree that songs are stories โ whatโs the difference in writing a song and writing fiction?
JR: Well, I guess thereโs a time frame element. Which is that you can write a song โ it may take an afternoon. It may take eight minutes or a week. But itโs a fairly short amount of time. And then when you are done you constantly play it for people and get that excitement of kind of pulling the sheet off of the statue and saying, โI did this.โ That instant gratification โ which is a great feeling. With a novel you sit and work on it, little bit by little bit, every day. People see you working with your headphones on and then you close the computer or you put down the pen and you have nothing that you are going to show for that day. That kind of thing was a big adjustment for me. I wrote the first draft in two months and then the subsequent 10 drafts over the next year.
RB: Ten drafts, wow.
JR: It was a big first experience for me.
RB: Ten drafts before it went to an editor at a publisher.
JR: I had several drafts before an editor came in and looked at it. And then that process โ it was a lot like a song. You write a song first. The song is done in your mind. Then you work with a producer and they pose problems for you to solve. It was a great experience.
RB: Everyone needs an editor.
JR: Yeah, yeah. Itโs like an extra set of ears. Yeah, yeah.
RB: How long have you been out touting Brightโs Passage?
JR: Basically since yesterday. (Laughs).
RB: So is the book tour integrated into the music tour?
JR: Iโll never read and do a show at the same time โ luckily, I travel for the music and then I go and read at bookstores or something like that. Yeah, I love it. The experience of writing the novel was such a fantastic experience. I have read so much more since. And I have gotten a whole other appreciation for the books I love and reasons to understand books I might not like very much. And also to have a lot more sympathy for stuff I donโt like. Because I know how hard it was to do.
RB: Talking about books you love. What are some of those?
JR: The very first books I really remember loving was a series called The Dark is Rising by Susan Cooper. Theyโre the first books I ever read on my own. They are beautiful books โ kind of Welsh mythology. And then all those fantasy books like J.R.R. Tolkien and then moving on to Carl Sagan and Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarkeโand 2001. Lots of those. Moving forward, all sorts of history books. You know one of the great things about growing up where we grew up is that we had a TV, but we only got two stations. We lived out in the woods and we didnโt have a car to drive anywhere. Not that we would have had anywhere to go. So reading became a really important thing. We never thought about it as something different; it was just that it was all there was to do once you got home at the end of the day.
RB: So your so-called formative years were full of books.
JR: Yeah.
RB: Did your reading level off when you entered a wider world? When on tour do you read a lot?
JR: Yeah. On tour you have to do stuff to stay busy. Luckily the band Iโm in all the guys are all pretty big readers. Thatโs nice. You donโt come into a place and the TV is instantly on. I love watching TV, but feel like it fractures your brain before you go on stage. We pass books around โ we were passing around Neal Stephenson. Neil Gaiman as well โ American Gods, which everybody passed around. Itโs fun โ whatever is getting passed around is really good. I get all sorts of great stuff from Zack [bass player].
RB: Do the people who like your music know you like to read?
JR: Yes.
RB: Do people send you books?
JR: Yes, all the time. Or after shows, they give me books. I usually make little notes about what I am reading at the time. Iโm reading William Least Heat-Moon, Blue Highways and Robert Penn Warren.
RB: The road book โ a quintessentially American story.
JR: Yeah, I agree.
RB: Occasionally, someone revisits de Tocquevilleโs itinerary.
JR: And Jonathan Raban travelling the full length of the Mississippi River [Old Glory: A Voyage Down the Mississippi]. Seems like British people like to do thatโฆ
RB: I always envisioned travelling the circumference of the U.S.
JR: Thatโs a great idea. Thatโd be amazing.
RB: With my dog, Rosie.
JR: Like Travels with Charley.
RB: So you are beginning to be interviewed for the book โ are those interviews much different than for your music?
JR: I thought it would be roughly similar. In some ways it is. But I feel like with songs, there are so many other things to talk about. Production choices โ all these sorts of things. With a book you are dealing with one kind of long extended idea. Also, you write something and you donโt necessarily know what it means until youโre done. Really, what you were actually thinking about. Or what you think you were thinking about. I like that about records as well, but it is interesting to suddenly be kind of holding myself to account about a longer piece of writing, really wondering what it is.
RB: There is so much that is subjective about it. You may read a book when you are 20 years old and then when you re read it later you have a different view. Which may happen with your own writingโ being really pleased.
JR: Yeah, really. Thatโs magical. Or embarrassing. (Laughs).
RB: You seem very happy with what you do.
JR: Yeah, I am.
RB: So you are encouraged to do more?
JR: Absolutely. I understand song writing in some ways because I have been doing it for 10 or 12 years now. At this point I wanted something new โ something that made me nervous or made me feel like I didnโt know what was going on. And I really felt sorta like I was a horse in a field and I look over and see a whole other field. And I want to be over there.
RB: Out of your comfort zone.
JR: Yeah, totally. In so many different ways. I feel with a song, people get a glimpse of a part of what you are thinking and a little bit of your brain. With a novel the vulnerability seems much larger. People can see you for all you might be or potentially how simple you actually are. Which is funny.
RB: I assume you want to get โbetterโ as a novelist/writer?
JR: Yeah.
RB: How would you go about that?
JR: You just gotta keep on doing it. I really do think that showing up is the biggest part. While I put stock in school, I really think that school only teaches you that you donโt know very much. And get used to that. Like knowing the limits of your own abilities is good. I never thought that going to school would make me a better writer; maybe a more aware writer. But I didnโt go to school to write songs and I didnโt feel the necessity to go to school to begin to write a novel. Writing the novel was certainly going to school for me. And I have learned a great deal at least about what I think I want to do better on my next one. Itโs funny I was reading this thing that Annie Dillard said โ the reason you have writers who have written 12 books is because they have been dissatisfied every time. (Laughs). Which is cool.
RB: Are you dissatisfied after you write a song?
JR: No
RB: You donโt feel that there is more you can do?
JR: I mean in that way, most of the songs I throw out, not throw out, but I donโt use 85 percent of what I write โ cuz, I just donโt want people to see it, you know. And the stuff thatโs there, that actually makes it on a record is stuff that I know is good. Maybe people wonโt like it, but I know I liked it and I know why. And over time I will still feel happy performing it. I wonโt dissociate.
RB: So, have you begun your next fiction?
JR: Yeah, I wrote a fair portion and then decided I wanted to go back and restart. But I have a really good idea. I donโt feel stressed out by it
RB: There is no pressure on you to write fiction?
JR: No.
RB: There must be some for song writing?
JR: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Thereโs pressure, but itโs pressure to account for myself. When people buy a book and give you a chance โ I see it as they are buying a book to read, but they are really giving me a chance to go and do something else. My job is to write. I love it. I love it. Iโm in this great incredible position right now to be able to write and enjoy it and the pressure is to make it good and to make it good the way I feel it should be.
RB: Well, itโs a different pressure than worrying about your kidโs dental bills, or the mortgage
JR: Yeah โ right.
RB: Whatโs your vision or sense of your future? Continuing writing?
JR: Yes, definitely.
RB: Movies?
JR: (Laughs). I would love to write a movie. And I would love to write another 10 novels. There is a place to put stories now that isnโt just in songs. And thatโs really important. Not just because itโs fun but for me right now. Itโs really important because I want to continue to feel hungry โ really hungry and get a sense โ I get a real buzz off of writing.
RB: Itโs impressive that apparently you can write anywhere. As far as know, not many writers do that.
JR: Yeah, I guess when I was deep, really having trouble writing I asked Robert Pinsky who Iโve gotten to know. Heโs got grandkids, he travels a lot and heโs doing all this stuff and he has a lot of demands on his time. I asked him if he believes in writerโs block? He said that if you ever have an empty stretch of time coming up, fill it. Like with stuff. Fit your poems in, you know. And I really think thatโs true. If you are going to be real precious about where you write then you are kind of admitting you are easily swayed by everything. And mostly I just like to put on music that doesnโt have words. And I sit, put on my headphones and I have a much easier time writing prose on the road than I do writing music. Which is nice, itโs nice to feel productive in another way.
RB: Speaking of people you know, how do you come to know [journalist] Thomas Ricks?
JR: In 2006 he was working on Fiasco. And he heard โGirl in the War,โ which is a song of mine, and he wrote a section of his book to the record. So he wrote me a note and we met and when I was in Washington D.C. he gave me a tour of The Washington Post, which I was totally geeked out on. It was awesome. And then we have stayed really close friends.
RB: And Jesse Kornbluth is another big fan of yours.
JR: Yeah. You know him?
RB: I know his work. He reviewed your book in the most glowing terms
JR: Really, yeah, yeah.
RB: You must be very active to have these contacts outside the world of music? Are you a pop musician?
JR: I would say so. I am certainly not โ itโs amazing how a song can go through the ether to people and find them and if they are interested, itโs easy to find out more. The people that I have met doing this stuff have been though music. Dennis Lehane โ he wrote some of his book to a record of mine. That just happens that way. And itโs really cool that they will give me some time to try this.
RB: Have you talked to your writer fans about writing fiction?
JR: I talked to Ricks a bunch about it, yeah. He has a beautiful way of looking at it.
RB: Is he retired from The Post?
JR: Yeah, heโs writing books now and has this defense blog. He is working on a history of American generalship from WWII to the present. Itโs a big one.
RB: Is there any way that writing fiction has interfered with writing music?
JR: Itโs true that it used to be if I had an idea for a song I would never think about is this idea for a book. But thankfully they are different enough I get so much energy from performing and recording and itโs such a social activity with my gang, my wolf pack of people that I love. I could never give that up. I love writing for the group I am with. And I donโt think I would be satisfied writing โ I am very lucky because if I was sitting and just obsessing over [writing] I wouldnโt be as happy as I am when I go and work and play.
RB: You have choices.
JR: Thatโs it, yeah.
RB: Give me a sense of how much you tour?
JR: It used to be 150 to 175 dates a year. Youโd be on the road eight or nine months a year. Some days off in between.
RB: I wonder how cultural information [books, movies, music] impacts anyone who creates things. How does it reach you as you crisscross the country? Do you travel outside the country also?
JR: Yeah, all over the place. All over Europe and Australia. Not too much in Asia although I โd love to โ itโs great. Basically every day you wake up and you meet new people and find your way around a town. Thereโs time for reading and you meet people after shows and they give you books. I think thatโs what people who are writers do. They assimilate whatever is โ all the stuff people are thinking. You get a range of different impulses and you try and write about it.
RB: Lots of visual information thatโs almost subliminal.
JR: Definitely. I remember reading Johnny Cashโs biography and him saying that after so many years traveling that he could wake up and know within five miles where he was in the country. And I thought he was full of crap.
RB: (Laughs).
JR: But it turned out as time went by at least you know what state you are in. (Laughs).
RB: Who are some of your musical idols, for lack of a better word?
JR: Of course for inventiveness and seeming fearlessness, somebody like Tom Waits has been โ I would buy whatever he puts out. I like that he is just trying things. [Bob] Dylan is inescapable. Radiohead, like Tom Waits for their inventiveness and their searching. And thereโs people like Alfred Dellerโ
RB: Early European musicโ
JR: Yeah. Counter-tenors. Gillian Welch has a new record out who I love. Lucinda Williams. I like Jay-Z. I like a lot of stuff. I like people more and more like Neil Young who have chosen to make music and I can tell how they have chosen to live their life. Which is important to me.
RB: Young strikes me as an authentic renegade.
JR: Yeah and he also has a family and has a good family life.
RB: I am trying to think of who else has stayed on top of their game โ Leonard Cohen. He got screwed by his manager. On the other hand thatโs how many people wake up after Enron and the like.
JR: I saw him [Cohen] at the Beacon in New York. I never have cried at a show. I am always too busy watching whatโs going on. I lost myself totally that day.
RB: He is pretty compelling and poignant. I came to like him later in his career especially after his album Ten New Songs with โThat Donโt Make It Junk.โ
JR: And โAlexandra Leaving.โ Thatโs an amazing song.
RB: I was glad to see that my musical tastes hadnโt calcified and that I was still open.
JR: That is really cool. Itโs interesting that you say that โ so many people respond to his earlier stuff and have trouble getting in to his later stuff.
RB: Do you have a title for the next book?
JR: No.
RB: Did Brightโs Passage have a title when you began it?
JR: No.
RB: Like Steve Martin says, You started out with a blank sheet and pen.
JR: Thatโs how it is with records too. The title is always the last thing to come. Itโs the last distillation of whatever you are working on.
RB: Well, thank you very much
JR: Thank you, man. Thanks a lot.
Image courtesy of the author.
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What colonies did the British Empire have in the New World in 1776?
In 1776, the colonies that are now the United States were still colonies of Britain. So were colonies that are now part of Canada as well as several colonies in the Caribbean. Among those colonies were (all names are what they were called at the time):
I wonder if the above list might be modified by adding British Honduras, East Florida, Montserrat, Mosquito Coast, Virgin Islands, and West Florida; and by deleting Upper and Lower Canada, which must have been still part of Quebec; Cape Breton Island, which must have been part of Nova Scotia; Florida, which was still East and West Florida; and North West Territories, which might have been part of Quebec or Rupertโs Land.
Anguilla
Antigua
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
British Honduras, now called Belize
Lower and Upper Canada, may still have been part of Quebec.
Cape Breton Island, may have been part of Nova Scotia
Cayman Islands
Connecticut
Delaware
Dominica
Florida, two colonies, East and West Florida
Georgia
Grenada
Jamaica
Leeward Islands
Maryland
Massachusetts
Montserrat British colony 1668-1782
Mosquito Coast British 1630-1859
Nevis
Newfoundland
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Northwest Territories (I wonder if this was part of Quebec or Rupertโs Land?)
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---
abstract: 'Convergence of stochastic processes with jumps to diffusion processes is investigated in the case when the limit process has discontinuous coefficients. An example is given in which the diffusion approximation of a queueing model yields a diffusion process with discontinuous diffusion and drift coefficients.'
address:
- 'School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA'
- 'Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel'
author:
- 'N. V. Krylov'
- 'R. Liptser'
title: On diffusion approximation with discontinuous coefficients
---
Introduction {#sec-1}
============
Suppose that we are given a sequence of semimartingales $(x^n_t)_{t\ge 0}$, $n=1,2,...$, with paths in the Skorokhod space ${\mathcal{D}}=
{\mathcal{D}}([0,\infty),{\mathbb{R}}^d)$ of ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued right-continuous functions on $[0,\infty)$ having left limits on $(0,\infty)$. If one can prove that the sequence of distributions ${\mathbb{Q}}^{n}$ of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$ on ${\mathcal{D}}$ weakly converges to the distribution ${\mathbb{Q}}$ of a diffusion process $(x _t)_{t\ge 0}$, then one says that the sequence of $(x^n_t)_{t\ge 0}$ admits a diffusion approximation. In this article by diffusion processes we mean solutions of Itรด equations of the form $$x_t=x_0+\int_0^tb(s,x_s)\,ds+\int_0^t\sqrt{a(s,x_s)}\,dw_s,$$ with $w_{t}$ being a vector-valued Wiener process. Usually to investigate the question if in a particular situation there is a diffusion approximation one uses the general framework of convergence of semimartingales as developed for instance in ยง3, Ch.ย 8 of [@LS] (also see the references in this book).
The problem of diffusion approximation attracted attention of many researchers who obtained many deep and important results. The reason for this is that diffusion approximation is a quite efficient tool in stochastic systems theory (see [@Ku'84], [@Ku'90]), in asymptotic analysis of queueing models under heavy traffic and bottleneck regimes (see [@KL]), in finding asymptotically optimal filters (see [@KuRu], [@LR]), in asymptotical optimization in stochastic control problems (see [@KuRu0], [@LRT]), and in many other issues.
In all above-mentioned references the coefficients $a(t,x)$ and $b(t,x)$ of the limit diffusion process are continuous in $x$. In part, this is dictated by the approach developed in ยง3, Ch.ย 8 of [@LS]. On the other hand, there are quite a few situations in which the limit process should have discontinuous coefficients. One of such situations is presented in [@FS] where a queueing model is considered. It was not possible to apply standard results and the authors only conjectured that the diffusion approximation should be a process with natural coefficients. Later this conjecture was rigorously proved in [@Ch]. In [@Ch] and [@FS] only drift term is discontinuous. Another example of the limit diffusion with discontinuous both drift and diffusion coefficients is given in article [@KhasKryl] on averaging principle for diffusion processes with null-recurrent fast component.
The idea to circumvent the discontinuity of $a$ and $b$ is to try to show that the time spent by $(t,x_{t})$ in the set $G$ of their discontinuity in $x$ is zero. This turns out to be enough if outside of $G$ the โcoefficientsโ of $x^{n}_{t}$ converge โuniformlyโ to the coefficients of $x_{t}$. By the way, even if all these hold, still the functionals $$\int_{0}^{t}a(t,y_{t})\,dt,\quad
\int_{0}^{t}b(t,y_{t})\,dt,\quad y_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$$ need not be continuous on the support of ${\mathbb{Q}}$. This closes the route of โtrivialโ generalizing the result from ยง3, Ch.ย 8 of [@LS].
To estimate the time spent by $x_{t}$ we use an inequality similar to the following one $$\label{*}
E\int_{0}^{T}f(t,x_{t})\,dt \leq
N\Bigg(\int_{0}^{T}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}
f^{d+1}(t,x)\,dxdt\Bigg)^{1/(d+1)},$$ which is obtained in [@Kr74] for nonnegative Borel $f$. Then upon assuming that $G\subset(0,\infty)\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ has $d+1$-dimensional Lebesgue measure zero and substituting $I_{G}$ in place of $f$ in (\[\*\]) we get that indeed the time spent by $(t,x_{t})$ in $G$ is zero. However, for (\[\*\]) to hold we need the process $x_{t}$ to be uniformly nondegenerate which may be not convenient in some applications. Therefore, in Sec.ย \[section 3.14.1\] we prove a version of (\[\*\]), which allows us to get the conclusion about the time spent in $G$ assuming that the process is nondegenerate only on $G$. In essence, our approach to diffusion approximation with discontinuous coefficients is close to the one from [@Ch]. However, details are quite different and we get more general results under less restrictive assumptions. In particular, we do not impose the linear growth condition. Neither do we assume that the second moments of $x^{n}_{0}$ are bounded. The weak limits of processes with jumps appear in many other settings, in particular, in Markov chain approximations in the theory of controlled diffusion processes, where, generally, the coefficients of $x^{n}_{t}$ are not supposed to converge to anything in any sense and yet the processes converge weakly to a process of diffusion type.
We mention here Theorem 5.3 in Ch.ย 10 of [@KD] also bears on this matter in the particular case of Markov chain approximations in the theory of controlled diffusion processes. Clearly, there is no way to specify precisely the coefficients of all limit points in the general problem. Still one can obtain some nontrivial information and one may wonder if one can get anything from general results when we are additionally given that the coefficients do converge on the major part of the space. In Remarks \[remark 10.13.1\] and \[remark 10.13.2\] we show that this is not the case in what concerns Theorem 5.3 in Ch.ย 10 of [@KD].
Above we alluded to the โcoefficientsโ of $x^{n}_{t}$. By them we actually mean the local drift and the matrix of quadratic variation. We do not use any additional structure of $x^{n}_{t}$. In particular, the quadratic variation is just the sum of two terms: one coming from diffusion and another from jumps. Therefore unlike [@KP] we do not use any stochastic equations for $x^{n}_{t}$. This allows us to neither introduce nor use any assumptions on the martingales driving these equations and their (usual) coefficients thus making the presentation simpler and more general. On the other hand it is worth noting that the methods of [@KP] may be more useful in other problems. Our intention was not to cover all aspects of diffusion approximation but rather give a new method allowing us to treat discontinuous coefficients. In particular, we do not discuss uniqueness of solutions to the limit equation. This is a separate issue belonging to the theory of diffusion processes and we only mention article [@KhasKryl], where the reader can find a discussion of it.
The paper is organizes as follows. In Section \[section 4.14.1\] we prove our main results, Theorems \[theorem 3.8.1\] and \[theorem 4.25.1\], about diffusion approximation. Their proofs rely on the estimate proved in Sec.ย \[section 3.14.1\] we have been talking about above. But even if the set $G$ is empty, the results which we prove are the first ones of the kind.
In Theorems \[theorem 3.8.1\] and \[theorem 4.25.1\] there is no assumption about any control of $\sqrt{a(t,x)}$ and $b(t,x)$ as $|x|\to\infty$, but instead we assume that ${\mathbb{Q}}^{n}$ converge weakly to ${\mathbb{Q}}$. Therefore, in Sec.ย \[section 4.14.2\] we give a sufficient condition for precompactness of a sequence of distributions on Skorokhod space. Interestingly enough, this condition is different from those which one gets from [@JS] and [@LS] and again does not involve usual growth conditions. Sec.ย \[section 4.18.1\] contains an example of application of our results to a queueing model close to the one from [@Ch], [@FS]. We slightly modify the model from [@Ch], [@FS] and get the diffusion approximation with discontinuous [*drift*]{} and [*diffusion*]{} coefficients. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example when the diffusion approximation leads to discontinuous diffusion coefficients.
The authors are sincerely grateful to the referees for many useful suggestions.
The main results {#section 4.14.1}
================
We use notions and notation from [@LS]. For each $n=1,2,...$, let $$(\Omega^{n},{\mathcal{F}}^{n},{\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t},t\geq0, P^{n})$$ be a stochastic basis satisfying the โusualโ assumptions. Let ${\mathcal{D}}$ be the Skorokhod space or right-continuous ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued functions $x_{t}$ given on $[0,\infty)$ and having left limits on $(0,\infty)$. As usual we endow ${\mathcal{D}}$ with Skorokhod-Lindvall metric in which ${\mathcal{D}}$ becomes a Polish space (see Theorem 2, ยง1, Ch.ย 6 of [@LS]).
Suppose that for each $n$ on $\Omega^{n}$ we are given an ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$-semimartingale $x^{n}_{t}$, $t\geq0$, with trajectories in ${\mathcal{D}}$. Let $(B^{n},C^{n},\nu^{n})$ be the triple of predictable characteristics of $(x^{n}_{t},{\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t})$ and $\mu^{n}$ be its jump measure (see ยง1, Ch.ย 4 of [@LS]). Then $$x^{n}_{t}=x^{n}_{0}+B^{n}_{t}+x^{nc}_{t}+\int_{0}^{t}
\int_{|x|\leq1}x\,(\mu^{n}-\nu^{n})(dsdx)+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{|x|>1}
x\,\mu^{n}(dsdx),$$ where $B^{n}_{t}$ is a predictable process of locally bounded variation with $B^{n}_{0}=0$, $x^{nc}_{t}$ is a continuous local martingale with ${\langle}x^{nc}{\rangle}_{t}=C^{n}_{t}$, $\nu^{n}$ is the compensator of $\mu^{n}$. Define $$m^{n }_{t}=x^{nc}_{t}+\int_{0}^{t}\int_{|x|\leq1}
x\,(\mu^{n}-\nu^{n})(dsdx),\quad
j^{n}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t}\int_{|x|>1}
x\,\mu^{n}(dsdx)$$ so that $m^{n}_{t}$ is a locally square-integrable martingale and $$\label{4.24.2}
x^{n}_{t}=x^{n}_{0}+B^{n}_{t}+m^{n}_{t}+j^{n}_{t}.$$
[ \[assumption 3.8.2\] (i) For each $n$ on $(0,\infty)\times{\mathcal{D}}$ we are given an ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued function $b^{n}=b^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})$ and a $d\times d$ matrix valued function $a^{n}=a^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})$ which is nonnegative and symmetric for any $t$ and $y_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$. The functions $b^{n}$ and $a^{n}$ are Borel measurable. (ii) For each $r\in[0,\infty)$ there exists a locally integrable function $L(r,t)$ given on $[0,\infty)$ such that $L(r,t)$ increases in $r$ and $$\label{4.14.3}
|b^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})\leq L(r,t)$$ whenever $t>0$, $y_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, and $|y_{t}|\leq r$. (iii) We have $$B^{n}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t}b^{n}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})\,ds,\quad
{\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}_{t}=2\int_{0}^{t}a^{n}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})\,ds.$$ ]{}
[We have $${\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}^{ij}_{t}=
{\langle}x^{nc}{\rangle}^{ij}_{t}+\int_{0}^{t}
\int_{|x|\leq1}x^{i}x^{j} \nu^{n}(dsdx)$$ and it follows from Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\] that both summands on the right are absolutely continuous in $t$. In particular, they are continuous, which along with the continuity of $B^{n}_{t}$ implies that $x^{n}_{t}$ is quasi leftcontinuous (see Theorem 1, ยง1, Ch.ย 4 of [@LS]). ]{}
\[assumption 3.8.3\] (i) On $(0,\infty)\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ we are given an ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued function $b=b(t,x)$ and a $d\times d$ matrix valued function $a=a(t,x)$ which is nonnegative and symmetric for any $t$ and $x$. The functions $b$ and $a$ are Borel measurable.
\(ii) There exists a Borel set $G\subset(0,\infty)\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ (perhaps empty) such that, for almost every $t\in(0,\infty)$, for every $x$ lying outside of the $t$-section $G_{t}:=\{x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}:(t,x)\in G\}$ of $G$ and any sequence $y^{n}_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, which converges to a continuous function $y_{\cdot}$ satisfying $y _{t}=x$, it holds that $$b^{n}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})\to b(t,x),\quad
a^{n}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})\to a(t,x).$$
\[remark 3.13.2\] It is easy to see that Assumption \[assumption 3.8.3\] implies that for almost any $t$, the functions $a(t,x)$ and $b(t,x)$ are continuous on the set ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}\setminus G_{t}$ in the relative topology of this set.
Also, Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\] and \[assumption 3.8.3\] obviously imply that $$|b (t,x)|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a (t,x)\leq L(r,t)$$ for almost every $t\in(0,\infty)$ and all $x$ satisfying $ |x|\leq r$, $x\not\in G_{t}$.
\[assumption 3.8.4\] If $G\ne\emptyset$, then for almost each $t$
\(i) the set $ G _{t} $ has Lebesgue measure zero,
\(ii) for every $x\in G _{t} $ and each sequence $y^{n}_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, which converges to a continuous function $y_{\cdot}$ satisfying $ y _{t} =x$, we have $$\label{4.19.2}
\varliminf_{n\to\infty}\det a^{n}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\geq\delta(t,x)>0,$$ where $\delta$ is a Borel function.
[Condition (\[4.19.2\]) is satisfied if, for instance, the processes $x^{n}_{t}$ are uniformly nondegenerate in a neighborhood of $G_{t}$. ]{}
[ \[assumption 3.8.5\] For any $T,\varepsilon\in(0,\infty)$, and any $\alpha\in(0,1]$, it holds that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}P^{n}\big(
\nu^{n}\big((0,T]\times B^{c}_{\alpha}))\geq\varepsilon\big)=0,$$ where $B_{\alpha}=\{x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}:|x|<\alpha\}$, $B^{c}_{\alpha}=\{x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}:|x|\geq \alpha\}$. ]{}
\[remark 3.13.1\] Notice that for each $\alpha\in(0,1]$ and $r,T\in[0,\infty)$
$$\theta^{n}_{rT}:=\int_{0}^{T}
\int_{|x|\leq1}|x|^{3}I_{|x_{s}|\leq r }
\,\nu^{n}(dsdx)\leq\int_{0}^{T}\int_{|x|<\alpha}+
\int_{0}^{T}\int_{|x|\geq\alpha}$$ $$\leq\alpha\int_{0}^{T}\int_{|x|\leq1}|x|^{2}I_{|x_{s}|\leq r }
\,\nu^{n}(dsdx)+\nu^{n}\big((0,T]\times B^{c}_{\alpha})),$$ where according to Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\] the first term on the right is less than $$2\alpha\int_{0}^{T}I_{|x_{s}|\leq r }
{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})
\,ds\leq 2\alpha\int_{0}^{T}L(r,s)\,ds.$$ It follows easily that, owing to Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\] and \[assumption 3.8.5\], for each $\varepsilon>0$ and $r,T\in[0,\infty)$, we have $$\lim_{n\to\infty}
P^{n}(\theta^{n}_{rT}\geq\varepsilon\big)=0$$ and since $\theta^{n}_{rT}\leq2\int_{0}^{T}L(r,s)\,ds$, we also have $E^{n}\theta^{n}_{rT}\to0$ as $n\to\infty$, where $E^{n}$ is the expectation sign relative to $P^{n}$.
[ \[remark 4.17.1\] Define $$\label{4.17.2}
\gamma^{n}=\inf\{t\geq0:|j^{n}_{t}|>1\}.$$ Then $\gamma^{n}$ is an ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$-stopping time, and obviously $j^{n}_{t}=0$ for $0\leq t<\gamma^{n}$. Furthermore, by Lemma VI.4.22 of [@JS], Assumption \[assumption 3.8.5\] implies that $$P^{n}(\gamma^{n}\leq T)\to0$$ for each $T\in[0,\infty)$. ]{}
\[theorem 3.8.1\] In addition to Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\]-\[assumption 3.8.5\], suppose that the sequence of distributions $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})_{n\geq1}$ of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$ converges weakly on the Polish space ${\mathcal{D}}$ to a measure ${\mathbb{Q}}$. Then ${\mathbb{Q}}$ is the distribution of a solution of the Itรด equation $$\label{4.18.3}
x_{t}=x_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}\sqrt{2a(s,x_{s})}\,dw_{s}
+\int_{0}^{t}b(s,x_{s})\,ds$$ defined on a probability space with $w_{t}$ being a $d$-dimensional Wiener process.
\[remark 10.13.1\] Notice that there are [*no conditions*]{} on the values of $ a(t,x)$ and $b(t,x)$ on the set $G$. Hence Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] holds if we replace $ a,b $ with any other Borel functions, which coincide with the original ones on the complement $\Gamma$ of $G$. Of course, this can only happen if $$\int_{0}^{t}I_{G}(s,x_{s})\, ds=0\quad\text{(a.s.)}.$$ This equality is proved in Lemma \[lemma 4.21.4\]. In particular, $x_{t}$ satisfies $$\label{4.18.30}
x_{t}=x_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}I_{\Gamma}(s,x_{s})\sqrt{2a(s,x_{s})}\,dw_{s}
+\int_{0}^{t}I_{\Gamma}(s,x_{s})b(s,x_{s})\,ds.$$ Thus, the limit process satisfies (\[4.18.30\]). A particular feature of this equation is that generally its solutions are not unique. Indeed, let $x'_{t}$ be a one-dimensional Wiener process $w_{t}$ and $x''_{t}$ the process identically equal to zero. They both satisfy $dx_{t}=\sqrt{2a(t,x_{t})}\,dw_{t}$, where $a(t,x)=1/2$ for $(t,x)\not\in G$, $a(t,x)=0$ for $(t,x)\in G$, and $G=[0,\infty)\times\{0\}$. Of course, there are many more different solutions which spend some time at zero then follow the trajectories of $w_{t}$ for a while and then again stay at zero. Therefore, the statement that $x_{t}$ has the form $$x_{t}=x_{0}+\int_{0}^{t}\sqrt{2a_{s}}\,dw_{s}
+\int_{0}^{t}b_{s}\,ds,$$ where $a_{s}=a(s,x_{s})$ and $b_{s}=b(s,x_{s})$ whenever $(s,x_{s})\not\in G$ and $a$ and $b$ are not specified otherwise (cf. the first part of Theorem 5.3 in Ch.ย 10 of [@KD]), contains very little information on the process: in the above example both $x'_{t}$ and $x''_{t}$ have this form. In contrast with this always in the above example, the fact that without changing $x_{t}$ one can change $a,b$ on $G$ in any way, and thus take $a\equiv1/2$, leaves only one possibility: $x_{t}=w_{t}$.
\[remark 10.13.2\] From Remark \[remark 10.13.1\] we also see that the assumption that (\[4.18.3\]) has a unique (weak or strong) solution makes no sense unless the values of $ a(t,x)$ and $b(t,x)$ are [*specified everywhere*]{}. In Theorem 5.3 in Ch.ย 10 of [@KD] an attempt is presented to specify $ a(t,x)$ and $b(t,x)$ on $G$ consisting of requiring that they belong to the set of all possible diffusion and drift coefficients of $x_{t}$ when $x_{t}\in
G_{t}$. Generally, the set $x_{t}\in
G_{t}$ has zero probability (say, for the Wiener process) and the requirement seems to have little sense. Nevertheless, it is natural to assume that, if $x_{t}=w_{t}$ in the example from Remark \[remark 10.13.1\], then the only possibility for $a(t,0)$ is $1/2$, the same value as for all other $x$.
In that case, the equation $dx_{t}=\sqrt{2a(t,x_{t})}\,dw_{t}$ ($=dw_{t}$) with zero initial condition has a unique solution, the distribution of which (by Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\]) is the weak limit of the distributions of solutions to $dx^{n}_{t}=
\sqrt{2a^{n}(x_{t})}\,dw_{t}$ with zero initial condition, where $a^{n}(x)=1/2$ for $|x|\geq1/n$ and $a^{n}(x)=1/3$ for $|x|<1/n$.
Hovewer, this fact does not imply that the distributions of any other processes $z^{n}_{\cdot}$ converge to the Wiener measure, provided only that $z^{n}_{t}$ satisfy $z^{n}_{0}=0$ and $dz^{n}_{t}=\sqrt{2c^{n}(z^{n}_{t})}\,dw_{t}$ with $c^{n}(x)=a^{n}(x)$ for $|x|\geq1/n$, $c^{n}\geq0$, and $\sup_{n,x}c^{n}(x)<\infty$. To show this, it suffices to define $c^{n}(x)=n^{2}x^{2}$ for $|x|\leq1/n$ and notice that $z^{n}_{t}\equiv0$ for all $n$.
This somewhat contradicts the second part of Theorem 5.3 in Ch.ย 10 of [@KD].
The proof of Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] consists of several steps throughout which we assume that the conditions of this theorem are satisfied.
The idea is to rewrite (\[4.18.3\]) in terms of the martingale problem of Stroock-Varadhan. Then naturally we also want to write the information about $x^{n}_{t}$ in a martingale form not involving stochastic bases and convenient to passing to the limit. This is done in Lemma \[lemma 4.21.1\]. After that we pass to the limit and in Lemma \[lemma 4.21.2\] derive our theorem upon additionally assuming that the time spent by the limit process $(t,x_{t})$ in the set $G$ of possible discontinuities of coefficients is zero. This additional assumption holds, for instance, if $G=\emptyset$. Lemma \[lemma 4.21.4\] concludes the proof of the theorem.
After that in Theorem \[theorem 4.25.1\] we extend Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] to cases in which uniform nondegeneracy on $G_{t}$ of diffusion is not required. We show the usefulness of Theorem \[theorem 4.25.1\] in Remark \[remark 4.25.1\].
As any probability measure on ${\mathcal{D}}$, the measure ${\mathbb{Q}}$ is the distribution on ${\mathcal{D}}$ of a process $x_{\cdot}$ having trajectories in ${\mathcal{D}}$ and defined on a probability space. By $E$ we denote the expectation sign associated with that probability space. We will see that the theorem holds for this $x_{\cdot}$ up to a possible enlargement of the probability space on which $x_{\cdot}$ lives. In the following lemma Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.3\] and \[assumption 3.8.4\] are not used.
By $C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$ we denote the set of all infinitely differentiable real-valued function $u=u(t,x)$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d+1}$ with compact support.
\[lemma 4.21.1\] For any $0\leq t_{1}\leq...\leq t_{q}\leq s\leq
t<\infty$, continuous bounded function $f$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{qd}$, and $u\in C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
&Ef(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\big[u(t,x _{t})-u(s,x _{s})\big]&\nonumber
\\
&=\lim_{n\to\infty}E^{n}f(x^{n}_{t_{1}},...
,x^{n}_{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}\big[u_{p}(p,x^{n}_{p})&+a^{nij}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})
u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p, x^{n}_{p})\nonumber
\\
\label{4.21.6}
& &+b^{ni}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}}(p,x^{n}_{p})\big]\,dp.\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, the integrand with respect to $p$ is less than $NL(r,p)$, where the constants $N$ and $r$ depend only on $u$ but not on $\omega$ and $n$.
Proof. Denote $$z^{n}_{t}=x^{n}_{t}-j^{n}_{t},$$ and for any process $z_{t}$ on $\Omega^{n}$ denote (whenever it makes sense) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{4.17.3}
M^{n}_{t}(z_{\cdot}):=u(t,z _{t})-u(0,z_{0})
-\int_{0}^{t}u_{t}(s,z _{s})\,ds-
\int_{0}^{t}u_{x^{i}}(s,z _{s})\,dB^{ni}_{s}\nonumber
\\
-(1/2)\int_{0}^{t}u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(s,z _{s})
\,d{\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}^{ij}_{s} ,\end{aligned}$$ $$\rho^{n}_{s}(z_{\cdot},x)=
u(s,z _{s}+x)-
u(s,z _{s } )-x^{i}u_{x^{i}}(s,z _{s})
-(1/2)x^{i}x^{j}u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(s,z _{s}),$$ $$\label{4.17.4}
R^{n}_{t}(z_{\cdot})=\int_{0}^{t}
\int_{|x|\leq1}\rho^{n}_{s}(z_{\cdot},x)\,\nu^{n}(dsdx).$$
Notice that, by Itรดโs formula (see Theorem 1, ยง3, Ch.ย 2 of [@LS]) the process $M^{n}_{t}(z^{n}_{\cdot})-R^{n}_{t}(z^{n}_{\cdot})$ is a local ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$-martingale. To be more precise Theorem 1, ยง3, Ch.ย 2 of [@LS] says that $$M^{n}_{t}(z^{n}_{\cdot})-R^{n}_{t}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
=\sum_{0<s\leq t}
\big[u(s,z^{n}_{s})-u(s,z^{n}_{s-})-u_{x^{i}}(s,z^{n}_{s-})
\Delta z^{ni}_{s}\big]$$ $$- \int_{0}^{t}\int_{|x|\leq1}\big[u(s,z^{n}_{s}+x)-
u(s,z^{n}_{s } )-x^{i}u_{x^{i}}(s,z^{n}_{s})\big]\,
\nu^{n}(dsdx)$$ $$+\int_{0}^{t}u_{x^{i}}(s,x^{n}_{s-})\,dm^{ni}_{s}.$$ Here the last term is a local martingale as is any stochastic integral with respect to a local martingale and the sum of remaining terms equals $$\int_{0}^{t}\int_{|x|\leq1}\big[u(s,z^{n}_{s-}+x)-
u(s,z^{n}_{s-} )-x^{i}u_{x^{i}}(s,z^{n}_{s-})\big]\,
\bar{\mu}(dsdx)$$ which is the stochastic integral with respect to the martingale measure $\bar{\mu}=\mu-\nu$ and thus also is a local martingale.
Take the ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$-stopping time $\gamma^{n}$ introduced in (\[4.17.2\]). Then $$M^{n}_{t \wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
-R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})$$ is again a local martingale. It turns out that, for each $T\in[0,\infty)$, the trajectories of $
M^{n}_{t \wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})$, $t\in[0,T]$, are bounded and even uniformly in $n$, Indeed, let $r$ be such that $u(t,x)=0$ for $|x|\geq r$. Notice that $z^{n}_{t}=x^{n}_{t}$ for $0\leq t< \gamma^{n}$. Then we find $$\int_{0}^{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}
u_{x^{i}}(s,z^{n}_{s })\,dB^{ni}_{s}
= \int_{0}^{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}
u_{x^{i}}(s,x^{n}_{s })b^{ni}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot}) \,ds,$$ where $$|u_{x^{i}}(s,x^{n}_{s })b^{ni}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})|=0$$ if $|x_{s}|\geq r$ (since $u(t,x)=0$ for $|x|\geq r$) and $$|u_{x^{i}}(s,x^{n}_{s })b^{ni}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})|
\leq L(r,s) \sup_{s,x}|u_{x}(s,x)|$$ if $|x_{s}|\leq r$ (see Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\]). Therefore, $$\big|\int_{0}^{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}
u_{x^{i}}(s,z^{n}_{s })\,dB^{ni}_{s}\big|
\leq\sup_{s,x}|u_{x}(s,x)|\int_{0}^{t}L(r,s)\,ds.$$ Similarly one treats the integrals with respect to ${\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}^{ij}_{s}$. As long as $R^{n}_{t }(z^{n}_{\cdot})$ is concerned we notice that, for $|x|\leq1$ and $0\leq t< \gamma^{n}$, we have $$|\rho^{n}_{s}(z^{n}_{\cdot},x)|\leq
N|x|^{3}I_{|z^{n}_{s}|\leq r+1}
=N|x|^{3}I_{|x^{n}_{s}|\leq r+1},$$ where the constant $N$ can be expressed in terms of the third-order derivatives of $u$ only. Therefore, $$|R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})|
\leq N\theta_{r+1,T}^{n},$$ where $\theta_{r ,T}^{n}$ is introduced in Remark \[remark 3.13.1\]. By this remark for any $t$ we have $E|R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})|\to 0$. It follows that $E^{n}|R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})|<\infty$, so that the local martingale $M^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
-R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})$ is in fact a martingale.
Hence, $$E^{n}f(x^{n}_{t_{1}},...,x^{n}_{t_{m}})
\big[M^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
-R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})-
(M^{n}_{s\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
-R^{n}_{s\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})) \big]=0.$$ Since $E^{n}|R^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}
(z^{n}_{\cdot})|\to0$, we also have $$\lim_{n\to\infty}E^{n}f(x^{n}_{t_{1}},...,x^{n}_{t_{q}})
\big[M^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot}) -
M^{n}_{s\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})
\big]=0 .$$ Furthermore, due to Remark \[remark 4.17.1\], $P(\gamma^{n}\leq T)\to0$ as $n\to\infty$ for each $T\in[0,\infty)$. In light of this fact and by virtue of the uniform boundedness of $M^{n}_{.\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})$, we obtain $$\label{4.16.2}
\lim_{n\to\infty}E^{n}
\big|M^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})-
M^{n}_{s\wedge\gamma^{n}}(z^{n}_{\cdot})\big|
I_{\gamma_{n}\leq t}=0,$$ so that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}E^{n}f(x^{n}_{t_{1}},...,x^{n}_{t_{q}})
\big[M^{n}_{t }(z^{n}_{\cdot}) - M^{n}_{s }(z^{n}_{\cdot})
\big]I_{t<\gamma^{n}}=0.$$ In addition, obviously, $M^{n}_{t }(z^{n}_{\cdot})=
M^{n}_{t }(x^{n}_{\cdot})$ for $t<\gamma^{n}$ and in the same way as above one can prove that the trajectories of $M^{n}_{t }(x^{n}_{\cdot})$, $t\in[0,T]$, are uniformly bounded in $n$ for each $T$. It follows that (\[4.16.2\]) holds with $t,s,x^{n}_{\cdot}$ in place of $t\wedge\gamma^{n}$, $s\wedge\gamma^{n}$, $z^{n}_{\cdot}$, respectively. Thus, $$\lim_{n\to\infty}E^{n}f(x^{n}_{t_{1}},...,x^{n}_{t_{q}})
\big[M^{n}_{t }(x^{n}_{\cdot}) - M^{n}_{s }(x^{n}_{\cdot})
\big] =0$$ which is rewritten as (\[4.21.6\]). The asserted boundedness of the integrand in (\[4.21.6\]) follows easily from the above argument. The lemma is proved.
After we have exploited stochastic bases $(\Omega^{n},{\mathcal{F}}^{n},
{\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t},t\geq0,P^{n})$, we will pass to processes defined on the same probability space. We are going to rely upon two facts. First we know from Theorem 1, ยง5, Ch.ย 6 of [@LS] that, owing to Assumption \[assumption 3.8.5\], ${\mathbb{Q}}$ is concentrated on the space of [*continuous*]{} ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued functions defined on $[0,\infty)$. Second, remember that if $y^{n}_{\cdot}\to y_{\cdot}$ in ${\mathcal{D}}$ and $y_{\cdot}$ is continuous, then $|y^{n}_{\cdot}-y_{\cdot}|^{*}_{t}\to0$ for any $t<\infty$, where $$y^{*}_{t}:=\sup_{r\leq t}|y_{r}|.$$ Owing to these facts and Skorokhodโs embedding theorem (see ยง6, Ch.ย 1 of [@Sk]), we may assume that all the processes $x^{n}_{\cdot}$, $n
=1,2,...$, are given on the same probability space and there is a continuous process $x_{t}$ such that (a.s.) $$\label{4.12.2}
\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{t\leq T}|x^{n}_{t}-x_{t}|=0\quad
\forall T\in[0,\infty).$$
\[lemma 4.21.2\] Assume that for any $T$ $$\label{3.13.1}
E\int_{0}^{T}I_{G}(t,x_{t})\,dt=0,$$ which is certainly true if $G=\emptyset$. Then the assertion of Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] holds.
Proof. As explained before the lemma we can write $E$ in place of $E^{n}$ in (\[4.21.6\]). Then we insert $I_{x_{p}\not\in G_{p}}$, which is harmless due to (\[3.13.1\]), in the integral in (\[4.21.6\]) (notice $x_{p}$ and not $x^{n}_{p}$). Furthermore, we remember the last assertion of Lemma \[lemma 4.21.1\] and use Assumption \[assumption 3.8.3\], (\[4.12.2\]), and the dominated convergence theorem to conclude that the limit in (\[4.21.6\]) equals $$\begin{aligned}
\label{3.14.3}
Ef(x_{t_{1}},...,x_{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}I_{x_{p}\not\in G_{p}}
\big[
a^{ ij}(p,x _{p})u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p,x _{p})\nonumber
\\
+b^{ i}(p,x _{p})u_{x^{i}}(p,x _{p})+u_{p}(p,x _{p})\big]\,dp.\end{aligned}$$
By using (\[3.13.1\]) again, we obtain that $$E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\big[u(t,x _{t})-u(s,x _{s})\big]$$ $$= E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}\big[u_{p}(p,x_{p})+ a^{ ij}(p,x _{p})
u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p, x _{p})$$ $$+b^{ i}(p,x _{p})u_{x^{i}}(p,x _{p})\big]\,dp,$$ for any bounded continuous $f$ and $t_{i}\leq s\leq t$. The latter just amounts to saying that the process $$u(t,x_{t})-\int_{0}^{t}\big[u_{s}(s,x_{s})+
a^{ij}(s,x_{s})u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(s,x_{s})
+b^{i}(s,x_{s})u_{x^{i}}(s,x_{s})\big]\,ds$$ is an ${\mathcal{F}}^{x}_{t}$-martingale, where ${\mathcal{F}}^{x}_{t}$ is the $\sigma$-field generated by $x_{s}$, $s\leq t$. It only remains to remember the Lรฉvy-Doob-Stroock-Varadhan characterization theorem (see, for instance, Sec.ย 4.5 in [@SV] or Secs.ย 2.6 and 2.7 in [@IW]). The lemma is proved.
[ \[remark 4.21.3\] In the general case the above proof and Fatouโs theorem show that, if $f$ [*is nonnegative*]{}, then $$E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\big[u(t,x _{t})-u(s,x _{s})\big]$$ $$\leq E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}I_{x_{p}\not\in G_{p}}\big[u_{p}
(p,x_{p})+ a^{ ij}(p,x _{p})
u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p, x _{p})$$ $$\label{4.21.7}
+b^{ i}(p,x _{p})u_{x^{i}}(p,x _{p})\big]\,dp
+I,$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{4.20.1}
I=Ef(x_{t_{1}},...,x_{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}I_{x_{p}\in G_{p}}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
\big[ a^{nij}
(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p,x^{n}_{p})\nonumber
\\
+b^{ni}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}}(p,x^{n}_{p})
+u_{p}(p,x^{n}_{p})\big]\,dp.\end{aligned}$$ ]{}
In the following lemma we finish proving Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\]. At this moment we take Theorem \[theorem 3.14.1\] for granted.
\[lemma 4.21.4\] Equation (\[3.13.1\]) holds and hence, by Lemma \[lemma 4.21.2\], Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] holds true as well.
Proof. First, we estimate the $\varlimsup$ in (\[4.20.1\]). Fix $\omega$ and almost any $p$ for which (\[4.19.2\]) holds with $p$ in place of $t$ and $x_{p}(\omega)\in G_{p}$. Then we can replace $\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}$ with $\lim\limits_{n'\to\infty}$, where $n'$ is an appropriate sequence tending to infinity. By extracting further subsequences when necessary we may assume that $a^{n'}(p,x^{n'}_{\cdot})$ and $b^{n'}(p,x^{n'}_{\cdot})$ converge to some $\bar{a}$ and $\bar{b}$. Since $x_{p}\in G_{p}$ and $|x^{n}_{\cdot}-x_{\cdot}|^{*}_{p}\to0$, (\[4.19.2\]) implies that $\det\bar{a}\geq\delta(p,x_{p})$. In addition, $$|\bar{b}|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,\bar{a}
\leq L(|x_{p}|+1,p)$$ due to Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\]. Combined with $\det\bar{a}\geq\delta(p,x_{p})$ this yields $$\bar{a}^{ij}\lambda^{i}\lambda^{j}\geq\delta(p,x_{p})
L^{-(d-1)}(|x_{p}|+1,p) |\lambda|^{2}=:
\bar{\delta}(p,x_{p})|\lambda|^{2}\geq
\tilde{\delta}(p,x_{p})|\lambda|^{2}$$ for all $\lambda\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$, where $\tilde{\delta}
=I_{G}\bar{\delta}$. Now by replacing $\delta$ with $\tilde{\delta}$ and both $K(r,t)$ and $L(r,t)$ with $L(r+1,t)$ in Sec.ย \[section 3.14.1\], we conclude that $$\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
\big[a^{nij}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p,x^{n}_{p})
+b^{ni}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}}(p,x^{n}_{p})
+u_{p}(p,x^{n}_{p})\big]$$ $$\leq
u_{p}(p,x_{p})+F(p,x _{p},u_{x x }(p,x_{p}))
+ L(|x _{p}|+1,p)|u_{x}(p,x_{p})|.$$
Furthermore, Remark \[remark 3.13.2\] shows that the same estimate holds for the expression in brackets in (\[3.14.3\]), so that according to (\[4.21.7\]) $$Ef(x_{t_{1}},...,x_{t_{q}})
\big[u(t,x_{t})-u(s,x_{s})\big]
\leq Ef(x_{t_{1}},...,x_{t_{q}})\int_{s}^{t}\big[
u_{p}(p,x_{p})$$ $$+F(p,x _{p},u_{x x }(p,x_{p}))
+ L(|x _{p}|+1,p)|u_{x}(p,x_{p})\big]\,dp$$ if $f\geq0$. Hence the process $$u(t,x_{t})-\int_{0}^{t}\big[
u_{s}(s,x_{s})
+F(s,x _{s},u_{x x }(s,x_{s}))
+ L(|x _{s}|+1,s)|u_{x}(s,x_{s})\big]\,ds$$ is a supermartingale and by Theorem \[theorem 3.14.1\] estimate (\[2.26.2\]) holds. If we take there $f=I_{G}$ and remember that the Lebesgue measure of $G$ is zero and $\bar{\delta}(t,x)>0$ on $G_{t}$ for almost all $t$, then we come to (\[3.13.1\]) with $T\wedge\tau_{r}$ in place of $T$. Upon letting $r\to\infty$ we finally obtain (\[3.13.1\]) as is. The lemma is proved.
The following theorem is used in Remark \[remark 4.25.1\]. Its proof is obtained by changing variables. We introduce an assumption different from Assumptionย \[assumption 3.8.4\].
\[assumption 4.25.2\] If $G\ne\emptyset$, then $G=\bigcup_{m=1}^{\infty}G^{m}$, where $G^{m}$ are Borel sets. For each $m$, we are given an integer $d_{m}\geq1$, a nonnegative Borel function $\delta_{m} $ defined on $(0,\infty)
\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}}$, and a continuous ${\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}}$-valued function $v^{m}(t,x)=(v^{m1}(t,x),
...,v^{md_{m}}(t,x))$ defined on $[0,\infty)\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ and having there continuous in $(t,x)$ derivatives $v^{mi}_{t},v^{mi}_{x},v^{mi}_{xx}$. For each $m$ and almost every $t\in(0,\infty)$,
\(i) the set $v^{m}(t,G^{m}_{t})$ has $d_{m}$-dimensional Lebesgue measure zero,
\(ii) for every $x\in v^{m}(t,G^{m}_{t})$ and each sequence $y^{n}_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, which converges to a continuous function $y_{\cdot}$ satisfying $v^{m}(t,y _{t})=x$, we have $$\label{4.25.1}
\varliminf_{n\to\infty}\det V^{mn}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\geq\delta_{m}(t,x)>0,$$ where the matrix $V^{mn}(t,y _{\cdot})$ is defined according to $$V^{mn}_{ij}(t,y _{\cdot})=v^{mi}_{x^{k}}(t,y_{t})v^{mj}_{x^{r}}
(t,y_{t})a^{nkr}(t,y_{\cdot})\quad i,j=1,...,d_{m}.$$
[Assumption \[assumption 3.8.4\] is stronger than Assumption \[assumption 4.25.2\]. Indeed, if the former is satisfied, one can take $G^{m}=G$, $\delta_{m}(t,x)=\delta(t,x)$, $d_{m}=d$, and $v^{mi}=x^{i}$, $i=1,...,d$, in which case $\det\,V^{mn}=\det\,a^{n}$. ]{}
Another case is when again everything is independent of $m$, but $d_{m}=1$ and $v(t,x)=x^{1}$. Then condition (\[4.25.1\]) becomes $$\varliminf_{n\to\infty} a^{n11}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\geq\delta(t,x)>0,$$ which is much weaker than (\[4.19.2\]). However, in this case in order to satisfy requirement (i) of Assumption \[assumption 4.25.2\] we need to assume that $G_{t}$ lies in a hyperplane orthogonal to the first coordinate axis.
\[remark 4.19.4\] Assume that $G=\bigcup_{m=1}^{\infty}G^{m}$, where $G^{m}_{t}$ are independent of $t$ and are hyperplanes $G^{m}_{t}=\{x:(x,\alpha_{m})=\beta_{m}\}$ with certain $\alpha_{m}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ and $\beta_{m}\in{\mathbb{R}}$ satisfying $|\alpha_{m}|=1$. Assume that we have a Borel nonnegative functions $\delta_{m}(t,x)$, $x\in{\mathbb{R}}$. Finally, assume that for every $m\geq1,t>0$, $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ such that $$(x,\alpha_{m})=\beta_{m},$$ and each sequence $y^{n}_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, which converges to a continuous function $y_{\cdot}$ satisfying $y _{t}=x$, we have $$\varliminf_{n\to\infty} a^{nij}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\alpha^{i}\alpha^{j}
\geq\delta(t,\beta_{m})>0.$$
Then it turns out that Assumption \[assumption 4.25.2\] is satisfied. To show this, it suffices to take $d_{m}=1$ and $v^{m}(t,x)= (x,\alpha_{m})$ and notice that the image of $G^{m}_{t}$ under the mapping $v^{m}(t,\cdot)
:G^{m}_{t}\to{\mathbb{R}}$ is just one point $\beta_{m}$. We will use this fact in Sec.ย \[section 4.18.1\].
[Generally, condition (\[4.25.1\]) is aimed at situations in which $x^{n}_{t}$ in the limit may degenerate in some directions but not along all those which are transversal to $G_{t}$. ]{}
\[theorem 4.25.1\]
Suppose that Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\], \[assumption 3.8.3\], \[assumption 3.8.5\], and \[assumption 4.25.2\] are satisfied and the sequence of distributions $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})_{n\geq1}$ of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$ converges weakly on ${\mathcal{D}}$ to a measure ${\mathbb{Q}}$. Then the assertion of Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] holds true again.
Proof. We mimic the argument from the proof of Lemma \[lemma 4.21.4\] to show that (\[3.13.1\]) holds if Assumption \[assumption 4.25.2\] rather than Assumption \[assumption 3.8.4\] is satisfied. The main idea is to change variables according to the mappings $v^{m}$.
It suffices to prove that, for each $m$, equation (\[3.13.1\]) holds with $G^{m}$ in place of $G$. Furthermore, without losing generality we may assume that each set $G^{m}$ is bounded otherwise we could split each of them into the union of bounded sets and consider them as new $G^{m}$โs. We fix $m,T$, and $R$ and assume that $G^{m}\subset[0,T]\times B_{R}$. Then the behavior of $v^{m}(t,x)$ for large $|x|$ becomes irrelevant and, changing $v^{m}$ outside of $[0,T]\times B_{R}$ if necessary, we assume that $$\label{4.21.2}
v^{m}(t,x) =e_{1}|x|$$ for $(t,x)\not\in[0,2T]\times B_{2R}$ , where $e_{1}$ is the first basis vector in ${\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}}$. It follows that there is a constant $N_{0}<\infty$ such that $$\label{4.21.1}
|v^{m}_{x}(t,x)|+|v^{m}_{x^{i}x^{j}}(t,x)|
+|v^{m }_{t}(t,x)|\leq N_{0}\quad\forall t,x.$$ It also follows that, for any $r\geq0$, $$\label{4.21.4}
|v^{m}_{x}(t,x)|\leq r\Longrightarrow |x|\leq 2R+r.$$
After that we go back to Lemma \[lemma 4.21.1\] and take there $$u(t,x)=w(t,v^{m}(t,x)),$$ with $w$ being a function of class $C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}+1})$. By the way, our stipulation (\[4.21.2\]) about the behavior of $v^{m}$ for large $|x|$ yields that $u\in C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}+1})$. We also take the function $f$ in the form $$f(y_{1},...,y_{q})=
g(v^{m}(t_{1},y_{1}),...,v^{m}(t_{q},y_{q})),$$ where $y_{i}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ and $g$ is a continuous bounded [*nonnegative*]{} function on ${\mathbb{R}}^{qd_{m}}$. Finally, we define $$\tilde{x}^{n}_{t}=v^{m}(t,x^{n}_{t}),\quad
\tilde{x} _{t}=v^{m}(t,x _{t}).$$ Notice that $$a^{nij}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p,x^{n}_{p})
+b^{ni}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}}(p,x^{n}_{p})
+u_{p}(p,x^{n}_{p})$$ $$=\tilde{a}^{nkr}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})w_{x^{k}x^{r}}
(p,\tilde{x}^{n}_{p})
+\tilde{b}^{nk}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})w_{x^{i}}(p,
\tilde{x}^{n}_{p})
+w_{p}(p,\tilde{x}^{n}_{p}),$$ where, for $y_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, $$\tilde{a}^{nkr}(p,y_{\cdot})=a^{nij}
(p,y_{\cdot})v^{mk}_{x^{i}}
(p,y_{p})v^{mr}_{x^{j}}(p,y_{p}),$$ $$\tilde{b}^{nk}(p,y_{\cdot})=a^{nij}(p,y_{\cdot})
v^{mk}_{x^{i}x^{j}}
(p,y_{p})+b^{ni}(p,y_{\cdot})v^{mk}_{x^{i}}
(p,y_{p})+v^{mk}_{p}(p,y_{p}).$$ Then on the basis of Fatouโs theorem and Lemma \[lemma 4.21.1\] we get $$E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\big[u(t,x _{t})-u(s,x _{s})\big]$$ $$=E f(x _{t_{1}},...,x _{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
\big[u_{p}(p,x _{p})+a^{nij}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})
u_{x^{i}x^{j}}(p,x^{n}_{p})$$ $$+b^{ni}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})u_{x^{i}}(p,x^{n}_{p})\big]\,dp$$ $$=Eg(\tilde{x}_{t_{1}},...,\tilde{x}_{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
\big[w_{p}(p,\tilde{x}_{p})+\tilde{a}^{nkr}(p,x^{n}_{\cdot})
w_{x^{k}x^{r}}(p,\tilde{x}^{n}_{p})$$ $$+\tilde{b}^{nk}(p,
x^{n}_{\cdot})w_{x^{k}}(p,\tilde{x}^{n}_{p})\big]\,dp.$$
Also notice that owing to (\[4.21.1\]), $\tilde{a}$ and $\tilde{b}$ satisfy (\[4.14.3\]) with $L(r,t)$ replaced with $N_{0}L(r,t)$. In light of (\[4.21.4\]) this implies $$|\tilde{b}^{n}(t,x^{n}_{\cdot})|
+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,\tilde{a}^{n}(t,x^{n}_{\cdot})\leq
N_{0}L(2R+|\tilde{x}^{n}_{t}|,t).$$
In addition, according to (\[4.25.1\]), for almost any $t$, for every $\tilde{x}\in v^{m}(t,G^{m}_{t})$ and each sequence $y^{n}_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, which converges to a continuous function $y_{\cdot}$ satisfying $v^{m}(t,y _{t})=\tilde{x}$, we have $$\varliminf_{n\to\infty}\det \tilde{a}^{n}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\geq\delta_{m}(t,\tilde{x}) >0,$$ $$\varliminf_{n\to\infty} \tilde{a}^{nkr}(t,y^{n}_{\cdot})
\lambda^{k}\lambda^{r}
\geq\tilde{\delta}_{m}(t,\tilde{x})|\lambda|^{2}$$ for all $\lambda\in R^{d_{m}}$, where $$\tilde{\delta}_{m}(t,\tilde{x})=
\delta_{m}(t,\tilde{x})
L^{-(d_{m}-1)}(2R+|\tilde{x}|+1,t)I_{ v^{m}
(G^{m})}(t,\tilde{x})$$
Then as in the proof of Lemma \[lemma 4.21.4\] we find that $$Eg(\tilde{x}_{t_{1}},...,\tilde{x}_{t_{q}})
\big[w(t,\tilde{x}_{t})-w(s,\tilde{x}_{s})\big]
\leq Eg(\tilde{x}_{t_{1}},...,\tilde{x}_{t_{q}})
\int_{s}^{t}\big[
w_{p}(p,\tilde{x}_{p})$$ $$+F(p,\tilde{x} _{p},w_{x x }(p,\tilde{x}_{p}))
+ L(2R+|\tilde{x}_{p}|+1,p)|w_{x}(p,
\tilde{x}_{p})\big]\,dp,$$ where the operator $F$ is constructed on the basis of $\tilde{\delta}_{m}$ and $N_{0}L(2R+r,t)$ in place of $\delta$ and both $L,K$ from Sec.ย \[section 3.14.1\], respectively, on the space of functions on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d_{m}}$ in place of ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$. Again as in the proof of Lemma \[lemma 4.21.4\] we conclude that, for any $S $ we have $$E\int_{0}^{S}I_{v^{m}(G^{m})}(t,\tilde{x}_{t})\,dt=0.$$ Since, obviously, $ I_{G^{m}}(t,x)\leq
I_{v^{m}(G^{m})}(t,v^{m}(t,x))$ we get that (\[3.13.1\]) holds with $G^{m}$ in place of $G$. As we have pointed out in the beginning of the proof, this is exactly what we need. The theorem is proved.
A sufficient condition for precompactness {#section 4.14.2}
=========================================
One of the conditions of Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] is that the sequence of distributions $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})_{n\geq1}$ of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$ on ${\mathcal{D}}$ converge. One can always extract a convergent subsequence from a sequence which is precompact and here we want to give a simple sufficient condition for precompactness to hold. The assumptions of this section are somewhat different from the ones of Sec.ย \[section 4.14.1\] and this was the reason to treat the issue in a separate section. We take the objects introduced in Sec.ย \[section 4.14.1\] before Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\] and instead of that assumption we require the following.
\[assumption 4.14.2\]
Assumption \[assumption 3.8.2\] is satisfied with condition (ii) replaced by the following weaker condition: For each $r\in[0,\infty)$ there exists a locally integrable function $L(r,t)$ given on $[0,\infty)$ such that $L(r,t)$ increases in $r$ and $$|b^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}(t,y_{\cdot})\leq L(r,t)$$ whenever $t>0$, $y_{\cdot}\in{\mathcal{D}}$, and $\sup_{s\leq t}|y_{s}|\leq r$.
\[lemma 4.15.1\] Under Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.5\] and \[assumption 4.14.2\] suppose that we are given ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$ stopping times $\tau^{n}_{r}$, $n=1,2,...,r>0$, and a finite function $\alpha(r)$ defined on $(0,\infty)$ such that we have (i) for all $n$ and $r$, $$\label{4.17.6}
|x^{n }_{t}|\leq\alpha(r)\quad\text{if}
\quad 0\leq t<\tau^{n}_{r},$$ and (ii) $$\label{4.17.7}
\lim_{r\to\infty}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}P^{n}(\tau^{n}_{r}
\leq T)=0\quad\forall T\in[0,\infty).$$ Then the sequence $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})_{n\geq1}$ is precompact.
Proof. Define $$G^{n}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t }
\big[|b^{n}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}
(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})\big]\,ds,$$ $$F^{n}_{t}=G^{n}_{t}+ \int_{0}^{t }
\int_{|x|>1}\nu^{n}(dsdx)$$ Owing to Assumption \[assumption 3.8.5\], by Theorem VI.4.18 and Remark VI.4.20 of [@JS] to prove the theorem it suffices to check that the sequence of distributions on ${\mathcal{D}}$ of $F^{n}_{\cdot}$ is $C$-tight, that is precompact and each limit point of this sequence is the distribution of a continuous process. In turn, due to Theorem VI.4.5 and Remark VI.4.6 (3) of [@JS], to prove the $C$-tightness it suffices to show that, for any $T\in[0,\infty)$ and $\varepsilon>0$, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{4.17.1}
&\lim_{N\to\infty}\varlimsup_n&P^n\Big(\sup_{t\le
T}\big|F^{n}_t\big|\ge N\Big)=0,\nonumber
\\
&\lim_{\delta\downarrow 0}\,\varlimsup_n \, &
P^n\Big(\sup_{t+s\leq T,0\leq s\leq\delta}
\big|F^{n}_{t+s}-F^{n}_t\big|\ge
\varepsilon\Big)=0.\end{aligned}$$
In view of Assumption \[assumption 3.8.5\] we need only prove (\[4.17.1\]) for $G^{n}$ in place of $F^{n}$. We do this replacement and after that notice that, for any $r$, the left-hand side of the first equation in (\[4.17.1\]) is less than $$\lim_{N\to\infty}\varlimsup_nP^n\Big(\sup_{t\le
T\wedge\tau^{n}_{r}}\big|G^{n}_t\big|\ge N\Big)
+\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}P^{n}(\tau^{n}_{r} \leq T).$$ Here the first term is zero for each $r$ since $G^{n}_t$ is continuous in $t$ and $$|G^{n}_t|\leq\int_{0}^{t}L(\alpha(r),u)\,du$$ for $t<\tau^{n}_{r}$ when by our assumptions $|x^{n}_{t }|\leq r$. In addition, the second term can be made as small as we wish by choosing a sufficiently large $r$. This proves the first equation in (\[4.17.1\]).
Similarly, the left-hand side of the second equation in (\[4.17.1\]) with $G^{n}$ in place of $F^{n}$ is less than $$\lim_{\delta\downarrow 0}\varlimsup_nP^n\Big(\sup_{t+s\le
T\wedge\tau^{n}_{r},0\le
s\le\delta}\big|G^{n}_{t+s}-G^{n}_{t}\big|\ge\varepsilon\Big)
+\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}P^{n}(\tau^{n}_{r} \leq T),$$ where again the first term vanishes since $$|G^{n}_{t+s}-G^{n}_{t}|\leq\int_{t}^{t+s}L(\alpha(r),u)\,du.$$ The lemma is proved.
[It may be worth noticing that the combination of assumptions (i) and (ii) of Lemma \[lemma 4.15.1\] is equivalent to the following: for any $T\in(0,\infty)$, the sequence of distributions of $\sup_{t\le T}|x^n_t|$ is tight or put otherwise $$\lim_{r\to\infty}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}P^n(\sup_{t\le T}|x^n_t|\geq
r)=0.$$ ]{}
Lemma \[lemma 4.15.1\] reduces the investigation of precompactness to estimating $|x^{n}|^{*}_{t}$. Here the following coercivity assumption turns out to be useful.
\[assumption 4.14.1\] For any $n$, there exists a nonnegative ${\mathcal{F}}^{n}_{t}$-predictable function $L_{n}(t)$ such that
$$\label{4.14.5}
b^{ni}(t,x^{n}_{\cdot})x^{ni}_{t}
+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\, a^{n}(t,x^{n}_{\cdot})\leq L_{n}(t)(1+|x^{n}_{t}|^{2})$$
for almost all $(\omega,t)$. Furthermore, for any $T\in[0,\infty)$, $$\lim_{c\to\infty}
\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}P^{n}\big(\int_{0}^{T}L_{n}(t)\,dt
>c)=0.$$
\[remark 4.25.4\] Quite often one imposes a linear growth assumptions on the coefficients $a^{n}$ and $b^{n}$, which of course implies (\[4.14.5\]). However, say in one dimension, if $a^{n}\equiv0$ and $b^{ni}(t,y_{\cdot})=b^{n}(t,y_{t})$ and $b^{n}(t,y_{t})\geq0$ for $y_{t}<0$ and $b^{n}(t,y_{t})\leq0$ for $y_{t}>0$, then (\[4.14.5\]) is satisfied with $L\equiv0$. Therefore generally (\[4.14.5\]) does not provide any control on the behavior of $|b^{n}(t,y_{t})|$ for large $|y_{t}|$.
For that reason, Theorem \[theorem 4.17.1\] below does not follow from the results of [@JS] and [@LS].
\[theorem 4.17.1\] Let $$\label{4.17.9}
\lim_{N\to\infty}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
P^{n}(|x^{n}_{0}|\geq N)=0$$ and let Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.5\], \[assumption 4.14.2\], and \[assumption 4.14.1\] be satisfied. Then the sequence $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})_{n\geq1}$ is precompact. Furthermore, let $k$ be an integer and $f^{n}(t,x)$ be Borel ${\mathbb{R}}^{k}$-valued functions defined on $(0,\infty)\times{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ such that $|f^{n}(t,x)|\leq L(|x|,t)$ for all $t,x,n$. Define $$y^{n}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t}f^{n}(s,x^{n}_{s})\,ds.$$ Then the sequence of distributions of $(x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})$ on ${\mathcal{D}}([0,\infty),{\mathbb{R}}^{d+k})$ is precompact as well.
Proof. We are going to use a method introduced in Sec.ย 4, Ch.ย II of [@KR]. Define $$z^{n}_{t}=x^{n}_{t}-j^{n}_{t},\
\phi_n(t)=\exp \Big( -2\int_{0}^{t}L
_n(s)\,ds \Big) ,
\ u_n(t,x)=(1+|x|^{2})\phi_n(t).$$ Also as in the proof of Lemma \[lemma 4.21.1\], use notation (\[4.17.3\]) and (\[4.17.4\]) and notice that due to special choice of $u$, we have $R^{n}_{t}(z_{\cdot})\equiv0$.
Then by using Itรดโs formula, we get that the process $$M^{n}_{t}:=(1+|z^{n}_{t}|^{2})\phi_n(t)-
(1+|x^{n}_{0}|^{2})$$ $$\label{4.17.5}
-
\int_{0}^{t}\big[2z^{ni}_{s}b^{ni}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})
+2{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}(s,x^{n}_{\cdot})
-2L_n(s)(1+|z^{n}_{s}|^{2})\big]
\phi_n(s)\,ds$$ is a local martingale.
Now take $\gamma^{n}$ again from (\[4.17.2\]) and remember that $z^{n}_{s}=x^{n}_{s}$ for $s<\gamma^{n}$, so that the expression in the brackets in (\[4.17.5\]) is negative due to Assumption \[assumption 4.14.1\]. Then we see that $$H^{n}_{t}:=(1+|z^{n}_{t\wedge\gamma^{n}}
|^{2})\phi_n(t\wedge\gamma^{n})-
(1+|x^{n}_{0}|^{2})$$ is a local supermartingale. For any constant $N>0$, the process $H^{n}_{t}I_{|x^{n}_{0}|\leq N}$ also is a local supermartingale and, since it is bounded from below by the constant $-(1+N^{2})$, it is a supermartingale. Therefore, upon defining $$\kappa^{n}_{r}=\inf\{t\geq0:\sup_{s\leq t}|x^{n}_{s}|>r \},
\quad\tau^{n}_{r}=\gamma^{n}\wedge\kappa^{n}_{r},$$ we get that, for any $T\in[0,\infty)$, $$E^{n}\big(1+|z^{n}_{T\wedge\tau^{n}_{r}}|^{2}\big)
\phi_n(T\wedge\tau^{n}_{r})I_{|x^{n}_{0}|\leq N}
\leq1+N^{2},$$ $$E^{n}\big(1+|z^{n}_{ \tau^{n}_{r}}|^{2}\big)
\phi_n( \tau^{n}_{r})I_{|x^{n}_{0}|\leq N,
\tau^{n}_{r}\leq T<\gamma^{n}}
\leq1+N^{2}.$$ Then we notice that on the interval $[0,\gamma^{n})$ the process $j^{n}_{t}$ is identically zero. Hence, for $\tau^{n}_{r}\leq T<\gamma^{n}$ we have $$|z^{n}_{ \tau^{n}_{r}}|=|x^{n}_{\tau^{n}_{r}}|
=|x^{n}_{\kappa^{n}_{r}}|\geq r$$ and we obtain $$e^{-c}(1+r^{2})P^{n}\bigg(\int_{0}^{T}L_{n}(t)\,dt
\leq c,|x^{n}_{0}|\leq N,
\tau^{n}_{r}\leq T<\gamma^{n}\bigg)\leq1+N^{2},$$ $$\lim_{r\to\infty}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
P^{n}(|x^{n}_{0}|\leq N,
\tau^{n}_{r}\leq T<\gamma^{n})=0.$$
This holds for any $N$ and along with assumption (\[4.17.9\]) and Remark \[remark 4.17.1\] leads first to to $$\lim_{r\to\infty}\varlimsup_{n\to\infty}
P^{n}(
\tau^{n}_{r}\leq T<\gamma^{n})=0$$ and then to (\[4.17.7\]).
Finally, observe that (\[4.17.6\]) is obviously satisfied even if $0\leq t<\kappa^{n}_{r}$ rather than $0\leq t<\tau^{n}_{r}$. Hence, by referring to Lemma \[lemma 4.15.1\] we finish proving the assertion of our theorem regarding the distributions of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$.
Lemma \[lemma 4.15.1\] yields the result for $(x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})$ as well since, obviously, for $0\leq t<r\wedge\tau^{n}_{r}$, we have $$|y^{n}_{t}|\leq\int_{0}^{r}L(r,s)\,ds.$$ The theorem is proved.
An example of queueing model {#section 4.18.1}
============================
We consider a particular queueing system with $d$ service stations and $d+1$ incoming streams of customers. We refer the reader to [@FS] for relations of this system to practical problems. The first $d$ streams are composed of customers โhaving appointmentsโ, meaning that the customers from the $i$th stream only go to the $i$th service station. The last stream, to which we assign number 0, is the one of โfreeโ customers who, upon โchecking inโ, are routed to the service stations according to certain rule to be described later. We assume that each service station consists of infinitely many servers, so that infinitely many customers can be served at each station simultaneously. Denote by $Q^{i}_{t}$ the number of customers being served at the $i$th station at time $t$.
With station $i$, $i=1,...,d$, we associate a โcostโ $\alpha_{i}>0$ and suppose that a โfreeโ customer arriving at time $t$ is directed to the $i$th station if $i$ is the smallest integer satisfying $$\alpha_{i}Q^{i}_{t-}\leq\alpha_{j}Q^{j}_{t-}\quad
\text{for all}\quad j\ne i.$$ Such a routing policy is called load-balancing in [@FS]. Here and below in this section the summation convention over repeated indices [*is not enforced*]{}.
We take some numbers $\lambda_{0},...,\lambda_{d}>0$ and assume that the $i$th stream of customers forms a Poisson process with parameter $\lambda_{i}$. To describe the service times we fix some โthresholdsโ $N^{1},...,N^{d}$, which are positive integers, and assume that, given $0<Q^{i}_{t}< N^{i}$, each of $ Q^{i}_{t}$ customers at the $i$th station
\(i) has its own server,
\(ii) spends with its server a random time having exponential distribution with parameter 1,
\(iii) after having been served leaves the system.
However, given $Q^{i}_{t}\geq N^{i}$, the service is organized differently. All $Q^{i}_{t}$ customers are divided into disjoint groups each consisting of two persons apart from at most one group having only one member. Then each of those groups is supposed to get service according to the rules (i)-(iii) above. By the way, it is not hard to understand that on average both discipline of servicing yield the same number of customers having been served during one unit of time.
Finally, we assume that all service times and arrival processes are as independent as they can be.
Now we describe the model in rigorous terms. For any numbers $y^{1},...,y^{d}$ define $${\mathop{\sf argmin}}_{k=1,...,d}y^{k}=i$$ if $i$ is the least of $1,...,d$ such that $y^{i}\leq y^{k}$ for $k\ne i$. For $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ and $i=1,...,d$, let $$\delta^{i}(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1&\quad\text{if}\quad
i={\mathop{\sf argmin}}\limits_{k=1,...,d}\alpha_{k}x^{k},
\\
0 &\quad\text{otherwise}.
\end{array}\right.$$ Take independent Poisson processes $\Pi^0_t,...,
\Pi^d_t$ with parameters $\lambda_{0},...,\lambda_{d}$, respectively. Then we think of the number of arrivals at the $i$th station as given by $$A^{i}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t}\delta^{i}(Q_{s-})\,d\Pi^{0}_{s}
+\Pi^{i}_{t},$$ where $Q_{s}=(Q^{1}_{s},...,Q^{d}_{s})$ and $Q^{i}_{t}$ are some integer-valued right continuous processes having left limits. To model the number of departures $D^{i}_{t}$ from the $i$th station up to time $t$ we take Poisson processes $\Pi^{ij} _{t}$ and $\Lambda^{ij} _{t}$, $i=1,...,d$, $j=1,2,...$, having parameter 1 and mutually independent and independent of $(\Pi^{0}_{\cdot},...,\Pi^{d}_{\cdot})$. Then we define $$D^{i}(t)=\int_{0}^{t}I_{N^{i}> Q^{i}_{s-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
I_{ Q^{i}_{s-}\geq j}\,d\Pi^{ij}_{ s}$$ $$+ \int_{0}^{t}I_{N^{i}\leq Q^{i}_{s-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
\big(I_{
Q^{i}_{s-}\geq2j}+I_{
Q^{i}_{s-}+1\geq2j}\big)\, d\Lambda^{ij}_{ s}.$$ To be consistent with the description, $Q_{t}$ should satisfy the balance equations $Q^{i}_{t}=Q^{i}_{0}+
A^{i}_{t}-D^{i}_{t}$. Thus, we are going to investigate the system of equations $$dQ^{i}_{t}=\delta^{i}(Q_{t-})\,d\Pi^{0}_{t}
+d\Pi^{i}_{t}-
I_{N^{i}> Q^{i}_{t-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
I_{ Q^{i}_{t-}\geq j}\,d\Pi^{ij}_{t}$$ $$\label{4.18.1}
- I_{N^{i}\leq Q^{i}_{t-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
\big(I_{
Q^{i}_{t-}\geq2j}+I_{
Q^{i}_{t-}+1\geq2j}\big)\, d\Lambda^{ij}_{t}\quad i=1,...,d.$$ Needless to say that we assume that all the Poisson processes we are dealing with are given on a probability basis satisfying the โusualโ assumptions. We also assume that the initial condition $Q_{0}$ is independent of the Poisson processes.
Notice that for any initial condition $Q_{0}$ there is a unique solution of (\[4.18.1\]). Indeed obviously, for any solution we have $Q^{i}_{t}\leq Q_{0}^{i}+ \Pi^{0}_{t}+\Pi^{i}_{t}$, so that, while solving (\[4.18.1\]) for $t\in[0,T]$, one can safely replace the infinite sums in (\[4.18.1\]) with the sums over $j\leq Q_{0}^{i}+ \Pi^{0}_{T}+\Pi^{i}_{T}$. After that one solves (\[4.18.1\]) on each $\omega$ noticing that between the jumps of the Poisson processes $Q_{t}$ is constant and the jumps of $Q_{t}$ themselves are given by (\[4.18.1\]).
For obvious reasons we rewrite (\[4.18.1\]) in terms of representation (\[4.24.2\]). First, for $k=0,...,d,i=1,...,d,j\geq1$, we define $$\bar{\Pi}^{k}_{t}=\Pi^{k}_{t}-\lambda_{k}t,\quad
\bar{\Pi}^{ij}_{t}=\Pi^{ij}_{t}-t,\quad
\bar{\Lambda}^{ij}_{t}=\Lambda^{ij}_{t}- t.$$ These processes are square integrable martingales with $${\langle}\bar{\Pi}^{k}{\rangle}_{t}=\lambda_{k}t,\quad
{\langle}\bar{\Pi}^{ij}{\rangle}_{t}= t,\quad
{\langle}\bar{\Lambda}^{ij}{\rangle}_{t}= t.$$ Next, for $i=1,...,d$, define $$M^{ i}_{t}=\int_{0}^{t}
\delta^{i}(Q _{s-})\,d\bar{\Pi}^{0}_{s}
+ \bar{\Pi}^{i}_{t}-\int_{0}^{t}
I_{N^{i}> Q^{i}_{s-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
I_{ Q^{i}_{s-}\geq j}\,d\bar{\Pi}^{ij}_{s}$$ $$- \int_{0}^{t}I_{N^{i}\leq Q^{i}_{s-}}\sum_{j\geq1}
\big(I_{
Q^{i}_{s-}\geq2j}+I_{
Q^{i}_{s-}+1\geq2j}\big)\, d\bar{\Lambda}^{ij}_{s},$$ which are at least locally square integrable martingales. Then after observing that, for any integer $q\geq0$, $$\sum_{j\geq1}I_{q\geq j}=q,\quad
\sum_{j\geq1}(I_{q\geq2j}+I_{q+1\geq2j})=q,$$ we turn equation (\[4.18.1\]) into the equation $$\label{4.24.3}
dQ^{i}_{t}=(\lambda_{0}\delta^{i}(Q_{t})
+\lambda_{i}-Q^{i}_{t})\,dt+dM^{i}_{t}.$$
In order to explain what follows (in no way is this explanation used in the proof of Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] below), notice that (\[4.24.3\]) seems to imply that $$\label{4.24.1}
(EQ^{i}_{t} )'=\lambda_{0}
E\delta^{i}(Q_{t})+\lambda_{i}-EQ^{i}_{t}.$$ We are interested in the behavior of $Q_{t}$ when $\lambda_{i}$โs are large but $\lambda_{0}$ is much smaller than $\lambda_{1},...,\lambda_{d}$. Then, on the one hand, $EQ^{i}_{t}$ should be large for moderate $t$ and, on the other hand, the first term on the right in (\[4.24.1\]) can be neglected. In that situation equation (\[4.24.1\]) turns out to have a stable point $EQ_{t}^{i}\equiv\lambda_{i}$. This means that, if for the initial condition we have $EQ_{0}^{i}=\lambda_{i}$, then $EQ_{t}^{i}=\lambda_{i}$ for all $t$. Notice that since $\lambda_{i}$โs are large, so should be $EQ_{0}^{i}$.
Therefore, we write $\lambda_{i}=\bar{\lambda}_{i}+\Delta\lambda_{i}$, where $\Delta\lambda_{i}$ will be assumed to have order of $\lambda_{0}$, denote $$\bar{Q}^{i}_{t}=Q^{i}_{t}-\bar{\lambda}_{i}$$ and rewrite (\[4.24.3\]) in terms of $\bar{Q}_{t}$. At this moment we introduce the assumption that $$\label{4.24.4}
\bar{\lambda}_{i}\alpha_{i}=n,\quad i=1,...,d,$$ with $n$ being an integer (independent of $i$) to be sent to infinity. This is convenient due to the simple fact that then $$\delta^{i}(x)=\delta^{i}(x-\bar{\lambda}).$$ In this notation (\[4.24.3\]) becomes $$d\bar{Q}^{i}_{t}= (\lambda_{0}\delta^{i}(\bar{Q}_{t})
+\Delta\lambda_{i} -\bar{Q}^{i}_{t})\,dt+dM^{i}_{t}.$$ To understand what kind of normalization is natural we compute the quadratic characteristics of $M^{i}_{t}$. Notice that, for any integer $q\geq0$, we have $$\sum_{j\geq1}(I_{q\geq2j}+I_{q+1\geq2j})^{2}=
\sum_{j\geq1}(I_{q\geq2j}+2I_{q\geq2j}+I_{q+1\geq2j})$$ $$=3[q/2]+[(q+1)/2]=:qf(q),$$ where $[a]$ is the integer part of $a$. By the way, we can only define $f(q)$ by the above formula for all real $q>0$. If $q\leq0$, we let $f(q)=0$. Then $$\label{4.24.7}
0\leq f\leq2,\quad\lim_{q\to\infty}f(q)=2.$$ It follows that $$d{\langle}M{\rangle}^{ii}_{t}=[\lambda_{0}\delta^{i}(\bar{Q}_{t})
+\lambda_{i}+Q^{i}_{t}I_{Q^{i}_{t}<N^{i}}
+Q^{i}_{t}f(Q^{i}_{t})I_{Q^{i}_{t}\geq N^{i}}]\,dt.$$ Also due to independence of our Poisson processes and the fact that $\delta^{i}\delta^{j}=0$ for $i\ne j$, we get $${\langle}M{\rangle}^{ij}_{t}=0\quad\text{for}\quad i\ne j.$$ If we believe that, in a sense, $Q^{i}_{t}\sim\lambda_{i}$, then $Q^{i}_{t}/\lambda_{i}$ should converge as well as $M^{i}_{t}/\sqrt{\lambda}_{i}$, and we see that it is natural to expect $\bar{Q}^{i}_{t}
/\sqrt{\lambda}_{i}$ to converge to certain limit. To make the model more meaningful we also assume that the thresholds $N^{i}$โs are large and roughly speaking proportional to $\lambda_{i}$. In this way we convince ourselves that the following result seems natural.
\[theorem 4.18.1\] Let $\alpha_{1},...,\alpha_{d}>0$ and $\mu_{0},...,\mu_{d}\geq0$ and $\nu_{1},...,\nu_{d}\in{\mathbb{R}}$ be fixed parameters. For $n=1,2,...$ define $$\lambda_{i}=n\alpha_{i}^{-1}+\mu_{i}\sqrt{n},
\quad i=1,...,d,\quad\lambda_{0}=\mu_{0}\sqrt{n},$$ $$N^{i}=n\alpha_{i}^{-1}+\nu_{i}\sqrt{n},\quad i=1,...,d.$$ Let $Q_{t}=Q_{t}^{n}$ be the solution of (\[4.18.1\]) with certain initial condition independent of the Poisson processes and introduce $$x_{t}^{n}=
n^{-1/2}(Q^{n1}_{t}-n\alpha_{1}^{-1},...
,Q^{nd}_{t}-n\alpha_{d}^{-1}).$$ Let ${\mathbb{Q}}^{n}$ be the distribution of $x_{\cdot}^{n}$ on ${\mathcal{D}}$. Finally, assume that the distribution of $
x^{n}_{0}
$ weakly converges to a distribution $F_{0}$ as $n\to\infty$.
Then, as $n\to\infty$, ${\mathbb{Q}}^{n}$ converges weakly to the distribution of a solution of the following system $$\label{4.24.6}
dx^{i}_{t}=(\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x_{t})+
\mu_{i}-x^{i}_{t})\,dt+
\alpha_{i}^{-1/2}(2
+I_{x^{i}_{t}\geq\nu_{i}})^{1/2}\,dw^{i}_{t}, \quad i=1,...,d$$ considered on some probability space with $w_{t}$ being a $d$-dimensional Wiener process and $x_{0}$ distributed according to $F_{0}$.
Proof. First of all notice that (\[4.24.6\]) has solutions on appropriate probability spaces and any solution has the same distribution on the space of ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued continuous functions. This follows from the fact that an obvious change of probability measure allows us to consider the case with no drift terms in (\[4.24.6\]). In that case (\[4.24.6\]) becomes just a collection of unrelated one-dimensional equations with uniformly nondegenerate and bounded diffusion. Weak unique solvability of such equations is a very well known fact (see, for instance, Theorems 2 and 3 of [@Kr69]).
In the proof of convergence we will be using Theorems \[theorem 4.17.1\] and \[theorem 3.8.1\]. Observe that Assumption \[assumption 3.8.5\] is satisfied since $x^{ni}_{t}$ has no jumps bigger than $2n^{-1/2}$ and $\nu^{n}((0,\infty)
\times B^{c}_{a})=0$ if $n>4d/a^{2}$. Furthermore, if in the argument before the theorem we take $\bar{\lambda}_{i}
=n\alpha_{i}^{-1}$, so that (\[4.24.4\]) holds, and let $
\Delta\lambda_{i}=\mu_{i}\sqrt{n},
$ then after noticing that, by definition, $$Q^{ni}=n^{1/2}x^{ni}_{t}+n\alpha_{i}^{-1},$$ we easily obtain $$\label{4.25.2}
dx^{n}_{t}=b^{n}(x^{n}_{t})\,dt+dm^{n}_{t},
\quad{\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}_{t}
=\int_{0}^{t}a^{n}(x^{n}_{s})\,ds,$$ where $$b^{ni}(x)=\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x)+\mu_{i}-x^{i},\quad
a^{nij}(x)=\delta^{ij}\big(n^{-1/2}
\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x)+ \alpha_{i}^{-1}
+\mu_{i}n^{-1/2}$$ $$+(x^{i}n^{-1/2}+\alpha_{i}^{-1})_{+}\big[I_{x^{i}<\nu^{i}}
+f(n^{1/2}\,x^{i}+n\alpha_{i}^{-1})I_{x^{i}\geq\nu^{i}}\big]
\big).$$ Upon remembering (\[4.24.7\]) we see that, for a constant $N$ and all $n$ and $x$, we have $|b^{n}(x)|+{\mathop{\sf trace}}\,a^{n}(x)\leq N(1+|x|)$, which shows that Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\] and \[assumption 4.14.2\], equivalent in our present situation, and Assumption \[assumption 4.14.1\] are satisfied. By Theorem \[theorem 4.17.1\] the sequence $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})$ is precompact.
Next, obviously Assumption \[assumption 3.8.3\] is satisfied if we take $$G=\{(t,x):t>0,\prod_{i,j=1}^{d}(\alpha_{i}x^{i}
-\alpha_{j}x^{j})(x^{i}-\nu_{i})=0\},$$ $$b^{i}(x)=\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x)+\mu_{i}-x^{i},\quad
a^{ij}(x)=\delta^{ij} \alpha_{i}^{-1}\big(
1+ I_{x^{i}<\nu^{i}}
+2I_{x^{i}\geq\nu^{i}}\big) .$$ Finally, Assumption \[assumption 3.8.4\] is satisfied since $\det\,a^{n}(x)\geq\alpha_{1}^{-1}
\cdot...\cdot\alpha_{d}^{-1}$ everywhere.
By Theorem \[theorem 3.8.1\] every convergent subsequence of $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})$ converges to the distribution of a solution of (\[4.24.6\]) with the above specified initial distribution. Since all such solutions have the same distribution, the whole sequence $({\mathbb{Q}}^{n})$ converges to the distribution of any solution of (\[4.24.6\]). The theorem is proved.
\[remark 5.19.2\] In Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] we assume that $ Q^{ni}_{0}$ goes to infinity with certain rate, namely $ Q^{ni}_{0}\sim n\alpha^{-1}_{i} $. Interestingly enough, if we change the rate, the diffusion approximation changes. Indeed, keep all the assumption of Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] apart from the assumption that $x^{n}_{0}$ converges in distribution and instead assume that, for a $\gamma\in[0,\infty)$ say for $\gamma=0$, $$n^{-1/2}(Q^{n1}_{0}-n\gamma\alpha^{-1}_{1},...,Q^{nd}_{0}-n
\gamma\alpha^{-1}_{d})$$ converges in law to a random vector. Notice that the case $\gamma=1$ is covered by Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\]. We claim that, for $\gamma>1$, the processes $$y^{n}_{t}=n^{-1/2}(Q^{n1}_{t}-nq_{t}\alpha^{-1}_{1},
...,Q^{nd}_{t}-nq_{t}\alpha^{-1}_{d}),$$ where $q_{t}=1+(\gamma-1)e^{-t}$, weakly converge to a solution of the system $$dy^{i}_{t}=(\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(y_{t})+
\mu_{i}-y^{i}_{t})\,dt+
\alpha_{i}^{-1/2}(1+q_{t})^{1/2}\,dw^{i}_{t},
\quad i=1,...,d,$$ and for $\gamma\in[0,1)$ weakly converge to a solution of $$dy^{i}_{t}=(\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(y_{t})+
\mu_{i}-y^{i}_{t})\,dt+
\alpha_{i}^{-1/2}(1+2q_{t})^{1/2}\,dw^{i}_{t},
\quad i=1,...,d.$$
Indeed, we have $$Q^{ni}=n^{1/2}y^{ni}_{t}+nq_{t}\alpha_{i}^{-1},
\quad dq_{t}=(1-q_{t})\,dt,$$ $$dy^{n}_{t}=b^{n}(y^{n}_{t})\,dt+dm^{n}_{t},
\quad{\langle}m^{n}{\rangle}_{t}
=\int_{0}^{t}a^{n}(y^{n}_{s})\,ds,$$ where $$b^{ni}(x)=\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x)+\mu_{i}-x^{i},\quad
a^{nij}(x)=\delta^{ij}\bigg(n^{-1/2}
\mu_{0}\delta^{i}(x)+ \alpha_{i}^{-1}$$ $$+\mu_{i}n^{-1/2}
+(x^{i}n^{-1/2}+q_{t}\alpha_{i}^{-1})_{+}\big[I_{
(\gamma-1)e^{-t}<\alpha_{i}(\nu^{i}-
x^{i})n^{-1/2}}$$ $$+f(n^{1/2}\,x^{i}+nq_{t}\alpha_{i}^{-1})
I_{
(\gamma-1)e^{-t}\geq\alpha_{i}(\nu^{i}-
x^{i})n^{-1/2}}\big]
\bigg).$$
As in the proof of Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] one checks that the sequence of distributions of $y^{n}_{\cdot}$ is precompact. Furthermore, obviously, for any $x$ $$a^{nij}(x)\to\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
\delta^{ij}\alpha_{i}^{-1}(1+q_{t} )&\quad
\text{if}\quad\gamma<1,
\\
\delta^{ij}\alpha_{i}^{-1}(1+2q_{t} )&\quad
\text{if}\quad\gamma>1,
\end{array}\right.$$ and this yields our claim in the same way as in the proof of Theoremย \[theorem 4.18.1\].
\[remark 5.19.3\] We tried to explain before the proof of Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] why its statement looks natural. Now we can also explain how the function $q_{t}$ from Remark \[remark 5.19.2\] was found. The explanations is based on a kind of law of large numbers which in queueing theory is associated with so-called โfluid approximationsโ. Generally, โfluid approximationsโ can also be derived from Theorems \[theorem 4.17.1\] and \[theorem 3.8.1\]. For instance, if $\lambda_{k}=\lambda_{k}(n)$ and $\lambda_{k}(n)/n
\to\beta_{k}$ as $n\to\infty$, and $\beta_{0}=0$, then under the condition that $Q^{n}_{0}/n$ converges in probability to a constant vector, the processes $Q^{n}_{t}/n$ converge in probability uniformly on each finite time interval to the deterministic solution of the system $$dq^{i}_{t}=(\beta_{i}-q^{i})\,dt,\quad i=1,...,d.$$
This fact obviously follows from Theorems \[theorem 4.17.1\] and \[theorem 3.8.1\] applied to (\[4.24.3\]) written in terms of $z^{n}_{t}:=Q^{n}_{0}/n$: $$dz^{ni}_{t}=b^{ni}(z^{n}_{t})\,dt+dM^{ni}_{t},$$ with $d{\langle}M^{n}{\rangle}^{ij}_{t}=a^{n}_{t}(z^{n}_{t})\,dt$, $$b^{ni}(x)= \delta^{i}(x)\lambda_{0}/n
+\lambda_{i}/n-x , \quad
|a^{nij}_{t}(x)|\leq Nn^{-1}(1+|x|),$$ where the constant $N$ is independent of $x,n,t$.
The following observation can be generalized so as to be used in various control problems in which optimal controls are discontinuous with respect to space variables.
\[remark 4.25.1\] It turns out that many discontinuous functionals of $x^{n}_{\cdot}$ converge in law to corresponding functionals of $x_{\cdot}$. For instance take a Borel vector-valued function $f(x)$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ such that the set of its discontinuities lies in a closed set $J\subset {\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ having Lebesgue measure zero. Also assume that $f$ is locally bounded, that is bounded on any ball in ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ but may behave in any way at infinity. As an example, one can take $f(x)=(\delta^{1}(x),
...,\delta^{d}(x))$. Then, for $$y^{n}_{t}:=\int_{0}^{t}f(x^{n}_{s})\,ds,\quad
y_{t}:=\int_{0}^{t}f(x _{s})\,ds$$ we have that the distributions of $ (x^{n}_{\cdot}
,y^{n}_{\cdot})$ converge weakly to the distribution of $ (x _{\cdot} ,y _{\cdot})$.
Indeed, append (\[4.25.2\]) with one more equation: $dy^{n}_{t}=f(x^{n}_{t})\,dt$ and consider the couple $z^{n}_{\cdot}=(x^{n}_{\cdot}
,y^{n}_{\cdot})$ as a process in ${\mathbb{R}}^{d+1}$. Obviously Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.2\] and Assumptions \[assumption 3.8.5\] are satisfied for thus obtained couple.
Furthermore, define
$$H=\{(t,x,y):t>0,y\in{\mathbb{R}},\quad x\in J\quad\text{or}\quad
\prod_{i,j=1}^{d}(\alpha_{i}x^{i}
-\alpha_{j}x^{j})(x^{i}-\nu_{i})=0\}.$$ Since $J$ is closed, for any $t>0$ and $(x,y)\not\in H_{t}$, the function $f$ (independent of $y$) is continuous in a neighborhood of $x$, which along with the argument in the proof of Theorem \[theorem 4.18.1\] shows that Assumption \[assumption 3.8.3\] is satisfied for $z^{n}_{t}$. Finally, for $$H^{m}\equiv H,\quad d_{m}=d,\quad v^{mi}(t,x,y)=x^{i},
\quad i=1,...,d,$$ we have
$$v^{m}(H_{t})=\{x: x\in J\quad\text{or}\quad
\prod_{i,j=1}^{d}(\alpha_{i}x^{i}
-\alpha_{j}x^{j})(x^{i}-\nu_{i})=0\}$$ which has $d$-dimensional Lebesgue measure zero and $$\det\,V^{nm}(t,x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})=
\det\,a^{n}(x^{n}_{t})\geq
\alpha_{1}^{-1}\cdot...\cdot\alpha_{d}^{-1}>0.$$ Hence Assumption \[assumption 4.25.2\] is satisfied as well. This along with precompactness of distributions of $(x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})$ guaranteed by Theorem \[theorem 4.17.1\] and along with Theorem \[theorem 4.25.1\] shows that any convergent subsequence of distributions of $(x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})$ converges to the distribution of a process $(x_{\cdot},y_{\cdot})$, whose first component satisfies (\[4.24.6\]) and the second one obeys $dy_{t}=f(x_{t})\,dt$.
Thus, we get our assertion for a subsequence instead of the whole sequence. However, as we have noticed above, solutions of (\[4.24.6\]) are weakly unique and this obviously implies that solutions of the system (\[4.24.6\]) appended with $dy_{t}=f(x_{t})\,dt$ are also weakly unique. Therefore, the whole sequence of distributions of $(x^{n}_{\cdot},y^{n}_{\cdot})$ converges.
An $L_{p}$ estimate {#section 3.14.1}
===================
Let $d\geq1$ be an integer, $(\Omega,{\mathcal{F}},P)$ be a complete probability space, and $({\mathcal{F}}_{t},t\geq0)$ be an increasing filtration of $\sigma$-fields ${\mathcal{F}}_{t}\subset{\mathcal{F}}$ with ${\mathcal{F}}_{0}$ being complete with respect to $P,{\mathcal{F}}$. Let $K(r,t)$ and $L(r,t)$ be two nonnegative deterministic function defined for $r,t>0$. Assume that they increase in $r$ and are locally integrable in $t$, so that $$\int_{0}^{T}(K(r,t)+L(r,t))\,dt<\infty
\quad\forall r,T\in(0,\infty).$$ Let $\delta(t,x)$ be a nonnegative deterministic function defined for $t\geq0$ and $x\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ and satisfying $\delta(t,x)\leq K(|x|,t)$. Define $A(t,x)$ as the set of all symmetric nonnegative $d\times d$-matrices $a$ such that $$\delta(t,x)|\lambda|^{2}\leq
a^{ij}\lambda^{i}\lambda^{j}
\leq K(|x|,t)|\lambda|^{2}\quad\forall\lambda\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d}.$$ Here, as well as everywhere in the article apart from Section \[section 4.18.1\], we use the summation convention. For any symmetric $d\times d$-matrix $v=(v_{ij})$ define $$F(t,x,v)=\sup_{a\in A(t,x)}a^{ij}v_{ij}.$$ As is easy to see, if $\lambda_{i}(v)$, $i=1,...,d$, are eigenvalues of $v$ numbered in any order, then $$F(t,x,v)=\sum_{i=1}^{d}\chi(t,x,\lambda_{i}(v)),$$ where $\chi(t,x,\lambda)=K(|x|,t)\lambda$ for $\lambda\geq0$ and $\chi(t,x,\lambda)
=\delta(t,x)\lambda$ for $\lambda\leq0$.
Remember that $C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$ is the set of all infinitely differentiable real-valued function $u=u(t,x)$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d+1}$ with compact support.
\[theorem 3.14.1\] Let $x_{t}$, $t\geq0$, be an ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$-valued ${\mathcal{F}}_{t}$-adapted continuous process such that, for any $u\in C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$, the following process is a local ${\mathcal{F}}_{t}$-supermartingale: $$\label{2.26.1}
u(t,x_{t})-\int_{0}^{t}\big[
u_{s}(s,x_{s})+F(s,x _{s},u_{x x }(s,x_{s}))
+ L(x^{*}_{t},s)|u_{x}(s,x_{s})|\big]\,ds,$$ where $u_{x}$ is the gradient of $u$ with respect to $x$, $u_{xx}$ is the matrix of second-order derivatives $u_{x^{i}x^{j}}$ of $u$, $$u_{s}=\partial u/\partial s,\quad u_{x^{i}x^{j}}=
\partial^{2}u/\partial x^{i}\partial x^{j}.$$ Then for any $r,T\in(0,\infty)$ there exists a constant $N<\infty$, depending only on $r,L(r,T)$, and $d$ (but not on $K(r,t)$), such that, for any nonnegative Borel $f(t,x)$, we have $$\label{2.26.2}
E\int_{0}^{T\wedge\tau_{r}}\delta^{d/(d+1)}
(t,x_{t})f(t,x_{t})\,dt
\leq N||f||_{L_{d+1}([0,T]\times B_{r})},$$ where $$||f||_{L_{d+1}([0,T]\times B_{r})}
=\big(\int_{0}^{T}\int_{|x|\leq r}
f^{d+1}(t,x)\,dxdt\big)^{1/(d+1)}.$$ $B_{r}$ is the open ball in ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ of radius $r$ centered at the origin, and $\tau_{r}$ is the first exit time of $x_{t}$ from $B_{r}$.
Proof. First of all notice that for any $u\in C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$ expression (\[2.26.1\]) makes sense. Indeed, if $r$ is such that $u(t,x)=0$ for $|x|\geq r$ and all $t$, then the integrand is bounded by a constant times $$\int_{0}^{t}[1+K(r,s)+L(x^{*}_{t}+r,s)]\,ds,$$ which is finite since each trajectory of $x_{s}$ is bounded on $[0,t]$. Also observe that usual approximation techniques allows us to only concentrate on the case of infinitely differentiable functions $f\geq0$ vanishing for $|x|\geq r$ for some $r$. We fix $r$, such a function $f$, and a nonnegative function $\zeta\in C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$ with unit integral and support in the unit ball of ${\mathbb{R}}^{d+1}$ centered at the origin. Below, for any locally bounded Borel function $g(t,y)$ and $\varepsilon>0$ we use the notation $$g^{(\varepsilon)}=g*\zeta_{\varepsilon},\quad
\text{where}\quad\zeta_{\varepsilon}(t,x)=
\varepsilon^{-d-1}\zeta(t/\varepsilon,x/\varepsilon).$$
Next, we need Theoremย 2 of [@Kr76], which states the following. There exist constants $\alpha=\alpha(d)>0$ and $N_{r}=N(r,d)<\infty$ and there exists a bounded Borel nonpositive function $z$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d+1}$ which is convex on $B_{2r} $ for each fixed $t$ and is such that, for each nonnegative symmetric matrixย $a$, $$\label{2.26.3}
\alpha (\det a )^{1/(d+1)}f^{(\varepsilon)} \le
z^{(\varepsilon)}_{t} +
a^{ij} z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x^{i}x^{j}}
\quad\text{for}\quad\varepsilon\leq r,t\in{\mathbb{R}},|x|\leq r,$$ $$\label{2.26.5}
|z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x}|\leq2r^{-1}|z^{(\varepsilon)}|
\quad\text{for}\quad\varepsilon\leq r/2,t\in{\mathbb{R}},|x|\leq r,$$ $$\label{2.26.4}
|z|\le N_{r}||f||_{L_{d+1}({\mathbb{R}}\times B_{r})}
\quad\text{in}\quad{\mathbb{R}}\times B_{2r} .$$
Notice that in Theoremย 2 of [@Kr76] there is the minus sign in front of $z^{(\varepsilon)}_{t}$. However, (\[2.26.3\]) is true as is, since one can replace $t$ with $-t$ and this does not affect any other term. Observe that (\[2.26.4\]) obviously implies that for $\varepsilon\leq r$, we have $$\label{2.26.6}
|z^{(\varepsilon)}|\le N_{r}||f||_{L_{d+1}({\mathbb{R}}\times B_{r})}
\quad\text{in}\quad{\mathbb{R}}\times B_{r} .$$
Fix an $\varepsilon>0$. We claim that the process $$\begin{aligned}
\label{2.27.1}
\xi_{t}:=-z^{(\varepsilon)}(t\wedge\tau_{r},
x_{t\wedge\tau_{r}})
-\int_{0}^{t\wedge\tau_{r}}\big[-
z^{(\varepsilon)}_{s}(s,x_{s})
\\
+
F(s,x_{s},-z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x x }(s,x_{s}))
+L(r,s)|z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x}(s,x_{s})|\big]\,ds\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ is a local supermartingale. To prove the claim it suffices to prove that (\[2.27.1\]) is a local supermartingale on $[0,T]$ for every $T\in[0,\infty)$. Fix a $T\in[0,\infty)$ and concentrate on $t\in[0,T]$. Change $-z^{(\varepsilon)}$ outside of $[0,T]\times B_{r}$ in any way with the only requirement that the new function, say $u$ belong to $C^{\infty}_{0}({\mathbb{R}}^{d+1})$. Then the process (\[2.26.1\]) is a local supermartingale. Replacing $t$ with $t\wedge\tau_{r}$ yields a local supermartingale again. Also observe that subtracting an increasing continuous process from a local supermartingale preserves the property of being a local supermartingale. After noticing that for $0<s\leq t
\wedge\tau_{r}\leq T$, we have $|x_{s}|\leq r$ and $L( x^{*}_{s},s) \leq L(r,s)$ and we conclude that $$\eta_{t}:=u(t\wedge\tau_{r},x_{t\wedge\tau_{r}})
-\int_{0}^{t\wedge\tau_{r}}\big[-
z^{(\varepsilon)}_{s}(s,x_{s})$$ $$+F(s,x_{s},-z^{(\varepsilon)}_{xx}(s,x_{s}))
+L(r,s)|z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x}(s,x_{s})|\big]\,ds$$ is a local supermartingale on $[0,T]$. Since $$\eta_{t}-\xi_{t}=[u(0,x_{0})-z^{(\varepsilon)}(0,x_{0})]
I_{\tau_{r}=0},$$ is a bounded martingale, (\[2.27.1\]) is a local supermartingale indeed.
After having proved our claim we notice that for each $T\in[0,\infty)$ the process (\[2.27.1\]) is obviously bounded on $[0,T]$. Therefore (\[2.27.1\]) is a supermartingale and $$E\xi_{T}I_{\tau_{r}>0}\leq E\xi_{0}I_{\tau_{r}>0}
\leq\sup_{|x|\leq r}|z^{(\varepsilon)}(0,x)|,$$ which along with (\[2.26.6\]), (\[2.26.5\]), and the fact that $z\leq0$, yields that for any $\varepsilon\leq r/2$ $$E\int_{0}^{T\wedge\tau_{r}}\big[
z^{(\varepsilon)}_{s}(s,x_{s})-
F(s,x_{s},-z^{(\varepsilon)}_{xx}(s,x_{s}))\big]\,ds$$ $$\leq N_{r}||f||_{L_{d+1}([0,T]\times B_{r})}\big(1
+2r^{-1} E\int_{0}^{T\wedge\tau_{r}}L(r,s)\,ds\big).$$ Here, owing to (\[2.26.3\]), $$z^{(\varepsilon)}_{s} -
F(s,x,-z^{(\varepsilon)}_{xx} )
=\inf_{a\in A(s,x)}\big[z^{(\varepsilon)}_{s}
+a^{ij}z^{(\varepsilon)}_{x^{i}x^{j}}\big]$$ $$\geq f^{(\varepsilon)}\alpha\inf_{a\in A(s,x)}
(\det a)^{1/(d+1)}
=f^{(\varepsilon)}\alpha \delta^{d/(d+1)} .$$ Hence $$E\int_{0}^{t\wedge\tau_{r}}\delta^{d/(d+1)}
f^{(\varepsilon)}(s,x_{s}) \,ds
\leq N ||f||_{L_{d+1}([0,T]\times B_{r})}$$ with $$N=N_{r}\alpha^{-1}\big(1 +2r^{-1}\int_{0}^{T}L(r,s)\,ds\big).$$
Finally we let $\varepsilon\downarrow0$ and use the continuity of $f$ which guarantees that $f^{(\varepsilon)}\to f$. Then upon remembering that $f\geq0$ and using Fatouโs theorem, we arrive at (\[2.26.2\]) with the above specifiedย $N$. The theorem is proved.
[Actually, we did not use the continuity of $x_{t}$. We could have only assumed that $x_{t}$ is a separable measurable process. However, then it turns out that the assumption about the processes (\[2.26.1\]) implies that $x_{t}$ is continuous anyway and moreover that $x_{t}$ is an Itรด process (see [@Kr1]). ]{}
[mm]{}
Yi-Ju Chao, Diffusion approximation of a sequence of semimartingales and its application in exploring the asymptotic bahavior of some queueing networks, PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, June 1999.
P.J. Fleming and B. Simon, Heavy traffic approximations for a system of infinite servers with load balancing, Probab. Engrg. Inform. Sci., 13 (1999) 251-273.
N. Ikeda and S. Watanabe, Stochastic differential equations and diffusion processes, North-Holland, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, 1981.
J. Jacod and A. Shiryayev, Limit theorems for stochastic processes, Grundlehren der math. Wissenschaften, A series of comprehensive studies in math., Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1987.
Ya. Kogan and R.S. Liptser, Limit non-stationary behavior of large closed queueing network with bottleneck, Queueing Systems, 14 (1993) 33โ55.
R. Khasminskii and N. Krylov, On averaging principle for diffusion processes with null-recurrent fast component, Stoch. Proc. Appl., Vol. 93, no. 2 (2001), 229-240.
N.V. Krylov, On Itรดโs stochastic integral equations, Teoriya Veroyatnostei i eye Primeneniya, Vol. 14, No.2 (1969), 340-348 in Russian; English translation in Theor. Probability Appl., 14 (1969) 330โ336.
N.V. Krylov, Some estimates of the probability density of a stochastic integral, Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, serija matematicheskaja, Vol. 38, No. 1 (1974), 228โ248 in Russian; English translation in Math. USSR Izvestija, Vol. 8 (1974) 233โ254.
N.V. Krylov, Sequences of convex functions and estimates of the maximum of the solution of a parabolic equation, Sibirskii Mat. Zhurn., 17 (1976) 290โ303 (in Russian); English translation: Siberian J. Math., 17 (1976) 226โ236.
N.V. Krylov, A supermartingale characterization of a set of stochastic integrals, Ukrain. Mat. Zh. 41, No. 6 (1989), 757โ762 in Russian; English translation in Ukrainian Math. J. 41 (1990) 650โ654.
N.V. Krylov and B.L. Rozovsky, Stochastic evolution equations, in Itogy nauki i tekhniki, Vol. 14, VINITI, Moscow, 1979, 71-146 in Russian; English translation in J. Soviet Math., Vol. 16 (1981) 1233โ1277.
Kushner, H.J. Approximation and Weak Convergence Methods for Random Processes, with Applications to Stochastic Systems Theory, MIT-Press. Cambridge, 1984.
H.J. Kushner, Weak Convergence Methods and Singularly Perturbed Stochastic Control and Filtering Problems, Birkhรคuser, 1990.
H.J. Kushner and P.G. Dupuis, Numerical methods for stochastic control problems in continuous time, second edition, Springer Verlag, 2001.
H.J. Kushner and W. Runggaldier, Nearly optimal state feedback controls for stochastic systems with wideband noise disturbances, SIAM J. on Control and Optimization, 25 (1987) 289โ315.
H.J. Kushner and W.J. Runggaldier, Filtering and control for wide bandwidth noise driven systemsโ IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. AC-23 (1987) 123โ133.
T.G. Kurtz and P.E. Protter, Weak convergence of stochastic integrals and differential equations. II. Infinite-dimensional case. Probabilistic models for nonlinear partial differential equations (Montecatini Terme, 1995), 197โ285, Lecture Notes in Math., 1627, Springer, Berlin, 1996.
R.S. Liptser and W.J. Runggaldier, Non-linear filters for linear models (A robust approach), IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, 41 (1995) 1001โ1009.
R.S. Liptser, W.J. Runggaldier, and M. Taksar, Diffusion approximation and optimal stochastic control. (Russian) Teor. Veroyatnost. i Primenen. 44 (1999) 705โ737.
R.Sh. Liptser and A.N. Shiryayev, Theory of Martingales, Nauka, Moscow, 1986 in Russian; English translation by Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 1989.
A.V. Skorokhod, Issledovaniya po teorii sluchainykh processov, Izd-vo Kievskogo Universiteta, Kiev, 1961 in Russian; English translation: Studies in the theory of random processes, Dover Publ. Inc., New York, 1982.
D.W. Stroock and S.R.S. Varadhan, Multidimensional diffusion processes, Springer Verlag, Berlin-New York, 1979.
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1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a novel printing screen, a process of making such a printing screen, and a method of screen printing on hard non-absorbent materials, such as glass, to provide a pattern with selected areas of variable ink thickness.
2. Summary of Related Art
Screen printing is an important process in making automotive glass and other glass components, for making printed circuit boards, and for a number of other applications where a specific electrical pattern is printed on a hard substrate surface.
In the glass manufacturing process, screen printing is used to print the electrically conducting networks for heater arrays on rear windows and backlights. Such heater arrays on the glass generally comprise an array of heating conductors extending across the window between bus bars adjacent the lateral edges of the glass.
The heater array may be printed on one surface of a piece of glass before the glass is heated for bending and hardening. A ceramic ink/paint with an electrical conductor, such as silver, is used to form the heater pattern during the screening process. The wet ceramic ink is spread on the screen during production use. A squeegee blade is pressed across the screen to force ink through the screen in any of the apertures in the screen coating. A return run of the squeegee blade back across the screen forces the ink onto the surface of the glass.
It is desirable to increase the thickness of the printed ink pattern at one or more locations to selectively increase the conductance of parts of the pattern such as bus bars, to provide a thicker connector to solder leads to a bus bar, or for a number of other purposes in connection with automotive glass and other applications.
In addition to electrically conductive networks, screen printing is also used to provide ceramic masks for tinted windows and obscuration areas along the edge of a window. Color masking with a graduation area along an edge of a window glass of an automobile is often performed to hide mechanical components and structure along the edge of the window. Screen printing may also be used to provide a mask or dot pattern used to tint windows for sun screening purposes.
Various printing screen structures and manufacturing methods are known in the art. The typical printing screen for automotive glass starts by preparing the original pattern as a positive film, and then transferring the positive image on a positive film to a full-size photosensitive transparency. A screen is prepared by coating the screen with a photosensitive emulsion and placing the transparency on the screen. A light source on the transparency side of the screen is switched on for the required exposure time. The screen is separated from the transparency and the non-exposed areas of emulsion are washed away to form the desired pattern in the screen.
A number of U.S. patents have discussed a method for achieving the desired patterned ink layer of variable thickness. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,851,581 and 3,852,564 to Baum et al disclose a method of making a silk screen and the manufacture of electrically heated windows. The references teach a screen having a uniform thickness and that the uniform thickness may be varied by depositing successive layers of emulsion. The layers of emulsion will not harden properly if the emulsion is too thick. Multiple layers of emulsion are used to build up the screen, with each layer being dried and hardened before applying a subsequent layer. The same transparency is used for each layer of emulsion and it is essential that the transparency be positioned exactly to the pattern.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,560 to Collins teaches a method of screen printing a patterned ink layer using a screen with a patterned coating on its surface facing the substrate. The reference discloses that the thickness of a patterned ink layer screen printed on a glass surface can be increased in selected areas by providing local support between the screen surface and the glass in the selected areas. One of the methods for providing the local support between the glass and the screen to increase ink retention in those areas is an array of spots of coating on the screen. Another method of support is to provide extra patches of screen in the selected areas.
The automatic drawing apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,860 to Kitaya et al may be used to develop dot patterns. The design of the dot patterns may be evaluated and modifications in the pattern may be completed on the apparatus. The patterns used to form the array of dots for a screen process may be generated in a cost efficient manner.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,737 to Mearig and U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,006 to Galvagni et al disclose additional methods for providing variable thickness build up. Mearig teaches a rotary printing screen having a built area to achieve additional thickness. Galvagni et al method is a high accuracy method for forming conductive paths of varying thickness.
The screens and the method for screen printing referred to in the above references suffer from a number of disadvantages. Glass manufacturers are still working to develop a fast, convenient, and cost effective means for screen printing which will provide the variable thickness ink in the desired patterns. Similar methods could also be applied to a number of other screen printing applications, such as printed circuit boards.
One of the problems presently encountered during screen printing operations is using a number of layers of emulsion to achieve the desired variable thickness in the specified pattern. Such a procedure increases the time and cost in preparing a screen. The emulsions must be properly hardened before the next layer is added or the support dots will break off during production operation.
In the glass industry, there is a need for a low cost screen which will furnish the extra thickness of ceramic ink to provide a thicker conductor for weld points and other similar applications. The screen must be rugged for use on a sufficient number of production pieces of glass without the disintegration of the hardened emulsion.
In a dot pattern, the dots in many screen designs have a tendency to crumble when used in production. The blade delivering the ceramic ink to the screen places a downward force on the screen. If the hardened emulsion dots crumble, the screen becomes ineffective for furnishing increased ink to the glass and emulsion pieces may cause quality problems in printing the pattern on the glass, which may cause the complete piece of glass to be rejected.
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The Quality of Silence
A Novel
The gripping, moving story of a mother and daughter's quest to uncover a dark secret in the Alaskan wilderness, from the New York Times bestselling author of Sister and Afterwards.
Thrillingly suspenseful and atmospheric, The Quality of Silenc e is the story of Yasmin, a beautiful astrophysicist, and her precocious deaf daughter, Ruby, who arrive in a remote part of Alaska to be told that Ruby's father, Matt, has been the victim of a catastrophic accident. Unable to accept his death as truth, Yasmin and Ruby set out into the hostile winter of the Alaskan tundra in search of answers. But as a storm closes in, Yasmin realizes that a very human danger may be keeping pace with them. And with no one else on the road to help, they must keep moving, alone and terrified, through an endless Alaskan night.
Opinion
From the critics
Community Activity
Comment
This novel gives you a fascinating picture of Alaska and has a few twists and turns. Interesting characters. I just saw a documentary about the Iditarod which featured one of the locations in this novel and found it to be very accurate.
Are you an Ice Road Truckers fan? (It's okay to admit it - you're among friends!) If you're the kind of complex person who enjoys thrills, suspense, mystery and... erm... reality tv... this might be the book for you. Lupton's a good writer, and she builds believable characters with engaging internal dialogue, even if there are a few (well, quite a few) moments where you will have to suspend your disbelief. If you're looking for a fun, escapist read, but you can't abide bad writing, this might be the book for you.
This is a great mystery that offers lots of suspense along the way and ends with a big surprise.
Most compelling for me is one of the characters - a 10-year-old girl who is deaf and who shares her love of language through tweets that illustrate how she sees the world. The details about family dynamics and communication - through sign language and a computer - in a family of hearing parents with a deaf child were really well written and thought-provoking.
I'll definitely recommend it to others!
CKoval
Apr 05, 2016
4 of 5 stars
I rented this book not having any idea what it was about; I needed a book for the the weekend in a hurry so I grabbed the 1st one I saw. It was better than I expected, though it got a little slow in the middle. Then it started pick back up only to end abruptly. It was like you are waiting for part 2 to come out.
I was captivated by this story--it's tense and suspenseful. Until the ending.
Yasmin and Ruby's predicament upon landing in Alaska spurs Yasmin to step up to a challenge because she's sure her husband is alive, no matter what the state trooper says. Sure, the idea of a woman taking her 10-year-old (I know, Ruby, 10 and a half) daughter on the Dalton Highway in Alaska with a storm approaching is a bit of a stretch, but the intrigue of finding out what really happened up in that little village is quite compelling.
For me, it falls apart at the end, which should have been the high point. Instead of a thrilling conclusion, it kind of deflated for me.
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The Adventures of Alyx
The Adventures of Alyx is a 1976 collection of feminist science fiction stories by American writer Joanna Russ.
It is composed of five stories:
"Bluestocking" (1967, as "The Adventuress" in Orbit 2) begins in the fantasy city of Ourdh. Alyx is hired by a young noblewoman to help the latter escape from an arranged marriage.
"I Thought She Was Afeard Till She Stroked My Beard" (1967, as "I Gave Her Sack and Sherry" in Orbit 2) describes Alyx's escape from an abusive marriage to become a pirate.
"The Barbarian" (1968 in Orbit 3) takes place again in Ourdh. Alyx, the titular barbarian, is employed by a sorcerer with little regard for human life.
"Picnic on Paradise" (1968) presents Alyx as an agent of the Trans-Temporal Authority. Having been accidentally rescued from drowning in the bay of Tyre by a "time-scoop", she is employed to guide a group of ill-prepared vacationers across the treacherous landscape of an alien world.
"The Second Inquisition" (1970 in Orbit 6) takes place in 1925. In it, a young woman befriends an odd visitor, who is eventually revealed to be a time-traveling granddaughter of Alyx. The Trans-Temporal Authority of "Picnic on Paradise" is explicitly mentioned.
These stories display elements of science fiction cloaked in fantasy in a similar way to work by Mary Gentle, who has cited them as an influence.
The eponymous heroine, Alyx, is (intentionally) described with different attributes across the different stories, although she remains reasonably constant inasmuch as she is depicted as a realistic human being, not the cliched fantasy woman prevalent across much of the genre.
Fictional character biography
The details of Alyx's birth and early life are not described. By seventeen, she was married to an abusive man, apparently one of some social standing. After retaliating and striking the man unconscious, she joins a group of smugglers and pirates.
At some point later, she is living in the hills above Ourdh. As part of an evangelical group devoted to the hill-god Yp, she comes to Ourdh. Her co-religionists are persecuted, and Alyx comes to the conclusion that the religion is ridiculous.
By thirty, she is still living in Ourdh, working as a pick-lock, among other things. (She mentions that she had a daughter, but when she lost the daughter or they were estranged is not detailed.) She helps a wealthy young woman named Edarra escape from an arranged marriage to an unpleasant and possibly murderous widower. They travel some distance away from the city by sea.
Some time later, Alyx is back in Ourdh, working as an assassin. She has, in the meantime, married. She enters the employ of a sorcerer. Recognizing his cruelty and malevolence, she destroys him.
Later, in Tyre, Alyx steals from the prince and is put to death by drowning. By coincidence, she's picked up by a time travel device being used by archaeologists in the distant future, the Trans-Temporal Authority. As the only living thing ever recovered by time travel, and a relic of a hardier age, she is employed for her expertise in outdoor survival. Overdosing on an unidentified drug during one of these assignments leaves her with permanent hallucinations of a dead friend.
Alyx grows in influence in the Trans-Temporal Authority and apparently reshapes the agency, leading to a rift between its members.
Her granddaughter also becomes a time-traveler and participates in this conflict.
References to other works
"Bluestocking" includes a reference to Fritz Leiber's character Fafhrd. Alyx recalls "A big Northman with hair like yours and a gold-red beard--God, what a beard!--Fafnir, no, Fafh--well, something ridiculous. But he was far from ridiculous. He was amazing". She describes a volatile week-long tryst with him.
Alyx makes cameo appearances in several of Leiber's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories. In "The Two Best Thieves in Lankhmar", (1968) she is referred to as "Alyx the pick-lock", a thief active in Lankhmar despite the Thieves' Guild barring women from the trade. In "Under the Thumbs of the Gods", (1970) Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser encounter their former lovers during an otherworldly experience. Alyx and Fafhrd's affair is mentioned.
In 1976, Leiber published a promotional article for the Lankhmar war game in The Dragon #1. In passing, he mentions Alyx as having "penetrate[d] Nehwon," apparently from some other world.
References in other media
Through her appearances in stories about Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser, Alyx is mentioned briefly in TSR's Lankhmar โ City of Adventure (1992), and Mongoose's Fritz Leiber's Lankhmar (2006). Both of these are roleplaying game products.
References
Sources
Clute, John and Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993 (2nd edition 1995). .
External links
Category:1976 short story collections
Category:Fantasy short story collections
Category:Short story collections by Joanna Russ
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Q:
Ground copper pour for Crystals and Real time clocks
I am laying out a (2-layer) board, with a standard SMD Crystal as well as a Real-time clock placed on the top-side of the board.
What are guidelines regarding ground copper pour under the Crystal and under the RTC, for their optimal performance? In other words, should I maintain pour-keepout areas on either side of the board, or does it not matter?
A:
I generally try to keep ground pours away from crystal traces, especially if they're more than a few cm long. One reason is to keep stray capacitances to a minimum โ even a few pF can be significant. Another reason is to avoid coupling currents that might be flowing in the ground plane into the oscillator, which could increase clock jitter (which may or may not be significant in a particular application).
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Q:
How to set an image in imageview swift 3?
So I have an image view titled cashOrCredit and have am trying to set it's image programatically but somehow not able to.
First I set the image like this
cell.cashOrCredit.image = UIImage(named: "cash1.png")
and I get an error saying a separator of "," is needed.
Then I tried it this way
var cashImage: UIImage?
cashImage = "cash1.png"
cell.cashOrCredit.image = cashImage
But I get a THREAD 1 EXC BAD INSTRUCTION error.
I can't seem to understand what is going wrong ?
Here is the error
A:
Try this:
cell.cashOrCredit.image = UIImage(named: "cash1")
and check "cash1.png" image is available in Assets.xcassets or not.
If you get solution, then give upvote to my answer.
A:
Updated for Swift 3:
use below simple code, to set the image to UIImageView;
class YourViewControllerName: UIViewController {
var mYourImageViewOutlet: UIImageView?
func addImageToUIImageView{
var yourImage: UIImage = UIImage(named: "Birthday_logo")!
mYourImageViewOutlet.image = yourImage
} // call this function where you want to set image.
}
Note: "Birthday_logo" type of image must be present in your Assets.xcassets of your project.
I attached the screenshot if you want any help please refer it.
****// used anywhere you want to add an image to UIImageView. [Here I used one function & in that function, I write a code to set image to UIImageView]****
Enjoy..!๏ฃฟ
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Q:
Post a image on facebook using Javascript api error 324 requires upload file
FB.login(function(response) {
if (response.authResponse)
{
FB.api('/me/photos', 'post',
{
url:'http://test.xyzfoodservices.com/wp-content/plugins/facebook_login/single.jpg'
}, function(response) {
if (!response || response.error) {
console.log(response.error);
console.log(response);
} else {
alert('Success: Content Published on Facebook Wall');
}
});
FB.api('/me/picture?type=normal', function(response) {
var str="<figure class='tint'> <img id='img' src='"+response.data.url+"'/></figure>";
document.getElementById("popUpDiv").innerHTML+=str;
}); } else
{
console.log('User cancelled login or did not fully authorize.');
}
},{scope: 'email,user_photos,user_videos'});
I had Successfully got access from Facebook .But While I try to post a image on User wall facebook javascript 324 requires upload file. I had test many codes and solutions But nothings helps me up. So Please Answer some Different solutions because i already tried solutions which provided on stack OverFlow.
Thanks in Advance.
A:
FB.api(
"/me/photos",
"POST",
{
"url": "{image-url}"
},
function (response) {
if (response && !response.error) {
/* handle the result */
}
}
);
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Sfanta maria egipteanca
These are 14 videos result for the Sfanta maria egipteanca, hit the "Play This Video" to watch streaming the Sfanta maria egipteanca online. If you dio not find what you are searching for, try to search using another terms.
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Plugged In
Tetris: The Musical
The building-block puzzle has gone from Game Boy to mobile phones -- and now fans of the game have created the animated video, "Tetris: The Musical."
The basic plot involves a couple of red and blue tiles who think they belong together, but who are bullied by a Z tile and bothered by a T tile. Eventually, like the game, the blocks figure out how to all fit together. (And sing together.)
The video is part of a Web series that turns popular video games into minimusicals. Tetris, Pac-Man, and Angry Birds have all gotten the theatrical treatment.
The team that makes up Random Encounters (which has its own YouTube channel), AJ Pinkerton, 25, and Peter Srinivasan, 24, met while students at Ithaca College and have been collaborating ever since. The business partners also created the buzzy Claymation short, "Pac-Man the Musical."
This time, the two have put their creative powers into a story that brings high drama to geometric colored tiles.
Wholesome is right, and Srinivasan is unashamed that the hokey themes of friendship and happiness in their musicals are "like, the best."
The 24-year-old admitted as much in an email to Yahoo!, writing, "The most conscious inspiration we had making this, without a doubt, was 'My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic.' We've been earnest followers of the show for over a year."
For the Ponies fans, work on the video is split up, with Srinivasan handling mixing, sound, visual effects, and animation. Pinkerton writes, edits, and directs. Srinivasan adds that the two "both have musical backgrounds, in school bands and church, but AJ typically writes the music and leaves most of the performance to me."
The duo's talents haven't gone unnoticed. Sega comissioned a three-part Super Monkey Ball production, plus the team has another Pokemon song in the works, and a video involving one of Wii-U's launch titles.
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The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, was determined in extracts of various rat brain structures after treatments which increase or decrease the availability of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Drugs promoting the rapid release of serotonin (e.g., p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and p-chloromethamphetamine (PCMA) produce an acute reduction (onset by 2-3 hours) in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in brain areas rich in serotonin nerve endings. In preliminary experiments, inhibition of the serotonin releasing effects of PCMA by chlorimpramine blocked the reduction in enzyme activity. While it is usually hypothesized that PCA itself is taken up into the presynaptic bouton where it inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase, this project will examine the possibility that 5-HT release into functional activity (i.e., onto the receptor) initiates a sequence of neuronal and biochemical events which has as its end point, a rapid compensatory decrease in serotonin synthesis at the rat limiting hydroxylase step. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES: Lovenberg, W.: Enzyme changes as an index of neurotoxin specificity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. In press (1977). Baumgarten, H.G., Klemm, H.P., Lachenmayer, L., Bjorklund, A., Lovenberg, W. and Schlossberger, H.G.: Mode and mechanism of action of neurotoxic indoleamines: A review and progress report. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., In press (1977).
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Access restored for food stamp users, Xerox says
Staff and wire reports | USA TODAY
People in 17 states found themselves unable to buy groceries with their food stamp debit-style cards Saturday after a routine check by vendor Xerox Corp. resulted in a system failure.
Xerox announced late in the evening that access had been restored for users in the 17 states affected by the outage, hours after the first problems were reported.
"Re-starting the EBT system required time to ensure service was back at full functionality," spokeswoman Jennifer Wasmer said in an email.
Xerox spokeswoman Karen Arena told USA TODAY that some Electronic Benefits Transfer systems were experiencing connectivity issues after a routine test of a backup system at a location in the Midwest caused an outage at about 10 a.m. ET. The test was part of a regular maintenance schedule, Arena said.
Xerox started receiving calls soon afterward.
U.S. Department of Agriculture spokeswoman Courtney Rowe underscored that the outage was not related to the federal government shutdown. Xerox runs EBT card systems for 17 states. All were affected by the outage.
Ohio's cash and food assistance card payment systems went down at 11 a.m., said Benjamin Johnson, a spokesman for the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services.
Shoppers left carts of groceries behind at a packed Market Basket grocery store in Biddeford, Maine, because they couldn't get their benefits, said fellow shopper Barbara Colman, of Saco, Maine. The manager put up a sign saying the EBT system was not in use. Colman, who receives the benefits, called an 800 telephone line for the program and it said the system was down due to maintenance, she said.
"That's a problem. There's a lot of families who are not going to be able to feed children because the system is being maintenanced," Colman said. "No one should put maintenance in during the daytime."
She planned to reach out to local officials.
"I'm trying to reach out to everybody because I'm not thinking of me an adult who can figure out things. I'm thinking of the simpler person in the world who is sitting there trying to just do basic shopping to feed their kids. You don't want children going hungry tonight because of stupidity," she said.
Colman said the store manager promised her that he would honor the day's store flyer discounts next week.
Illinois residents began reporting problems with their cards โ known as LINK in that state โ on Saturday morning, said Januari Smith, spokeswoman for the Illinois Department of Human Services.
Smith said that typically when the cards aren't working retailers can call a backup phone number to find out how much money a customer has available in their account. But that information also was unavailable because of the outage, so customers weren't able to use their cards.
In Clarksdale, Miss. โ one of the poorest parts of one of the poorest states in the nation โ cashier Eliza Shook said dozens of customers at Corner Grocery had to put back groceries when the cards failed Saturday because they couldn't afford to pay for the food. After several hours, she put a sign on the front door to tell people about the problem.
"It's been terrible," Shook said in a phone interview. "It's just been some angry folks. That's what a lot of folks depend on."
Mississippi Department of Human Services director Rickey Berry confirmed that Xerox, the state's EBT vendor, had computer problems. He said he had been told by midafternoon that the problems were being fixed.
"I know there are a lot of mad people," Berry said.
Sheree Powell, a spokeswoman for the Oklahoma Department of Human Services, started receiving calls around 11:30 a.m. about problems with the state's card systems. More than 600,000 Oklahomans receive SNAP benefits, and money is dispersed to the cards on the first, fifth and 10th days of every month, so the disruption came at what is typically a high-use time for the cards.
Oklahoma also runs a separate debit card system for other state benefits like unemployment payments. Those cards can be used at ATMs to withdraw cash. Powell said Xerox administers both the EBT and debit card systems, and they both were down initially.
Like Ohio's Johnson, Powell said that Oklahoma's cash debit card system has since been restored, but the EBT cards for the SNAP program were still down. Powell said Oklahoma's Xerox representative told them that the problems stemmed from a power failure at a data center, and power had been restored quickly.
"It just takes a while to reboot these systems," she said, adding that she did not know where the data center was located.
Powell said that some grocery store cashiers had been speculating that the federal government's shutdown caused the problem, but state officials have been assured that that is not the case.
"We are hopeful it will be up this afternoon but we were not given a specific time frame," she said.
David Akerly, a spokesman for Michigan's Department of Human Services, also confirmed that residents in his state have reported problems using their cards.
Contributing: Associated Press
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Q:
Is my .then Javascript Promise Working?
Here is a snippet of my code:
.then(functionUpdate(par))
.then(function() {
console.log("why do I see this in my terminal before i see all of the console.log from functionUpdate()?");
I want functionUpdate(par) to finish before going on to the next function but when I look in my terminal the console.log in the next function goes off before all of the console.log within functionUpdate. I presume this means that the functions are not being called synchronously. I thought the .then promise was supposed to enforce synchronous operations. What am I doing wrong?
I've also tried using Parse.Promise (I'm using Parse.com and have it installed) and Q to no avail. If anything I often get an error saying I can not execute then on undefined.
A:
This is explicitly how promises work: they will run "until they are done" and functions you pass as then handlers will trigger "whenever the promised code yields a result". In the mean time, the rest of your script that follows the promise chain keeps running as usual.
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Q:
Effect on signal bandwidth due to multiplication?
Recently I came across an statement which says,
If signal m(t) has bandwidth B then pow(m(t),n) will have bandwith nB.
To prove it mathematically I startted with,
Let n=2,
y(t)= m(t)xm(t)
y(t)=Convolution(M(f),M(f)) :: where M(f) is the fourier transform of M(t)
After that the book states that y(t) has bandwidth 2B.
Can someone point out to what I am missing here?
A:
Raising m(t) to the power 2 is of course squaring the signal and if the signal consisted of two sine waves spaced at f1 and f2 , f1 would transform to 2f1 and f2 would transform to 2f2. So if f1 were 100 Hz and f2 were 1000 Hz your original bandwidth would be 900 Hz and your bandwidth (after squaring) would be: -
2000 Hz - 200 Hz = 1800 Hz i.e. your bandwidth has doubled after squaring.
There will be other artefacts as well - sum and difference frequencies will be present and these are well known in modulation schemes because plenty of modulation schemes involve multiplication. For instance amplitude modulation: -
Here the audio signal occupying the baseband is multiplied by a "carrier frequency" and the final signal transforms from the baseband to be twice the spectral width of the baseband centred about the frequency of the carrier - maybe this is what your book means when it says "that y(t) has bandwidth 2B"?
So, it works for squaring and if you looked at some trig identities for sines raised to other powers you would find that it works for those other powers.
Because this isn't math stack exchange I feel no compulsion to prove for n>2 but wiki to the rescue: -
As you can see, whatever the power raised to results in a sinewave frequency of that power times \$\theta\$ somewhere in the answer.
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Marรญa Rojas siempre ha vivido en Barquisimeto. En su posiciรณn dentro de uno de los hoteles cinco estrellas de la ciudad, ve pasar a muchos turistas, especialmente extranjeros, mรกgicamente millonarios por los diferenciales cambiarios. Pero no es su caso. Mรกs allรก de la escasez, reconoce que la ciudad musical ยซse ha vuelto cara de repente, como de dos aรฑos paโcaยป.
No ayuda la abrupta subida del INPC, que escalรณ a 141,5% anualizado al tercer trimestre de 2015. Los precios locales doblaron entre enero y septiembre del aรฑo pasado, en su opiniรณn porque ยซlos comerciantes especulan, los bachaqueros especulan y todo lo pagamos nosotrosยป. La realidad puede ser mucho mรกs densa, pues el BCV no es capaz de medir este tipo de fenรณmenos.
ยฟQuรฉ ve un caraqueรฑo cuando llega a Barquisimeto? En รฉpocas de la octavita de las festividades de la Divina Pastora, muchas imรกgenes de la Virgen a precios de turista. Una rรฉplica en cerรกmica, tamaรฑo de mesa de sala, se puede comprar hasta por 28.000 bolรญvares. La primera quincena de enero es ยซla mejor del aรฑoยป, en boca de comerciantes del mayor centro comercial de la ciudad. Ayuda que dos millones de personas, entre locales y peregrinos, se acercan a rendirle pleitesรญa a la patrona de Lara. ยซDicen que en enero no hay plata, pero eso no es verdad en Barquisimeto. Se vende mucho, incluso mejor que en diciembreยป, comenta el encargado de una tienda de orfebrerรญa ubicada en el Sambil.
La estadรญa en la ciudad puede no hacerse tan cara. Un hotel ejecutivo en el centro de la ciudad, como Los Leones, puede reservarse por menos de 10 mil bolรญvares la noche. Pero los cinco estrellas compiten con los precios de Caracas. Una cama se cotiza por encima de los 35 mil bolรญvares diarios. El transporte tampoco colabora: la ยซcarrera mรญnimaยป estรก en 400 bolรญvares en taxi, y ยซ500 en la noche, por la seguridadยป, comenta el chofer de la lรญnea Libertaxis que maneja hacia uno de los corazones de la ciudad: la calle del hambre.
En Barquisimeto no se comen arepas. Una vez un periodista caraqueรฑo pidiรณ una al salir de un evento y terminรณ en el terminal de buses de la ciudad a medianoche, comiendo de la cava de una seรฑora que solo tenรญa ยซde carne mechadaยป. Ademรกs de la capital musical de Venezuela, es la capital del pepito: canilla con carne, pollo, o mixta combinada con papitas fritas. Es en el precio de la comida donde se ve la carga inflacionaria en Barquisimeto. La especialidad de la casa se cotiza a 1.300 bolรญvares (1.450 con refresco de vaso) o, en cristiano, 600 bolรญvares mรกs que en el famoso Eusebio de Caracas.
De regreso al Sambil, no hay colas en el Rattan. Sรญ hay aires acondicionados split, de esos que no se consiguen en Caracas, a 192.500 bolรญvares. ยฟLa marca? Pancho Gomita (bueno, no es Pancho Gomita, pero sรญ ninguna conocida). A unos metros, los Samsung son unos 2.000 bolรญvares mรกs caros. Tambiรฉn hay televisores y celulares de รบltima generaciรณn. No serรกn muchos los que salgan con compra.
Una leche condensada y un jugo pequeรฑo son 945 bolรญvares. Le puede parecer barato, pero un momento: El espeso lรญquido no viene en lata, sino en cartรณn y no es la popular presentaciรณn de 397 gramos, sino una 25% menor. A pocos metros, camino a la Flor de Venezuela ofrecen, encaletado y bachaqueado, papel tualรฉ a 500 bolรญvares el paquete de cuatro. A ese precio, ni en Caracas.
Tomando unas fotos al pie de la estructura de Fruto Vivas se para, de la nada, un vehรญculo. En la Venezuela de 2016, el paรญs mรกs violento del mundo, uno teme lo peor. Pero es un campesino que ofrece, al azar, cartones de huevo. Son mil bolรญvares que no permiten subir al aviรณn. Algunas cosas son mรกs frescas โ y menos caras- en Barquisimeto.
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Winter 2001
In the North End, community grows by itselfโbut for how long? Five years ago, when I first told my Cambridge friends I was moving to Bostonโs North End, they said I would be disappointed. My Italian grandmother notwithstanding, I wouldnโt find the sense of community and civic life I was looking for, they said, because(...)
WELLFLEETโThe tourists may leave each fall, but Wellfleetโs 3,100 year-round residents lend character to a town already rich with shops, restaurants, and spectacular seaside vistas. This Lower Cape community brings together artists, shellfishermen, retirees, and Yankee traditionalists. Yet some say the townโs very diversity has contributed to its difficulties finding the right person to run(...)
Robert Moses became a legend of the Civil Rights Movement dodging bullets and taking beatings as he organized voter registration drives in Mississippi. Today, he is battling ignorance of a different kind, teaching African-American children across the country how to doโand understandโmathematics. And he considers himself no less a civil rights crusader now than he(...)
ATHOLโCable-access television broadcasts of town meetings, board of selectmen sessions, and other municipal gatherings usually attract few viewers, even when they are repeated endlessly at all hours of the day and night. But on occasion, the performance of municipal duties takes a riveting turn, presenting to citizen-viewers high drama, if not low comedy. North of(...)
Massachusetts is basking in the economic glow of a record low unemployment rate, which dipped to just over 2 percent last fall. But not all parts of the state share this good fortune. As of October, the cities of Lawrence and New Bedford reported unemployment rates more than double the statewide average. Levels of joblessness(...)
The modern American worker, the most productive and prosperous in history, lives in an increasingly transient society where extended family support networks are stretched thin or are nonexistent, where there are fewer โstay-at-homeโ parents, and where many single-parent families have to both make ends meet and care for young children. All of these broad societal(...)
Working families in Massachusetts need and deserve the protection of a fair, paid family and medical leave policy that covers all workers. At some point in our lives, all of us will be confronted with a serious personal or family medical emergency. And everyone agrees that newborns and newly adopted children need time to get(...)
Almost two months before the DOEโs online conference, Senate President Thomas Birmingham launched the State Senate E-vents by personally engaging in a 32-minute chat with students at Everett High School. It was the first in whatโs billed as a series of online discussions about public policy between senators and schoolchildren. The September 26 exchange, an(...)
The streaming video made Commissioner David Driscollโs face look like it was melting, and the thread of conversation in the chat room was hard to follow. But other than that, the Department of Educationโs interactive forum went off without a hitch. The November 15 Internet event, or โe-ventโ as it was called, was the first(...)
PHOENIXโItโs not easy being clean. At least not the first time around. Arizonaโs Clean Elections Law was passed in a statewide referendum in 1998, the same year Massachusetts approved its own. But, unlike the Massachusetts law, which applies for the first time to the elections in 2002, the Arizona system went into effect last year.(...)
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Outcome of reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (RISCT) using antilymphocyte antibodies in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) with fully ablative conditioning is associated with an age-related increase in treatment-related mortality. It is therefore particularly unsuited to older individuals, who are most at risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Reduced-intensity SCT (RISCT) may be of value in this group. We report 17 consecutive patients with high-risk AML whose median age was 58 years and who received stem cells from HLA-matched siblings (n=5), or alternative donors (n=12). We used lymphodepleting antibodies as a part of the reduced-intensity conditioning regimen to limit the risk of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). All patients engrafted. One patient developed severe fatal GVHD, and two patients died of infection. At a median follow-up of 861 days (372-1957 days), seven patients are alive in remission, which includes two patients treated in relapse and five patients who lacked an MHC identical sibling donor. Both progression-free survival and overall survival are 40% (95% CI, 17-64%). Hence, RISCT using lymphodepleting antibodies may be of value for older patients with AML, even in those with active or high-risk disease, and even if they lack an MHC-identical sibling donor.
|
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|
Q:
Jmeter: How to map specific variable values from CSV file to specific thread-groups in a test plan
I have a test plan with 12 thread-groups, each one is one test scenario.I want to use unique login credentials for each thread-group. So I've created a CSV file, added CSV Data Config element to each thread-group and selected "All Threads" in "Sharing mode". Whenever I execute the test plan(All thread-groups concurrently) the thread-groups are not taking variable rows sequentially. I expected that the 1st thread-group in the test plan would consider 1st row of variables in the CSV file based on the post: JMeter test plan with different parameter for each thread
But it is not happening and I am unable to understand the pattern of variable allocation. Please help me resolve my issue.
My CSV file looks like below:
userName,password,message
userone,sample123,message1
usertwo,sample123,message2
.
.
so on...
Refer below for configuration of CSV Data Config element:
Thanks!
A:
Threads and thread groups are different things. When you choose "All Threads" in "Sharing mode", it just means that all threads in the same thread group will share CSV. Thread groups are always independent.
You have 2 simple options:
Use one thread group and control what users are doing with controllers. For example Throughput Controller can allow you to control how many threads perform this or other script scenario within the same thread group.
Split your CSV so, that each thread group has its own CSV.
And many more complicated options, for example:
Use __CSVRead or __StringFromFile function, which allows to read one line. That way you can assign each thread group a range of lines to read, rather than reading the entire file.
If your usernames and passwords are predictable (e.g. user1, user2, etc), you could use a counter and a range for each thread group.
|
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Elucidating the pH-Dependent Structural Transition of T7 Bacteriophage Endolysin.
Bacteriophages are the most abundant and diverse biological entities on earth. Bacteriophage endolysins are unique peptidoglycan hydrolases and have huge potential as effective enzybiotics in various infectious models. T7 bacteriophage endolysin (T7L), also known as N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase or T7 lysozyme, is a 17 kDa protein that lyses a range of Gram-negative bacteria by hydrolyzing the amide bond between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and the l-alanine of the peptidoglycan layer. Although the activity profiles of several of the T7 family members have been known for many years, the molecular basis for their pH-dependent differential activity is not clear. In this study, we explored the pH-induced structural, stability, and activity characteristics of T7L by applying a variety of biophysical techniques and protein nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Our studies established a reversible structural transition of T7L below pH 6 and the formation of a partially denatured conformation at pH 3. This low-pH conformation is thermally stable and exposed its hydrophobic pockets. Further, NMR relaxation measurements and structural analysis unraveled that T7L is highly dynamic in its native state and a network of His residues are responsible for the observed pH-dependent conformational dynamics and transitions. As bacteriophage chimeric and engineered endolysins are being developed as novel therapeutics against multiple drug resistance pathogens, we believe that our results are of great help in designing these entities as broadband antimicrobial and/or antibacterial agents.
|
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Three Generations And A Dog Farming John Deere Original 1993 Dealer Print JDPRINT-20
Three Generations And A Dog Farming John DeereThis is an Original 17 year old 1993 print sent to john Deere Dealers in very limited numbers.Artist Walter Haskell Hinton painted the originals for these prints which John Deere pulled from their archives and reprinted in 1993The dealers who chose to sell them charged $45.00 or more each, or gave them to very special customers.These are all serial numbered below 500. If you buy the set of all 8 prints, we will send you all matched serial numbers.Measures 18" x 22"Poster Board Material For Commercial UseEasily Framed or MountedGuarenteed to be licensed originalsComes rolled in tube
Shipping for U.S. Orders Only (excludes AK & HI)
ALL orders of $50 or more are shipped FREE of charge. Nearly all orders (99%+) are processed and out for delivery in 1-2 business days.
Orders under $50 are charged $9.99 for shipping AND HANDLING. D. Lawless employees must retrieve your order from our database, pick each product from our warehouses, and carefully package items for safe arrival. This costs time and money and is the reason we must charge $9.99. We break even on most of these orders due to our fantastic prices, but we are happy to do so to fill our customer's needs :)
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Massage Therapy
If you have ever treated yourself to a day at the spa, you probably already know how soothing and relaxing a professional massage can be. But did you also know that medical grade massage therapy can have a profoundly positive impact on your health and wellness, both by itself and in combination with other natural therapies? Here at Anthem Chiropractic, weโre quite aware of the healing power of medical massage โ and thatโs why weโre happy to offer a range of massage techniques for our Henderson and Las Vegas, NV patients.
Medical Grade Massage Therapy for Henderson and Las Vegas Residents
A high standard of health and well being depends on many different functions, from correct posture and healthy circulation to a strong immune system and pliant, flexible muscles. Unfortunately, a great number of factors can interfere with these functions. Chronic postural or alignment problems, for instance, can cause chronic muscular strain and fatigue. Sports injuries or personal injuries can result in painful soft tissue damage, leaving internal scar tissue in their wake. Chronic ailments such as fibromyalgia can create muscle knots which act as trigger points for systemic physical pain. Massage therapy can address all of these issues and more.
The Benefits of Medical Grade Massage Therapy in Henderson, Nevada
Stress relief โ Massage relaxes large muscle groups that react to emotional stress by tightening up and causing stiffness, headaches and other discomforts. By relaxing the muscles, we can release the bottled-up stress they contain. Relaxed muscles also enjoy more optimal range of motion.
Enhanced healing โ Massage can stimulate blood flow to the area being treated. This is highly useful for helping injured or post-operative tissue receive more oxygen and nutrients, enabling them to heal themselves in a more timely manner. Better circulation also means better drainage of fluid from the injury or surgery site to control swelling.
Natural pain relief โ The same circulatory boost that accelerates healing also helps you achieve drug-free pain relief. Thatโs because the muscles are better able to expel inflammatory substances and pain-inducing waste products such as lactic acid.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
If you are in the market for property, whether it is Residential, Commercial or Rental property,
New York Realty Exchange can help you find a place.
For buyers and renters, browse our listings by location. You can also set up a profile
outlining the details of the property you want, whether Residential, Commercial or Rental.
This gives sellers and apartment managers the opportunity of contacting you when
property/rentals meeting your profile become available. By registering at New York Realty Exchange,
you can post your property/rental profile.
For sellers and apartment managers, New York Realty Exchange gives your property unprecendented visibility
on the internet. The possiblities are tremendous and you have very much to gain. By registering
at New York Realty Exchange, you can post your property.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2000-2012 JetBrains s.r.o.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.intellij.ui.popup.util;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.Project;
import com.intellij.ui.ColoredListCellRenderer;
import com.intellij.ui.ColoredTreeCellRenderer;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import javax.swing.*;
public abstract class ItemWrapper {
public abstract void setupRenderer(ColoredListCellRenderer renderer, Project project, boolean selected);
public abstract void setupRenderer(ColoredTreeCellRenderer renderer, Project project, boolean selected);
public abstract void updateAccessoryView(JComponent label);
public abstract String speedSearchText();
@Nullable
public abstract String footerText();
public void updateDetailView(DetailView panel) {
if (panel == null) return;
if (equals(panel.getCurrentItem())) {
return;
}
doUpdateDetailView(panel, panel.hasEditorOnly());
panel.setCurrentItem(this);
}
protected abstract void doUpdateDetailView(DetailView panel, boolean editorOnly);
public abstract boolean allowedToRemove();
public abstract void removed(Project project);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
How to to display separate iframe in every N second?
I have read some posts and did some research before asking, if there was any duplicate post sorry about that.
It is a bit similar to this question, but I don't want the webpages to keep looping and I want the webpages to display in each iframe separately. I want to display some website with iframe every N second, the expecting result just like the following command code:
@echo off
echo "Webpage 1"
timeout 5 >nul
echo "Webpage 2"
timeout 3 >nul
echo "Webpage 3"
timeout 4 >nul
when I try to do it with php, I used the following code:
<iframe src="http://example.com/page1" width="50%"></iframe>
<br>
<?php sleep(5); ?>
<iframe src="http://example.com/page2" width="50%"></iframe>
<br>
<?php sleep(3); ?>
<iframe src="http://example.com/page3" width="50%"></iframe>
<br>
<?php sleep(4); ?>
How to avoid those pages displaying simultaneously?
A:
//need jquery
urlLists = [ "http://example.com/page1", "http://example.com/page2" ];
key = 0;
//loop
$(document).ready(function()
{
var refreshId = setInterval( function()
{
if(urlLists[key] == undefined){
key=0;
}
$('iframe').attr('src',urlLists[key]) ;
key++;
}, 5000);
});
//stop at last
$(document).ready(function()
{
var refreshId = setInterval( function()
{
if(urlLists[key] != undefined){
$('iframe').attr('src',urlLists[key]) ;
key++;
}else{
window.clearInterval(refreshId );
}
}, 5000);
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Jocelynn Birks
Jocelynn Birks (born August 21, 1993 in Willow Springs, Illinois) is an American volleyball player who plays in the German Women's Volleyball League.
Playing career
She played for the University of Illinois.
She participated at the 2016โ17 Women's CEV Cup, with Dresdner SC.
Clubs
References
External links
http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=9979&PlayerID=67108&ID=968
http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/CompetitionNews.aspx?NewsID=23784&ID=968
http://bringitusa.com/blog/player/birks-jocelynn/
http://www.news-gazette.com/sports/illini-sports/volleyball/2016-07-09/2016-illinois-female-athlete-year-jocelynn-birks.html
Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:American women's volleyball players
Category:Illinois Fighting Illini women's volleyball players
Category:People from Willow Springs, Illinois
Category:Sportspeople from Illinois
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
[Relationship between migraine-type headache in childhood with cow's milk allergy and egg-white allergy].
Migraine is a very common headache disorder. Due to the co-occurrence of migraine and allergic disorders, allergic mechanisms have been thought to play a role in migraine pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the association between cow's milk allergy and egg-white allergy and migraine-type headache of childhood. We included 39 children with migraine-type headache and 167 children with no headache who had been evaluated previously in a school screening study program. Egg-white and cow's milk-specific IgE levels were measured for all involved subjects. Specific IgE levels were positive for cow's milk in 4 children and for egg-white in 2 children, respectively. No meaningful relationship was detected between food allergies and migraine. However, specific IgE levels for egg-white were significantly higher in migraineurs (p=0.008). Childhood migraine does not appear to be associated with cow's milk or egg-white allergy. However, the elevation of egg-white-specific IgE levels in migraine-type headache may signify the possible presence of shared pathogenetic pathways in the development of migraine and food allergies.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืขื ืคืืจืื ืืฉื ืืขืืื
ืืืืืช ืฉื ืฆ'ืืงื! ืื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืฉื ืฆ'ืืงื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืจืืื
ืงืจื ืืื ื
ืื ืื ื ืจืืฆืื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืงืจื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืื
ืืืื ืืืืจืฃ ืืงืจื ืืื ื ืืื ืื?
ืื ืืืงื. -ืื ืืืงื
ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืชืืื? ืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืช...
ืืคืืืช ืืฆืืชื ืืช ืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืขืฆืื
ืื ื ืืืืชื ืื ืืกืจ ืฉืืืืฉ. ืืื ืืืืงืชื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืฉืื
ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืง ืืื ืืืชื ืืื..
ืืืงื ืื ืืขืฉืืช? ืื ืืขืฉืืช? ืืืืืงืช ืืช ื.....ืงืกืื ืฉืื
ืกืจืืื ืืื ืขื ืืขืจืืฅ ืฉืื
ืงืืฉืืจ ืืชืืืืจ
ืืืื.. ื ืชืื ืืฉืืื.. ืื ืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืฉ ืจืืืข ืคื ืื.
ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืข ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืื....
ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื
ืื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืงืจืื? -ืื
ืื ืืืืจืฃ.... ืื ืืืืื!
ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืชื..ืืื ืขืื
ืื ืื... ืืืง ืืขืื.
ืื ืืืืืืก ืฉื ืฉืชื ืฉ ืืืืืืง ืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืงืืจ
ืืื ืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืก -ืืื? ืื
ืชืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืฉื
ืคื ืื ืืกืืจ ื ืืื? -ืื ืื ืื ืืกืืจ
ืขืืฉืื ืชืืืืงื ืืช ืื..
ืื ืฉื ื'ืืืืื
ืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขืืฉืื..
ืืื?
ืืช ืฆืจืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืื ืขื ืืฆืืข...ืืืืฉ ืกืืืื
ืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืจืง ืืืืืก ื ืืื? -ืื..
ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื
ืื ืื ืื ืืืืข...
ืืชื ืจืืฆื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืชืคืืื ืฉืื?
ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืช ืื
ืืืื?
ืื
ื.... ืชืืืืง ืืืืืก
ืืคื ืคื ืฉืื!
ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืฉื
ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืฉืช ืืื.. ืื ื ืื ืืืืข ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืช ืืื ืื ืื--
ื ืืื, ืื ื ืจืืืชื ืืืืฉืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืืืชืจ ืงืื
ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืกืืข
ื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื
ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืื ืกืืข ืืฉืื
ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืชื ืืช ืื.. ืื ื ืืจืืืฉ ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืฉ ื ืื ืกืื ืืขืืื ืืืืฆืื ื
ืืฉืื ืืกืชืืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืคืกืืง ืื ืฉืื? ืื ื ืื.
ืืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืื...
ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ื"ืืืืฉืช ืืื" ื ืขืฉื ืืชืืื ืงืื ื
ืื ืื ื ืื ื'ืืืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืขืฉืื ื ืืฉืื...ื ืคืืขื ื
ื ืจืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืื.. ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืฉ ืขืืฉืื ืืชืืืืช ืืื..ื ื ืกื
ื ื ืกื ืืช ืื... ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืฉื ืขืืื ื ืืชืืื...
ืื ืืื ืคืฆืฆื!
ืขืฉืืชื ืืื
ืืชื ืืฉืืช ืขื ืื?
ืื... ืืื ืฉืื.
ืืื ืฉืื?
ืื, ืืืื, ืืคืืง
ืื ืืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืฉืืช? ืื ืืืชืื ืขืืื ืืขืฉืืช?
ืืื ืืฆื!
ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืช ืื.. ืื ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืื
ืืื ืืขืงืื ืืืจื ืืขืจืืฅ ืฉืื
ืื ืื ืืืฉื ืจืื..
ืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืจืื...
ืื ืชืขืฉื ืกืืชื!
ืื? ืื.. ืชืขืฉื ืกืืชื..
ืชืขืฉื ืกืืชื...
ืืขืฉืืช ืกืืชื?
ืื ื ืืคืืืช ืืชื ืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืกืืชื
ืื ื ืจืื ืื ืขืื ืืกืืืชื ืืื ื100%
ืืื ืืืกืืื ืื ืื ื ืคืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืื
ืื ืื ื ืื ืกื ืืืืืช ืื/ืืช ืืื ืฉื "ืื"
ืื ืขืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืืืข!
ืืื ืืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืขืฉื
ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืข ืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืืฉื.. ืืื ืขืืื ืืคืืืข ืืืืฉืื
ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช!
ื'ืืืืื ืืืืฆื..ืืืืืงื ืื ืืช ืืืฆืืข ืืื ืืื
ืืื ืืืืข ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืืืค ืคืืืค..
ืื ืกืืื?
ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืข..ืื ื ืืืืข, ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืกืืช
ืื?
ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื?
ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืื
ืืื ืืช ืืจืืืฉื ืืืื?
ืื ื ืืชืจืืฉืช..
ืืชืจืืฉืช? ืืื-- ืื ื ืืชืจืืฉืช..
ืชืจืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืคืชืงื ืื
ืื ื ืื ืกื! ืืืื ืื ืกื ืืืฉ
ืืืคื..
ืืืื ืื ืงืืช ืจืืืืื
ืืื ืื ืงืืช ืขื ืืืืฉื?
ืื ืจืืข ืจืืข ืืช ืฆืืืงืช ืืื
ื'ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืจืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืช ืืชืืช ืฉืื
ืื ืืืคืช ืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืฃ ืืช ืืจืื ืฉืื -ืืืืจืืช!
ืืืชืจ ืืืจ!!
ืชื ืงื ืืช ืืจืืืืื ืฉืื
ื ืืขื ืชืคืกืืง!
ืชืืืจื!
ืืชื ืืกืืจ? (ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืื 2020)
ืฉืื ืคืขื.
ืฉืื ืคืขื!!!!
ืื ืืื ื ืคื ืขืื..
ืืคืืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืชื ืืืชืจ ืืืฅ ืืืืื ืฉืื ืคืฉืื ื ืืืก
ืืื ืขืื ืื ืืืชืืื
ืงืฆืช ืคืฆืืขืืช
ืืื ืืกืชืืื ืืฆืขืง "ืชืืืืงื ืืืง!"
ืื ื ืืื...
ืื ื ืืื "ืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืืจ?!"
ืืื ืื ืฆืืืง!! ืืื
ืืฉ ืื'ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืคืืืช
ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืื ืื.. ืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืขืืื.. ืืืืื. ืื ื ืืืืข
ืืืกื!
ืื ืืื ืืืจืฉื-- ืืืื
ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืื...?
ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื!
ืื ืืืืื ืงืฆืช ืชืงืืข... ืื ืืจืืข ืืจืื ื ืืช ืื
ืืงืืืื ืฉืืชื ื ืื ืื ืขื ืขืืฉืื. ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืชืืื ืืื ืืืฉ. ืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืจื, ืื ืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื
ืืืื!
ืื?!
ืืื ืขื ืื ืืจืง ืืื
ืืืื!
ืชื ื ืื ืชื ื ืื
ืื ืื?
ืชื ื ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืช ืื.. ืื ื ืื ืืืืข ืื ืื
ืื ื ืื ืืืืข! ืื ืคืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืฅ ืืืืฆื!
ืืืืจืืช ืืจืง!
ืืืงื ืื ื ืคืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืจ... ืืืื..
ืื ื ืื ืืืืข--
ืืืื ืืฉืื ืขื ืฃ ืืชืืช ืืืืื?
ืืืื ืืื?
ืืืืืจื ืืืืื?
ืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืชืืช ืฉื ืืืืื.. ืืคื ืื ืืื!
ืจืืืชื ืขืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืื
ืืืื!... ืชืงืฉืืื ืื!
ืชืงืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื.
ืืืื... ืืื ื
ืขืืฉืื ืขืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืื..
ืื ืื ื ืขืืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืชื
ืืื ืืฉืืง ืืืชื ืื? -ืื
ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืจ
ืื?!
ืืจืื ืฉืื!
ืื?
ืืจืื ืฉื ืงืื...ืงืื ืคืฆืืข
ืงืื?
ืืืืฉ ืืจืื ืฉืื!
ืงืื ืื ืงืจื?!
ืืืคื ืื ืืืื?
ืืืจื ืฉืื
ืืืืื ืกืืืืช ืืช ืื?
ืกืืืืช ืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืื?
ืื ืืืืข ืื ืืืืข
ืืืคื ืืชื ืืจืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืืื?
ืืคื ืื ืื ืคืฉืื... -ืืื?
ืื ืคืฉืื ืคืืขื!
ืืื, ืขืืืื ืืื!
ืืื ืขืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืช ืืืืื.. ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืฉืื
ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืง ืืื!
ืื ืื ื ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืื
ืืชืืืชื ืืืืืช!
ืืืืช?!?
ืื ืืืคื
ืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืชื ืจืขืืช
ืืืืชื ืืื
ืืืจืื..ืชืืจืฉืื ืืื ืื, ืชืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืขืื..ืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืจื ืื ืื ื ืกืืฃ ืกืืฃ ืืืืฅ
ืืืื ืฉืฆืจืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืงืืจืื ื.. ืืืขืช ืฆืืงืชื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืขืื... ืืื ืขื ืง!
ืชืฉืงืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืื ืื
ืชืฉืงืื ืืืืจืฉื ืืื ืื
ืื ืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืื
ืชืจืื ืขืื ืืื
ื ืืขื ืืชื ืืืชื ื ืคื!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles"
}
|
Q:
Dart - Why do I get this error when running dart2js? "No se esperaba \dart-sdk\bin\dart2js.snapshot en este momento."
I've tried running dart2js both choosing "Run as JavaScript" from the context menu, and from Tools -> Generate JavaScript.
Both methods producing the same console output (an error):
Running dart2js...
No se esperaba \dart-sdk\bin\dart2js.snapshot en este momento.
Translated from Spanish would be:
Running dart2js...
Didn't expect \dart-sdk\bin\dart2js.snapshot at this moment.
I'm running Windows 7, 64 bits.
Dart Editor version 0.2.6_r15355
Dart SDK version 0.2.6.0_r15355
Note: I used to be able to run dart2js successfully, now I get that error.
Update: I've tried it with a nightly build and it worked well.
A:
Per the comments above, try switching to a nightly build. Sorry for the bug. I assume it was a bug and that it's fixed.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The impact of hypotension due to the trigeminocardiac reflex on auditory function in vestibular schwannoma surgery.
Surgical manipulation of the fifth cranial nerve during its intra- or extracranial course may lead to bradycardia or even asystole as well as arterial hypotension, a phenomenon described as the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). The authors studied the impact of this reflex on postoperative auditory function in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. One hundred patients scheduled for VS surgery were studied prospectively for parameters influencing the postoperative auditory function. The evaluation included sex, age, pre- and postoperative auditory function, preoperative mean arterial blood pressure, preoperative medical diseases or medication (for example, antiarrhythmia drugs), tumor size and localization, and the intraoperative occurrence of the TCR. The TCR, which occurred in 11% of the patients, influenced the postoperative hearing function in the patients with Hannover Class T3 and T4 VSs. With an overall hearing preservation of 47%, 11.1% of the patients in the TCR group and 51.4% of those in the non-TCR group experienced preserved hearing function postoperatively. In cases involving larger tumors (Hannover Class T3 and T4), an intraoperative TCR was associated with a significantly worse postoperative hearing function during VS surgery (p = 0.005). The hypotension following TCR is a negative prognostic factor for hearing preservation in patients undergoing VS surgery. Patients' knowledge of this can be increased pre- and postoperatively. Further study of this phenomenon will advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may help to improve hearing preservation by controlling the occurrence of the TCR.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with electrochemical (EC) detection was developed for improved quantitation of carmustine (BCNU) in patients with brain tumor. Using this method, the plasma BCNU elimination (concentration-time) profile was characterised for a male patient who received 293mg of BCNU as an intra-arterial infusion over 45 minutes. The elimination of BCNU in this patient was found to be biphasic with an initial distribution phase occurring between 0 and 30 minutes after the end of the infusion. The new method is 50 fold more sensitive than the HPLC-UV method and permits direct on-column injection of plasma samples without extraction. Continued clinical studies of BCNU pharmacokinetics in brain tumor patients are in progress.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to communication employed in position locating systems and, more particularly, to data compression for reduction of communication delays.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Position locating methodologies and instruments for practicing them have been known and employed throughout the history of navigation. Many early techniques relied on multiple or timed measurements of relative position or direction to visible objects and thus were reliant upon the existence of suitable conditions such as weather to be carried out. More modern systems have exploited other communication media such as radar and radio to avoid such vulnerability. However, until very recently, the accuracy of such systems was relatively low and limited by the accuracy of measurements which could be achieved, often in noisy, long-range or otherwise adverse circumstances such as multiple transmission paths due to signal reflections.
Modern positioning systems exploit triangulation relative to a plurality of spatially separated platforms, such as geo-stationary satellites, which provide redundant coverage of the entire surface of the earth. (Three platforms are necessary to obtain a location relative to the earth's surface (e.g. latitude and longitude) and four platforms are necessary to triangulate a location in three dimensions (e.g. including altitude). Generally at least six platforms are potentially available from any location.)
In such systems, measurements are generally made by analyzing timing and/or frequency of signals transmitted between the location of interest and a suitable number of the platforms rather than measurement of direction or other parameters and results are potentially accurate to within a very few feet. In so-called global positioning systems, signals transmitted from several platforms are analyzed at a receiver which is local to the user. Somewhat similar techniques may be used to determine a position of a source (e.g. transmitter or reflector) of a signal. In these latter systems, it is generally necessary to transmit a signal from the location of interest to be received at plural platforms; the received signal being first evaluated for quality. The best three or four received signals are evaluated in pairs to derive a locus of possible locations for each pair of signals and the region of intersection of the loci corresponding to respective pairs of signals is reported as the location of the transmitter.
While numerous analysis techniques are possible, so-called time difference of arrival (TDOA) and differential doppler (DD) analyses of signals, often in combination (TDOA/DD) to develop a velocity vector if the source is moving or improve location accuracy where the source is stationary and one or more receivers are in motion, are techniques of choice. However, the performance of cross-correlation computations, the details of which are well-understood in the art and, in any case, unimportant to the practice of the invention, to obtain a location of the transmitter requires all data representing the received signals in detail to be present at a single location. Thus communication time to such a location becomes a critical factor in system performance, particularly in regard to fast-moving vehicles such as aircraft. (In this regard, it should be appreciated that the data rate for transmission will often be fixed by the communication link and possibly further limited by conditions thereon.) Specifically, to avoid distortion of signals during communication, the signals received at each platform are usually digitized and a digital representation of the received signals, together with time references (to provide functional coherence of the receivers) is transmitted from each platform to the location (usually a facility corresponding to one of the platforms) where the cross-correlation computation is to be performed.
The digital representation is usually transmitted in a serial coded (e.g. binary) bit stream. Therefore, the transmission time is, at least in part, a function of the number of bits used to represent the signal and the time references and the capacity or bandwidth of the transmission link. By the same token, the fidelity with which the digital signals represent the received signals is a function of the number of bits required to support the desired degree of resolution in representation of the signal. The accuracy of the location derived from the cross-correlation computation is a function of the resolution or fidelity of the digital representation of the signals. Accordingly, it can be readily understood that there is a trade-off between response time and location accuracy as incidents of system performance.
An additional problem is presented by the relative frequency content of the original signal and high sampling rates which may be intended to capture high frequency content. High sampling rates may result in very low or negligible values of coefficients or parameters of data representing such high frequencies if the signal has relatively little energy or power in high frequency components. In other words, a signal having little high frequency content may be "oversampled" at relatively conventional sampling rates (or sampling rates of which the platform may be capable for high resolution), and a burden placed on the communication link to transmit information which is not significant to the result if, in fact, such information exist to more than a negligible degree.
Additionally, it is customary at the present time to carry out transmission of digital information by so-called packet switching in which packets of digital information are provided with digital header information so that the original bit stream can be reassembled even when the packets may not be transmitted over the same communication link or arrive in the original order. Overall, this expedient, while requiring additional bits to be transmitted, increases transmission efficiency and reliability since some communication path can generally be found at any point in time. Nevertheless, the transmission path will generally be imperfect and the loss or corruption of a bit in the header information may defeat or severely compromise reassembly of the data bit stream and, consequently, the entire position location process for that data stream.
The only solution to this potential problem is to provide some degree of redundancy into the digital code which, in view of the numerical nature of the information in the bit string implies that even more bits be transmitted in order to implement correctability and recovery of lost or corrupted bits of the header and numerical information. Signal protocols and formats including such redundancy for signal recovery are referred to as error-correcting codes. Therefore, even though transmission can be made highly reliable in this manner, the number of transmitted bits remains a critical limitation on the speed of system response and often dictates a reduction in the number of bits representing the received signal in order to provide system response with the required timeliness. Accordingly, numerous schemes for data compression to reduce the number of data bits transmitted have been attempted.
A trivially simple method of reducing the number of transmitted bits, currently in use in the art, is to truncate the digitized data in time or amplitude resolution. (That is, fewer bits are transmitted for each sample of the received waveform than are available or fewer samples are represented than are initially quantized or both. In regard to the latter, it is fairly common for a severe mismatch to exist between the data sampling rate and the available communication data rate which, at the state of the art prior to the present invention, must be corrected by additional and often complex data processing.)
However, such truncation may severely impair the accuracy and/or resolution of the location determined from the cross-correlation computation and may increase difficulty or compromise success of the cross-correlation computation. Accordingly, it is known to perform some processing or transformation on the original data to minimize the effect of a data compression for reducing the number of bits transmitted. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,570,099 to Gerard Desjardins, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, which is hereby fully incorporated by reference describes a system in which a transformation is performed on data before transmission. (Data compression other than mere truncation, of course, implies that a complementary process must be performed after transmission in a manner similar to coding and decoding of data.) Performing a so-called wavelet transform (discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,431 to Larry Peele which, including publications cited therein, is hereby fully incorporated by reference) is another known and well-understood processing technique of choice. The wavelet transform (WT) is a digital signal processing technique that transforms N signal samples into N WT coefficients which describe the distribution of the energy of the signal simultaneously in both time and frequency.
Nevertheless, some degree of degradation of the information will be attributable to the data compression due to both the resolution at which the transformation is computed and the resolution of the data transmitted. A trade-off will thus continue to exist between the amount of compression and the amount of signal degradation that will occur. A common measure for the amount of degradation is the signal-to-quantization ratio (SQR) which is defined as the ratio of the power of the original signal to the power of the difference between the original signal and the compressed form of the signal. A low SQR corresponds to high degradation (due to the relatively larger power of the difference).
It should also be understood that the use of packet switching and error-correcting codes is done at the expense of speed of system response within the limitations thereon imposed by the data link which may also be variable with conditions such as noise. While it is known to dynamically vary data transmission rate and alter coding and decoding techniques (specified in data packet header information) to accommodate available data transmission rates and insure reliable transmission within the available transmission rate, the degree of signal degradation and hence the resolution of location determined by the system will correspondingly vary uncontrollably. Thus, while timely response of the system may generally be assured, there is no corresponding capability at the current state of the art to assure or even evaluate the performance of the system in terms of the quality/fidelity of the data utilized by the system or location resolution derived therefrom.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Partner Content
Search Results for: in-store
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Answers Corporation has announced the release of The Answers Experience Index (AXI): 2014 U.S. Retail Edition, a study of multichannel retail touch points based on 40,000 consumer surveys gathered for the top 100 retail websites, top 30 retail chain stores and top 30 mobile โฆ
For years, marketers have had two goals. They wanted to truly be able to engage with customers uniquely, based on both their interests and their value to our retail brand. They have also wanted to manage that conversation across every โฆ
As the 2014 retail shopping/shipping season roars to a close, the major carriers are seeing their numerous technology upgrades, investments and temp hiring expansions put to the test, while retailers have pushed cutoffs as far as humanly possible toward Christmas โฆ
eBay said 83 businesses โ including online merchants as well as retailers with physical stores โ have joined its eBay Local pilot program in Brooklyn, NY., offering a range of delivery options, including $5 same-day and in-store pickup, to consumers through eBayโs website โฆ
If youโve ever tried to park at the mall come holiday time, you know that despite the soaring popularity of ecommerce, many people still opt to visit stores in person. Both brick-and-mortar and online retail experiences have their advantages, โฆ
Most observers agree that Sharper Image CEO Steve Lightman has what it takes to run a direct business. But he doesnโt have retail experience, and for a troubled chain with some 187 stores, this could be a problem. A key measure โฆ
In the never-ending battle for holiday shopping dollars, clothing retailer Banana Republic is offering free same-day shipping from Wednesday, Dec. 17 through Tuesday, Dec. 23 as part of its โProcrastinators Eventโ promotional program, the company said in a press release.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
MVC ActionLink image not displayed and data not passed
I have the following ActionLink:
@if (ViewBag.Locality != null)
{
<h4>Active Localities:</h4>
<table class="table table-hover">
@foreach (var loc in ViewBag.Locality)
{
<tr>
<td>@loc.Locality</td>
<td>@Html.ActionLink(" ", "RemoveActive", new { @class = "removeBtn" }, new { id = @loc.Locality })</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
}
However, the class removeBtn is not being applied as below from the CSS:
a.removeBtn
{
background:url('http://news.techgenie.com/files/symbols-delete.png') no-repeat top left;
display: block;
background-size: 20px;
width: 50px;
height: 20px;
text-indent: -9999px;
}
Additionally, upon click the id is not being passed to the controller method, the parameter is being passed as null
A:
You are using actionlink in a wrong way,here is the demonstration of proper actionlink usage:
Html.ActionLink(article.Title, <--Text of actionlink
"Item", <-- ActionMethod
"Login", <-- Controller Name.
new { article.ArticleID }, <-- Route arguments.
new { @class="btn" } <-- htmlArguments.
)
Ans for ur question is:
@Html.ActionLink("// Title //", "RemoveActive", "// Your controller Name //" ,new { id = @loc.Locality },new { @class = "removeBtn" })
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
LIVESTREAM Livestreamโs mission is to connect people and live events. Livestream offers event owners a complete set of hardware and software tools to share their events with a growing community online. More than 30 million viewers each month watch thousands of live events from customers including The New York Times, Facebook, ESPN, SpaceX and Warner Bros. Records.
Built-in broadcast quality format converter for every input with automatic format detection. Allows use of any camera and video source without matching video formats
Built-In Multiview
On-screen full field rate multiview of all live inputs, Preview, Program Out, GFX and DDR, Audio PPM overlay with peak hold feature on all inputs and outputs. Resizable layout allowing hiding of all controls to maximize multiview screens.
~40 hours at 1080i (Using 2 TB built in Hard Drive with recorder set to record at 100Mbps MJPEG AVI)
~20 hours at 1080i (Using 1 TB built in Hard Drive with recorder set to record at 100Mbps MJPEG AVI)
~20 hours at 1080i (Using 1 TB built in Hard Drive with recorder set to record at 100Mbps MJPEG AVI)
~60 hours at 1080i (Using 3 1 TB built in Hard Drive with recorder set to record at 100Mbps MJPEG AVI)
Live Streaming
Integrated live streaming to Livestream
HD live streaming via Gigabit/100/10 built-in Ethernet. Presets in up to HD 720p. Multiple simultaneous bit-rates, including mobile quality for playback over 3G on mobile devices (iPhone/Android). Integrated live streaming to Livestream or any other RTMP compatible service including Ustream, YouTube Live, Akamai, Wowza Media Server.
High Quality Streaming. Integrated live streaming to Livestream or any other RTMP compatible service including Ustream, YouTube Live, Akamai, Wowza Media Server.
HD live streaming via Gigabit/100/10 built-in Ethernet. Presets in up to HD 720p. Multiple simultaneous bit-rates, including mobile quality for playback over 3G on mobile devices (iPhone/Android). Integrated live streaming to Livestream or any other RTMP compatible service including Ustream, YouTube Live, Akamai, Wowza Media Server.
LIVESTREAM STUDIOโข Keyboard
PART NUMBER: LIVESTREAM KEYBOARDPRICE: $141.55
AVAILABILITY: USUALLY IN STOCK.ITEM SHIPS DIRECT FROM MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER. WE WILL NOTIFY YOU VIA EMAIL IF ITEM IS NOT IN STOCK FOR SHIPMENT.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
A social network service or system, or โsocial networkโ, is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. A social network service typically includes a representation of each user, typically referred to as a user โprofileโ, his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks.
The use of social network services in an enterprise/business context is increasingly popular. Because social networks connect people at low cost, they can be beneficial for entrepreneurs and small businesses looking to expand their contact bases. These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social networks for targeted advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch with contacts around the world.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a relatively non-reactive container for metal production, and more particularly to a container for samarium production which has a replaceable inner liner of resistant metal.
2. Description of the Art
Although rare earth metals, defined for purposes herein as elements having the atomic numbers 39 and 57 through 71 (namely, yttrium and the lanthanide elements), have been known and studied for many years, commercial uses for these materials have generally been slow to arise. Samarium in particular, due possibly to its relative scarcity when compared to some other rare earths, has not found a wide range of industrial applications. Fairly recently, however, the development of samarium-containing high energy permanent magnet materials, such as the intermetallic samarium-cobalt compositions, has substantially increased the demand for samarium metal of high purity.
Rare earth metals, including samarium, have been prepared for many years by fused salt electrolysis techniques, in which a molten flux containing rare earth compounds (e.g., rare earth halides) is electrolyzed using appropriate inert electrodes. Disadvantages of the technique include the product contamination resulting from corrosion and degradation of electrodes and cell containers, and the difficulty of separating the product metal from molten flux. In addition, the process is not well adapted to high production rates for certain metals, including samarium.
An even older preparative method is that involving metallothermic reduction of rare earth halides, using an active metal. The method has been developed to the point that small quantites of very high purity rare earth metals can be prepared, if some fairly elaborate precautions are taken. Various methods utilize lithium, sodium, potassium and calcium as reducing agent, but results are generally unsatisfactory for those rare earth metals which have the lowest boiling points, including samarium, europium, ytterbium and thulium.
A. H. Daane, D. H. Dennison and F. H. Spedding, in their paper "The Preparation of Samarium and Ytterbium Metals", Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 75, pages 2272-2273 (1953), report a method for volatile rare earth metal preparation which involves heating a mixture of rare earth oxide and lanthanum metal in a tantalum crucible, and condensing the vapors of rare earth metal onto a perforated tantalum crucible lid. This method was conducted under a vacuum and at a temperature of 1450.degree. C.
The noted method of Daane et al. can be advantageously utilized for the commercial production of samarium, since reasonably large quantities of product can be obtained if the crucible size is appropriately increased, and the requirements for equipment and other facilities are not stringent. Also, metal of satisfactory purity for most uses, e.g., the preparation of magnet alloys, is obtainable without elaborate precautions, due, at least in part, to the limited number of reactants and the limited number of materials which are allowed to contact the metal product.
Typically, a crucible for such preparation of samarium is fabricated from pure tantalum metal having sufficient thickness to impart the desired mechanical stability to the finished crucible. Although tantalum is one of the more resistant materials against attack by molten rare earth metals, some adhesion to the interior of the crucible is always observed at completion of a samarium preparation. It is not feasible to discard a crucible prior to its perforation or other mechanical breakdown, due to the very high cost of fabricated tantalum, so each crucible must be manually cleaned by chipping or grinding to remove the adhering material. This operation not only utilizes considerable expensive labor, but also tends to weaken the crucible, further shortening its useful life.
A need clearly exists for a means to extend the life-time of tantalum crucibles for samarium production and to reduce or eliminate the necessity for time-consuming cleaning procedures on used crucibles.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to prevent significant attack on a tantalum crucible which is used for samarium metal production. It is a further object of the invention to provide a liner for a tantalum crucible which will protect the crucible from attack and which can be discarded after use.
Another object is to improve the economics of samarium metal production by eliminating or greatly reducing cleaning procedures on used tantalum crucibles.
A still further object is to permit the use of crucibles which are less resistant than tantalum toward attack by molten rare earth metals.
These and other objects will appear more clearly from consideration of the following disclosure.
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Are Banks Safe?
Check out the Smaulgld Gold Buying Guide
Check out the Smaulgld Silver Buying Guide
Are banks a safe place for money?
Is the Concept of Money in the Bank Obsolete?
Podcast Summary:
0:00-5:10 Introduction/Review of the Weekโs Economic Calendar
5:10-8:48 Discussion of whether the Fed will take stock market levels into account as to whether they will continue the tapering of quantitative easing (QE) this week. Louis notes that if the โrecoveryโ is based on rising stock and real estate prices, the Fed will want to protect those gains. Louis notes that the Fed wants to gain credibility by tapering and to show that they are not dependent on the whims of the stock market so that they will probably go ahead and do another small taper, noting that even at these levels the current QE program represents a massive expansion of the money supply.
8:48-12:00 discussion of the ten year note and mortgage interest rates.
12:00-14:04 discussion of the relationship between the job market and the housing market.
14:05-17:40 what is the impact of financial data on the Fedโs decisions; discussion how the Fed manipulates the outcome that they wish; how the helps the banks and the U.S. government by keeping interest rates low but not the labor markets.
Are Banks Safe?
17:40-25:16 discussion of banks like Deutsche Bank and JP Morgan having financial issues and the story that HSBCโs policy of limiting large withdrawals without a proper explanation from its depositors; discussion of fractional reserve banking, negative interest rates and the safety of depositorsโ money from confiscation by the bank and alternative places outside the banking system to hold assets; cold storage.
25:16-27:05 is the concept of โmoney in the bankโ obsolete? FDIC; difference between retrieving your money from a bank and your property from a storage unit.
27:05-28:30 why people stay with large unresponsive banks.
28:30-30:40 discussion of depositor bailins and bank fees
30:40-34:20 discussion of the power and profitability of the too big to fail banks; executive compensation at the TBTF banks; Jamieโs Dimonโs bonus in spite of the large losses and write downs; running a bank with unlimited access to capital and political power.
34:20-39.27 discussion of alternative job skill training; public or private funding of job training, common core.
39:27-45:00 discussion of incentives and free market regulation vs. officious intermeddling that does more harm than good; difference between the U.S. standing in the world vs. twenty-thirty years ago.
45:00 questions for mortgage seekers to ask potential lenders.
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Since 1970 numerous attempts have been made to replace products derived from petroleum (in particular fuels) by products obtained from vegetable matter so as to reduce the dependency on oil-producing countries and increase the markets and sales of agricultural products. The industrial route utilizing oleaginous plants as starting materials starts from the production of free fatty acids constituting the raw materials for the conversion industries and ends up with fuels, lubricants, etc. The lipids accumulated by the oleaginous plants may be converted into fatty acids by hydrolysis: two processes are currently used industrially to effect this conversion.
The first process consists in hydrolyzing the lipids after extraction by contacting the extracted lipids under conditions of heat and pressure with sulphuric acid/methanol or methanolic potassium hydroxide. Another process consists in carrying out the hydrolysis under similar conditions directly on the crushed seed material without prior extraction. Further details of these processes, which are the only ones used industrially to hydrolyze vegetable oils, may be found in the following reference: K. J. Harrington and C. d'Arcy-Evans, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1985, 24, 314-318. The well-known high operating costs, large industrial infrastructure, polluting nature of the effluents, production of glycerol as a by-product without an existing market. These processes are used on account of the lack of simple alternatives.
In addition, experiments have been carried out in the laboratory to effect the hydrolysis of lipids enzymatically by mixing a lipase with the lipids extracted from seeds (G. P. McNeill et al., JAOCS, Vol. 68 No. 1st January 1991, p. 1-5; S. M. Kim and J. S. Rhee, JAOCS Vo. 68 No. 7th July 1991, p. 499-503; C. Gancet, In Heterogeneous Catalysis And Fine Chemicals II 1991, Guisnet Editors, p. 93-104). However, these experiments have remained at the laboratory stage since the technique is incompatible with an industrial exploitation on account of the amounts of enzyme required and the cost of the latter.
It should be emphasized that processes are already known enabling enzymes to be produced from plants (patent WO-A-92/01042 and EP-A-0.449.376). These processes lead to the linexpensive production of enzymes which are then used, after or without having been isolated, in various industrial or food industry conversion processes.
Nevertheless, this teaching is completely unconnected with the problem in question, which concerns the production of fatty acids directly from oleaginous plants.
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NEW DELHI: General Motors (GM) and Tata Consultancy Services TCS ) on Monday announced a new partnership under which the IT major would support the leading automaker in future vehicle engineering across global markets.The new association builds on the 16-year long relationship between the two companies, the companies said in a joint statement.Under the agreement, TCS will acquire certain assets at the GM Technical Center โ India (GMTC-I), in Bengaluru, and will partner with GM, supporting its global vehicle programmes with engineering design services over the next five years, it added.Over 1,300 employees of GMTC-I will transfer to TCS, including teams focused on propulsion systems, vehicle engineering, controls development, testing, creative design and special projects, the statement said."TCS has been an outstanding partner for 16 years. We are pleased to evolve our partnership even further, as we work to deliver on our commitment to create a world with zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion," GM vice president electrification, controls, software & electronics, Dan Nicholson said.TCS Global Head, Engineering and Industrial Services Practice Regu Ayyaswamy said the company welcomes GMTC-I's talented engineers into the TCS family, and encourage them to take advantage of the vast learning and growth opportunities available, and to realise their potential."Next generation automotive R&D is a key focus area for TCS, given the criticality of product innovation and connectedness in the Business 4.0โข world. This new partnership with General Motors is a testament to our willingness to invest in the relationship for the longer term," TCS Global Head, Manufacturing Business Group Susheel Vasudevan said.The transaction and handover are expected to be completed by the end of September.Established in 2004 in Bengaluru, GMTC-I contributes to GM's global programs, across propulsion systems, vehicle engineering, controls development, testing, creative design and special projects.It houses a design studio and an engineering center with state-of-the-art, in-house electronics hardware and software testing and validation infrastructure.
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[NOTE: The following article is a press release issued by the aforementioned network and/or company. Any errors, typos, etc. are attributed to the original author. The release is reproduced solely for the dissemination of the enclosed information.]
THE AMICO FAMILIY IS IN A CRISIS AND
IT'S UP TO NANNY DEB TO SAVE THE DAY
ON ๏ฟฝNANNY 911๏ฟฝ MONDAY, APRIL 4, ON FOX
The Amico family is in crisis and it's up to Nanny Deb to help restore order in their hectic home. Shortly after the birth of their first child, Sal, parents David and Dawn decided it would be nice to have one more baby. Much to their surprise they had quadruplets - three girls and a boy! While David is busy running the family-owned pizzeria, Dawn has gone back to school to pursue a new career - leaving the Amico children fighting for their parents' attention. Assigned to the case by Head Nanny Lilian, Nanny Deb has packed her bag of tricks and is heading to the Amico household to work her Mary Poppins-like magic on this unruly bunch on NANNY 911 Monday, April 4 (8:00-9:00 PM ET/PT) on FOX. (NAN-114) (TV-PG L)
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Latino Daily News
Pinochetโs Home Now a Pot Den!
Police found 182 full grown plants and 5 pounds of marijuana on drying racks, near a creek in the same property where the Chilean dictator is buried and where his family called home for years!
The former dictatorโs oldest daughter told Chilean newspaper โLa Terceraโ that she had no idea that in โLos Boldosโ, the property where her father spent most of his last days, and the place where he was laid to rest, was being use to grow marijuana.
The peculiar discovery happened a long time ago, but only surfaced this week. Police confirmed that they found a complex irrigation system, plugged to the local drinkable water grid, as well as a large supply of fertilizer. No suspects have been arrested, and whoever started, kept and presumably sold the illegal plants, remains a mystery.
The property was seized shortly after Pinochetโs death, and as investigations on his personal fortune proceeded. Pinochet left behind a fortune of 26 million dollars, 21 of which cannot be accounted for legally.
Pinochet bought the property in the nineties, and even spent some time under house arrest in it, toward the end of his life. According to the house keeper, nobody has visited since last yearโs earthquake. He said his job is to keep up the house and chapel on the north side of the property. He was surprised to learn the south side of the 126 acre property was being used to grow pot.
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Zambian African National Congress
The Zambian African National Congress was a political party in Zambia.
History
The party was formed in 1948, as the Northern Rhodesia Congress (NRC), and Godwin Lewanika, a Barotseland native from an aristocratic background, became the first president. It was the first African political party in the country. NRC had its roots in the Federation of Welfare Societies, active between 1942 and 1946. In 1951 the party adopted the name Northern Rhodesian African National Congress under the presidency of Harry Nkumbula, and was linked to the African National Congress in South Africa. In 1953 Kenneth Kaunda became the general secretary of the organization.
In 1958 the party was divided on whether to participate in general elections in which only a minority of the black population was allowed to vote. The more radical Kaunda broke away, and formed the Zambian African National Congress, which was banned in 1959. The NRANC won a single seat in the elections. In the 1962 general elections the party won seven seats, becoming the third-largest faction in the Legislative Assembly and held the balance of power. Prior to the elections Nkumbula had made a secret electoral pact with the United Federal Party, but decided to form a government with the United National Independence Party.
The party won ten seats in the 1964 general elections, and following independence, was renamed the Zambian African National Congress. Nkumbula ran for president in the 1968 general elections, finishing second to Kaunda with 18% of the vote. The party won 23 of the 110 seats in the National Assembly, remaining the main opposition.
In 1973 the party was banned, as the country became a one-party state.
References
Category:Defunct political parties in Zambia
Category:Political parties established in 1948
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1973
Category:1948 establishments in Northern Rhodesia
Category:1973 disestablishments in Zambia
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