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During this Committee’s hearings on S. 981, one of the witnesses indicated that Congress should determine the effectiveness of previously enacted regulatory reforms before enacting additional reforms. Perhaps the most directly relevant of those reforms to S. 746 is title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed S.746, the Regulatory Improvement Act of 1999, focusing on: (1) the effectiveness of previous regulatory reform initiatives; (2) agencies' cost-benefit analysis practices and the trigger for the analytical requirements; (3) peer review of agencies' regulatory analyses;... |
Since 1930—when there was virtually no public or private health insurance—VHA’s health care system has evolved into a direct delivery system, with government ownership and operation of facilities. However, of the 26 million veterans who are eligible for care, about half live more than 25 miles from a VHA hospital and a... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) use of community-based clinics to improve veterans' access to primary care, focusing on: (1) VHA's planning process for new community-based clinics; (2) networks' implementation of VHA's planning guidelines; and ... |
During the last decade, Congress and the administration have taken several steps to improve the transparency of federal spending data. In 2006, Congress passed and the President signed the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (FFATA) to increase the transparency and accountability of federal cont... | The DATA Act directed OMB and Treasury to establish government-wide data standards by May 2015 to improve the transparency and quality of federal spending data. Agencies must begin reporting spending data in accordance with these standards by May 2017 and must publicly post spending data in machine-readable formats by ... |
Anatomic pathology services aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancers and gastroenteritis—a condition that causes irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Medicare pays providers for performing the services and subsequently interpreting the results. Payment for the performance of ... | Questions have been raised about self-referral's role in Medicare Part B expenditures' rapid growth. Self-referral occurs when providers refer patients to entities in which they or their family members have a financial interest. Services that can be self-referred under certain circumstances include anatomic pathology--... |
The threat of terrorism against the United States has increased, according to the intelligence community. The experts believe that aviation is likely to remain an attractive target for terrorists well into the foreseeable future. Until the early 1990s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the State Department, FA... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed aviation security, focusing on the measures needed to reduce potential security threats. GAO noted that: (1) the threat of terrorism is increasing in the United States; (2) aviation security responsibilities are shared by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), airl... |
CSRS and FERS are the two largest retirement programs for federal civilian employees. At the beginning of fiscal year 1995, these programs covered about 2.8 million federal employees, or 90 percent of the current civilian workforce. OPM administers CSRS and FERS. CSRS and FERS pension benefits are financed partly by fe... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO responded to a series of questions about federal pension costs and retirement policy, focusing on: (1) the number of federal retirees, if any, whose pensions have come to exceed the final salaries that they earned while working; (2) why these retirees' pensions came to exceed th... |
Federal agencies can choose from among several different contract types, including T&M contracts, to acquire products and services. This choice is the principal means that agencies have for allocating cost risk between the government and the contractor. The government’s basis for payments, contractor’s obligations, and... | Federal agencies have used time-and-materials (T&M) contracts to purchase billions of dollars in services. These contracts are risky because the government bears the risk of cost overruns. Effective February 2007, the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) was revised, pursuant to a statutory change, to allow T&M contrac... |
Over the past decade, DOD has increasingly relied on private sector contractors to provide a range of services, including management and information technology support. For example, DOD’s obligations on service contracts rose from $82.3 billion in fiscal year 1996 to $141.2 billion in fiscal year 2005 (see table 1). DO... | Department of Defense (DOD) obligations for service contracts rose from $82.3 billion in fiscal year 1996 to $141.2 billion in fiscal year 2005. DOD is becoming increasingly more reliant on the private sector to provide a wide range of services, including those for critical information technology and mission support. D... |
The results of our investigation serve to emphasize the overall lesson that a complete fraud prevention framework is necessary in order to minimize fraud, waste, and abuse within the SDVOSB program. The most effective and most efficient part of the framework involves the institution of rigorous controls at the beginnin... | The Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) program is intended to provide federal contracting opportunities to qualified firms. In fiscal year 2008, the Small Business Administration (SBA) reported $6.5 billion in sole-source, set-aside, and other SDVOSB contract awards. Testimonies GAO delivered on Nov... |
The federal government spends more than $3.5 trillion annually, but data on this spending lack transparency. Moreover, the data are often incomplete or have quality limitations. To address these data issues, several statutes were enacted over the last decade, including: The first, the Federal Funding Accountability and... | The federal government spends $3.5 trillion annually, but data on this spending are often incomplete or have quality limitations. Effective implementation of the DATA Act would help address the federal government's persistent management and oversight challenges by providing for standardized, high-quality data. The DATA... |
There are about 1.2 million school-age children of military-connected families, and the majority of students attend public and private schools located off military bases. In addition to these off-base options, several school options are available on military bases for military-connected children, including traditional ... | Many families struggle to balance their job demands with ensuring that their children have access to a high-quality education, and for military families this struggle can be exacerbated by the highly mobile nature of their service. Family concerns about education affect readiness and retention of military personnel, ac... |
Although about 60 percent of the U.S. population drinks alcoholic beverages without serious consequences, the misuse of alcohol by another 10 percent of the population has significant negative effects on the social, economic, and health status of both those who abuse it and society at large. According to the National I... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO examined issues relating to the taxation and regulation of alcoholic beverages in the District of Columbia, focusing on: (1) a comparison of the District's alcohol taxes with surrounding jurisdictions; (2) whether those taxes could be set closer to surrounding jurisdictions; (... |
In 2002, the President reinforced ballistic missile defense as a national priority and directed DOD to proceed with plans to develop and put in place an initial capability beginning in 2004. To expedite the delivery of an operationally capable BMDS, in 2002 the Secretary of Defense established MDA, granted the agency e... | In 2002, the Department of Defense (DOD) began developing and rapidly fielding a global Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) composed of elements that include radars, interceptors, and command and control systems. These elements are envisioned to be linked together to defend against a broad range of ballistic missil... |
The Consolidated Health Centers program is administered by HRSA’s Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC). In addition to program grants from HRSA, which constitute about one-quarter of the centers’ budgets, the health centers receive funding from a variety of other sources, including Medicaid and state and local grants a... | Health centers in the federal Consolidated Health Centers program provide comprehensive primary health care services at one or more delivery sites, without regard to patients' ability to pay. In fiscal year 2002, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) began implementing the 5-year President's Health Ce... |
PEPFAR’s original authorization in 2003 established the Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) at the Department of State (State) and gave OGAC primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and international activities of the U.S. government to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic. OGAC ... | Through PEPFAR--first authorized in 2003--the United States has supported major advances in HIV/AIDS treatment, care, and prevention in more than 30 countries, including directly supporting treatment for almost 5.1 million people. However, millions more people still need treatment. Congress reauthorized PEPFAR in 2008-... |
Title IV-B of the Social Security Act, established in 1935, authorizes funds to states to provide a wide array of services to prevent the occurrence of abuse, neglect, and foster care placements. In 1993, the Congress created a new program as subpart 2 of Title IV-B (now known as Promoting Safe and Stable Families), wh... | In 2001, states determined that over 900,000 children were the victims of abuse or neglect. In fiscal year 2003, subparts 1 and 2 of Title IV-B of the Social Security Act provided $697 million in federal funding for services to help families address problems that lead to child abuse and neglect. This report describes (... |
While insurers assume some risk when they write policies, they employ various strategies to manage overall risks so that they may earn profits, limit potential financial exposures, and build capacity—generally, equity capital that would be used to pay claims. For example, they charge premiums for the coverage provided ... | Natural catastrophes and terrorist attacks can place enormous financial demands on the insurance industry, result in sharply higher premiums and substantially reduced coverage. As a result, interest has been raised in mechanisms to increase the capacity of the insurance industry to manage these types of events. In this... |
Carbon dioxide and certain other gases trap some of the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere and prevent it from returning to space. The trapped energy warms the earth’s climate, much as glass in a greenhouse. Hence, the gases that cause this effect are often referred to as greenhouse gases. In the United States, the m... | In 2002, the Administration announced its Global Climate Change Initiative. It included, among other things, a goal concerning U.S. carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, which are widely believed to affect the earth's climate. The Administration's general goal was to reduce the growth rate of emissions, bu... |
The ability to accurately and reliably measure pollutant concentrations is vital to successfully implementing GLI water quality criteria. Without this ability, it is difficult for states to determine if a facility’s discharge is exceeding GLI water quality criteria and if a discharge limits are required. For example, b... | Millions of people in the United States and Canada depend on the Great Lakes for drinking water, recreation, and economic livelihood. During the 1970s, it became apparent that pollutants discharged into the Great Lakes Basin from point sources, such as industrial and municipal facilities, or from nonpoint sources, such... |
With the escalation of the IED threat in Iraq dating back to 2003, DOD began identifying several counter-IED capability gaps including shortcomings in the areas of counter-IED technologies, qualified personnel with expertise in counter-IED tactics, training, dedicated funding, and the lack of an expedited acquisition p... | Improvised explosive devices (IED) are the number-one threat to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, accounting for almost 40 percent of the attacks on coalition forces in Iraq. Although insurgents' use of IEDs in Iraq has begun to decline, in Afghanistan the number of IED incidents has significantly increased. The Joint IE... |
The District of Columbia government, acting through the Mayor, the District’s Redevelopment Land Agency (RLA), and the District of Columbia Arena, L.P. (DCALP)—a limited partnership formed by the owner of the Washington Wizards and the Washington Capitals—agreed that DCALP would build a sports arena (estimated to cost ... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the progress of the sports arena project in the District of Columbia, focusing on the project's predevelopment costs, revenue collections, and bond redemption status. GAO noted that: (1) the District has spent $60 million, about 98 percent of the estimated total cost of... |
No country has yet developed a geologic repository for the permanent disposal of highly radioactive waste. Because this type of nuclear waste produces relatively intense levels of radiation for thousands of years, developing an acceptably safe repository is a complex task involving diverse scientific and technical chal... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Department of Energy's (DOE) Yucca Mountain Project, focusing on: (1) adjustments DOE made to the disposal program due to reduced appropriations; and (2) potential impediments to achieving DOE's objectives and schedule for the repository project. GAO found that: (... |
The authority for DOD to establish a pay-for-performance management system for civilian defense intelligence employees originated in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997. Initially, in 1998, only the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency implemented Full Pay Modernization for its employees. Spe... | Since 2001, Government Accountability Office (GAO) has designated strategic human capital management as a high-risk area because of the federal government's long-standing lack of a consistent approach to such management. In 2007, the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USD(I)) began developing a human capital ... |
According to HUD, the ESG program was designed to be the first step in a continuum of assistance to prevent homelessness and to enable individuals and families experiencing homelessness to move toward independent living. More specifically, the program objectives were to increase the number and quality of emergency shel... | The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act of 2009 (HEARTH Act) directed GAO to study the appropriate administrative costs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Emergency Shelter Grants Program (ESG)--a widely used, formula-based program that supports services to perso... |
Since the 1960s, the United States has operated two separate operational polar-orbiting meteorological satellite systems: the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) series— managed by NOAA—and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)—managed by the Air Force. These satellites obtain enviro... | The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is a tri-agency acquisition--managed by the Departments of Commerce and Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration--which experienced escalating costs, schedule delays, and technical difficulties. These factors led to a J... |
The United States along with six allies established the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 1987. The Regime is a voluntary agreement among member countries to limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their associated equipment and technology. The R... | The U.S. government has long been concerned about the growing threat posed by the proliferation of missiles and related technologies that can deliver weapons of mass destruction. The United States is working with other countries through the Missile Technology Control Regime to control the export of missile-related item... |
Threats to systems supporting critical infrastructure and federal information systems are evolving and growing. Advanced persistent threats—where adversaries possess sophisticated levels of expertise and significant resources to pursue their objectives repeatedly over an extended period of time—pose increasing risks. I... | Federal government agencies and the nation's critical infrastructures have become increasingly dependent on computerized information systems and electronic data to carry out their operations. While creating significant benefits, this can also introduce vulnerabilities to cyber-threats. Pervasive cyber attacks against t... |
Under the Social Security Act of 1935, as amended, SSA administers two federal disability programs—DI and SSI—intended to provide benefits to individuals with disabilities who are unable to work. The DI insurance program provides monthly cash benefits to individuals who have a Social Security work record and the amount... | Since 1980, Congress has required the Social Security Administration (SSA) to conduct demonstration projects to test the effectiveness of possible changes to its Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs that could decrease individuals' dependence on benefits or improve p... |
To satisfy our objectives, we discussed the IGs’ plans, policies, procedures, and MLR audit guidelines with IG officials and bank regulators. We assessed the MLR audit guidelines for their completeness, detail, and relevance to the IGs’ audit objectives. We compared the MLR audit guidelines to audit guidelines that we ... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO: (1) assessed the preparations, procedures, and audit guidelines that certain Inspectors General (IG) have established for material loss reviews (MLR); (2) verified the information contained in the MLR reports; (3) recommended improvements in bank supervision based on MLR repo... |
Once a U.S. agency determines that a ship is obsolete and no longer useful for the purposes intended, that agency must find a way to properly dispose of it. Ships that are no longer needed are screened for other uses, including transfer to another country under proper legal authority, use by another federal agency, and... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the status of federal ship scrapping programs, focusing on: (1) the factors contributing to the backlog of about 200 surplus ships waiting to be scrapped; and (2) federal agencies' efforts to address the backlog. GAO noted that: (1) key factors contributing to the curre... |
The Joint Strike Fighter Program is structured to use a common production line to produce three versions of a single aircraft. These aircraft will be tailored to meet conventional flight requirements for the U.S. Air Force, short take-off and vertical landing characteristics for the U.S. Marine Corps, and carrier opera... | The Joint Strike Fighter Program (JSFP), the military's most expensive aircraft program, is intended to produce affordable, next-generation aircraft to replace aging aircraft in military inventories. Although JSFP has made good progress in some technology areas, the program may not meet its affordability objective beca... |
We took several steps to update information on the status of TARP funds, including disbursements, dividend payments, repurchases, and warrant liquidations, from October 3, 2008, through September 25, 2009 (unless otherwise noted), and the status of Treasury’s actions taken in response to recommendations from our TARP r... | GAO's eighth report assesses the Troubled Asset Relief Program's (TARP) impact over the last year. Specifically, it addresses (1) the evolution of TARP's strategy and the status of TARP programs as of September 25, 2009; (2) the Department of the Treasury's (Treasury) progress in creating an effective management struct... |
Stealth-related commodities and technology are sensitive for many reasons. When incorporated into advanced weapon systems, stealth technology greatly improves the effectiveness of forces. The United States is the world leader in stealth technology, and this lead has given U.S. forces a clear battlefield advantage as wa... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed export controls over stealth-related commodities and technology, focusing on: (1) how control over stealth technology and related commodities is split between the Department of State's U.S. Munitions List (USML) and the Department of Commerce's Commodity Control List (C... |
VA offers a broad array of disability benefits and health care through its Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) and its Veterans Health Administration (VHA), respectively. VBA provides benefits and services such as disability compensation and VR&E to veterans through its 57 regional offices. The VR&E program is desig... | More than 10,000 U.S. military servicemembers, including members of the National Guard and Reserve, have been injured in the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Those with serious physical and psychological injuries are initially treated at the Department of Defense's (DOD) major military treatment facilities (MTF). The... |
The Bureau puts forth tremendous effort to conduct a complete and accurate count of the nation’s population. However, some degree of error in the form of persons missed or counted more than once is inevitable because of limitations in census-taking methods. Because census results are used, among other purposes, to appo... | To help measure the quality of the 2000 Census and to possibly adjust for any errors, the U.S. Census Bureau (Bureau) conducted the Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation (A.C.E.) program. However, after obligating around $207 million for A.C.E. and its predecessor program, Integrated Coverage Measurement (I.C.M.), from fisc... |
Iraq’s oil infrastructure is an integrated network that includes crude oil fields and wells, pipelines, pump stations, refineries, gas oil separation plants, gas processing plants, export terminals, and ports (see fig. 1). This infrastructure has deteriorated significantly over several decades due to war damage; inadeq... | Rebuilding Iraq's oil sector is crucial to rebuilding Iraq's economy. For example, oil export revenues account for over half of Iraq's gross domestic product and over 90 percent of government revenues. This testimony addresses (1) the U.S. goals for Iraq's oil sector and progress in achieving these goals, (2) key chall... |
In the 1970s and the 1980s, Congress received numerous reports about problems with the weapon acquisition process, namely that weapon systems often failed to meet their military missions, were operationally unreliable, and had defects in materials or workmanship. To address manufacturing deficiencies and performance sh... | GAO reviewed the Department of Defense's (DOD) use of major weapon system warranties, focusing on whether these warranties: (1) provide expected benefits to the government; and (2) are compatible with the weapon systems acquisition process. GAO found that: (1) DOD receives about $1 in direct benefit for every $19 paid ... |
Seaports are critical gateways for the movement of international commerce. More than 95 percent of our non-North American foreign trade (and 100 percent of certain commodities, such as foreign oil, on which we are heavily dependent) arrives by ship. In 2001, approximately 5,400 ships carrying multinational crews and ca... | Although most of the attention following the September 11 terrorist attacks focused on airport security, an increasing emphasis has since been placed on ports. Ports are inherently vulnerable to terrorist attacks because of their size, generally open accessibility by water and land, metropolitan area location, the amou... |
The 1994 Uruguay Round agreements created the WTO dispute settlement system. The new system replaced the one under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the predecessor to the WTO. The Uruguay Round created a stronger dispute settlement system that, unlike the system under the GATT, discourages stalemates ... | World Trade Organization (WTO) members rely on trade remedies in the form of duties or other import restrictions to protect their industries from injury due to unfair foreign trade practices or unexpected import surges. There is congressional concern that the WTO, created in 1995 to administer trade rules, is interferi... |
Responsibility for designing and carrying out federal export promotion programs is widely dispersed. Numerous federal agencies have offices across the country and overseas and operate a wide variety of programs that are intended, at least in part, to assist U.S. companies in entering foreign markets or expanding their ... | In 2010, the President launched the NEI with the goal of doubling U.S. exports over 5 years. More than 2 decades ago, Congress directed the President to establish the TPCC to provide a unifying framework for federal efforts in this area. Among other things, Congress directed the TPCC to assess the appropriate levels an... |
To determine whether DHS has developed policies and established a workforce to use other transactions, we analyzed DHS’s organization, and policy and draft guidance for using these authorities. We interviewed DHS contracting officials and representatives from the DOD agencies that DHS has used for contracting support, ... | The Homeland Security Act of 2002 authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to establish a pilot program for the use of acquisition agreements known as "other transactions." Because they are exempt from many of the requirements that apply to government contracts, other transactions can be useful in acquiring... |
The Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs are the two largest federal programs providing cash payments to people with long-term disabilities. The DI program, authorized in 1956 under title II of the Social Security Act, provides monthly cash insurance benefits to insu... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Social Security Administration's (SSA) decisionmaking process for disability determinations and efforts to improve the process, focusing on: (1) factors that contribute to differences between disability determination services' (DDS) and administrative law judges' (A... |
Title III of the OAA is intended to help older adults maintain independence in their homes and communities by providing appropriate support services to address the various needs of individuals as they age. While Title III programs are not entitlements, all people age 60 and over, or approximately 54 million individuals... | The Older Americans Act (OAA) was enacted to help older adults remain in their homes and communities. In fiscal year 2008, about 5 percent of the nation's adults 60 and over received key aging services through Title III of the OAA, including meals and home-based care. In fiscal year 2010, states received $1.4 billion t... |
Ten states concentrated in the western, midwestern, and southeastern United States—all areas where the housing market had experienced strong growth in the prior decade—experienced 10 or more bank failures between 2008 and 2011 (see fig.1). Together, failures in these 10 states accounted for 72 percent (298), of the 414... | Between January 2008 and December 2011--a period of economic downturn in the United States--414 insured U.S. banks failed. Of these, 85 percent (353) were small institutions with less than $1 billion in assets. Small banks often specialize in small business lending and are associated with local community development an... |
Port security overall has improved because of the development of organizations and programs such as AMSCs, Area Maritime Security Plans (AMSPs), maritime security exercises, and the International Port Security Program, but challenges to successful implementation of these efforts remain. Additionally, agencies may face ... | Because the safety and economic security of the United States depend in substantial part on the security of its 361 seaports, the United States has a vital national interest in maritime security. The Security and Accountability for Every Port Act (SAFE Port Act), modified existing legislation and created and codified n... |
Fueled by global markets, more open borders, and improvements in telecommunications, international crime has become a growing worldwide problem. In 1995, the President identified international crime as a threat to the national interest of the United States. Prior to and since then, the federal government has been engag... | International crimes, such as drugs and arms trafficking, terrorism, money laundering, and public corruption, transcend national borders and threaten global security and stability. The National Security Council (NSC) told GAO that international crime and the framework for the U.S. response are under review by the new a... |
The size and nature of the Medicare program make HCFA unique in authority and responsibility among health care payers. Fee-for-service Medicare serves about 33 million beneficiaries and processes a high volume of claims—an estimated 900 million in fiscal year 1997—from hundreds of thousands of providers, such as physic... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) ability to meet growing program management challenges, focusing on: (1) HCFA's new authorities under recent Medicare legislation; (2) HCFA managers' views on the agency's capacity to carry out various Medicare-related f... |
DFAS, as DOD’s central accounting agency, is responsible for recording and processing accounting transactions; paying vendors, contractors, and military and civilian employees; preparing reports used by DOD managers and by the Congress; and preparing DOD-wide and service-specific financial statements required by the Ch... | The Department of Defense's (DOD) long-standing financial management and business systems modernization problems result in a lack of information needed to make sound decisions, hinder the efficiency of operations, and leave the department vulnerable to fraud, waste, and abuse. Such problems led us in 1995 to put financ... |
IQA establishes a process that allows the public to help ensure the quality of information disseminated by federal agencies. IQA consists of two major elements. The first element of IQA required OMB to develop and issue government-wide guidelines by the end of fiscal year 2001. These guidelines were to provide policies... | IQA, passed in fiscal year 2001, required OMB to issue government-wide guidelines by the end of that fiscal year to ensure the quality of information disseminated by federal agencies. OMB issued guidance to agencies to clarify how agencies were to satisfy the law and otherwise implement IQA. The guidance required agenc... |
Approximately 16 percent of air cargo transported to, from, or within the United States is shipped on passenger aircraft, while the remainder is transported on all-cargo aircraft. Overall, approximately 20 million pounds of cargo is transported on domestic and inbound passenger aircraft daily. This cargo ranges in size... | Billions of pounds of cargo are transported on U.S. passenger flights annually. The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is the primary federal agency responsible for securing the air cargo system. The 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 mandated DHS to establish a system to scre... |
The Social Security Act of 1935 authorized the SSA to establish a record- keeping system to help manage the Social Security program and resulted in the creation of the SSN. SSA uses the SSN as a means to track workers’ earnings and eligibility for Social Security benefits. Through a process known as enumeration, each e... | To lawfully work in the United States, individuals must have a valid Social Security number (SSN) and, if they are not citizens, authorization to work from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Noncitizens seeking work must provide both an SSN and evidence of work authorization to their employer. Yet individuals w... |
Defense has long operated multiple telecommunications systems to meet an array of mission needs, ranging from the command and control of military forces to its payroll and logistics support functions. Because military services and other Defense agencies independently procured and operated their own networks, Defense’s ... | Pursuant to congressional request, GAO reviewed the steps taken by the Department of Defense (DOD) in selecting and implementing its acquisition strategy for the Defense Information System Network (DISN) Continental United States (CONUS), focusing on whether: (1) DOD considered alternative approaches, such as use of an... |
From fiscal year 2000 to fiscal year 2007, agencies were to meet the energy goals established by two executive orders and a statute as shown in figure 2. Using energy data that agencies submit, DOE reports to Congress on agencies’ performance toward meeting these energy goals. According to DOE, for fiscal year 2007, th... | The federal government is the nation's single largest energy consumer, spending approximately $17 billion in fiscal year 2007. A number of statutes and executive orders have established and revised goals directing agencies to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions--such as carbon dioxide, which results ... |
The National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 created the Park Service to promote and regulate the use of national parks, monuments, and reservations with the purpose of conserving the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife therein and to leave them “unimpaired” for the enjoyment of future generations. The... | The National Park Service routinely issues permits for special park uses, such as special events or commercial filming and still photography. However, the National Football League's use of the National Mall to launch its 2003 season raised questions about whether permitting such events was consistent with existing poli... |
A business is generally allowed to insure an employee’s life when the business has an insurable interest in the employee. Insurable interest is defined by state law and, once established at the time of purchase, continues for the life of the insured. Thus, a business generally may maintain life insurance on employees e... | Business-owned life insurance is permanent insurance held by employers on the lives of their employees, and the employer is the beneficiary of these policies. Its attractive features, common to all permanent life insurance, generally include both tax-deferred accumulation of earnings on the policies' cash value and tax... |
The Army’s modular restructuring initiative began in 2004 as part of the overall transformation of the Army and was informed by earlier Army studies, such as the Striker Brigade Combat Team effort. The foundation of the modular force is the modular brigade combat team. A primary goal of the restructuring was to increas... | Amid ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Army embarked in 2004 on a plan to create a modular, brigade-based force that would be equally capable as its divisional predecessor in part because it would have advanced equipment and specialized personnel. GAO has previously reported that restructuring and rebuild... |
Following enactment of PAEA in 2006, USPS updated its delivery service standards for market-dominant products, which define the number of days USPS is to take to deliver the mail in a timely manner. USPS’s delivery service standards are set forth in federal regulations and differ depending on the type of mail, the time... | USPS is in the difficult position of balancing cost-cutting actions to address its poor financial situation with efforts to provide prompt, affordable, and reliable mail service. GAO has previously reported that complete, useful, and transparent delivery performance information is essential for USPS and stakeholders to... |
Cost estimation is a difficult process that requires both data and judgment, and seldom, if ever, are estimates precise—the goal is to find a “reasonable” estimate of future needs. Cost estimates are necessary for government programs for many reasons: for example, to support decisions about whether to fund one program ... | Since the September 2001 terrorist attacks, Congress has provided about $800 billion as of July 2008 to the Department of Defense (DOD) for military operations in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). GWOT budget requests have grown in scope and the amount requested has increased every year. DOD uses various p... |
In 1968, the Congress added Section 242 to the National Housing Act establishing the Hospital Mortgage Insurance Program. In considering this amendment to the National Housing Act, the House Committee on Banking and Currency cited a serious shortage of hospitals and the need for existing hospitals to expand and renovat... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Hospital Mortgage Insurance Program, focusing on: (1) factors that could affect the stability of the program's portfolio and financial performance; (2) FHA 1994 loan loss reserve estimate; (3) how the program relates to the D... |
TVA is an independent, wholly owned federal corporation established by the TVA Act of 1933 (TVA Act), as amended. The act established TVA to improve the quality of life in the Tennessee River Valley by improving navigation, promoting regional agricultural and economic development, and controlling the floodwaters of the... | Competition in the electricity industry is expected to intensify, and restructuring legislation may dramatically change the way electric utilities do business in the future. To be competitive, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) needs to reduce fixed costs and increase its flexibility in order to meet market prices fo... |
China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11, 2001, after almost 15 years of negotiations. These negotiations resulted in commitments to open and liberalize its economy and offer a more predictable environment for trade and foreign investment in accordance with WTO rules. The United States and other WTO memb... | China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, brought the world's seventh largest economy under global trade liberalizing rules. If implemented, China's commitments will open China's economy and reform its trading activities, thereby expanding U.S. companies' opportunities for investing in... |
According to agency officials and guidance posted on State’s public website, applicants can apply for a U.S. passport in one of three ways: in person at an acceptance facility, by mail (for renewal applications), or at a passport facility that offers acceptance services (typically expedited applications). Applicants su... | Fraudulent passports pose a significant risk because they can be used to conceal the true identity of the user and potentially facilitate other crimes, such as international terrorism and drug trafficking. State issued over 13.5 million passports during fiscal year 2013. GAO was asked to assess potential fraud in State... |
GPRA is intended to shift the focus of government decision-making, management, and accountability from activities and processes to the results and outcomes achieved by federal programs. New and valuable information on the plans, goals, and strategies of federal agencies has been provided since federal agencies began im... | This report reviews the Office of Personnel Management's (OPM) fiscal year 2000 performance report and fiscal year 2002 performance plan. OPM's mission, in part, is to provide strategic human capital management leadership and services to federal agencies. OPM's fiscal year 2000 performance report and fiscal year 2002 p... |
The success of crosscutting, multi-organizational efforts depends on certain key concepts to meld organizational efforts. These include central leadership, an overarching strategy, effective partnerships, and common definitions. These are critical elements that underpin the Government Performance and Results Act of 199... | The issue of homeland security crosscuts numerous policy domains, impinging on the expertise and resources of every level of government, the private sector, and the international community. GAO found that although combating terrorism crossed organizational boundaries, it did not sufficiently coordinate the activities o... |
In 2002, the Navy’s Sea Power 21 vision stated that shore-based capabilities would be transformed to seabased capabilities whenever practical to improve the reach, persistence, and sustainability of systems that are already afloat. The objective for the United States to maintain global freedom of action is a consistent... | Joint seabasing is one of several evolving concepts for projecting and sustaining forces without relying on immediate access to nearby land bases and could be the source of billions of dollars of investment. In future security environments, the Department of Defense (DOD) expects to encounter situations of reduced or d... |
Head Start, the centerpiece of federal early childhood programs, was created in 1965 as part of President Johnson’s War on Poverty. Head Start’s primary goal is to improve the social competence of children in low-income families. Social competence is the child’s everyday effectiveness in dealing with both the present e... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the Head Start Program in preparation for its reauthorization, focusing on: (1) the number and characteristics of those served; (2) the services provided and the way they are provided; (3) federal and nonfederal program dollars received and spent by progr... |
PPACA requires HHS to perform several duties related to CER, including disseminating, training, and building data capacity for research. (See table 1.) Although PPACA did not direct HHS to complete these duties by a specified deadline, it appropriated funds to the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF) ... | PPACA imposed new requirements on HHS related to CER—research that evaluates and compares health outcomes and the clinical effectiveness, risks, and benefits of two or more medical treatments or services. Among other things, PPACA required AHRQ to broadly disseminate findings from federally funded CER and the Secretary... |
Since the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, Poland has undertaken some of the most dramatic economic reforms in the region. Donors have actively encouraged Poland in its efforts to make the transition from a communist-led, centrally planned economy to a free-market economy and a democratic political ... | GAO reviewed economic restructuring and donor assistance in Poland, focusing on: (1) the status of Poland's economic restructuring efforts in the areas of macroeconomic stabilization, foreign trade and investment, privatization, and banking; (2) impediments to these restructuring efforts; (3) the role donors have playe... |
DOE relies on contractor organizations to manage, operate, maintain, and provide support to its environmental cleanup and science and energy research at government-owned facilities. Contractors at environmental cleanup sites direct remediation efforts for radioactive and hazardous waste contamination generated during f... | The Department of Energy (DOE), which carries out its national security, environmental cleanup, and research missions through extensive use of contractors, faces significant costs for postretirement health and pension benefits for contractor employees. Given DOE's long history of using contractors and the rising cost o... |
In this report, we use the term “mission fragmentation” to refer to those circumstances in which more than one federal agency (or more than one bureau within an agency) is involved in the same broad area of national need. Historically, national need areas have been described by a classification system called budget fun... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO described the challenge of multiple and overlapping federal programs within the framework of the Government Performance and Results Act, focusing on specific ways in which the Results Act can focus attention on these management challenges and help to develop strategies to harmon... |
The FSM, the Marshall Islands, and Palau are among the smallest countries in the world. In 2008, the three FAS had a combined resident population of approximately 179,000—104,000 in the FSM, 54,000 in the Marshall Islands, and 21,000 in Palau. In 1947, the United States entered into a trusteeship with the United Nation... | U.S. compacts with the freely associated states (FAS)--the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Marshall Islands, and Palau--permit FAS citizens to migrate to the United States and its territories (U.S. areas) without regard to visa and labor certification requirements. Thousands of FAS citizens have migrated to U... |
The Biscuit Fire began in July 2002 as 5 separate fires in southwest Oregon in the Siskiyou National Forest, which was administratively joined with the Rogue River National Forest in 2004. The fire was one of 12 or 13 large fires that burned throughout the Pacific Northwest Region in 2002 due to severe drought conditio... | In 2002, the Biscuit Fire burned almost 500,000 acres of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. In its wake, the Biscuit Fire Recovery Project (Project) is one of the largest, most complex postfire recovery projects undertaken by the Forest Service. Considerable controversy exists over the Pro... |
The prescreening of airline passengers who may pose a security risk before they board an aircraft is one of many layers of security intended to strengthen commercial aviation. In July 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, reported that the current ... | To enhance aviation security, the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) developed a program--known as Secure Flight--to assume from air carriers the function of matching passenger information against terrorist watch-list records. In accordance with a mandate in the Departm... |
Because of the importance of the national security space launch enterprise, we have been asked to look at many aspects of the EELV program over the last 10 years. Our work has examined management and oversight for EELV, as well as the “block buy” acquisition approach. The block buy approach, finalized in December 2013,... | The EELV program is the primary provider of launch vehicles for U.S. military and intelligence satellites. The DOD expects to spend about $9.5 billion over the next five years acquiring launch hardware and services through the program, during which time it will also be working to certify new launch providers. This inve... |
The four military services stockpile in their retail and wholesale inventories conventional ammunition, explosives, and missiles (hereafter referred to as ammunition) valued at about $80 billion as of September 30, 1994. About $58 billion of this ammunition is classified as usable or serviceable. Serviceable ammunition... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the status of the Department of Defense's (DOD) ammunition stockpile, focusing on: (1) the amount of excess ammunition in the stockpile; and (2) problems related to the stockpile's management. GAO found that: (1) of the $80 billion in usable and unusable ammunition as o... |
Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in source water supplies like rivers and lakes. Rather, lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and in household plumbing. These materials include ... | Concerns have been raised about lead in District of Columbia drinking water and how those charged with ensuring the safety of this water have carried out their responsibilities. The 1991 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) requires water systems to protect drinking water from lead by, among other things, chemically treating it ... |
Emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are believed to contribute to global warming. Carbon dioxide, generated both naturally and by the burning of fossil fuels, accounts for the majority of emissions. According to administration representatives, the potential environmental, health, and economic consequences of in... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed: (1) the potential impact of efforts to comply with the Kyoto Protocol; (2) whether the administration has an overall goal for stage 1 and a plan for accomplishing that goal; (2) if funded, to what extent will the $6.3-billion stage 1 climate change proposal help the U... |
According to the Coast Guard, the COP became operational in 2003 and is comprised of four elements: Track data feeds: The primary information included in the Coast Guard’s COP is vessel and aircraft position information—or tracks— and descriptive information about the vessels, their cargo, and crew. Track information m... | To facilitate its mission effectiveness through greater maritime situational awareness, the Coast Guard developed its COP--a map-based information system shared among its commands. The COP displays vessels, information about those vessels, and the environment surrounding them on interactive digital maps. COP informatio... |
The 1935 Indian Arts and Crafts Act created the Indian Arts and Crafts Board within Interior to promote the economic welfare of Indian tribes and individuals through the development of Indian arts and crafts and through the expansion of the market for the products of Indian art and craftsmanship. In support of this mis... | In 1935 the Indian Arts and Crafts Act was enacted, establishing the Indian Arts and Crafts Board as an entity within the Department of the Interior. A priority of the Board is to implement and enforce the act's provisions to prevent misrepresentation of unauthentic goods as genuine Indian arts and crafts. As the marke... |
According to CMS documentation, the transition to value-based payment generally involves two major shifts from traditional fee-for-service payment. 1. Accountability for both quality and efficiency. Value-based payment models link payments to providers to the results of health care quality and efficiency measures. CMS ... | Based on a review of literature and interviews with 38 stakeholders, GAO identified challenges faced by small and rural physician practices when participating in Medicare's new payment models. These models, known as value-based payment models, are intended to reward health care providers for resource use and quality, r... |
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 combined 22 federal agencies specializing in various missions under DHS. Numerous departmental offices and seven key operating components are headquartered in the NCR.its various components were not physically consolidated, but instead were dispersed across the NCR in accordance with t... | DHS and GSA are managing an estimated $4.5 billion construction project at the St. Elizabeths Campus in Washington, D.C. The project, designed to consolidate DHS's executive leadership, operational management, and other personnel at one secure location rather than at multiple locations throughout the Washington, D.C., ... |
FMCSA and state law enforcement agencies in partnership enforce safety standards for the more than 500,000 interstate motor carriers operating in the United States. States and, to a lesser extent, FMCSA staff, perform roadside inspections of vehicles to check for driver and maintenance violations and then provide the d... | Over 3,600 people in this country died in 2009 as a result of crashes involving large commercial trucks and buses. Until recently the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and its state partners tracked the safety of motor carriers--companies that own these vehicles--by conducting resource-intensive compl... |
Designated uses are the purposes that a state’s waters are intended to serve. Some waters, for example, serve as a drinking water source, while others are designated to serve as a source of recreation (swimming or boating) and/or to support aquatic life. The state must also develop water quality criteria, which specify... | Water quality standards comprise designated uses and water quality criteria. These standards are critical in making accurate, scientifically based determinations about which of the nation's waters are most in need of cleanup. GAO examined the extent to which (1) states are changing designated uses when necessary, (2) E... |
To provide, consistent with its mission, postal services to everyone in the United States, the Postal Service operates an expansive network of facilities throughout the nation. Our analysis of Postal Service data shows there are approximately 34,000 active owned or leased postal facilities, most of which provide retail... | Continued financial challenges and increased competition call for the U.S. Postal Service to manage its 34,000 facilities as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. GAO and others have identified key facility management challenges, including the need to (1) capture and maintain accurate facility data, (2) adequat... |
Since 2005, there have been several efforts to inventory federal STEM education programs and reports that call for the need to better coordinate and evaluate STEM education programs. In 2005, for example, GAO identified a multitude of agencies that administer such programs. The primary missions of these agencies vary, ... | STEM education programs help to enhance the nation's global competitiveness. Many federal agencies have been involved in administering these programs. Concerns have been raised about the overall effectiveness and efficiency of STEM education programs. This testimony discusses (1) the number of federal agencies and prog... |
Geospatial information describes entities or phenomena that can be referenced to specific locations relative to the Earth’s surface. For example, entities such as houses, rivers, road intersections, power plants, and national parks can all be identified by their locations. In addition, phenomena such as wildfires, the ... | From homeland security to tracking outbreaks of disease, to investigating the space shuttle disaster to responding to natural disasters, the collection, maintenance, and use of location-based (geospatial) information has become critical to many federal agencies' abilities to achieve their goals. Local governments and t... |
The conference, whose theme was “Realizing the Promise of Technology: Modernizing Information Systems for Human Services,” was co-sponsored by GAO, the Rockefeller Institute, the National Health Policy Forum, and The Finance Project (Welfare Information Network). To promote an informed dialogue at the conference, invit... | The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 replaced the Aid to Families With Dependent Children program with a block grant to states that provide Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). TANF strongly emphasizes work and job replacement and sets a five-year lifetime limit on fede... |
The OIC Program is one of IRS’s collection programs to resolve delinquent tax accounts. Taxpayers who do not pay their taxes in full when they file their tax returns or when IRS determines that they owe additional taxes are subject to IRS’s collection process. The collection process begins when IRS sends the taxpayer a... | A growing backlog of cases and longer processing times have prompted concern about the management of the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) Offer in Compromise (OIC) Program. OIC inventory and processing time have grown despite significant increases in program staff. Program changes increased the demand for offers, the n... |
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 directed NASA to, among other things, develop a space launch system as a follow-on to the Space Shuttle and as a key component in expanding human presence beyond low-Earth orbit. In 2011, NASA formally established the SLS program in response to... | SLS is NASA's first heavy-lift launch vehicle for human space exploration in over 40 years. For development efforts related to the first flight of SLS, NASA established its cost and schedule commitments at $9.7 billion and November 2018, respectively. The program, however, has continued to pursue more aggressive intern... |
Mortgage servicers are the entities that manage payment collections and other activities associated with loans. Servicing duties can involve sending borrowers monthly account statements, answering customer- service inquiries, collecting monthly mortgage payments, and maintaining escrow accounts for property taxes and i... | In April 2011 consent orders, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Federal Reserve, and the Office of Thrift Supervision directed 14 mortgage servicers to engage third-party consultants to review 2009 and 2010 foreclosure actions for cases of financial injury and provide borrowers remediation. To comple... |
The C-17 is being developed and produced by McDonnell Douglas. The Congress has authorized procurement of 40 C-17 aircraft through fiscal year 1996. As of October 1, 1995, McDonnell Douglas had delivered 22 production aircraft to the Air Force. In November 1995, the Department of Defense (DOD) announced plans to buy an... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the pricing of certain spare parts for the C-17 aircraft, focusing on those spare parts that experienced significant price increases when McDonnell Douglas decided to produce them in-house rather than purchase them from outside vendors. GAO found that: (1) GAO's review ... |
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 directed the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, to conduct a review of the defense program. The legislation required DOD to report on a number of topics, including the defense strategy, the force structure best suit... | Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the 1997 Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), focusing on the: (1) basis for the personnel cuts; (2) services' plans to implement personnel cuts; (3) extent that the services believe cuts will impact their ability to execute the national military strategy; an... |
Before 2006, companies choosing to participate in the Medicare Advantage program were required to annually submit an ACRP to CMS for review and approval for each plan they intended to offer. The ACRP consisted of two parts—a plan benefit package and the adjusted community rate (ACR). The plan benefit package contained ... | In fiscal year 2006, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) estimated it spent over $51 billion on the Medicare Advantage program, which serves as an alternative to the traditional feefor- service program. Under the Medicare Advantage program, CMS approves private companies to offer health plan options to M... |
As the primary mail carrier in the United States, USPS’ mission is to provide the nation with affordable and universal mail service. USPS’ authority was revised on December 20, 2006, with the enactment of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act. Through this act, Congress provided USPS with tools and mechanisms t... | In 2006, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) discarded about 317,000 tons of undeliverable-as-addressed advertising mail. Such mail can be disposed of using incineration, landfills or through other methods. USPS recently committed to minimizing the agency's impact on every aspect of the environment. Recycling undeliverable ... |
Our recent analyses of NRC programs identified several areas where NRC needs to take action to better fulfill its mission and made associated recommendations for improvement. With respect to NRC’s security mission, we found that the security of sealed radioactive sources and the physical security at nuclear power plant... | The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has the regulatory responsibility to, among other things, ensure that the nation's 103 commercial nuclear power plants are operated in a safe and secure manner. While the nuclear power industry's overall safety record has been good, safety issues periodically arise that threaten ... |
The financial statements including the accompanying notes present fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the Resolution Trust Corporation’s assets, liabilities, and equity; revenues, expenses, and accumulated deficit; and cash flows. However, misstatements may nev... | Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO audited the Resolution Trust Corporation's (RTC) financial statements for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994. GAO also reviewed: (1) RTC internal control weaknesses; (2) RTC mission and its completion; (3) RTC costs and funding; and (4) the cost of resolving the saving... |
In 2002, the Secretary of Defense created MDA to develop an integrated system that would have the ability to intercept incoming missiles in all phases of their flight. In developing BMDS, MDA is using an incremental approach to field militarily useful capabilities as they become available. MDA plans to field capabiliti... | The Department of Defense (DOD) has spent about $107 billion since the mid-1980s to develop a capability to destroy incoming ballistic missiles. DOD has set key decision points for deciding whether to further invest in capabilities to destroy missiles during the initial phases after launch. In March 2006, DOD issued a ... |
DOE has a large complex of sites around the country dedicated to supporting its missions: sites that were used to produce or process materials and components for nuclear weapons and laboratories that conduct research on nuclear weapons, defense issues, basic science, and other topics. These sites and laboratories are o... | DOE is the largest civilian-contracting agency in the federal government, and relies primarily on contractors to operate its sites and carry out its diverse missions. For fiscal year 2003, DOE will spend about 90 percent of its total annual budget, or $19.8 billion, on contracts, including $9.4 billion to operate 16 of... |
Within VA, its OSDBU has overall responsibility for the SDVOSB and VOSB verification program. OSDBU’s Center for Verification and Evaluation (CVE) maintains the mandated database of verified SDVOSBs and VOSBs and is responsible for verification operations, such as application processing. CVE is led by a director and de... | In fiscal year 2014, the VA made contract awards totaling $4.0 billion to veteran-owned small businesses, including $3.6 billion to service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses. VA must verify the ownership, control, and status of firms seeking such preferences. GAO found in January 2013 ( GAO-13-95 ) that VA faced ... |
the labor force—23 million workers—is employed by companies with federal contracts and subcontracts, according to fiscal year 1996 estimates of the Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP). Federal law and an executive order place greater responsibilities on federal contractors, comp... | GAO discussed federal contractors' noncompliance with federal labor laws, focusing on: (1) federal contractors' noncompliance with the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) during fiscal years (FY) 1993 and 1994 and with the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act during FY 1994; and (2) the status of recommendations GA... |
Subsets and Splits
Short Government Reports Sample
Retrieves short reports or summaries from the training dataset, which helps identify potentially incomplete or truncated entries that might need data quality improvement.
Short Government Reports Filtering
Retrieves short reports from the training dataset, providing basic filtering but offering limited analytical value beyond simple length constraints.