ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
5t3xzqSPgMo-026\|So this reaction is spontaneous for temperatures less than 1,000 degrees.
5t3xzqSPgMo-027\|The correct answer here is A.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-000\|We've talked about photons as the smallest particle of light.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-001\|And we said when you get down to the photon level, if you split that photon further, it loses the properties of that light.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-002\|And, indeed, splitting a blue photon into other photons is possible, but it no longer has the properties of the blue light it originally had.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-003\|It's the smallest particle of blue light that you could have, but splitting it is still possible.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-004\|So let's talk about that.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-005\|A photon at 400 nanometers is split into two.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-006\|One of the photons that comes out is at 1,200 nanometers.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-007\|What is the wavelength of the other photon?
AE8u8V-Pl-c-008\|So let's consider that.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-009\|Is it A, 200 nanometers?
AE8u8V-Pl-c-010\|B, 600?
AE8u8V-Pl-c-011\|Or C, 800 nanometers?
AE8u8V-Pl-c-021\|When we split a photon into two other photons, the total energy that we start with can't be lost.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-022\|So energy will be conserved.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-023\|So the two smaller photon energies must add to the original photon energy.
AE8u8V-Pl-c-026\|So indeed, two lower energy photons add to give the high energy photon.
G9YGwK0mP_g-000\|Let's talk about molecular structure and geometry.
G9YGwK0mP_g-001\|A good starting point to talk about it would be the Louis dot structure.
G9YGwK0mP_g-004\|Molecules, of course, have all of three dimensions to work with.
G9YGwK0mP_g-005\|So rather than being stuck square planar, a molecule can use a third dimension.
G9YGwK0mP_g-007\|So you want to use all three dimensions to do that.
G9YGwK0mP_g-008\|One thing the Lewis dot structure can do, though, is tell you what you have to separate in space.
G9YGwK0mP_g-009\|Because the Lewis dot structure does give you the overall connectivity-- who's connected to what-- in the molecule.
G9YGwK0mP_g-010\|For instance, this carbon is connected to 1, 2, 3 hydrogens and another carbon.
G9YGwK0mP_g-011\|This oxygen has to accommodate 1, 2 lone pairs, this carbon atom, and that hydrogen.
G9YGwK0mP_g-012\|So we'll define the steric number as the number of things that each atom has to accommodate-- lone pairs plus bonded atoms.
G9YGwK0mP_g-013\|We'll count up lone pairs-- 1, 2-- and bonded atoms-- 1, 2-- to come up with a steric number of 4 for this oxygen.
G9YGwK0mP_g-014\|When things have a steric number of 4, we'll see, they arrange themselves not in a square planar configuration, but in a tetrahedral configuration.
G9YGwK0mP_g-016\|So using all three dimensions to separate those four things as far away from each other in space as possible.
qsNst-6SB0c-000\|What we're looking for is a thermodynamic parameter that will predict the direction of physical processes and chemical reactions.
qsNst-6SB0c-001\|We know enthalpy isn't sufficient.
qsNst-6SB0c-002\|Reactions can go with releasing energy and absorbing energy.
qsNst-6SB0c-003\|So we need another parameter.
qsNst-6SB0c-004\|Well, let's look at this physical process.
qsNst-6SB0c-005\|This is a gas.
qsNst-6SB0c-006\|And we're going to let it expand into a vacuum.
qsNst-6SB0c-009\|When this process goes, expanding against a vacuum, no work is done.
qsNst-6SB0c-010\|It's an isothermal process.
qsNst-6SB0c-011\|No heat is absorbed or released.
qsNst-6SB0c-012\|No energy changes.
qsNst-6SB0c-013\|So this process has three thermodynamic parameters.
qsNst-6SB0c-014\|The energy change, the work and the heat all zero.
qsNst-6SB0c-015\|There is no indicator among our thermodynamic parameters that this process will even proceed.
qsNst-6SB0c-016\|Nothing changes thermodynamically, as far as we can see.
qsNst-6SB0c-017\|So we need another thermodynamic parameter.
qsNst-6SB0c-018\|Since the reverse never occurs, there has to be something, some driving force that makes it go in that direction.
qsNst-6SB0c-019\|Yet, it's not energy, heat, or work.
qsNst-6SB0c-020\|Well, it turns out a statistical argument is what we're looking for.
qsNst-6SB0c-021\|And let's consider this situation in a very simple case.
qsNst-6SB0c-022\|Instead of a mole of particles, let's just take two.
qsNst-6SB0c-025\|So there's two equally likely energy states for the one on either side, the equal distribution.
qsNst-6SB0c-028\|And we can track them.
qsNst-6SB0c-029\|Because that actually tracks mathematically as binomial coefficients.
qsNst-6SB0c-030\|Or we can use a Pascal's Triangle to track the number of ways you can arrange the system with equal distribution.
qsNst-6SB0c-031\|The way you do a Pascal's Triangle is you take one and one.
qsNst-6SB0c-032\|And then for two particles, you add the two numbers to get the lower number.
qsNst-6SB0c-033\|So essentially, there's a zero here.
qsNst-6SB0c-034\|So I would add zero and one to get one, one and one to get two, and one and zero to get one.
qsNst-6SB0c-035\|This tells us, for two particles, what we already know.
qsNst-6SB0c-036\|If you have both on one side, there's one way to do that.
qsNst-6SB0c-037\|If you have one on each side, there's two ways to do that.
qsNst-6SB0c-038\|And essentially, both on the other side, there's one way to do that.
qsNst-6SB0c-039\|So twice as likely to see the one on each side solution.
qsNst-6SB0c-040\|And you can expand the Pascal's Triangle easily, just keep doing that addition.
qsNst-6SB0c-047\|So here are six particles.
qsNst-6SB0c-048\|And I've made them distinguishable.
qsNst-6SB0c-049\|So we can tell, three on each side, there's 20 ways to arrange this.
qsNst-6SB0c-050\|And you could go through there.
qsNst-6SB0c-051\|There's only 20.
qsNst-6SB0c-052\|It would take a few minutes.
qsNst-6SB0c-053\|But you could say, well, it could be the green over here, or the yellow over here with the brown and the blue.
qsNst-6SB0c-054\|And you could keep going and find all 20 of those arrangements.
qsNst-6SB0c-055\|The point is though, all those are equally likely.
qsNst-6SB0c-056\|And there's 20 of them versus the one way to have them all on one side.
qsNst-6SB0c-058\|Now, as you go to more particles, that becomes even more pronounced.
qsNst-6SB0c-060\|So 100 trillion times more likely to see them equally distributed as all on one side, that's dramatic, for just 50 particles.
qsNst-6SB0c-063\|In fact, I would call it bigger than astronomically large.
qsNst-6SB0c-064\|Because this is bigger than the total number of particles in the universe.
qsNst-6SB0c-065\|So it's just astronomically, bigger than astronomically, more likely to find the particles equally distributed between both sides.
qsNst-6SB0c-066\|We call that, in fact, statistical inevitability.
qsNst-6SB0c-067\|If you look at this system every second for a million lifetimes, the likely case is the one you'll see.
qsNst-6SB0c-068\|It's trillions and trillions and trillions of times more likely that you'll see them equally distributed.
qsNst-6SB0c-069\|So that's the likely case you'll see.
qsNst-6SB0c-070\|No one has ever observed them all over on one side.
qsNst-6SB0c-072\|So this is actually a measure of the direction that the universe likes to go.
qsNst-6SB0c-073\|That is, the natural progression of things is towards the most likely arrangement.
qsNst-6SB0c-074\|The most likely arrangement is the one with the most possible ways, the most possible microstates, that are all equal.
qsNst-6SB0c-076\|That's a lot of ways, a very large number of ways to arrange that particular arrangement.
qsNst-6SB0c-077\|It's the most likely arrangement.
qsNst-6SB0c-081\|And this is our new thermodynamic parameter.
qsNst-6SB0c-082\|Because when the entropy increases, that's the favored direction of the system.
qsNst-6SB0c-083\|Systems move towards this distribution of states.
qsNst-6SB0c-084\|The more ways I can arrange energy is the important facet of the universe.
qsNst-6SB0c-085\|I go towards distributing energy among the most possible number of ways.
qsNst-6SB0c-086\|So large numbers of microstates are favored by the universe.
qsNst-6SB0c-090\|So this is a thermodynamic parameter that is not conserved.
qsNst-6SB0c-094\|Spontaneous is the natural direction of the universe.
qsNst-6SB0c-095\|And it occurs when entropy of the universe increases.

5t3xzqSPgMo-026|So this reaction is spontaneous for temperatures less than 1,000 degrees.

5t3xzqSPgMo-027|The correct answer here is A.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-000|We've talked about photons as the smallest particle of light.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-001|And we said when you get down to the photon level, if you split that photon further, it loses the properties of that light.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-002|And, indeed, splitting a blue photon into other photons is possible, but it no longer has the properties of the blue light it originally had.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-003|It's the smallest particle of blue light that you could have, but splitting it is still possible.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-004|So let's talk about that.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-005|A photon at 400 nanometers is split into two.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-006|One of the photons that comes out is at 1,200 nanometers.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-007|What is the wavelength of the other photon?

AE8u8V-Pl-c-008|So let's consider that.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-009|Is it A, 200 nanometers?

AE8u8V-Pl-c-010|B, 600?

AE8u8V-Pl-c-011|Or C, 800 nanometers?

AE8u8V-Pl-c-021|When we split a photon into two other photons, the total energy that we start with can't be lost.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-022|So energy will be conserved.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-023|So the two smaller photon energies must add to the original photon energy.

AE8u8V-Pl-c-026|So indeed, two lower energy photons add to give the high energy photon.

G9YGwK0mP_g-000|Let's talk about molecular structure and geometry.

G9YGwK0mP_g-001|A good starting point to talk about it would be the Louis dot structure.

G9YGwK0mP_g-004|Molecules, of course, have all of three dimensions to work with.

G9YGwK0mP_g-005|So rather than being stuck square planar, a molecule can use a third dimension.

G9YGwK0mP_g-007|So you want to use all three dimensions to do that.

G9YGwK0mP_g-008|One thing the Lewis dot structure can do, though, is tell you what you have to separate in space.

G9YGwK0mP_g-009|Because the Lewis dot structure does give you the overall connectivity-- who's connected to what-- in the molecule.

G9YGwK0mP_g-010|For instance, this carbon is connected to 1, 2, 3 hydrogens and another carbon.

G9YGwK0mP_g-011|This oxygen has to accommodate 1, 2 lone pairs, this carbon atom, and that hydrogen.

G9YGwK0mP_g-012|So we'll define the steric number as the number of things that each atom has to accommodate-- lone pairs plus bonded atoms.

G9YGwK0mP_g-013|We'll count up lone pairs-- 1, 2-- and bonded atoms-- 1, 2-- to come up with a steric number of 4 for this oxygen.

G9YGwK0mP_g-014|When things have a steric number of 4, we'll see, they arrange themselves not in a square planar configuration, but in a tetrahedral configuration.

G9YGwK0mP_g-016|So using all three dimensions to separate those four things as far away from each other in space as possible.

qsNst-6SB0c-000|What we're looking for is a thermodynamic parameter that will predict the direction of physical processes and chemical reactions.

qsNst-6SB0c-001|We know enthalpy isn't sufficient.

qsNst-6SB0c-002|Reactions can go with releasing energy and absorbing energy.

qsNst-6SB0c-003|So we need another parameter.

qsNst-6SB0c-004|Well, let's look at this physical process.

qsNst-6SB0c-005|This is a gas.

qsNst-6SB0c-006|And we're going to let it expand into a vacuum.

qsNst-6SB0c-009|When this process goes, expanding against a vacuum, no work is done.

qsNst-6SB0c-010|It's an isothermal process.

qsNst-6SB0c-011|No heat is absorbed or released.

qsNst-6SB0c-012|No energy changes.

qsNst-6SB0c-013|So this process has three thermodynamic parameters.

qsNst-6SB0c-014|The energy change, the work and the heat all zero.

qsNst-6SB0c-015|There is no indicator among our thermodynamic parameters that this process will even proceed.

qsNst-6SB0c-016|Nothing changes thermodynamically, as far as we can see.

qsNst-6SB0c-017|So we need another thermodynamic parameter.

qsNst-6SB0c-018|Since the reverse never occurs, there has to be something, some driving force that makes it go in that direction.

qsNst-6SB0c-019|Yet, it's not energy, heat, or work.

qsNst-6SB0c-020|Well, it turns out a statistical argument is what we're looking for.

qsNst-6SB0c-021|And let's consider this situation in a very simple case.

qsNst-6SB0c-022|Instead of a mole of particles, let's just take two.

qsNst-6SB0c-025|So there's two equally likely energy states for the one on either side, the equal distribution.

qsNst-6SB0c-028|And we can track them.

qsNst-6SB0c-029|Because that actually tracks mathematically as binomial coefficients.

qsNst-6SB0c-030|Or we can use a Pascal's Triangle to track the number of ways you can arrange the system with equal distribution.

qsNst-6SB0c-031|The way you do a Pascal's Triangle is you take one and one.

qsNst-6SB0c-032|And then for two particles, you add the two numbers to get the lower number.

qsNst-6SB0c-033|So essentially, there's a zero here.

qsNst-6SB0c-034|So I would add zero and one to get one, one and one to get two, and one and zero to get one.

qsNst-6SB0c-035|This tells us, for two particles, what we already know.

qsNst-6SB0c-036|If you have both on one side, there's one way to do that.

qsNst-6SB0c-037|If you have one on each side, there's two ways to do that.

qsNst-6SB0c-038|And essentially, both on the other side, there's one way to do that.

qsNst-6SB0c-039|So twice as likely to see the one on each side solution.

qsNst-6SB0c-040|And you can expand the Pascal's Triangle easily, just keep doing that addition.

qsNst-6SB0c-047|So here are six particles.

qsNst-6SB0c-048|And I've made them distinguishable.

qsNst-6SB0c-049|So we can tell, three on each side, there's 20 ways to arrange this.

qsNst-6SB0c-050|And you could go through there.

qsNst-6SB0c-051|There's only 20.

qsNst-6SB0c-052|It would take a few minutes.

qsNst-6SB0c-053|But you could say, well, it could be the green over here, or the yellow over here with the brown and the blue.

qsNst-6SB0c-054|And you could keep going and find all 20 of those arrangements.

qsNst-6SB0c-055|The point is though, all those are equally likely.

qsNst-6SB0c-056|And there's 20 of them versus the one way to have them all on one side.

qsNst-6SB0c-058|Now, as you go to more particles, that becomes even more pronounced.

qsNst-6SB0c-060|So 100 trillion times more likely to see them equally distributed as all on one side, that's dramatic, for just 50 particles.

qsNst-6SB0c-063|In fact, I would call it bigger than astronomically large.

qsNst-6SB0c-064|Because this is bigger than the total number of particles in the universe.

qsNst-6SB0c-065|So it's just astronomically, bigger than astronomically, more likely to find the particles equally distributed between both sides.

qsNst-6SB0c-066|We call that, in fact, statistical inevitability.

qsNst-6SB0c-067|If you look at this system every second for a million lifetimes, the likely case is the one you'll see.

qsNst-6SB0c-068|It's trillions and trillions and trillions of times more likely that you'll see them equally distributed.

qsNst-6SB0c-069|So that's the likely case you'll see.

qsNst-6SB0c-070|No one has ever observed them all over on one side.

qsNst-6SB0c-072|So this is actually a measure of the direction that the universe likes to go.

qsNst-6SB0c-073|That is, the natural progression of things is towards the most likely arrangement.

qsNst-6SB0c-074|The most likely arrangement is the one with the most possible ways, the most possible microstates, that are all equal.

qsNst-6SB0c-076|That's a lot of ways, a very large number of ways to arrange that particular arrangement.

qsNst-6SB0c-077|It's the most likely arrangement.

qsNst-6SB0c-081|And this is our new thermodynamic parameter.

qsNst-6SB0c-082|Because when the entropy increases, that's the favored direction of the system.

qsNst-6SB0c-083|Systems move towards this distribution of states.

qsNst-6SB0c-084|The more ways I can arrange energy is the important facet of the universe.

qsNst-6SB0c-085|I go towards distributing energy among the most possible number of ways.

qsNst-6SB0c-086|So large numbers of microstates are favored by the universe.

qsNst-6SB0c-090|So this is a thermodynamic parameter that is not conserved.

qsNst-6SB0c-094|Spontaneous is the natural direction of the universe.

qsNst-6SB0c-095|And it occurs when entropy of the universe increases.