ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

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qhg-pZ-f-PM-002\|So let's look at some biological molecules.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-003\|Here's ATP-- adenosine triphosphate, one of the most important and ubiquitous molecules in your cells.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-006\|So let's look at ATP more carefully.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-007\|ATP is adenosine triphosphate.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-014\|Now, in biological solution, where you're around pH 7, these protons will be removed.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-016\|So when you're on the basic side of the pKa, above the pKa, in pH, the basic form predominates.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-017\|So at pH 7, ATP is a highly charged molecule.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-018\|In fact, that's one reason that it's a good energy storage and transfer molecule.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-019\|These highly charged nature means breaking it back apart separates those charges and that's downhill in energy.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-020\|So ATP is a good energy storage and transfer molecule.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-021\|Now, ATP has a "high energy"-- I put that in quotes-- phosphate bond, because you read that sometimes in textbooks.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-022\|But high energy phosphate bond is actually something of a misnomer.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-023\|It implies that if you break that bond, energy is released.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-024\|And of course, as chemists, we know nothing could be further from the truth.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-025\|It always requires energy to break bonds.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-026\|You have to put energy in to break a bond.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-027\|You're pulling the bond apart.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-029\|But it's not the breaking of this bond that releases energy, it's the forming of other, more stable, and in fact, higher energy, bonds.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-030\|So let's look at that.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-039\|So protons will be produced in the reaction too, and in general those protons just jump right onto the phosphate that's formed.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-042\|And that is a stronger bond than this one that breaks.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-047\|Overall, you have a release in energy when you hydrolyze ATP.
7ylCr2MXVBU-000\|Let's look at the photoelectric effect again.
7ylCr2MXVBU-001\|Which combination of a photon striking a metal ejects an electron with the highest kinetic energy?
7ylCr2MXVBU-002\|So I have two metals represented and several different photon energies.
7ylCr2MXVBU-003\|So is it a yellow photons striking metal one, a green photon striking metal one, or a blue photon striking metal number two?
7ylCr2MXVBU-011\|So which combination of photon and metal gives the electron with the highest kinetic energy?
7ylCr2MXVBU-012\|Let's look at all three.
7ylCr2MXVBU-013\|Yellow light striking metal one-- well, I've outlined about where the frequencies are.
7ylCr2MXVBU-014\|But, of course, a single frequency can't encompass the whole band of green and the whole band of blues.
7ylCr2MXVBU-015\|So the largest yellow is somewhere below the green.
7ylCr2MXVBU-016\|That's all we know.
7ylCr2MXVBU-017\|So it's somewhere in here.
7ylCr2MXVBU-019\|What about green striking metal one?
7ylCr2MXVBU-021\|Striking metal one will give a higher kinetic energy.
7ylCr2MXVBU-022\|What about blue photons striking metal two?
7ylCr2MXVBU-023\|Well, here's the blue region.
7ylCr2MXVBU-026\|So a blue photon, even though it's the highest energy, is striking a higher threshold metal, resulting in lower kinetic energy photo electrons.
7ylCr2MXVBU-027\|So green light on metal one will give the highest energy electrons ejected from this metal system.
pfpNo10xcTw-000\|In oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons flow from reducing agents to oxidizing agents.
pfpNo10xcTw-001\|And those electrons tend to flow even if the reactants and products are in separate beakers.
pfpNo10xcTw-002\|We call the separate beakers half cells.
pfpNo10xcTw-003\|And we can catalog the various half cells with respect to each other in terms of the potential to transfer electrons.
pfpNo10xcTw-007\|How do I physically set that up?
pfpNo10xcTw-009\|The one atmosphere and the 1 molar are to ensure that I'm at the standard state.
pfpNo10xcTw-010\|Now, I'll put a platinum electrode in there, and the platinum electrode acts as an inert conduit for the electrons to flow.
pfpNo10xcTw-011\|Now, I can pair this electrode with any of my other half cell electrodes.
pfpNo10xcTw-012\|So let's look at that.
pfpNo10xcTw-015\|That 0.34 volt we attribute entirely to the copper ion, copper metal half cell.
pfpNo10xcTw-016\|We say that the hydrogen ion, hydrogen gas half cell has a zero potential.
pfpNo10xcTw-019\|So the opposite potential.
pfpNo10xcTw-020\|Electrons flow in the opposite direction in this case.
pfpNo10xcTw-021\|So zinc ion, zinc metal electrode has a lower potential than the hydrogen ion, hydrogen gas electrode.
pfpNo10xcTw-022\|Now, I can do this for a wide variety of electrodes, but you can see already this allows me to take different pairings.
pfpNo10xcTw-023\|Now I know copper metal, copper ion relative to zinc metal, zinc ion.
pfpNo10xcTw-025\|Well, we can set up the standard notation.
pfpNo10xcTw-026\|When we do this, we always take the electrode on the right minus the electrode on the left.
pfpNo10xcTw-027\|So in that case, the copper electrode minus the zinc electrode, and we subtract those two voltages.
pfpNo10xcTw-028\|And you get a standard voltage for the copper-zinc system of 1.1 volts.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-000\|In oxidation reduction reactions, electrons flow from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-001\|And they flow because the free energy of the reactants are higher than the free energy of the products, so it's a down hill in free energy.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-002\|You can think of it as a gravitational potential.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-004\|So there's an electrical potential between the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-005\|And that electrical potential exists whether those are in physical contact or not.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-008\|Now we know that the electrons want to flow from the zinc metal to the copper ions.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-009\|That's the natural direction, the downhill direction of this system.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-010\|But they're in physically separate beakers.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-011\|The zinc metal is not in contact with the copper ions.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-017\|And a wire connects the two.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-024\|This set up I have here is called a standard galvanic cell.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-025\|An anode and a cathode, and electron flow between them.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-026\|One way that I remember this is oxidation and anode both start with a vowel, and reduction and cathode both start with a consonant.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-027\|So that helps me keep straight, the oxidation occurs at the anode in a galvanic cell, and the reduction occurs at the cathode.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-028\|Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-030\|So the flow is from an anode, negatively charged, to a cathode, positively charged.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-035\|And that describes this half cell here.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-036\|The zinc metal in contact with zinc ions.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-037\|Now there's a double bar here.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-038\|That's another connection.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-039\|And what this connection is is a salt bridge.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-040\|Now we need the salt bridge.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-041\|And why is that?
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-042\|If we want this electrons to continue to flow, that continued flow would cause charge to build up on one side.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-043\|What the salt bridge does is allow that charge difference to be equalized.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-045\|So that's what our salt bridge does.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-047\|So I actually have this cell that I've described here, this galvanic cell and it's two half cells right here on the bench top.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-051\|And the potential in this case is 1.1 volts.
0Ot2WbfIeMQ-052\|That's the potential for electrons to flow in a galvanic cell to separated half cells in a redox reaction.
f-SJBvBHpuM-000\|Let's look at sets of four quantum numbers.
f-SJBvBHpuM-001\|When I give you four quantum numbers, I define an electron in an atom.
f-SJBvBHpuM-002\|I give you an n, an l, an m sub l, and an m sub s.
f-SJBvBHpuM-003\|That tells you where in the atom you'll find that electron.
f-SJBvBHpuM-004\|So when I have a set of four quantum numbers, some are allowed and some aren't.
f-SJBvBHpuM-006\|And for values of l, only certain values of m sub l are allowed.
f-SJBvBHpuM-007\|So certain quantum states are not allowed.
f-SJBvBHpuM-009\|So I have 4, 2, -1, 1/2.
f-SJBvBHpuM-010\|That's a set of four going in the sequence n, l, m sub l, m sub s.
f-SJBvBHpuM-011\|So n equal 4, l equal 2.
f-SJBvBHpuM-012\|That's fine.
f-SJBvBHpuM-013\|L can be any value in integers between 0 and n -1.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-002|So let's look at some biological molecules.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-003|Here's ATP-- adenosine triphosphate, one of the most important and ubiquitous molecules in your cells.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-006|So let's look at ATP more carefully.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-007|ATP is adenosine triphosphate.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-014|Now, in biological solution, where you're around pH 7, these protons will be removed.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-016|So when you're on the basic side of the pKa, above the pKa, in pH, the basic form predominates.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-017|So at pH 7, ATP is a highly charged molecule.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-018|In fact, that's one reason that it's a good energy storage and transfer molecule.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-019|These highly charged nature means breaking it back apart separates those charges and that's downhill in energy.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-020|So ATP is a good energy storage and transfer molecule.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-021|Now, ATP has a "high energy"-- I put that in quotes-- phosphate bond, because you read that sometimes in textbooks.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-022|But high energy phosphate bond is actually something of a misnomer.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-023|It implies that if you break that bond, energy is released.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-024|And of course, as chemists, we know nothing could be further from the truth.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-025|It always requires energy to break bonds.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-026|You have to put energy in to break a bond.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-027|You're pulling the bond apart.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-029|But it's not the breaking of this bond that releases energy, it's the forming of other, more stable, and in fact, higher energy, bonds.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-030|So let's look at that.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-039|So protons will be produced in the reaction too, and in general those protons just jump right onto the phosphate that's formed.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-042|And that is a stronger bond than this one that breaks.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-047|Overall, you have a release in energy when you hydrolyze ATP.

7ylCr2MXVBU-000|Let's look at the photoelectric effect again.

7ylCr2MXVBU-001|Which combination of a photon striking a metal ejects an electron with the highest kinetic energy?

7ylCr2MXVBU-002|So I have two metals represented and several different photon energies.

7ylCr2MXVBU-003|So is it a yellow photons striking metal one, a green photon striking metal one, or a blue photon striking metal number two?

7ylCr2MXVBU-011|So which combination of photon and metal gives the electron with the highest kinetic energy?

7ylCr2MXVBU-012|Let's look at all three.

7ylCr2MXVBU-013|Yellow light striking metal one-- well, I've outlined about where the frequencies are.

7ylCr2MXVBU-014|But, of course, a single frequency can't encompass the whole band of green and the whole band of blues.

7ylCr2MXVBU-015|So the largest yellow is somewhere below the green.

7ylCr2MXVBU-016|That's all we know.

7ylCr2MXVBU-017|So it's somewhere in here.

7ylCr2MXVBU-019|What about green striking metal one?

7ylCr2MXVBU-021|Striking metal one will give a higher kinetic energy.

7ylCr2MXVBU-022|What about blue photons striking metal two?

7ylCr2MXVBU-023|Well, here's the blue region.

7ylCr2MXVBU-026|So a blue photon, even though it's the highest energy, is striking a higher threshold metal, resulting in lower kinetic energy photo electrons.

7ylCr2MXVBU-027|So green light on metal one will give the highest energy electrons ejected from this metal system.

pfpNo10xcTw-000|In oxidation-reduction reactions, electrons flow from reducing agents to oxidizing agents.

pfpNo10xcTw-001|And those electrons tend to flow even if the reactants and products are in separate beakers.

pfpNo10xcTw-002|We call the separate beakers half cells.

pfpNo10xcTw-003|And we can catalog the various half cells with respect to each other in terms of the potential to transfer electrons.

pfpNo10xcTw-007|How do I physically set that up?

pfpNo10xcTw-009|The one atmosphere and the 1 molar are to ensure that I'm at the standard state.

pfpNo10xcTw-010|Now, I'll put a platinum electrode in there, and the platinum electrode acts as an inert conduit for the electrons to flow.

pfpNo10xcTw-011|Now, I can pair this electrode with any of my other half cell electrodes.

pfpNo10xcTw-012|So let's look at that.

pfpNo10xcTw-015|That 0.34 volt we attribute entirely to the copper ion, copper metal half cell.

pfpNo10xcTw-016|We say that the hydrogen ion, hydrogen gas half cell has a zero potential.

pfpNo10xcTw-019|So the opposite potential.

pfpNo10xcTw-020|Electrons flow in the opposite direction in this case.

pfpNo10xcTw-021|So zinc ion, zinc metal electrode has a lower potential than the hydrogen ion, hydrogen gas electrode.

pfpNo10xcTw-022|Now, I can do this for a wide variety of electrodes, but you can see already this allows me to take different pairings.

pfpNo10xcTw-023|Now I know copper metal, copper ion relative to zinc metal, zinc ion.

pfpNo10xcTw-025|Well, we can set up the standard notation.

pfpNo10xcTw-026|When we do this, we always take the electrode on the right minus the electrode on the left.

pfpNo10xcTw-027|So in that case, the copper electrode minus the zinc electrode, and we subtract those two voltages.

pfpNo10xcTw-028|And you get a standard voltage for the copper-zinc system of 1.1 volts.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-000|In oxidation reduction reactions, electrons flow from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-001|And they flow because the free energy of the reactants are higher than the free energy of the products, so it's a down hill in free energy.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-002|You can think of it as a gravitational potential.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-004|So there's an electrical potential between the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-005|And that electrical potential exists whether those are in physical contact or not.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-008|Now we know that the electrons want to flow from the zinc metal to the copper ions.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-009|That's the natural direction, the downhill direction of this system.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-010|But they're in physically separate beakers.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-011|The zinc metal is not in contact with the copper ions.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-017|And a wire connects the two.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-024|This set up I have here is called a standard galvanic cell.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-025|An anode and a cathode, and electron flow between them.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-026|One way that I remember this is oxidation and anode both start with a vowel, and reduction and cathode both start with a consonant.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-027|So that helps me keep straight, the oxidation occurs at the anode in a galvanic cell, and the reduction occurs at the cathode.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-028|Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-030|So the flow is from an anode, negatively charged, to a cathode, positively charged.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-035|And that describes this half cell here.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-036|The zinc metal in contact with zinc ions.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-037|Now there's a double bar here.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-038|That's another connection.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-039|And what this connection is is a salt bridge.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-040|Now we need the salt bridge.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-041|And why is that?

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-042|If we want this electrons to continue to flow, that continued flow would cause charge to build up on one side.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-043|What the salt bridge does is allow that charge difference to be equalized.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-045|So that's what our salt bridge does.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-047|So I actually have this cell that I've described here, this galvanic cell and it's two half cells right here on the bench top.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-051|And the potential in this case is 1.1 volts.

0Ot2WbfIeMQ-052|That's the potential for electrons to flow in a galvanic cell to separated half cells in a redox reaction.

f-SJBvBHpuM-000|Let's look at sets of four quantum numbers.

f-SJBvBHpuM-001|When I give you four quantum numbers, I define an electron in an atom.

f-SJBvBHpuM-002|I give you an n, an l, an m sub l, and an m sub s.

f-SJBvBHpuM-003|That tells you where in the atom you'll find that electron.

f-SJBvBHpuM-004|So when I have a set of four quantum numbers, some are allowed and some aren't.

f-SJBvBHpuM-006|And for values of l, only certain values of m sub l are allowed.

f-SJBvBHpuM-007|So certain quantum states are not allowed.

f-SJBvBHpuM-009|So I have 4, 2, -1, 1/2.

f-SJBvBHpuM-010|That's a set of four going in the sequence n, l, m sub l, m sub s.

f-SJBvBHpuM-011|So n equal 4, l equal 2.

f-SJBvBHpuM-012|That's fine.

f-SJBvBHpuM-013|L can be any value in integers between 0 and n -1.