ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
qsNst-6SB0c-096\|Those are also called irreversible processes.
qsNst-6SB0c-097\|That is, we never observe the reverse process happening by itself.
qsNst-6SB0c-098\|Now, that doesn't mean we can't make the reverse process happen.
qsNst-6SB0c-099\|You know we could create a system that would have a piston, and push all these gases back to one side, and evacuate this side.
qsNst-6SB0c-100\|But in doing so, we'd have to bring energy in from the surroundings.
qsNst-6SB0c-104\|That is, the systems and surroundings just balance each other out.
qsNst-6SB0c-105\|Or there there's no change in entropy in the system and the surroundings.
qsNst-6SB0c-106\|That would be saying that each side of a chemical reaction is equally likely.
qsNst-6SB0c-107\|That is, there's no entropy penalty for being on one side or the other side.
qsNst-6SB0c-108\|I can be a reactant or I can be a product.
qsNst-6SB0c-109\|Going between the two, there's no entropy change of the universe.
qsNst-6SB0c-110\|So it's equally likely that I'm at either side.
qsNst-6SB0c-111\|That's the definition of equilibrium.
qsNst-6SB0c-112\|If it's equally likely for me to be here or here, no energy penalty, then I'll switch between the two freely.
qsNst-6SB0c-113\|I'll be at equilibrium.
qsNst-6SB0c-114\|Now, entropy decreasing in the universe, those processes are not possible.
qsNst-6SB0c-115\|So now, we have a thermodynamic parameter that will tell us the direction of things.
qsNst-6SB0c-117\|It's entropy that determines the favored direction in the universe.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-000\|So we've learned that light has a particle nature.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-001\|There's a wave property associated with light and electromagnetic radiation, and also a particle nature-- packets of energy being carried along the wave.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-002\|A brilliant experiment that demonstrates that property is the photoelectric effect.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-003\|And here's how it works.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-004\|You take a piece of metal.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-005\|Now metal is an array of metal atoms, and each of those atoms holds on rather loosely to its outer electrons.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-006\|That's why the metal conducts electricity.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-007\|Those electrons are rather free to move about the surface.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-008\|Now, if you shine light on that surface, what happens?
wFY9ZvUmM5o-012\|And even if you make the light very bright, very intense, nothing happens.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-015\|It's as if photons are striking electrons and kicking them off the metal.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-016\|You bring in a more intense green light, and you get more electrons.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-017\|They don't go away faster.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-018\|You just get more electrons with a brighter light, all with the same kinetic energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-020\|And again, the same correlation with brightness-- if you make the light brighter, you get more electrons per second released.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-025\|So it doesn't matter if there's more of them.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-028\|More energy still in blue photons ejects electrons with even more kinetic energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-029\|So it's as if the photons of light are coming in and jostling electrons.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-030\|I'm holding onto this tennis ball.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-031\|Photons are coming in and jostling them.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-033\|Can I have my tennis ball back?
wFY9ZvUmM5o-035\|Now brightness doesn't matter.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-036\|We said, well, brightness is just more photons per second.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-037\|That's just peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh-- but not enough energy-- one photon per electron to eject any single electron.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-038\|But big photons, high energy, blue light, say, comes in and slams that metal and really sends the electron flying.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-039\|[SOUND OF BALL HITTING OBJECTS] CREW: Ow!
wFY9ZvUmM5o-041\|[LAUGHS] Sorry, guys.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-042\|[LAUGHS] High energy is what we have.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-043\|So we can actually plot it.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-051\|So all the excess energy of the photon goes into kinetic energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-052\|So you can write the both energies in terms of photons.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-053\|And you can realize there is a minimum photon energy required to eject the electron from the metal.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-054\|If you look at different metals, different metals have different threshold frequencies.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-055\|For instance, you could have a metal that's described by a blue photon is the minimum photon that ejects an electron.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-058\|And it's actually Albert Einstein, a genius, who looked at this problem.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-060\|But increasing the intensity-- very bright light-- didn't do anything.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-061\|And when you could eject electron, increasing the intensity didn't increase the energy of the electrons.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-062\|You just got more electrons coming off with the same energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-063\|Well, it takes a genius, often, to look at a very troubling problem and see it in a whole new light.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-064\|And that's what Einstein did.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-065\|He said, well, that looks like the light's behaving like particles.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-066\|It looks like little bits of light are coming in.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-067\|So a bright light is just lots of bits.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-068\|But they all have the same energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-069\|So those lots of bits eject lots of electrons, each electron with the same energy.
wFY9ZvUmM5o-070\|So the photoelectric effect and Albert Einstein have helped us understand the particle nature of light.
_56-KofIBng-000\|Let's do a calculation with electromagnetic radiation, the properties of wavelength and frequency.
_56-KofIBng-001\|What frequency and designation of radiation, with wavelength 8.83 picometers, is emitted from Technetium 99 during its nuclear decay?
_56-KofIBng-002\|So, we understand a wavelength, 8.83 picometers.
_56-KofIBng-003\|We can change that into a frequency knowing that the waves travel at the speed of light, c.
_56-KofIBng-010\|So very, very, very high frequency.
_56-KofIBng-011\|Very short wavelength, as we'd expect.
_56-KofIBng-012\|What region of the electromagnetic spectrum does that correspond to?
_56-KofIBng-014\|So we have gamma waves emitted from technetium 99 during its nuclear decay.
j7ROvrT6W1M-000\|The polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene is taking individual monomers of ethylene and making a polymer.
j7ROvrT6W1M-001\|Polymer means many elements.
j7ROvrT6W1M-002\|That term poly means many.
j7ROvrT6W1M-015\|So that's a wash, equal energy for breaking and making.
j7ROvrT6W1M-016\|So if I break, let's say, just three carbon-carbon double bonds, how many single bonds do have to make to hook the chain together?
j7ROvrT6W1M-018\|You're breaking N carbon-carbon double bonds and making 2 N, twice as many carbon-carbon single bonds.
j7ROvrT6W1M-019\|So let's see how that energy balance works.
j7ROvrT6W1M-022\|I get back 700.
j7ROvrT6W1M-024\|The difference between those is a net release of energy.
1lHCPo6GH3I-000\|Let's look at forming some molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals.
1lHCPo6GH3I-004\|Negative signs and positive signs in the wave function gives zero somewhere in the middle.
1lHCPo6GH3I-005\|So that mathematical combination will give me a node right between the two atoms.
1lHCPo6GH3I-006\|That's not very good for bonding, that will be high energy.
1lHCPo6GH3I-009\|So the highest energy will be the most nodes, the node right between the nuclei.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-000\|Let's look at a common process-- a gas expanding adiabatically-- quickly-- against a constant pressure.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-001\|If the gas expands adiabatically against constant pressure, what happens to the temperature of the gas?
mKzVNK6FeKQ-007\|We're talking about the adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas against a constant pressure.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-008\|And this system is like discharging an aerosol can.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-009\|The gas expands out the nozzle of the can and pushes back the atmosphere.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-013\|The system does work, uses its internal energy.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-014\|If I use my internal energy, my internal energy goes down.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-015\|If I'm a gas, a drop in internal energy always is accompanied by a drop in the temperature.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-016\|So here, the temperature decreases.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-017\|And you can try this at home.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-018\|Discharge an aerosol can and feel the top of the can.
mKzVNK6FeKQ-019\|It will be colder.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-000\|Biology and chemistry are intimately related, because we understand biology now in terms of the molecules of biology.
qhg-pZ-f-PM-001\|And molecules are, of course, the purview of chemistry.

qsNst-6SB0c-096|Those are also called irreversible processes.

qsNst-6SB0c-097|That is, we never observe the reverse process happening by itself.

qsNst-6SB0c-098|Now, that doesn't mean we can't make the reverse process happen.

qsNst-6SB0c-099|You know we could create a system that would have a piston, and push all these gases back to one side, and evacuate this side.

qsNst-6SB0c-100|But in doing so, we'd have to bring energy in from the surroundings.

qsNst-6SB0c-104|That is, the systems and surroundings just balance each other out.

qsNst-6SB0c-105|Or there there's no change in entropy in the system and the surroundings.

qsNst-6SB0c-106|That would be saying that each side of a chemical reaction is equally likely.

qsNst-6SB0c-107|That is, there's no entropy penalty for being on one side or the other side.

qsNst-6SB0c-108|I can be a reactant or I can be a product.

qsNst-6SB0c-109|Going between the two, there's no entropy change of the universe.

qsNst-6SB0c-110|So it's equally likely that I'm at either side.

qsNst-6SB0c-111|That's the definition of equilibrium.

qsNst-6SB0c-112|If it's equally likely for me to be here or here, no energy penalty, then I'll switch between the two freely.

qsNst-6SB0c-113|I'll be at equilibrium.

qsNst-6SB0c-114|Now, entropy decreasing in the universe, those processes are not possible.

qsNst-6SB0c-115|So now, we have a thermodynamic parameter that will tell us the direction of things.

qsNst-6SB0c-117|It's entropy that determines the favored direction in the universe.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-000|So we've learned that light has a particle nature.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-001|There's a wave property associated with light and electromagnetic radiation, and also a particle nature-- packets of energy being carried along the wave.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-002|A brilliant experiment that demonstrates that property is the photoelectric effect.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-003|And here's how it works.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-004|You take a piece of metal.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-005|Now metal is an array of metal atoms, and each of those atoms holds on rather loosely to its outer electrons.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-006|That's why the metal conducts electricity.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-007|Those electrons are rather free to move about the surface.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-008|Now, if you shine light on that surface, what happens?

wFY9ZvUmM5o-012|And even if you make the light very bright, very intense, nothing happens.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-015|It's as if photons are striking electrons and kicking them off the metal.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-016|You bring in a more intense green light, and you get more electrons.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-017|They don't go away faster.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-018|You just get more electrons with a brighter light, all with the same kinetic energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-020|And again, the same correlation with brightness-- if you make the light brighter, you get more electrons per second released.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-025|So it doesn't matter if there's more of them.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-028|More energy still in blue photons ejects electrons with even more kinetic energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-029|So it's as if the photons of light are coming in and jostling electrons.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-030|I'm holding onto this tennis ball.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-031|Photons are coming in and jostling them.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-033|Can I have my tennis ball back?

wFY9ZvUmM5o-035|Now brightness doesn't matter.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-036|We said, well, brightness is just more photons per second.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-037|That's just peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh, peh-- but not enough energy-- one photon per electron to eject any single electron.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-038|But big photons, high energy, blue light, say, comes in and slams that metal and really sends the electron flying.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-039|[SOUND OF BALL HITTING OBJECTS] CREW: Ow!

wFY9ZvUmM5o-041|[LAUGHS] Sorry, guys.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-042|[LAUGHS] High energy is what we have.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-043|So we can actually plot it.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-051|So all the excess energy of the photon goes into kinetic energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-052|So you can write the both energies in terms of photons.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-053|And you can realize there is a minimum photon energy required to eject the electron from the metal.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-054|If you look at different metals, different metals have different threshold frequencies.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-055|For instance, you could have a metal that's described by a blue photon is the minimum photon that ejects an electron.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-058|And it's actually Albert Einstein, a genius, who looked at this problem.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-060|But increasing the intensity-- very bright light-- didn't do anything.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-061|And when you could eject electron, increasing the intensity didn't increase the energy of the electrons.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-062|You just got more electrons coming off with the same energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-063|Well, it takes a genius, often, to look at a very troubling problem and see it in a whole new light.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-064|And that's what Einstein did.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-065|He said, well, that looks like the light's behaving like particles.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-066|It looks like little bits of light are coming in.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-067|So a bright light is just lots of bits.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-068|But they all have the same energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-069|So those lots of bits eject lots of electrons, each electron with the same energy.

wFY9ZvUmM5o-070|So the photoelectric effect and Albert Einstein have helped us understand the particle nature of light.

_56-KofIBng-000|Let's do a calculation with electromagnetic radiation, the properties of wavelength and frequency.

_56-KofIBng-001|What frequency and designation of radiation, with wavelength 8.83 picometers, is emitted from Technetium 99 during its nuclear decay?

_56-KofIBng-002|So, we understand a wavelength, 8.83 picometers.

_56-KofIBng-003|We can change that into a frequency knowing that the waves travel at the speed of light, c.

_56-KofIBng-010|So very, very, very high frequency.

_56-KofIBng-011|Very short wavelength, as we'd expect.

_56-KofIBng-012|What region of the electromagnetic spectrum does that correspond to?

_56-KofIBng-014|So we have gamma waves emitted from technetium 99 during its nuclear decay.

j7ROvrT6W1M-000|The polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene is taking individual monomers of ethylene and making a polymer.

j7ROvrT6W1M-001|Polymer means many elements.

j7ROvrT6W1M-002|That term poly means many.

j7ROvrT6W1M-015|So that's a wash, equal energy for breaking and making.

j7ROvrT6W1M-016|So if I break, let's say, just three carbon-carbon double bonds, how many single bonds do have to make to hook the chain together?

j7ROvrT6W1M-018|You're breaking N carbon-carbon double bonds and making 2 N, twice as many carbon-carbon single bonds.

j7ROvrT6W1M-019|So let's see how that energy balance works.

j7ROvrT6W1M-022|I get back 700.

j7ROvrT6W1M-024|The difference between those is a net release of energy.

1lHCPo6GH3I-000|Let's look at forming some molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals.

1lHCPo6GH3I-004|Negative signs and positive signs in the wave function gives zero somewhere in the middle.

1lHCPo6GH3I-005|So that mathematical combination will give me a node right between the two atoms.

1lHCPo6GH3I-006|That's not very good for bonding, that will be high energy.

1lHCPo6GH3I-009|So the highest energy will be the most nodes, the node right between the nuclei.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-000|Let's look at a common process-- a gas expanding adiabatically-- quickly-- against a constant pressure.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-001|If the gas expands adiabatically against constant pressure, what happens to the temperature of the gas?

mKzVNK6FeKQ-007|We're talking about the adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas against a constant pressure.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-008|And this system is like discharging an aerosol can.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-009|The gas expands out the nozzle of the can and pushes back the atmosphere.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-013|The system does work, uses its internal energy.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-014|If I use my internal energy, my internal energy goes down.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-015|If I'm a gas, a drop in internal energy always is accompanied by a drop in the temperature.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-016|So here, the temperature decreases.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-017|And you can try this at home.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-018|Discharge an aerosol can and feel the top of the can.

mKzVNK6FeKQ-019|It will be colder.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-000|Biology and chemistry are intimately related, because we understand biology now in terms of the molecules of biology.

qhg-pZ-f-PM-001|And molecules are, of course, the purview of chemistry.