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▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁march ▁toward ▁Freder icks burg ▁was ▁br illi antly ▁fort un ate ▁( av oid ing ▁Burn side ' s ▁signature ▁dis aster ), ▁but ▁the ▁second ▁leg ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁Burn side ' s ▁fatal ▁act ▁of ▁fut ility , ▁the ▁M ud ▁March . ▁ ▁Esc ort ing ▁the ▁XII ▁Corps ' ▁train ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁w ag ons ▁from ▁Dum f ries ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 0 ) ▁to ▁Staff ord ▁Cour th ouse ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 4 ), ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁end ured ▁the ▁same ▁days ▁of ▁heavy ▁rain ▁which ▁st alled ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁Army ' s ▁Center ▁Grand ▁Division ▁( III ▁and ▁V ▁Corps ) ▁toward ▁B anks ' ▁Ford . ▁All ▁participants ▁in ▁the ▁M ud ▁March ▁moved ▁very ▁slowly ▁or ▁became ▁stuck ▁fast , ▁and ▁Burn side ' s ▁asp ir ations ▁for ▁success ▁at ▁Freder icks burg ▁exp ired ▁with ▁his ▁command . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 7 – 3 0 ▁▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 7 – 2 8 , ▁the ▁initial ▁three ▁corps ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁began ▁their ▁march ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁General ▁Henry ▁W . ▁S loc um . ▁They ▁crossed ▁the ▁R app ah ann ock ▁and ▁Rap idan ▁rivers ▁as ▁planned ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁concent rate ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 ▁around ▁the ▁ham |
let ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville , ▁which ▁was ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁single ▁large , ▁brick ▁m ansion ▁at ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁Orange ▁Turn pi ke ▁and ▁Orange ▁Pl ank ▁Road . ▁ ▁Upon ▁reaching ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁General ▁Joseph ▁Hook er ▁deployed ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁in ▁a ▁def ensive ▁per imeter ▁around ▁the ▁intersection . ▁S loc um ' s ▁Tw elf th ▁Corps ▁held ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁line , ▁and ▁for ▁three ▁days , ▁his ▁troops ▁ent rench ed , ▁creating ▁a ▁st ur dy ▁earth work ▁screen ed ▁by ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁fallen ▁trees ▁known ▁as ▁ab atis . ▁ ▁May ▁ 1 ▁▁ ▁While ▁Hook er ▁still ▁maintained ▁the ▁initi ative , ▁he ▁commanded ▁a ▁three - pr ong ed ▁east ward ▁thrust . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁& ▁ 3 rd ▁Div isions ▁of ▁the ▁V ▁Corps ▁( Me ade ) ▁advanced ▁along ▁River ▁Road , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁( S y kes ) ▁advanced ▁along ▁the ▁Turn pi ke , ▁and ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁the ▁XII ▁Corps ▁( S loc um ) ▁advanced ▁along ▁the ▁Pl ank ▁Road . ▁ ▁One ▁mile ▁out , ▁S loc um ▁( X II ▁Corps , ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ) ▁encountered ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁pick et ▁post ▁and ▁react ed ▁c aut iously ▁by ▁deploy ing ▁his ▁two ▁divisions ▁in ▁line |
▁of ▁battle , ▁one ▁Division ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁Pl ank ▁Road . ▁Ad van cing ▁slowly ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁half ▁mile ▁in ▁this ▁formation , ▁the ▁XII ▁Corps ▁had ▁just ▁emer ged ▁onto ▁high ▁ground ▁at ▁the ▁Al rich ▁farm , ▁favor able ▁for ▁an ▁off ensive , ▁when ▁a ▁Hook er ▁em iss ary , ▁Colonel ▁Joseph ▁Dick sin son , ▁reported ▁the ▁advance ▁far ▁short ▁of ▁objective ▁and ▁already ▁eng aging ▁the ▁enemy ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 : 3 0 p . m . ▁ ▁Sim ult ane ously , ▁Hook er ▁received ▁unf avor able ▁reports ▁about ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁Sy kes ▁( V - 2 )( east ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁on ▁the ▁Turn pi ke ) ▁and ▁Sed g wick ▁( VI )( east ▁of ▁Freder icks burg ). ▁Me ade ' s ▁( V ) ▁ 1 st ▁& ▁ 3 rd ▁Div isions ▁were ▁adv ancing ▁un imp eded ▁toward ▁a ▁strateg ic ▁imper ative , ▁occupation ▁of ▁Bank ' s ▁Ford ▁on ▁the ▁R app ah ann ock ▁River ; ▁non eth eless , ▁Hook er ▁called ▁a ▁halt ▁to ▁all ▁operations ▁and ▁ordered ▁a ▁retre at ▁into ▁def ensive ▁positions ▁around ▁Chan cell ors ville . ▁There by , ▁the ▁initi ative ▁had ▁been ▁lost ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁battle . ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Between ▁no on ▁and ▁ 2 ▁p . m ., ▁an ▁armed , ▁west ward - mov ing ▁force ▁became ▁visible ▁and ▁aud ible |
▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁Division . ▁Private ▁H icks ▁noted , ▁" From ▁this ▁force ▁we ▁could ▁hear ▁an ▁occas ional ▁command , ▁' Close ▁up ,' ▁' Ste ady , ▁men ,' ▁and ▁like ▁words , ▁and ▁now ▁and ▁then ▁we ▁could ▁catch ▁g lim ps es ▁of ▁the ▁gray - cl oth ed ▁ranks ▁moving ▁with ▁steady ▁steps , ▁with ▁arms ▁at ▁right ▁shoulder ▁and ▁pay ing ▁no ▁attention ▁either ▁to ▁us ▁or ▁to ▁our ▁sk irm ish ▁line ▁in ▁front ". ▁The ▁degree ▁of ▁sub ter f uge ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁movement ▁was ▁noted ▁by ▁Captain ▁Wal lace : ▁During ▁a ▁susp icious ▁l ull ▁in ▁operations , ▁a ▁field ▁officer ▁near ▁me , ▁training ▁his ▁glass ▁on ▁a ▁distant ▁woods , ▁drew ▁my ▁attention ▁to ▁a ▁column ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁moving ▁east ward ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁that ▁woods . ▁It ▁was ▁apparently ▁a ▁large ▁force , ▁but ▁as ▁we ▁kept ▁watching ▁it , ▁we ▁were ▁surprised ▁by ▁the ▁occas ional ▁re app earance ▁of ▁an ▁officer ▁on ▁a ▁white ▁horse . ▁In ▁each ▁instance ▁he ▁would ▁emer ge ▁from ▁our ▁right ▁and ▁disappear ▁on ▁our ▁left , ▁and ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁same ▁officer , ▁we ▁found ▁that ▁we ▁were ▁witness ing ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁war ▁strategy , ▁and ▁that ▁a ▁small ▁force ▁was ▁cir cling ▁many ▁times ▁around ▁that ▁woods ▁to ▁convey ▁the ▁impression ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁army ▁change ▁of ▁base ▁in ▁one ▁direction , ▁while ▁in ▁reality |
▁it ▁was ▁moving ▁the ▁other ▁way . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁command ▁to ▁recognize ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁General ▁Thomas ▁J . ▁Jackson ' s ▁fl ank ing ▁movement ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁attack , ▁the ▁entire ▁XII ▁Corps ▁attempted ▁to ▁r ally ▁the ▁pan ic - str icken ▁fug it ives ▁of ▁the ▁XI ▁Corps , ▁but ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁stop ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁either ▁captured ▁or ▁reached ▁the ▁R app ah ann ock ▁River . ▁ ▁Ult imately , ▁inten se ▁night - f ight ing , ▁especially ▁art illery ▁from ▁Haz el ▁Gro ve , ▁stem med ▁the ▁attack , ▁but ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁was ▁not ▁involved . ▁ ▁May ▁ 3 ▁▁ ▁For ▁two ▁days ▁of ▁battle ▁the ▁Confeder ates ▁did ▁not ▁test ▁S loc um ' s ▁position , ▁but ▁starting ▁at ▁ 5 : 3 0 a . m . ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁Lee ▁ordered ▁a ▁broad ▁assault . ▁While ▁Vir g ini ans ▁led ▁by ▁General ▁William ▁Mah one ▁attacked ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁of ▁the ▁XII ▁Corps , ▁Confeder ate ▁art illery ▁on ▁the ▁Orange ▁Pl ank ▁Road ▁and ▁at ▁Haz el ▁Gro ve ▁sent ▁shell s ▁sc ree ch ing ▁into ▁S loc um ' s ▁line ▁from ▁the ▁rear . ▁The ▁XII ▁Corps ▁gam ely ▁held ▁its ▁ground , ▁but ▁as ▁the ▁hours ▁passed , ▁its ▁supply ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁ran |
▁low . ▁At ▁ 9 ▁a . m ., ▁S loc um ▁ordered ▁a ▁retre at , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 0 a . m ., ▁fighting ▁had ▁essentially ▁ceased ▁with ▁the ▁Confeder ates ▁in ▁possession ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville . ▁ ▁Battle ▁analysis ▁ ▁Con struct ing ▁effective ▁breast works ▁near ▁the ▁Chan cell or ▁M ansion ▁and ▁Ta vern , ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Regiment al ▁losses ▁were ▁limited ▁( 5 ▁killed , ▁ 1 2 ▁wounded , ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁captured ). ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁Stone wall ▁Jackson ' s ▁famous ▁' Fl ank ing ▁M ane u ver ' ▁avoided ▁the ▁trap ▁of ▁breast works ▁placed ▁by ▁the ▁III , ▁XI ▁and ▁XII ▁Corps ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁XI ▁Corps ' ▁rear . ▁ ▁The ▁fier c est ▁fighting ▁of ▁the ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁Camp aign ▁occurred ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁including ▁action ▁at ▁S alem ▁Church ▁and ▁Freder icks burg , ▁and ▁produced ▁the ▁second ▁blood iest ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁smaller ▁Confeder ate ▁Army ▁( 6 0 , 8 9 2 ▁CS ▁men ▁vs . ▁ 1 3 3 , 8 6 8 ▁US ▁men ) ▁experienced ▁a ▁significantly ▁higher ▁rate ▁of ▁cas ual ties ▁( 2 2 % ▁CS ▁vs . ▁ 1 3 % ▁US ) ▁than ▁the ▁enemy ▁during ▁General ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Lee ' s ▁' Per fect ▁Battle '. ▁ ▁M uster ▁out ▁and ▁after |
▁▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁Regiment ▁must ered ▁out ▁and ▁returned ▁home , ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Second ▁Battle ▁of ▁Win chester ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 3 – 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁opened ▁the ▁door way ▁for ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Pennsylvania . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁Regiment ▁re en list ed ▁immediately ▁at ▁the ▁State ▁level ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Emer gency ▁and ▁State ▁Milit ia ▁Tro ops ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁O thers ▁re en list ed ▁for ▁national ▁service ▁in ▁units ▁of ▁inf antry , ▁caval ry ▁or ▁art illery , ▁and ▁some ▁success ively ▁re en list ed ▁at ▁both ▁levels . ▁ ▁Mission ▁statement ▁and ▁legacy ▁ ▁" To ▁teach ▁the ▁less on ▁of ▁patri ot ism ▁to ▁future ▁gener ations ". ▁ ▁Notable ▁members ▁ ▁Henry ▁C . ▁War fel , ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ient ▁Honor able ▁Jos iah ▁D . ▁H icks , ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative , ▁ 5 3 rd , ▁ 5 4 th ▁& ▁ 5 5 th ▁Congress es ▁Honor able ▁Thomas ▁Mc Cam ant , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Aud itor ▁General , ▁ 1 8 8 8 – 1 8 9 2 ▁Walter ▁W . ▁Green land , ▁Ad j ut ant - General ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁ 1 8 9 2 – 1 8 9 5 ▁Thomas ▁William son ▁H urd , ▁Sr ., ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Al to ona , ▁ 1 8 7 8 – 1 |
8 8 0 ▁John ▁D . ▁P atter son , ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Harris burg , ▁ 1 8 7 5 – 1 8 8 1 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Civil ▁War ▁reg iments ▁Category : 1 8 6 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁particularly ▁topology , ▁collections ▁of ▁subsets ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁locally ▁discrete ▁if ▁they ▁look ▁like ▁they ▁have ▁precisely ▁one ▁element ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁point ▁of ▁view . ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁locally ▁discrete ▁collections ▁is ▁worth while ▁as ▁B ing ' s ▁met riz ation ▁theorem ▁shows . ▁ ▁F ormal ▁definition ▁ ▁Let ▁X ▁be ▁a ▁topological ▁space . ▁A ▁collection ▁{ G a } ▁of ▁subsets ▁of ▁X ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁locally ▁discrete , ▁if ▁each ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁space ▁has ▁a ▁neighbourhood ▁intersect ing ▁at ▁most ▁one ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁collection . ▁A ▁collection ▁of ▁subsets ▁of ▁X ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁count ably ▁locally ▁discrete , ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁count able ▁union ▁of ▁locally ▁discrete ▁collections . ▁ ▁Properties ▁and ▁examples ▁▁ 1 . ▁Loc ally ▁discrete ▁collections ▁are ▁always ▁locally ▁finite . ▁See ▁the ▁page ▁on ▁local ▁fin iten ess . ▁▁ 2 . ▁If ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁subsets ▁of ▁a ▁topological ▁space |
▁X ▁is ▁locally ▁discrete , ▁it ▁must ▁satisfy ▁the ▁property ▁that ▁each ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁space ▁belongs ▁to ▁at ▁most ▁one ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁collection . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁only ▁collections ▁of ▁pair wise ▁dis joint ▁sets ▁can ▁be ▁locally ▁discrete . ▁▁▁ 3 . ▁A ▁Haus dor ff ▁space ▁cannot ▁have ▁a ▁locally ▁discrete ▁basis ▁unless ▁it ▁is ▁itself ▁discrete . ▁The ▁same ▁property ▁holds ▁for ▁a ▁T 1 ▁space . ▁▁ 4 . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁B ing ' s ▁met riz ation ▁theorem : ▁ ▁A ▁space ▁X ▁is ▁met riz able ▁if f ▁it ▁is ▁regular ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁basis ▁that ▁is ▁count ably ▁locally ▁discrete . ▁▁ 5 . ▁A ▁count able ▁collection ▁of ▁sets ▁is ▁necessarily ▁count ably ▁locally ▁discrete . ▁Therefore , ▁if ▁X ▁is ▁a ▁met riz able ▁space ▁with ▁a ▁count able ▁basis , ▁one ▁imp lication ▁of ▁B ing ' s ▁met riz ation ▁theorem ▁holds . ▁In ▁fact , ▁B ing ' s ▁met riz ation ▁theorem ▁is ▁almost ▁a ▁cor ollary ▁of ▁the ▁Nag ata - S mir nov ▁theorem . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Loc ally ▁finite ▁collection ▁Nag ata - S mir nov ▁met riz ation ▁theorem ▁B ing ▁met riz ation ▁theorem ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁James ▁M unk res ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Top ology , ▁ 2 nd ▁edition , ▁Pr ent ice ▁Hall . ▁. ▁ ▁Category : Top ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Deep ▁in ▁the ▁I ris ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁studio ▁album |
▁by ▁Canadian ▁experimental ▁pop / art ▁rock ▁band ▁Bra ids . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Ar but us ▁Records ▁world wide , ▁ex cluding ▁Canada ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁F lem ish ▁E ye , ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁band ' s ▁" sun ni est ▁and ▁most ▁immediate ▁record ". ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Writing ▁and ▁recording ▁ ▁Bra ids ▁began ▁writing ▁Deep ▁in ▁the ▁I ris ▁in ▁tan dem ▁with ▁their ▁second ▁album ▁Fl our ish ▁// ▁Per ish , ▁performing ▁un re leased ▁new ▁songs ▁live ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁with ▁" Bl ond ie " ▁being ▁the ▁earliest - sur v iving ▁song ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁album . ▁Writing ▁and ▁recording ▁officially ▁began ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁for ▁seven ▁weeks ▁in ▁a ▁cabin ▁in ▁woods ▁near ▁Pres c ott , ▁Arizona , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁band ▁had ▁worked ▁on ▁an ▁album ▁outside ▁Canada . ▁After ▁recording ▁Fl our ish ▁// ▁Per ish ▁in ▁their ▁window less ▁gar age ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Arizona ▁was ▁chosen ▁because ▁the ▁band ▁" w anted ▁to ▁leave ▁winter , ▁to ▁leave ▁what ▁we ▁were ▁familiar ▁with , ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁we ▁felt ▁sun light ▁on ▁our ▁face ". ▁Taylor ▁Smith ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁song writing , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁expectation ▁which ▁comes ▁with ▁recording ▁an |
▁album , ▁explaining , ▁" the ▁expectation ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁beautiful ▁experience ▁together ▁and ▁if ▁a ▁record ▁comes ▁out ▁of ▁that ▁beautiful ▁experience , ▁great ! ". ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁weeks ▁in ▁Arizona , ▁the ▁band ▁" just ▁went ▁on ▁wal ks , ▁had ▁tal ks , ▁ro asted ▁mar sh m all ows ▁and ▁cho pped ▁fire wood ▁and ▁went ▁gro c ery ▁sho pping ▁and ▁cook ed ▁me als " ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁re connect ▁after ▁tour ing ▁Fl our ish ▁// ▁Per ish . ▁The ▁band ▁interrupted ▁the ▁writing ▁process ▁to ▁tour ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁with ▁W ye ▁Oak ▁for ▁three ▁weeks ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁debut ing ▁new ▁songs ▁" T aste " ▁and ▁" Let ting ▁Go ". ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁cut ▁back ▁on ▁the ▁electronic ▁elements ▁which ▁featured ▁on ▁Fl our ish ▁// ▁Per ish ▁and ▁instead ▁ref oc used ▁on ▁using ▁live ▁instruments , ▁as ▁on ▁their ▁debut ▁album ▁Native ▁Spe aker . ▁" Re ally ▁cool , ▁interesting - s ounding ▁pian os " ▁were ▁util ised . ▁Further ▁sessions ▁followed ▁in ▁Del hi , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Put ney , ▁Verm ont ▁in ▁June ▁and ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁" space ▁and ▁beauty " ▁of ▁the ▁retre at ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁couple d ▁with ▁the ▁energy ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁friends ▁from ▁Montreal ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁helped ▁evol ve ▁" H appy ▁When " |
▁and ▁" Min isk irt ", ▁the ▁latter ▁being ▁the ▁final ▁song ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁album . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁track ed ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁in ▁a ▁turn - of - the - century ▁house , ▁specifically ▁chosen ▁because ▁it ▁contained ▁a ▁Stein way ▁piano . ▁Three ▁additional ▁songs ▁were ▁recorded , ▁but ▁were ▁left ▁off ▁the ▁album . ▁" S weet ▁World " ▁( play ed ▁live ▁regularly ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁considered ▁for ▁the ▁album , ▁but ▁" just ▁didn ’ t ▁fit ▁with ▁the ▁whole ▁vision ▁of ▁it ". ▁ ▁Mix ing ▁began ▁with ▁Dam ian ▁Taylor ▁at ▁Golden ▁Rat io ▁Studios ▁in ▁Montreal ▁in ▁late ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁the ▁sessions ▁con cluding ▁in ▁December . ▁With ▁the ▁band ▁having ▁done ▁some ▁pre lim inary ▁mixing , ▁Taylor ' s ▁main ▁contribution ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁Rap ha elle ▁Stand ell - Pr eston ' s ▁vocals ▁more ▁prominent ▁in ▁the ▁mix . ▁The ▁album ' s ▁title ▁and ▁track ▁list ▁were ▁announced ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁with ▁opening ▁single ▁" Min isk irt " ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁streaming ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁Second ▁song ▁" T aste " ▁was ▁shared ▁on ▁Sound Cloud ▁on ▁ 4 ▁March . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Ar but us ▁Records ▁and ▁F lem ish ▁E ye ▁in ▁Europe ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and |
▁the ▁following ▁day ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁Musical ▁style ▁and ▁influ ences ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁recording , ▁drum mer ▁Austin ▁Tu ft s ▁revealed ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁listening ▁to ▁performed ▁music ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁program med ), ▁such ▁as ▁Little ▁Dragon , ▁Dis closure , ▁Port ico , ▁Bon ob o , ▁Radio head , ▁R & B ▁and ▁soul . ▁J oni ▁Mitchell , ▁Sarah ▁Mc L ach lan ▁and ▁Alan is ▁Mor iss ette ▁influenced ▁Stand ell - Pr eston ▁voc ally . ▁ ▁Th emes ▁ ▁A ▁press ▁release ▁described ▁" p orn ography , ▁ab use ▁and ▁sl ut sh aming " ▁as ▁them es ▁evident ▁in ▁Stand ell - Pr eston ' s ▁lyr ics . ▁" Min isk irt " ▁de als ▁with ▁her ▁" as ▁a ▁woman ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁my ▁life ; ▁getting ▁older ▁and ▁discuss ing ▁what ▁I ▁do ▁experience ▁as ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁what ▁I ’ ve ▁gone ▁through ". ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁also ▁about ▁" standing ▁up ▁for ▁gender ▁equality ▁and ▁in ▁particular , ▁for ▁women ’ s ▁rights ". ▁ ▁Art work ▁ ▁Tu ft s ▁took ▁the ▁album ' s ▁cover ▁photograph ▁in ▁Verm ont , ▁a ▁view ▁through ▁a ▁cul vert ▁looking ▁down ▁into ▁a ▁cre ek . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Upon ▁its ▁release , ▁the ▁album ▁received ▁mostly ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics . ▁A ggreg ating ▁website ▁Any Dec ent Music ? ▁reported ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 . |
3 ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁professional ▁reviews , ▁while ▁Met ac rit ic ▁reported ▁ 7 8 ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁professional ▁reviews . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁a ▁short list ed ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Pol aris ▁Music ▁Prize . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Rap ha elle ▁Stand ell - Pr eston ▁– ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁lead ▁vocals </ li > ▁Austin ▁Tu ft s ▁– ▁drums , ▁vocals ▁Taylor ▁Smith ▁– ▁bass , ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁vocals ▁Dam ian ▁Taylor ▁– ▁mixing ▁Chris ▁All good ▁– ▁assistant ▁Em ily ▁Laz ar ▁– ▁master ing ▁Marc ▁R immer ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁albums ▁Category : Bra ids ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : J uno ▁Award ▁for ▁Altern ative ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁albums ▁Category : Ar but us ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : F lem ish ▁E ye ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rev . ▁Paul ▁A . ▁Hol mes , ▁S . T . D ., ▁is ▁a ▁Vice - Pres ident ▁of ▁Set on ▁Hall ▁University ▁and ▁was ▁Inter im ▁Dean ▁of ▁the ▁John ▁C . ▁White head ▁School ▁of ▁Diplom acy ▁and ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁until ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Education ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁New ark ▁and ▁West ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁Fr . ▁Hol mes ▁received ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁soci ology ▁from ▁Set on ▁Hall ▁University . ▁He ▁then ▁went |
▁on ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁studies ▁for ▁the ▁priest hood ▁in ▁Italy , ▁receiving ▁three ▁degrees ▁in ▁the ology ▁from ▁Roman ▁univers ities : ▁a ▁Doctor ate ▁of ▁Sac red ▁The ology ▁( S . T . D .), ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁from ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁University ▁of ▁Saint ▁Thomas ▁Aqu inas , ▁Angel icum ; ▁a ▁Lic enti ate ▁in ▁Mor al ▁The ology ▁( S . T . L .), ▁sum ma ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁from ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁Later an ▁University ; ▁and ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Sac red ▁The ology ▁( S . T . B .), ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁from ▁the ▁Greg or ian ▁University . ▁ ▁Pri est hood ▁and ▁teaching ▁Ord ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Fr . ▁Hol mes ' ▁first ▁par och ial ▁assignment ▁was ▁at ▁St . ▁Matthew ' s ▁in ▁R idge field , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁After ▁two ▁years , ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁par och ial ▁vic ar ▁of ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁C athedral ▁in ▁New ark ▁and , ▁while ▁minister ing ▁there , ▁he ▁attended ▁Y ale ▁University ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁Master ' s ▁in ▁Sac red ▁The ology ▁( S . T . M ., ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁with ▁hon ors . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Rome ▁for ▁doctor al ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁University ▁of ▁Saint ▁Thomas ▁Aqu inas , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Set on ▁Hall ▁University |
▁and ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁associate ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁arch di oc es an ▁Wor ship ▁Office . ▁ ▁After ▁def ending ▁his ▁doctor al ▁th esis ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Father ▁Hol mes ▁was ▁h ired ▁at ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁assistant ▁professor ▁by ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Studies . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁director ▁of ▁both ▁Liberal ▁Studies ▁and ▁Social ▁& ▁Be havior al ▁Sciences , ▁two ▁programs ▁in ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁& ▁Sciences . ▁Represent ing ▁the ▁college ▁in ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁Senate , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Vice ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁Executive ▁Committee . ▁ ▁While ▁teaching ▁at ▁Set on ▁Hall , ▁Father ▁Hol mes ▁helped ▁inaugur ate ▁C ler gy ▁Cons ult ation ▁and ▁Tre at ment ▁Service , ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁th era pe ut ic ▁out pat ient ▁assess ment ▁and ▁treatment ▁program ▁for ▁pri ests ▁at ▁Saint ▁Vincent ' s ▁Catholic ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁West chester ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁spiritual ▁director . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁he ▁earned ▁ten ure ▁and ▁promotion ▁at ▁Set on ▁Hall , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Relig ious ▁Studies ▁department . ▁ ▁Administr ator ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ▁academic ▁year , ▁he ▁attended ▁Harvard ▁University ' s ▁Management ▁Development ▁Program ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁occup ant ▁of ▁the ▁Carl ▁J . ▁Peter ▁Chair ▁of ▁Pre aching ▁at ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁North |
▁American ▁College ▁in ▁Rome . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁from ▁his ▁s abb at ical , ▁he ▁became ▁associate ▁prov ost ▁for ▁Academ ic ▁Administration ▁at ▁Set on ▁Hall ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁became ▁the ▁University ' s ▁first ▁vice ▁president ▁for ▁Mission ▁and ▁Ministry . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁efforts ▁to ▁obtain ▁from ▁the ▁L illy ▁End ow ment ▁the ▁largest ▁n ong overn ment al ▁grant ▁ever ▁awarded ▁to ▁Set on ▁Hall . ▁The ▁$ 2 ▁million ▁award ▁helped ▁establish ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V ocation ▁and ▁Serv ant ▁Le ad ership . ▁ ▁While ▁Vice ▁President ▁for ▁Mission ▁and ▁Ministry ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 5 , ▁Father ▁Hol mes ▁super vised ▁the ▁new ▁Center , ▁Camp us ▁Ministry , ▁the ▁University ▁Chap lain , ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁C ler gy ▁Form ation . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁secretary - des igne e ▁of ▁the ▁University ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Reg ents . ▁ ▁Other ▁work ▁Fr . ▁Hol mes ▁has ▁published ▁articles ▁in ▁numerous ▁journ als , ▁has ▁lect ured ▁widely ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁moral ▁and ▁sacr amental ▁the ology , ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁create ▁This ▁Sunday ' s ▁Script ure , ▁the ▁first ▁hom ily ▁service ▁of ▁Tw enty - Th ird ▁Publications ▁in ▁Myst ic , ▁Connecticut . ▁ ▁For ▁many ▁years , ▁he ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chap lain ▁for ▁the ▁Ph i ▁B eta ▁chapter ▁of ▁Ph i ▁K appa |
▁Th eta , ▁a ▁social ▁frat ern ity . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁last ▁four ▁years , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁week end ▁assistant ▁at ▁St . ▁Rose ▁of ▁Lima ▁Par ish ▁in ▁Short ▁Hills , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁In ▁his ▁spare ▁time , ▁he ▁is ▁independent ▁editor ▁of ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Clark ' s ▁series ▁of ▁murder ▁myster ies . ▁ ▁S ources ▁School ▁of ▁Diplom acy ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁book ▁edit ors ▁Category : American ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pri ests ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁West ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Set on ▁Hall ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : P ont ific al ▁University ▁of ▁St . ▁Thomas ▁Aqu inas ▁al umn i ▁Category : P ont ific al ▁Later an ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : P ont ific al ▁Greg or ian ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C athol ics ▁from ▁New ▁Jersey <0x0A> </s> ▁Phot in ia ▁gl ab ra , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁phot in ia , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ros aceae . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁gl ab ra <0x0A> </s> ▁Two ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁have ▁been ▁named ▁HMS ▁P 3 3 . ▁▁ ▁, ▁a ▁P - class ▁pat rol ▁boat ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and |
▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁, ▁a ▁U - class ▁sub marine ▁launched ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁s unk ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Navy ▁ship ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁Red ▁Hook ▁Crit ▁was ▁a ▁criter ium ▁cycle ▁race ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁held ▁ann ually ▁in ▁Red ▁Hook , ▁Brook lyn ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁David ▁Tr im ble . ▁Red ▁Hook ▁races ▁are ▁also ▁held ▁in ▁three ▁European ▁cities : ▁Milan ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Barcelona ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Green wich ▁Pen ins ula , ▁London ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁R iders ▁use ▁bra k eless ▁fixed - ge ar ▁b icy cles . ▁There ▁are ▁often ▁crashes ▁during ▁the ▁races ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁spe eds ▁and ▁technical ▁courses . ▁It ▁is ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Rock star ▁Games . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁separate ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁races . ▁ ▁R aces ▁and ▁w inners ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Brook lyn : ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Brook lyn : ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Brook lyn : |
▁▁▁ ▁Add itional ▁event ▁at ▁Brook lyn ▁Navy ▁Y ard : ▁▁▁ ▁Barcelona : ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁separate ▁women ' s ▁race ▁was ▁held ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Barcelona : ▁ ▁/ ▁▁ ▁Milan : ▁ ▁/ ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Barcelona : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁London : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Milan : ▁ ▁/ ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁London : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Barcelona : ▁▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ ▁/ ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁London : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Barcelona : ▁▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Milan : ▁▁ ▁/ ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Brook lyn : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁Milan : ▁ ▁/ ▁ ▁General ▁classification ▁w inners ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Red ▁Hook ▁C riter ium ▁features ▁both ▁an ▁individual ▁general ▁classification ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁classification . ▁With ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁a ▁women ' s ▁race ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁women ' s ▁GC ▁was ▁also ▁introduced . ▁ ▁General ▁Classification ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁R iders ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁ ▁General ▁Classification ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁R iders ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run |
ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁General ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁ ▁General ▁Classification ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁rid ers ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁General ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁ ▁General ▁Classification ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁R iders ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁General ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁ ▁General ▁Classification ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Men ' s ▁R iders ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Men ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁General ▁Classification ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁up ▁ ▁Third ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Teams ▁First ▁ ▁Run ner ▁Up ▁ ▁Third ▁ ▁Sp ons or ship ▁The ▁Red ▁Hook ▁Crit ▁is ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Rock star ▁Games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ro ad ▁b icy cle ▁races <0x0A> </s> ▁Double ▁canon ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Double ▁canon ▁in ▁music , ▁where ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁canon |
▁with ▁two ▁simultane ous ▁them es ▁ ▁Double ▁canon ▁in ▁French ▁typ ography , ▁where ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁ 5 6 - point ▁type <0x0A> </s> ▁Barry ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁designer , ▁building ▁expert , ▁television ▁present er ▁and ▁author . ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁co - host ▁and ▁design / building ▁expert ▁on ▁Network ▁ 1 0 ' s ▁l ifest yle ▁program ▁The ▁Living ▁Room . ▁ ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁first ▁appeared ▁on ▁reality ▁renov ation ▁show ▁The ▁Ren ov ators ▁as ▁a ▁building ▁ment or ▁and ▁judge . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁attended ▁Ch ipping ▁N orton ▁Public ▁School ▁and ▁completed ▁Year ▁ 1 0 ▁at ▁Liverpool ▁Boys ▁High ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁excel led ▁at ▁all ▁sports . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁began ▁an ▁app rent ices hip ▁in ▁car p entry ▁and ▁join ery , ▁and ▁gained ▁a ▁building ▁certificate ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁ment ored ▁by ▁architect s ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁design ▁and ▁build ▁homes ▁as ▁a ▁spec ulative ▁builder ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁ran ▁a ▁successful ▁design , ▁building ▁and ▁property ▁development ▁business ▁until ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁During ▁that ▁time ▁he ▁served ▁a ▁term ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Master ▁Build ers ▁Association ▁NS W ▁Eastern ▁Sub ur bs ▁and ▁acted ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁building |
▁witness ▁for ▁NS W ▁courts ▁and ▁the ▁Department ▁Fair ▁Tr ading ▁trib unal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁hosted ▁T EN ' s ▁renov ation ▁reality ▁series , ▁The ▁Ren ov ators . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁joined ▁l ifest yle ▁program ▁The ▁Living ▁Room ▁on ▁Network ▁Ten , ▁alongside ▁Am anda ▁K eller , ▁Chris ▁Brown ▁and ▁Miguel ▁Ma estre . ▁He ading ▁up ▁the ▁renov ations ▁team , ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁ass ists ▁home - own ers ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁some ▁expert ▁help . ▁ ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁was ▁nominated ▁to ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁R U OK ? ▁Day . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁passion ate ▁advoc ator ▁for ▁the ▁Can cer ▁Council ▁Australia ▁and ▁a ▁firm ▁bel ie ver ▁in ▁environmental ▁sust ain ability . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁and ▁Miguel ▁Ma estre ▁released ▁an ▁aut obi ographical ▁book ▁called ▁Life ▁Force ▁about ▁Du ▁Bo is ' s ▁family , ▁friend ships , ▁living ▁with ▁cancer ▁and ▁includes ▁nut r itional ▁advice ▁and ▁reci pes ▁by ▁Ma estre . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Liverpool , ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Bond i . ▁ ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁met ▁his ▁Australian ▁partner ▁Le onie ▁Carol ▁Tob ler ▁in ▁Bond i ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁They ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
9 9 ▁and ▁their ▁tw ins , ▁a ▁son ▁and ▁daughter , ▁were ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁pl as mac yt oma , ▁a ▁cancer ▁of ▁the ▁imm une ▁system , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁under w ent ▁successful ▁ther apy , ▁but ▁the ▁cancer ▁had ▁already ▁destroyed ▁the ▁verte bra e ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁his ▁sp ine . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁tit an ium ▁impl ant ▁in ▁his ▁sp ine . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁cancer ▁had ▁returned ▁as ▁multiple ▁my el oma . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ ▁Life ▁Force ▁by ▁Barry ▁Du ▁Bo is ▁and ▁ ▁Miguel ▁Ma estre , ▁P aper back ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁: ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : Austral ian ▁interior ▁design ers ▁Category : Can cer ▁surv iv ors ▁Category : Pe ople ▁with ▁multiple ▁my el oma <0x0A> </s> ▁Nick ▁K atz man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁bl ues ▁music ian . ▁ ▁K atz man ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁both ▁Manh attan ▁and ▁Berlin , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁He ▁plays ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁musical ▁gen res , ▁including ▁Chicago ▁bl ues , ▁Mississippi ▁bl ues , |
▁Texas ▁bl ues , ▁and ▁rag time . ▁ ▁Biography ▁As ▁a ▁te en ager ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁K atz man ▁saw ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁surv iving ▁country ▁bl ues ▁guitar ists ▁who ▁travel led ▁north ▁to ▁play ▁their ▁music ▁in ▁clubs ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁folk ▁festiv als . ▁ ▁He ▁learned ▁to ▁lay ▁both ▁guitar ▁and ▁l ute . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁classical ▁music ▁and ▁jazz ▁at ▁Ant io ch ▁College ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁His ▁classical ▁influ ences ▁include ▁Syl vi us ▁Leopold ▁We iss ▁and ▁Johann ▁Sebastian ▁Bach . ▁ ▁His ▁bl ues ▁music ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mus icians , ▁including ▁Charlie ▁Pat ton , ▁Kid ▁Ba iley , ▁and ▁Mississippi ▁John ▁H urt . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁own ▁website , ▁K atz man ▁also ▁c ites ▁amongst ▁his ▁teachers ▁the ▁bl ues ▁master s ▁M ance ▁Li ps comb , ▁Re ver end ▁Gary ▁Davis , ▁Stefan ▁G ross man ▁and ▁R ory ▁Block . ▁ ▁About ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁K atz man ▁moved ▁to ▁Germany ▁to ▁live , ▁tour ▁and ▁perform . ▁ ▁His ▁music ▁K atz man ▁discussed ▁his ▁musical ▁influ ences ▁as ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁various ▁stra ins ▁of ▁the ▁bl ues , ▁including ▁D elta ▁bl ues , ▁country ▁bl ues , ▁folk ▁music ▁and ▁h ok um ▁rag time . ▁ ▁His ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁" wide ▁range ▁of ▁bl ues ▁from ▁D elta ▁to ▁Gary ▁Davis ." ▁K |
atz man ' s ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁compared ▁to ▁Tom ▁Ball ▁and ▁Rich ▁Stein . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁compared ▁favor ably ▁with ▁his ▁bl ues ▁for eb ears ▁Bl ind ▁Bla ke ▁and ▁The ▁Rev . ▁Gary ▁Davis . ▁ ▁K atz man ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁senior ▁Blues ▁mus icians , ▁including ▁Champion ▁Jack ▁Dup ree , ▁Care y ▁and ▁L ur ie ▁Bell , ▁Louisiana ▁Red , ▁and ▁Gu itar ▁Cr ush er . ▁ ▁K atz man ▁also ▁has ▁ment ored ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁younger ▁mus icians , ▁including ▁Thomas ina ▁W ins low . ▁He ▁continues ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁play ▁new ▁instruments , ▁including ▁the ▁l ute . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁K atz man ▁often ▁plays ▁at ▁The ▁Good ▁C off ee ▁House ▁at ▁the ▁Eth ical ▁Culture ▁Society ▁meeting ▁house ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁based ▁( and ▁currently ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁and ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁K atz man ▁tou red ▁Europe ▁with ▁W ins low , ▁including ▁a ▁head lin ing ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁St am ford , ▁England ▁at ▁the ▁St am ford ▁Arts ▁Centre . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Good ▁C off ee ▁House ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁with ▁" special ▁guests ▁Paul ▁Hand el man ▁on ▁har p ▁and ▁Thomas ina ▁W ins low ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁vocals ." |
▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Solo , ▁ac oust ic ▁ ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁B ottom ▁Blues ▁( K ick ing ▁M ule ▁K M ▁ 1 1 1 ) ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁How ▁to ▁Play ▁D elta ▁Blues ▁Gu itar ▁( K ick ing ▁M ule / S on et ▁SN K F ▁ 1 1 2 ) ▁( 1 9 7 6 , ▁UK ▁issue ▁of ▁K M ▁ 1 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Pan ic ▁When ▁the ▁Sun ▁Go es ▁Down ▁( K ick ing ▁M ule / S on et ▁SN K F ▁ 1 1 2 ▁( 1 9 7 ?, ▁UK ▁re - issue ▁of ▁K M ▁ 1 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Spark ling ▁R ag time ▁and ▁Hard bit ten ▁Blues ▁( K ick ing ▁M ule ▁K M ▁ 1 6 7 ) ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Solo , ▁electric ▁▁ ▁Songs ▁and ▁Blo oz es ▁( St umble ▁Records ) ▁ ▁Produ cer ▁and ▁comp il ations ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁Cr ush er ' s ▁Go oga ▁Mo oga ▁CD ▁( Blue ▁St ing ▁Records ) ▁( produ cer , ▁player ) ▁ ▁Eb ▁Davis ' s ▁Good ▁Time ▁Blues ▁( Ac oust ic ▁Music ) ▁( produ cer ) ▁ ▁Play ed ▁with ▁Ruby ▁Green ▁on ▁the ▁two - volume ▁The ▁Best ▁Of ▁K ick ing ▁M ule ▁CD ▁( L aser light ▁label ) ▁and ▁Spark ling ▁R ag time ▁& ▁Hard bit ten ▁Blues , |
▁see ▁above ▁ ▁Gu itar ist ▁– ▁Compos er ▁Sam pler ▁( K ick ing ▁M ule ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Art ist ▁Direct ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website , ▁has ▁a ▁player ▁R haps ody ▁web ▁site ▁player ▁R haps ody ▁web ▁site ▁player ▁MP 3 ▁Player ▁A OL ▁page ▁( K atz man ' s ▁May ▁ 6 ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁gig ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁NY ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁bl ues ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁bl ues ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Ant io ch ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Sel in ▁Dem irat ar ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Turkish ▁actress . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Sel in ▁Dem irat ar ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁in ▁Erz in can . ▁She ▁first ▁expl ored ▁acting ▁at ▁the ▁Ant al ya ▁Municipal ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Miss ▁Glo be ▁Turkey ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁and ▁finished ▁in ▁third ▁place ▁at ▁Miss ▁Glo be ▁World . ▁After ▁moving ▁to ▁Ist an bul , ▁she ▁started ▁her ▁professional ▁acting ▁career ▁with ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁ 9 0 - 6 0 |
- 9 0 . ▁She ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁Turkey ▁following ▁her ▁appearance ▁in ▁Ac ı ▁Hay at . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ 9 0 - 6 0 - 9 0 ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁– ▁Bur cu ▁Ko ç um ▁Ben im ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁– ▁E yl ül ▁Abd ül ham it ▁D ü ş er ken ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁– ▁Ay ş e ▁Sultan ▁L ise ▁De fter i ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁– ▁Gü ney ▁Es en ▁S ular ▁Dur ul mu y or ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Ac ı ▁Hay at ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁– ▁N erm in ▁ Ş a ş k ı n ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁– ▁Pel in ▁O ▁K ad ı n ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁– ▁Ye ş im ▁Dur ▁Y ol cu ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁Ay ş e ▁Gaz i ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁T una ▁Ad anal ı ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁ İ d il ▁H anel er ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁– ▁( support ing ▁role ) ▁Tür kan ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ Ş ü phe ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁ İ pe k ▁Pat lak ▁S ok ak lar ▁Ger z om at ▁( 2 0 |
1 2 ) ▁– ▁Jenn ifer ▁H uz ur ▁S oka ğ ı ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 4 ) ▁– ▁F ey za ▁Me h met ▁Bir ▁C ih an ▁F ati hi ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁– ▁Hat un ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Ist an bul ▁Category : T urk ish ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : T urk ish ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : T urk ish ▁television ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁were ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁punk ▁rock ▁band ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁formed ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁Kim ▁F ow ley ▁after ▁he ▁sever ed ▁professional ▁relations ▁with ▁The ▁Run aw ays . ▁They ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁mixed - gender ▁American ▁punk ▁band . ▁The ▁band ▁included ▁guitar ist / sing er ▁R oni ▁Lee ▁( born ▁Rh onda ▁Lee ▁Ry ck man ), ▁who ▁had ▁co - written ▁the ▁song ▁" I ▁W anna ▁Be ▁Where ▁the ▁Boys ▁Are " ▁for ▁the ▁Run aw ays ; ▁guitar ist / sing er ▁Steven ▁T .; ▁bass ist ▁Daniel le ▁F aye ▁( former ly ▁of ▁At omic ▁Kid ); ▁drum mer ▁Nic key ▁Beat ▁( former ly ▁of ▁The ▁We ird os ▁and ▁the ▁Germ s ) ▁( who ▁was ▁soon ▁replaced ▁by ▁K yle ▁R aven |
); ▁and ▁sing ers ▁D yan ▁Diam ond ▁and ▁V icki ▁Raz orb lade ▁( born ▁V icki ▁Arnold ). ▁When ▁the ▁band ▁formed , ▁Diam ond ▁and ▁Raz orb lade ▁were ▁only ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old ▁respectively . ▁Session ▁mus icians ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁record ings . ▁ ▁The ▁Woman ' s ▁International ▁Music ▁Network , ▁founded ▁by ▁Laura ▁B . ▁Whit more , ▁gives ▁credit ▁to ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Run aw ays , ▁for ▁performing ▁in ▁a ▁genre ▁that ▁was ▁domin ated ▁mostly ▁by ▁men . ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁played ▁a ▁memor able ▁concert ▁with ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁at ▁the ▁Wh is ky ▁a ▁Go ▁Go ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁sometimes ▁played ▁the ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁song ▁" You ng ▁and ▁Wild " ▁in ▁their ▁early ▁concert ▁performances . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁put ▁out ▁a ▁novel ty ▁single ▁called ▁" P unk - A - R ama " ▁on ▁the ▁independent ▁label ▁B omp ! ▁Records ▁to ▁capital ize ▁on ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁punk ▁rock ▁genre , ▁but ▁then ▁broke ▁up . ▁A ▁compilation ▁album ▁called ▁Songs ▁from ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Jung le ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁on ▁Vis a ▁Records ; ▁it ▁is ▁extremely ▁rare ▁today . ▁After ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl |
ades ▁dis band ed , ▁F ow ley ▁tried ▁to ▁make ▁D yan ▁Diam ond ▁into ▁a ▁star , ▁and ▁got ▁her ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁M CA ▁Records ; ▁her ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁album , ▁In ▁the ▁Dark ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁failure .. ▁R oni ▁Lee ▁collabor ated ▁and ▁performed ▁with ▁R andy ▁California ▁and ▁Ed ▁Cass id y ▁of ▁Spirit , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Mars ▁Bon fire ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Ed mont on ▁of ▁Ste ppen w olf , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Lee ▁was ▁granted ▁an ▁end ors ement ▁with ▁Paul ▁Re ed ▁Smith ▁gu it ars ▁for ▁her ▁distinct ive ▁style ▁of ▁playing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁place ▁in ▁punk ▁rock ' s ▁early ▁history . ▁Lee ▁released ▁the ▁album ▁Her os ▁of ▁Sun set ▁Bl vd . ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁[ ▁All music ] ▁ ▁Ven us ▁and ▁the ▁Raz or bl ades ▁ ▁Category : American ▁new ▁wave ▁musical ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed o ya ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Ale j andro ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁American ▁s occer ▁player ▁Alfonso ▁Bed o ya ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Mexican ▁actor , ▁frequently ▁in ▁U . S . ▁films ▁Carlos ▁García - B edo ya ▁( 1 9 2 5 – 1 9 |
8 0 ), ▁Per uv ian ▁diplom at ▁F eli pe ▁Francisco ▁Mol ina ▁y ▁Bed o ya , ▁diplom at ▁from ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁Ger ardo ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Colomb ian ▁footballer ▁Harold ▁Bed o ya ▁P izar ro ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ), ▁former ▁General ▁and ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁National ▁Army ▁Hern án ▁Bed o ya , ▁Colomb ian ▁land ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁J avier ▁Bed o ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁politician ▁and ▁a ▁Congress man ▁representing ▁Lima ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 1 ▁term ▁José ▁Dí az ▁de ▁Bed o ya , ▁member ▁in ▁Par agu ay an ▁Tri um vir ate ▁following ▁death ▁of ▁Francisco ▁Sol ano ▁López ▁from ▁Nov ▁to ▁Dec ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁José ▁Manuel ▁García ▁Bed o ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁Luis ▁Bed o ya ▁Re yes , ▁Per uv ian ▁Christian ▁Dem ocrat ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁María ▁Dol ores ▁Bed o ya ▁( 1 7 8 3 – 1 8 5 3 ), ▁Gu atem al an ▁independence ▁activ ist ▁Miguel ▁Har th - B edo ya , ▁Per uv ian ▁conduct or ▁Y hon atan ▁Bed o ya ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 6 ), ▁Colomb ian ▁footballer <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁W . ▁B uss |
ard ▁( August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁– ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁phys ic ist ▁who ▁worked ▁primarily ▁in ▁nuclear ▁fusion ▁energy ▁research . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Sch rei ber - Sp ence ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁for ▁S TA IF - 2 0 0 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Academy ▁of ▁A str onaut ics ▁and ▁held ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁University . ▁ ▁Ki wi ▁( R over - A ) ▁ ▁In ▁June , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁B uss ard ▁moved ▁to ▁Los ▁Al amos ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Prop ulsion ▁Division ' s ▁Project ▁R over ▁design ing ▁ ▁nuclear ▁thermal ▁ro cket ▁engines . ▁B uss ard ▁and ▁R . D . ▁De L auer ▁wrote ▁two ▁important ▁mon ograph s ▁on ▁nuclear ▁prop ulsion , ▁N uc lear ▁Ro cket ▁Prop ulsion ▁and ▁Fund ament als ▁of ▁N uc lear ▁Fl ight . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁B uss ard ▁conce ived ▁of ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet , ▁an ▁inter stell ar ▁space ▁drive ▁power ed ▁by ▁hydro gen ▁fusion ▁using ▁hydro gen ▁collected ▁with ▁a ▁magnetic ▁field ▁from ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁gas . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁high - energy ▁particles ▁throughout ▁space , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁hydro |
gen ▁exists ▁in ▁an ▁ion ized ▁state ▁( H ▁II ▁regions ) ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁manip ulated ▁by ▁magnetic ▁or ▁electric ▁fields . ▁B uss ard ▁proposed ▁to ▁" s co op " ▁up ▁ion ized ▁hydro gen ▁and ▁fun nel ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁fusion ▁re actor , ▁using ▁the ▁exhaust ▁from ▁the ▁re actor ▁as ▁a ▁ro cket ▁engine . ▁ ▁It ▁appears ▁the ▁energy ▁gain ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁must ▁be ▁extremely ▁high ▁for ▁the ▁ram jet ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁all ; ▁any ▁hydro gen ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁sc oop ▁must ▁be ▁sp ed ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁speed ▁as ▁the ▁ship ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁provide ▁thrust , ▁and ▁the ▁energy ▁required ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁increases ▁with ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁speed . ▁H ydro gen ▁itself ▁does ▁not ▁f use ▁very ▁well ▁( un like ▁de uter ium , ▁which ▁is ▁rare ▁in ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium ), ▁and ▁so ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁directly ▁to ▁produce ▁energy , ▁a ▁fact ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁the ▁billion - year ▁scale ▁of ▁stell ar ▁lif et imes . ▁This ▁problem ▁was ▁solved , ▁in ▁principle , ▁according ▁to ▁B uss ard ▁by ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁stell ar ▁C NO ▁cycle ▁in ▁which ▁carbon ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁catal yst ▁to ▁burn ▁hydro gen ▁via ▁the ▁strong ▁nuclear ▁reaction . ▁ ▁In ▁science ▁fiction ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jets ▁are ▁common ▁plot ▁devices ▁in ▁science ▁fiction . ▁ ▁Larry ▁N iven ▁uses ▁them ▁in ▁his ▁Kn own ▁Space ▁setting ▁to ▁prop |
el ▁inter stell ar ▁flight . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁standard ▁hi - tech ▁faster / che aper / bet ter ▁learning ▁curve , ▁he ▁started ▁with ▁robot ▁prob es ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁inter stell ar ▁colon ization ▁and ▁eventually ▁pl otted ▁them ▁as ▁afford able ▁to ▁wealth y ▁individuals ▁re loc ating ▁their ▁families ▁off ▁a ▁too - c row ded ▁Earth ▁( in ▁" The ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁Mad ness "). ▁ ▁N iven ▁also ▁employed ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jets ▁as ▁the ▁prop ulsion ▁/ ▁stabil izing ▁engine ▁of ▁the ▁Ring world ▁( four ▁nov els ), ▁which ▁were ▁also ▁set ▁in ▁Kn own ▁Space . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁universe , ▁a ▁variation ▁called ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁H ydro gen ▁Collect or ▁or ▁B uss ard ▁R ams co op ▁appears ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁matter / ant im atter ▁prop ulsion ▁system ▁that ▁allows ▁Star f le et ▁ships ▁to ▁travel ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁light . ▁The ▁r ams co ops ▁attach ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁war p ▁nac elles , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁internal ▁supply ▁of ▁de uter ium ▁runs ▁low , ▁they ▁collect ▁inter stell ar ▁hydro gen ▁and ▁convert ▁it ▁to ▁de uter ium ▁and ▁anti - de uter ium ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁the ▁primary ▁fuel ▁in ▁a ▁star ship ' s ▁war p ▁drive . ▁ ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁B uss ard ▁became |
▁Ass istant ▁Director ▁under ▁Director ▁Robert ▁Hir sch ▁at ▁the ▁Control led ▁Th erm on uc lear ▁Re action ▁Division ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission . ▁They ▁founded ▁the ▁main line ▁fusion ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States : ▁the ▁Tok am ak . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁B uss ard ▁claimed ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁all ▁fusion ▁labor ator ies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁key ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Congress , ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁program ▁supported ▁the ▁Tok am ak ▁not ▁out ▁of ▁conv iction ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁technical ▁approach ▁but ▁rather ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁generating ▁political ▁support , ▁thereby ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁purs ue ▁" all ▁the ▁hope ful ▁new ▁things ▁the ▁main line ▁l abs ▁would ▁not ▁try ". ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Anal og ▁magazine ▁article , ▁fellow ▁fusion ▁research er ▁Tom ▁Lig on ▁described ▁an ▁easily ▁ ▁built ▁demonstr ation ▁fus or ▁system ▁along ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁B uss ard ' s ▁ideas ▁for ▁fusion ▁react ors ▁and ▁incred ibly ▁powerful ▁space craft ▁prop ulsion ▁systems , ▁with ▁which ▁space craft ▁could ▁swift ly ▁move ▁throughout ▁the ▁solar ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁Pol yw ell ▁▁ ▁B uss ard ▁worked ▁on ▁a ▁prom ising ▁new ▁type ▁of ▁in ert ial ▁electro static ▁conf in ement ▁( IE C ) ▁fus or , ▁called ▁the ▁Pol yw ell , ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁magnet ically ▁shield ed |
▁grid ▁( Ma Grid ). ▁He ▁founded ▁Energy / M atter ▁Con version ▁Corporation , ▁Inc . ▁( E MC 2 ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁validate ▁his ▁theory , ▁and ▁tested ▁several ▁( 1 5 ) ▁experimental ▁devices ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁through ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁contract ▁fund ing ▁that ▁supported ▁the ▁work ▁exp ired ▁while ▁experiments ▁were ▁still ▁small . ▁However , ▁the ▁final ▁tests ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁device , ▁W B - 6 , ▁re put edly ▁solved ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁physics ▁problem ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁fund ing ▁exp ired ▁and ▁the ▁E MC 2 ▁l abs ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁shut ▁down . ▁ ▁Further ▁fund ing ▁was ▁eventually ▁found , ▁the ▁work ▁continued ▁and ▁the ▁W B - 7 ▁prototype ▁was ▁constructed ▁and ▁tested , ▁and ▁the ▁research ▁is ▁on going . ▁ ▁App e al ▁for ▁fund ing ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁B uss ard ▁sought ▁the ▁large - scale ▁fund ing ▁necessary ▁to ▁design ▁and ▁construct ▁a ▁full - scale ▁Pol yw ell ▁fusion ▁power ▁plant . ▁His ▁fus or ▁design ▁is ▁feas ible ▁enough , ▁he ▁assert ed , ▁to ▁render ▁unnecessary ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁larger ▁and ▁larger ▁test ▁models ▁still ▁too ▁small ▁to ▁achieve ▁break - even . ▁Also , ▁the ▁scaling ▁of ▁power ▁with ▁size ▁goes ▁as ▁the ▁sevent h ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁machine ▁radius , ▁while ▁the ▁gain ▁scales |
▁as ▁the ▁fifth ▁power , ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁build ▁half - scale ▁systems ; ▁one ▁might ▁as ▁well ▁build ▁the ▁real ▁thing . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁B uss ard ▁claimed ▁on ▁the ▁fus or . net ▁internet ▁forum ▁that ▁E MC ² ▁had ▁developed ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁electro static ▁conf in ement ▁fusion ▁process ▁that ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁times ▁more ▁efficient ▁than ▁previous ▁designs , ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁budget ▁line ▁item ▁that ▁supported ▁the ▁work ▁was ▁zero - fund ed ▁in ▁F Y 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁provided ▁more ▁details ▁of ▁his ▁break through ▁and ▁the ▁circumstances ▁surrounding ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁Navy ▁fund ing ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁James ▁Rand i ▁Edu c ational ▁Foundation ▁internet ▁forum ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 . ▁ ▁From ▁October ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁an ▁inform al ▁over view ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁de cade ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 7 th ▁International ▁A str onaut ical ▁Congress . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁publication ▁of ▁this ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 1 year s , ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁had ▁put ▁an ▁embargo ▁on ▁publications ▁of ▁the ▁research , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁further ▁details |
▁of ▁his ▁IE C ▁fusion ▁research ▁at ▁a ▁Google ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁of ▁which ▁a ▁video ▁was ▁widely ▁circul ated . ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁presented ▁more ▁of ▁his ▁thoughts ▁on ▁the ▁potential ▁world ▁impact ▁of ▁fusion ▁power ▁at ▁a ▁Y ahoo ! ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁( The ▁video ▁is ▁only ▁available ▁internally ▁for ▁Y ahoo ▁employees .) ▁He ▁also ▁spoke ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁talk ▁radio ▁show ▁The ▁Space ▁Show , ▁Broadcast ▁ 7 0 9 , ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁founded ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁to ▁solic it ▁tax - ded uct ible ▁don ations ▁to ▁restart ▁the ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁E MC 2 ▁F usion ▁Development ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁▁ ▁" Th us , ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁do ▁away ▁with ▁oil ▁( and ▁other ▁foss il ▁fu els ) ▁but ▁it ▁will ▁take ▁ 4 - 6 ▁years ▁and ▁ca . ▁$ 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 M ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁full - scale ▁plant ▁and ▁demonstrate ▁it ." ▁ ▁" Some body ▁will ▁build ▁it ; ▁and ▁when ▁it ' s ▁built , ▁it ▁will ▁work ; ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁works ▁people ▁will ▁begin ▁to ▁use ▁it , ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁begin ▁to ▁dis place ▁all ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁energy ." ▁ ▁Death |
▁ ▁B uss ard ▁died ▁from ▁multiple ▁my el oma ▁on ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tok am ak ▁B uss ard ▁ram jet ▁Pol yw ell ▁Far ns worth ▁F us or ▁IE C ▁Project ▁R over ▁N uc lear ▁prop ulsion ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁In ert ial - E lect rod ynamic ▁F usion ▁( IE F ) ▁Device ▁- ▁Energy / M atter ▁Con version ▁Corporation ▁( E MC 2 ) ▁ ▁B uss ard ' s ▁website , ▁asking ▁for ▁don ations ▁to ▁fund ▁further ▁research ▁ ▁American ▁Scient ist ▁article ▁mention ing ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁E MC 2 ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁Imp act ▁of ▁Che ap ▁F usion ▁- ▁ 3 ▁minutes ▁of ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁B uss ard ' s ▁Google ▁Te ch ▁T alk ▁Video ▁ ▁B uss ard ▁documents ▁and ▁sources ▁ ▁" Ro bert ▁B uss ard ▁Inter view ," ▁by ▁K . C . ▁Cole , ▁Om ni ▁Magazine , ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 7 ▁( The ▁Entre pr ene urs ) ▁from ▁" The ▁Man - M ade ▁Sun ▁— ▁The ▁Qu est ▁for ▁F usion ▁Power ," ▁by ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁He ppen heimer , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁on ▁IE C ▁F usion ▁Power ▁& ▁The ▁Pol yw ell ▁Re actor ▁Trans cript ▁of ▁B uss ard ▁Pol yw ell |
▁Inter view , ▁May ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁on ▁F usion ▁D riv es , ▁N ER VA ▁& ▁the ▁B uss ard ▁Ram jet ▁Trans cript ▁of ▁B uss ard ▁Space ▁Prop ulsion ▁Inter view , ▁ ▁May ▁ 1 0 th , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Lat est ▁F usion ▁develop ments ▁( W B - 7 ▁- ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Robert ▁B uss ard ▁ ▁Category : American ▁nuclear ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁lung ▁cancer ▁Category : N uc lear ▁fusion ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁multiple ▁my el oma <0x0A> </s> ▁M aw la wi ▁Han if ▁Shah ▁al - H uss ain i ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁represent ▁K host ▁Province ▁in ▁Afghan istan ' s ▁W oles i ▁J ir ga , ▁the ▁lower ▁house ▁of ▁its ▁National ▁Legisl ature , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁A ▁report ▁on ▁K host ▁prepared ▁at ▁the ▁Navy ▁Post grad uate ▁School ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁associated ▁with ▁He z bi ▁Is l ami , ▁and ▁possibly ▁the ▁Q ano oni ▁fa ction ". ▁It ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pas ht un ▁eth nic ▁group . ▁It ▁stated ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ate . ▁It ▁stated |
▁he ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁Justice ▁Committee . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁of ▁K host ▁Province ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁People ▁( A fg han istan ) ▁Category : He z bi ▁Is l ami ▁polit icians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁women ' s ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁metres ▁race ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁IS U ▁Speed ▁Sk ating ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 1 , ▁arranged ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁O val , ▁in ▁Cal g ary , ▁Al berta , ▁Canada , ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Mart ina ▁S á bl ík ová ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁won ▁the ▁race , ▁while ▁I rene ▁Sch out en ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁came ▁second , ▁and ▁Natal ya ▁Vor on ina ▁of ▁Russia ▁came ▁third . ▁Mis aki ▁O sh igi ri ▁of ▁Japan ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁B ▁race . ▁ ▁Results ▁The ▁race ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁Friday , ▁ 1 3 ▁November , ▁with ▁Division ▁B ▁scheduled ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁session , ▁at ▁ 0 9 : 0 0 , ▁and ▁Division ▁A ▁scheduled ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁session , ▁at ▁ 1 2 : 3 0 . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁ ▁Note : ▁NR ▁= ▁national ▁record . ▁ ▁Division ▁B ▁ ▁Note : ▁NR ▁= ▁national ▁record , ▁NR J ▁= ▁national ▁record ▁for |
▁juni ors . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Women ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁# 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan , ▁Lomb ard y ▁Region , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Museum s ▁and ▁e com useum s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Cultural ▁observ atory ▁of ▁Lomb ard y ▁Region ▁ ▁Museum s ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan ▁ ▁Milan , ▁Province ▁Category : Met ropol itan ▁City ▁of ▁Milan ▁. ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Milan <0x0A> </s> ▁And rés ▁Paulo ▁Bo ira ▁Dí az ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁vision ▁imp a ired ▁B 3 ▁class ified ▁para - al pine ▁sk ier . ▁His ▁guide ▁ski ers ▁have ▁included ▁F éli x ▁A zn ar ▁and ▁Ale ix ▁Su ñ é . ▁He ▁has ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Championships ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Bo ira ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Vil an ova ▁i ▁la ▁Gel tr ú , ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁visual ▁imp air ment . ▁ ▁Ski ing ▁Bo ira ▁is ▁a ▁B 3 ▁class ified ▁sk ier . ▁His ▁guide ▁ski ers ▁included ▁F éli x ▁A zn ar ▁and ▁Ale ix ▁Su ñ é . ▁ ▁Bo ira |
▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Par al ym pic ▁Winter ▁World ▁Cup , ▁he ▁earned ▁two ▁silver ▁med als ▁and ▁two ▁bron zes . ▁He ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 ▁European ▁Cup ▁season ▁in ▁second ▁place . ▁At ▁the ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Italian ▁National ▁Championships , ▁Bo ira ▁and ▁A zn ar ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁G , ▁were ▁dis qual ified ▁in ▁the ▁Gi ant ▁Sl alom ▁and ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁Sl alom . ▁At ▁the ▁last ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁La ▁Mol ina , ▁Spain , ▁Bo ira ▁and ▁A zn ar ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁ski ers ▁compet ing ▁at ▁the ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 / 2 0 0 8 ▁European ▁Cup ▁season ▁in ▁e ighth ▁place ▁after ▁the ▁five ▁test ▁events . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁first ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Cup ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 ▁ski ▁season , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁La ▁Mol ina ▁in ▁Spain , ▁Bo ira ▁finished ▁fourth ▁overall . ▁At ▁the ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁IP C ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁World ▁Championships , ▁while ▁ski ing ▁with ▁An zar , ▁he ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined ▁event |
. ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁with ▁guide ▁A zn ar , ▁he ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁for ▁the ▁Dis abled . ▁He ▁finished ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁giant ▁sl alom , ▁sevent h ▁in ▁Super ▁G ▁and ▁e ighth ▁in ▁Super ▁Com b ined . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁pair ▁finished ▁fourth ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁points . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁attended ▁an ▁event ▁in ▁Madrid ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Program a ▁de ▁Al to ▁R end imiento ▁Par al ímp ico ▁( Program a ▁AR PA ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁Games . ▁Following ▁this , ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁additional ▁team ▁training ▁at ▁the ▁Centro ▁de ▁T ec n ificación ▁de ▁La ▁C erd anya ▁( G ir ona ). ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Al pine ▁Ski ing ▁for ▁Dis abled ▁in ▁Ab ten au , ▁Austria , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁guide ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁following ▁a ▁first ▁run ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁position ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁run ▁where ▁they ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁position . ▁He ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined ▁event ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁cancel led . ▁He ▁then ▁competed ▁with ▁guide ▁Su ñ é ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Cup ▁later ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁La ▁Mol |
ina ▁in ▁Spain . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁sl alom ▁event . ▁At ▁the ▁final ▁event ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 / 2 0 1 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁season , ▁an ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Asp en , ▁Colorado , ▁he ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁one ▁event ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 1 : 1 5 . 5 7 . ▁He ▁finished ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Com b ined . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁major ▁event ▁before ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Games . ▁He ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁Asp en ▁World ▁Cup ▁event ▁with ▁ 2 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁points , ▁ranking ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁with ▁Su ñ é ▁as ▁his ▁guide . ▁ ▁Before ▁depart ing ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁Bo ira ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁departure ▁ceremony ▁attended ▁by ▁State ▁Secretary ▁for ▁Sport ▁Ja ime ▁L iss av etz ky , ▁secretary ▁general ▁of ▁Social ▁Policy ▁Francisco ▁Mo za , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁Miguel ▁Car b alled a , ▁and ▁man aging ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁Committee ▁Alberto ▁J of re . ▁The ▁whole ▁Spanish ▁team ▁arrived ▁in ▁Wh ist ler ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Games ▁by ▁ 7 ▁February . ▁Sk ier ▁and ▁guide ▁shared ▁a ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁Par al ym pic ▁Village ▁during ▁the ▁Games . ▁F og |
▁in ▁V ancouver ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁sched uling ▁for ▁his ▁ski ▁events . ▁He ▁finished ▁in ▁last ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁super ▁giant ▁race ▁after ▁he ▁fell ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁runs . ▁Following ▁the ▁Games , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Par al ym pic ▁team ▁attended ▁a ▁welcome ▁back ▁celebr ation ▁at ▁the ▁ON CE ▁Foundation ▁that ▁was ▁also ▁attended ▁by ▁Inf anta ▁El ena , ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁L ugo . ▁ ▁Bo ira ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁national ▁champion ships ▁from ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁which ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁de ▁Person as ▁con ▁Dis cap ac idad ▁F ís ica , ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁para ▁Par al ít icos ▁C ere br ales ▁and ▁Fed era ción ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Deport es ▁para ▁C ieg os . ▁The ▁Super ▁Gi ant ▁event ▁is ▁not ▁his ▁special ty . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C atal an ▁sports people ▁Category : Span ish ▁male ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Par al ym p ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Light - on |
- dark ▁color ▁scheme , ▁also ▁called ▁dark ▁mode , ▁dark ▁theme ▁or ▁night ▁mode , ▁is ▁a ▁color ▁scheme ▁that ▁uses ▁light - color ed ▁text , ▁icons , ▁and ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁elements ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁discussed ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁computer ▁user ▁interface ▁design ▁and ▁web ▁design . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁computer ▁user ▁interfaces ▁were ▁formed ▁on ▁C RT s . ▁The ▁ph osph or ▁was ▁normally ▁a ▁very ▁dark ▁color , ▁and ▁lit ▁up ▁bright ly ▁when ▁the ▁electron ▁beam ▁hit ▁it , ▁appearing ▁to ▁be ▁green ▁or ▁am ber ▁on ▁black , ▁depending ▁on ▁ph osph ors ▁applied ▁on ▁a ▁mon och rome ▁screen . ▁R GB ▁screens ▁continued ▁along ▁a ▁similar ▁ve in , ▁using ▁all ▁the ▁be ams ▁set ▁to ▁" on " ▁to ▁form ▁white . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁tele text , ▁research ▁was ▁done ▁into ▁which ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁light ▁colors ▁and ▁combinations ▁worked ▁best ▁for ▁this ▁new ▁medium . ▁ ▁Cy an ▁or ▁yellow ▁on ▁black ▁was ▁typically ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁optimal ▁from ▁a ▁p alette ▁of ▁black , ▁red , ▁green , ▁yellow , ▁blue , ▁mag enta , ▁cy an ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁The ▁opposite ▁color ▁scheme , ▁dark - on - light ▁color ▁scheme , ▁was ▁originally ▁introduced ▁in ▁W Y SI W Y G ▁word ▁process ors , ▁to ▁simulate ▁in k ▁on ▁paper ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁norm . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁debate ▁of ▁whether ▁it ▁is ▁easier ▁or ▁health ier |
▁to ▁read ▁text ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁was ▁disput ed ▁by ▁vision ▁and ▁per ception ▁research ers , ▁there ▁was ▁similar ▁dispute ▁between ▁users . ▁▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁article ▁by ▁Popular ▁Science ▁suggests ▁that ▁" D ark ▁mode ▁is ▁easier ▁on ▁the ▁eyes ▁and ▁battery " ▁and ▁displaying ▁white ▁on ▁full ▁bright ness ▁uses ▁roughly ▁six ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁power ▁as ▁pure ▁black ▁on ▁a ▁Google ▁P ixel , ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁O LED ▁display . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Dark ▁background s ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁Windows ▁Phone ▁ 7 ▁with ▁energy ▁consumption ▁in ▁mind ▁since ▁fully ▁black ▁pixels ▁emit ▁no ▁light ▁on ▁O LED ▁screens . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Google ▁confir ms ▁dark ▁mode ▁on ▁Android ▁saves ▁battery ▁life . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁YouTube ▁added ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁S amsung ▁released ▁One ▁UI , ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁dark ▁mode . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Apple ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁mode ▁will ▁be ▁available ▁across ▁all ▁native ▁applications ▁in ▁iOS ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁i Pad OS . ▁It ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁possible ▁for ▁third - party ▁developers ▁to ▁implement ▁their ▁own ▁dark ▁them es . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Google ▁announced ▁an ▁official ▁shadow ▁mode ▁will ▁come ▁to ▁Android ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Android ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Red |
dit ▁introduced ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁introduction ▁of ▁pre fers - color - sch eme ▁for ▁front end ▁web ▁developers : ▁property ▁that ▁signal ▁user ▁choice . ▁For ▁example ▁on ▁mac OS ▁if ▁user ▁use ▁dark ▁mode ▁- ▁webpage ▁may ▁read ▁this ▁information ▁and ▁adapt . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Facebook ▁introduced ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Firefox ▁and ▁Ch rom ium ▁( Google ▁Chrome ) ▁finally ▁implemented ▁optional ▁dark ▁theme ▁for ▁all ▁internal ▁screens , ▁adding ▁of ▁dark ▁theme ▁started ▁year ▁before . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Wh ats App ▁announced ▁dark ▁mode ▁for ▁iOS ▁and ▁Android . ▁ ▁Energy ▁usage ▁ ▁Light ▁on ▁dark ▁color ▁schemes ▁require ▁less ▁energy ▁to ▁display ▁on ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁display ▁techn ologies , ▁including ▁as ▁O LED , ▁C RT ▁and ▁L CD ▁displays . ▁This ▁posit ively ▁impact s ▁battery ▁life ▁and ▁energy ▁consumption . ▁ ▁While ▁an ▁O LED ▁will ▁consume ▁around ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁an ▁L CD ▁displaying ▁an ▁image ▁that ▁is ▁primarily ▁black , ▁it ▁can ▁use ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁times ▁as ▁much ▁power ▁to ▁display ▁an ▁image ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁background , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁document ▁or ▁web ▁site . ▁This ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁reduced ▁battery ▁life ▁and ▁energy ▁usage , ▁unless ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁scheme ▁is ▁used . ▁The ▁long - term ▁reduced ▁power ▁usage ▁may ▁also ▁prolong ▁battery ▁life ▁or ▁the |
▁useful ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁display ▁and ▁battery . ▁▁ ▁The ▁energy ▁sav ings ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁using ▁a ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁scheme ▁are ▁because ▁of ▁how ▁O LED ▁screens ▁work : ▁in ▁an ▁O LED ▁screen , ▁each ▁sub p ixel ▁generates ▁its ▁own ▁light ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁cons umes ▁power ▁when ▁generating ▁light . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁how ▁an ▁L CD ▁works : ▁in ▁an ▁L CD , ▁sub p ix els ▁either ▁block ▁or ▁allow ▁light ▁from ▁a ▁perman ently ▁lit ▁LED ▁back light ▁ ▁to ▁pass ▁through . ▁ ▁" AM O LED ▁Black " ▁color ▁schemes ▁( that ▁use ▁pure ▁black ▁instead ▁of ▁dark ▁gray ) ▁do ▁not ▁necessarily ▁save ▁more ▁energy ▁than ▁other ▁light - on - dark ▁color ▁schemes ▁that ▁use ▁dark ▁gray ▁instead ▁of ▁black , ▁as ▁the ▁power ▁consumption ▁on ▁an ▁A MO LED ▁screen ▁decre ases ▁proportion ately ▁to ▁the ▁average ▁bright ness ▁of ▁the ▁displayed ▁pixels . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁true ▁that ▁A MO LED ▁black ▁does ▁save ▁more ▁energy ▁than ▁dark ▁gray , ▁the ▁energy ▁sav ings ▁are ▁often ▁neg lig ible ; ▁A MO LED ▁black ▁will ▁only ▁give ▁an ▁energy ▁saving ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 %, ▁for ▁instance , ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁dark ▁gray ▁that ' s ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁dark ▁theme ▁for ▁Google ' s ▁official ▁Android ▁apps . ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁with ▁the ▁web ▁ ▁Some ▁argue ▁that ▁a ▁color ▁scheme ▁with ▁light ▁text ▁on ▁a ▁dark ▁background ▁is ▁easier ▁to |
▁read ▁on ▁the ▁screen , ▁because ▁the ▁lower ▁overall ▁bright ness ▁causes ▁less ▁e y est rain . ▁The ▁cave at ▁is ▁that ▁most ▁pages ▁on ▁the ▁web ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁white ▁background s ; ▁G IF ▁and ▁P NG ▁images ▁with ▁a ▁trans par ency ▁bit ▁instead ▁of ▁alpha ▁channels ▁tend ▁to ▁show ▁up ▁with ▁cho ppy ▁out lines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁causing ▁problems ▁with ▁other ▁graph ical ▁elements . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁that ▁a ▁web ▁design ▁work ▁well ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁color ▁scheme . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁mechan isms ▁of ▁web ▁architecture ▁that ▁allow ▁designs ▁to ▁work ▁well ▁with ▁any ▁color ▁scheme ▁a ▁user ▁might ▁prefer . ▁This ▁technical ▁flex ibility ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁web ▁architect ' s ▁concern ▁for ▁access ibility ▁and ▁user ▁preference ▁emp ower ment , ▁though ▁design ers ▁rarely ▁util ize ▁this ▁technical ▁flex ibility . ▁Wikipedia ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁this . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Black le ▁ ▁Sol ar ized ▁( color ▁scheme ) ▁ ▁O LED ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : User ▁interfaces ▁Category : Display ▁technology ▁Category : Color ▁schemes ▁Category : Comput er ▁graphics <0x0A> </s> ▁J erm ant own ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia , ▁United ▁States . ▁Vari ous ▁parts ▁of ▁J erm ant own ▁are ▁included ▁within ▁the ▁independent ▁city ▁of ▁Fair f ax ▁to ▁its ▁south ▁and ▁east . ▁Today , ▁this ▁once ▁rural ▁community ▁is ▁centered ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁J |
erm ant own ▁Road ▁and ▁Lee ▁Jackson ▁Memorial ▁Highway ▁( U . S . ▁Route ▁ 5 0 ). ▁The ▁Old ▁J erm ant own ▁School ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁site ▁of ▁Prov idence ▁Element ary ▁School . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁J erm ant own / G erm ant own , ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁critical ▁intersection ▁of ▁the ▁Little ▁River ▁Turn pi ke ▁( today ▁Route ▁ 5 0 ) ▁and ▁W arr ent on ▁Turn pi ke ▁( today ▁Route ▁ 2 9 ), ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ox ▁Hill ▁battle field ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Union ▁troops ▁under ▁General ▁Joseph ▁Hook er . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Fair f ax ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Virginia ▁Category : W ashington ▁metropol itan ▁area ▁Category : F air f ax , ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang lo ▁Pet role um ▁v ▁T FB ▁( M ort g ages ) ▁Ltd ▁[ 2 0 0 8 ] ▁ 1 ▁B CLC ▁ 1 8 5 ▁is ▁a ▁UK ▁company ▁law ▁case ▁concerning ▁financial ▁assistance . ▁ ▁Fact s ▁A ▁company ▁in ▁trouble , ▁under going ▁rest ruct uring , ▁under to ok ▁to ▁pay ▁back ▁money ▁after ▁its ▁ac quisition . ▁Re ps ol , ▁the ▁s eller ▁of ▁shares , ▁was ▁only ▁willing ▁to ▁sell ▁if ▁it ▁received ▁£ 1 5 m . ▁The ▁company ▁agreed |
▁to ▁pay ▁£ 1 5 m ▁to ▁the ▁parent , ▁and ▁the ▁company ’ s ▁shares ▁were ▁then ▁sold ▁for ▁£ 1 . ▁ ▁Jud gment ▁The ▁court ▁held ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁financial ▁assistance , ▁because ▁the ▁agreed ▁payment ▁merely ▁reduced ▁the ▁shares ’ ▁value ▁to ▁£ 1 , ▁rather ▁than ▁assist ing ▁in ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁UK ▁company ▁law ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁company ▁case ▁law ▁Category : C ourt ▁of ▁App e al ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁cases ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁British ▁law ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁case ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁Marc in ów ka ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sk ier b iesz ów , ▁within ▁Z amo ść ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Sk ier b iesz ów , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Z amo ść , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z amo ść ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Du an men , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gate ▁of ▁U pr ight ness , ▁or ▁U pr ight ▁Gate , ▁is ▁a ▁gate ▁in ▁Be ij ing ' s ▁Imperial ▁City , ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁For b idden ▁City . ▁Pro ceed ing ▁north ▁from |
▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁City , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁next ▁gate ▁after ▁the ▁T ian ' an men , ▁or ▁Gate ▁of ▁Heaven ly ▁Peace , ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁structure ▁to ▁that ▁gate . ▁The ▁next ▁gate ▁further ▁north ▁is ▁the ▁Mer id ian ▁Gate , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁southern ▁and ▁main ▁gate ▁to ▁the ▁For b idden ▁City ▁itself . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : For b idden ▁City ▁Category : G ates ▁of ▁Be ij ing <0x0A> </s> ▁O ny e abor ▁Ng w og u ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁s print ▁ath lete ▁who ▁compet es ▁intern ation ally ▁for ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁Ng w og u ▁represented ▁Niger ia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Be ij ing . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 x 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁together ▁with ▁O bin na ▁Met u , ▁Ch ined u ▁Ori ala ▁and ▁U chen na ▁E med olu . ▁In ▁their ▁qual ification ▁heat ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁finish ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁mistake ▁in ▁the ▁b aton ▁exchange ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁elimin ated . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N iger ian ▁male ▁spr inter s ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the |
▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Roma ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁out door ▁red ▁cl ay ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ATP ▁Ch allen ger ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Rome , ▁Italy ▁between ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁ATP ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁ ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Flor ian ▁May er ▁▁ ▁Alberto ▁B riz zi ▁▁ ▁Mario ▁An č ić ▁▁ ▁Mat te o ▁Tre vis an ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁special ▁ex empt ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁J esse ▁H uta ▁Gal ung ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Dan iele ▁B rac cial i ▁▁ ▁Andrea ▁Ar nab old i ▁▁ ▁R ainer ▁E itz inger ▁▁ ▁Aless io ▁di ▁Mau ro ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁the ▁luck y ▁los er ▁spot : ▁▁ ▁Francesco ▁Ald i ▁▁ ▁Lam ine ▁O u ah ab ▁▁ ▁Ar tem ▁Sm ir nov ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁Feder ico ▁del ▁Bon is ▁def . ▁ ▁Flor ian ▁May er , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁ ▁Mario ▁An č ić |
▁/ ▁ ▁Ivan ▁D od ig ▁def . ▁ ▁Juan ▁Pablo ▁Br ze z icki ▁/ ▁ ▁Rub én ▁Ram í rez ▁H idal go , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 8 ), ▁[ 1 0 – 4 ] ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Italian ▁Tennis ▁Federation ▁official ▁website ▁I TF ▁search ▁ ▁Roma ▁Open ▁Category : R oma ▁Open <0x0A> </s> ▁Di eter ▁Frank ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁East ▁German ▁sl alom ▁can oe ist ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁fol ding ▁K - 1 ▁team ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁I CF ▁C ano e ▁Sl alom ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Mer an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁can oe ists ▁Category : P oss ibly ▁living ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁I CF ▁C ano e ▁Sl alom ▁World ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Julius ▁( I ) ▁from ▁the ▁kind red ▁K án ▁( ; ▁died ▁ 1 2 3 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁powerful ▁Hung arian ▁baron ▁and ▁land owner , ▁who ▁held ▁several ▁sec ular ▁positions ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁k ings ▁Emer ic , ▁Lad is laus ▁III ▁and ▁Andrew ▁II . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁gens ▁K án ▁which ▁origin ated ▁from ▁Bar anya ▁County . ▁ ▁Career ▁Julius ▁I ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁unknown ▁surname ▁Hel ena ▁( d ied ▁before ▁ 1 |
2 5 0 ). ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁sons , ▁by ▁name ▁Lad is laus ▁I , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁pal at ine ▁( 1 2 4 2 – 1 2 4 4 / 5 ), ▁and ▁Julius ▁II , ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁cup b ear ers ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 8 ). ▁ ▁His ▁name ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁by ▁records ▁as ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 1 . ▁Besides ▁vo iv odes hip ▁he ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁is p án ▁( comes ) ▁of ▁Fe h ér ▁County . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁judge ▁royal ▁between ▁ 1 2 0 2 ▁and ▁ 1 2 0 4 , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁is p án ▁of ▁Cs an ád ▁( 1 2 0 2 – 1 2 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Ny it ra ▁Count ies ▁( 1 2 0 4 ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Lad is laus ▁III , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁ar dent ▁adm ir er ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 5 . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁is p án ▁of ▁Bod rog ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 6 , ▁a ▁position ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁ 1 2 1 2 . ▁Between ▁ 1 2 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 2 1 3 , ▁he ▁again ▁became ▁judge ▁royal , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁man |
or ▁of ▁B á cs ▁County ▁as ▁is p án . ▁In ▁ 1 2 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Vas ▁County . ▁One ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁became ▁vo iv ode ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁term , ▁besides ▁that ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Sz ol n ok ▁County . ▁ ▁Julius ▁I ▁K án ▁was ▁appointed ▁pal at ine ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁the ▁second - high est ▁sec ular ▁office ▁after ▁the ▁king ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁and ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁until ▁ 1 2 1 7 . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁non - authentic ▁char ter ▁he ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁pal at ine ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 8 . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 . ▁During ▁Andrew ▁II ' s ▁Fif th ▁Cr us ade ▁( 1 2 1 7 – 1 2 1 8 ), ▁Julius ▁could ▁not ▁prevent ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁an arch ical ▁conditions , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁he ▁lost ▁his ▁political ▁influence ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁time . ▁ ▁He ▁reg ained ▁his ▁former ▁influence , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Som ogy ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁Sz ol n ok ▁and ▁Bod rog ▁Count ies ▁from ▁ 1 2 2 0 |
▁to ▁ 1 2 2 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 2 2 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁queen ' s ▁court , ▁as ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁tre as ury ▁and ▁judge ▁royal ▁for ▁Queen ▁Y ol anda ▁de ▁Cour ten ay . ▁One ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁pal at ine ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 6 ) ▁and ▁is p án ▁of ▁Bod rog ▁County ▁( 1 2 2 2 – 1 2 2 4 ). ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁S op ron ▁County ▁between ▁ 1 2 2 4 ▁and ▁ 1 2 2 6 . ▁This ▁latter ▁position ▁was ▁also ▁held ▁by ▁Julius ▁from ▁ 1 2 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 2 3 0 . ▁For ▁the ▁third ▁time , ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁ban ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁between ▁ 1 2 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 2 3 5 . ▁Meanwhile , ▁he ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁judge ▁royal ▁for ▁the ▁queen , ▁second ly , ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II ▁( 1 2 3 5 ), ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁dis g rac ed ▁and ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁king , ▁Bé la ▁IV ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 7 . ▁Julius ▁I ▁founded ▁the ▁N ek cs es zent m ár ton ▁( Martin , ▁Cro atia ) ▁estate ▁of ▁the |
▁Kn ights ▁Tem pl ar . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁The ▁above ▁career ▁is ▁consistent ▁and ▁gap less , ▁thus ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁person , ▁never theless ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁free ▁from ▁doub ts : ▁it ▁may ▁arise , ▁that ▁Julius ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁Emer ic ▁was ▁a ▁different ▁person ▁from ▁Julius , ▁baron ▁of ▁Andrew ▁II , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁political - histor ical ▁conditions ▁( pr ince ▁Andrew ▁re bel led ▁against ▁his ▁older ▁brother ' s ▁reign ). ▁However ▁this ▁theory ▁is ▁can ▁be ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁Julius ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁secret ▁supp orter ▁of ▁prince ▁Andrew , ▁as ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁neither ▁re ass uring ▁that ▁Julius ' ▁career ▁began ▁with ▁too ▁high ▁positions , ▁without ▁the ▁intro duct ory ▁section ▁of ▁smaller ▁offices . ▁Histor ian ▁M ór ▁W ert ner ▁identified ▁all ▁occurr ing ▁Julius ▁with ▁the ▁person ▁from ▁the ▁kind red ▁K án ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁unless ▁he ▁had ▁no ▁reason ▁to ▁act ▁differently . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁J ános ▁Kar ác son yi ▁gave ▁an ▁over view ▁about ▁Julius ▁I ▁K án ' s ▁career ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 9 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁already ▁easily ▁distinguish able ▁from ▁Julius ▁I ▁R át ót , ▁judge ▁royal ▁( 1 2 1 9 – 1 2 2 1 ; ▁ 1 2 3 5 – 1 2 3 9 ) ▁and ▁vo iv ode |
▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁( 1 2 2 9 – 1 2 3 1 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Engel , ▁P ál ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁The ▁Real m ▁of ▁St ▁Stephen : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Hung ary , ▁ 8 9 5 - 1 5 2 6 . ▁I . B . ▁T aur is ▁Publish ers . ▁. ▁▁ ▁Mark ó , ▁L ász ló ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁A ▁magyar ▁áll am ▁fő mé lt ós ág ai ▁Sz ent ▁Ist vá nt ól ▁nap j ain k ig – ▁É let raj zi ▁Lexikon ▁(" The ▁High ▁Offic ers ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁State ▁from ▁Saint ▁Stephen ▁to ▁the ▁Pres ent ▁Days – ▁A ▁Bi ographical ▁Encyclopedia ") ▁( 2 nd ▁edition ); ▁Hel ikon ▁Ki adó ▁K ft ., ▁Budapest ; ▁. ▁▁ ▁Z s old os , ▁Att ila ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Magyar ország ▁vil á gi ▁arch ont ol ó gi ája , ▁ 1 0 0 0 – 1 3 0 1 ▁(" Sec ular ▁Arch ont ology ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁ 1 0 0 0 – 1 3 0 1 "). ▁Hist ória , ▁M TA ▁T ör té nett ud omány i ▁Int é z ete . ▁Budapest . ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 2 3 7 ▁death s ▁Julius ▁I ▁Category : Pal at ines ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : V o iv odes ▁of |
▁Trans ylvan ia ▁Category : B ans ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Category : J ud ges ▁royal ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁and ▁d eta ine es ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : H ung arian ▁people ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁prison ▁cust ody ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people ▁Category : 1 3 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁P J SC ▁Gaz prom ▁( , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁mult in ational ▁energy ▁corpor ation ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁the ▁Lak ht a ▁Center ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg , ▁Russia . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁with ▁sales ▁over ▁US D $ 1 2 0 ▁billion , ▁it ▁s its ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁public ly - list ed ▁natural ▁gas ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁the ▁largest ▁company ▁in ▁Russia ▁by ▁re venue . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁For bes ▁Global ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁ 4 0 th ▁largest ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Gaz prom ▁name ▁is ▁a ▁port man te au ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁words ▁Gaz ov aya ▁Prom y sh l enn ost ▁( ▁- ▁gas ▁industry ). ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁and ▁is ▁active ▁in ▁every ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁industry , ▁including ▁expl oration ▁and ▁production , ▁ref ining , ▁transport , ▁distribution ▁and ▁market ing , ▁and ▁power ▁generation . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gaz prom |
▁produced ▁twelve ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁output ▁of ▁natural ▁gas , ▁producing ▁ 4 9 7 . 6 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁natural ▁and ▁associated ▁gas ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 9 ▁million ▁t onnes ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁Gaz prom ▁then ▁exports ▁the ▁gas ▁through ▁pip elines ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁builds ▁and ▁own s ▁across ▁Russia ▁and ▁abroad ▁such ▁as ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁Turk Stream . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁proven ▁res erves ▁of ▁ 3 5 . 1 ▁tr ill ion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁gas ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 ▁billion ▁tons ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁large ▁oil ▁producer ▁through ▁its ▁subs idi ary ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft , ▁producing ▁about ▁ 4 1 ▁million ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁with ▁res erves ▁amount ing ▁to ▁ 2 ▁billion ▁tons . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁has ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁industrial ▁se ctors ▁including ▁fin ance , ▁media ▁and ▁av iation , ▁and ▁majority ▁st akes ▁in ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁when ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁corpor ation , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁state - run ▁corpor ate ▁enter prise ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁After ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁dissol ution , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁priv at ized , ▁retain ing ▁its ▁Russia - based ▁assets . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁Gaz prom ▁ev aded ▁tax es ▁and ▁state ▁reg ulation |
▁and ▁engaged ▁in ▁asset ▁stri pping . ▁The ▁company ▁later ▁returned ▁to ▁government ▁control ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁and ▁since ▁then , ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Government ' s ▁diplom atic ▁efforts , ▁setting ▁of ▁gas ▁prices , ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁pip elines . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁mostly ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁government , ▁via ▁the ▁Federal ▁Agency ▁for ▁State ▁Property ▁Management ▁and ▁Ros ne fte g az , ▁while ▁remaining ▁shares ▁are ▁trad ed ▁public ly . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁a ▁listing ▁in ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Exchange ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁market ▁capital ization ▁of ▁US $ 8 0 . 5 6 ▁billion ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁developed ▁a ▁domestic ▁gas ▁industry . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁it ▁central ized ▁gas ▁expl oration , ▁development , ▁and ▁distribution ▁within ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust ry ▁found ▁large ▁natural ▁gas ▁res erves ▁in ▁Si ber ia , ▁the ▁U ral ▁region ▁and ▁the ▁Vol ga ▁region . ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁gas ▁producer . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Vik tor ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Gas ▁Indust |
ry ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁State ▁Gas ▁Conc ern ▁Gaz prom , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁first ▁state ▁run ▁corpor ate ▁enter prise . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁when ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁dissol ved , ▁gas ▁industry ▁assets ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁newly ▁established ▁national ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁Uk rg az prom ▁and ▁Tur km eng az prom . ▁Gaz prom ▁kept ▁assets ▁located ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁secured ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁in ▁the ▁gas ▁sector . ▁ ▁Priv at ization ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁when ▁Bor is ▁Y el ts in , ▁the ▁Russian ▁President , ▁appointed ▁Vik tor ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Chair man , ▁his ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁political ▁influence ▁increased . ▁Rem ▁Via k hire v ▁took ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁and ▁Man aging ▁Committee . ▁Following ▁the ▁Dec ree ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁of ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Resol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁joint - stock ▁company . ▁Gaz prom ▁began ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁shares ▁under ▁the ▁v ouch er ▁method . ▁( Each ▁Russian ▁citiz en ▁received ▁v ouch ers ▁to ▁purchase ▁shares ▁of ▁formerly ▁state - owned ▁companies ). ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 3 3 % |
▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁had ▁been ▁bought ▁by ▁ 7 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁public , ▁mostly ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁v ouch ers . ▁Fif teen ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁allocated ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁employees . ▁The ▁state ▁retained ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁That ▁amount ▁was ▁gradually ▁lower ed ▁to ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent . ▁Tr ading ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁was ▁heavily ▁reg ulated . ▁Foreign ers ▁were ▁prohib ited ▁from ▁ow ning ▁more ▁than ▁nine - percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁equ ity ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁sale ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁as ▁Global ▁De pository ▁Rece i pts . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁offered ▁a ▁bond ▁issue ▁of ▁US $ 2 . 5 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁ens ured ▁Gaz prom ▁avoided ▁tight ▁state ▁reg ulation . ▁Gaz prom ▁ev aded ▁tax es , ▁and ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁received ▁little ▁in ▁divid ends . ▁Gaz prom ▁man agers ▁and ▁board ▁members , ▁such ▁as ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁Rem ▁Via k hire v , ▁engaged ▁in ▁asset - st ri pping . ▁Gaz prom ▁assets ▁were ▁shared ▁amongst ▁their ▁relatives . ▁I tera , ▁a ▁gas ▁trad ing ▁company ▁also ▁received ▁Gaz |
prom ▁assets . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁for ▁reasons ▁un related ▁to ▁his ▁activities ▁at ▁Gaz prom , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁Y el ts in . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁made ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁State ▁control ▁ ▁When , ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁became ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Russia , ▁he ▁acted ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁over ▁Russia ' s ▁o lig arch s , ▁and ▁increase ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁control ▁in ▁important ▁companies ▁through ▁a ▁program ▁of ▁national ▁champions . ▁Put in ▁fired ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁board . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Government ' s ▁stock ▁in ▁Gaz prom ▁gave ▁Put in ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁vote ▁out ▁V y ak hire v . ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁V y ak hire v ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev ▁and ▁Alex ei ▁Miller . ▁They ▁were ▁Put in ' s ▁prior ▁employees ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg . ▁Put in ' s ▁actions ▁were ▁a ided ▁by ▁the ▁share holder ▁activ ism ▁of ▁Herm itage ▁Capital ▁Management ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁William ▁Brow der , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁Russian ▁Fin ance ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁F y odor ov . ▁Miller ▁and ▁Med ved ev ▁were ▁to ▁stop ▁asset ▁stri pping |
▁at ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁to ▁recover ▁losses . ▁I tera ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁pip elines ▁and ▁came ▁close ▁to ▁bank rupt cy . ▁I tera ▁agreed ▁to ▁return ▁st olen ▁assets ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁for ▁a ▁fee . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁N TV , ▁Russia ' s ▁only ▁nation wide ▁state - in dependent ▁television ▁station ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁G us in sky ' s ▁company , ▁Media - M ost ▁hold ings . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁subs idi ary ▁Gaz prom ▁Media ▁acquired ▁all ▁of ▁G us in sky ' s ▁shares ▁in ▁companies ▁held ▁by ▁Media - M ost . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁Gaz prom iv est ▁Hold ing , ▁Gaz f ond ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁Fin ance ▁B . ▁V ., ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁Gaz prom , ▁sold ▁a ▁ 1 0 . 7 3 9 9 % ▁share ▁of ▁their ▁stock ▁for ▁$ 7 b ill ion ▁to ▁, ▁a ▁state ▁owned ▁company . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁said ▁the ▁amount ▁paid ▁by ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁for ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁too ▁low . ▁The ▁sale ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁With ▁the ▁purchased ▁stock ▁and ▁the ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent ▁share ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Property ▁Committee , ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁gained ▁control ▁of |
▁Gaz prom . ▁The ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁rev oked ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁twenty ▁percent ▁foreign ▁ownership ▁rule ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁open ▁to ▁foreign ▁invest ment . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁bought ▁ 7 2 . 6 3 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁oil ▁company ▁Sib ne ft ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 0 1 b ill ion . ▁Sib ne ft ▁was ▁renamed ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft . ▁The ▁purchase ▁was ▁a ided ▁by ▁a ▁$ 1 2 b ill ion ▁loan . ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁Russia ' s ▁largest ▁company . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁deal ▁the ▁company ▁worth ▁was ▁val ued ▁at ▁£ 6 9 . 7 b ill ion ▁▁ ▁( US $ 1 2 3 . 2 b ill ion .) ▁ ▁On ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Law , ▁On ▁Gas ▁Ex port , ▁was ▁passed , ▁nearly ▁un anim ously , ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ▁and ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁by ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁Put in ▁signed ▁the ▁new ▁legisl ation ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁published . ▁It ▁gave ▁Gaz prom ▁the ▁exclusive ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁natural ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell , ▁M its ui ▁and ▁M its |
ub ishi , ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁fifty ▁percent ▁plus ▁one ▁share ▁of ▁Sak hal in ▁Energy . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁T N K - B P , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁B P ▁pl c , ▁agreed ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁st ake ▁in ▁K ov yk ta ▁field ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁after ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁question ed ▁B P ' s ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁Italy ▁signed ▁a ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding ▁towards ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁En i ▁Sp A ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁ 5 5 8 - mile ▁( 9 0 0 km ) ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁to ▁carry ▁ ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁from ▁Russia ▁to ▁Europe . ▁This ▁South ▁Stream ▁pipeline ▁would ▁extend ▁under ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁to ▁Bulg aria ▁with ▁a ▁south ▁fork ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁a ▁north ▁fork ▁to ▁Hung ary . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Turkey , ▁Put in ▁said ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁not ▁proceed ▁and ▁ 6 3 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁per ▁year ▁( b cm / y ) ▁of ▁gas ▁would ▁be ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁Turkey ▁instead ▁of ▁Bulg aria . ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁being ▁su ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁for ▁signing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Russia , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁aligned ▁with ▁European ▁Union ▁reg |
ulations . The ▁president ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁Rosen ▁P lev nel iev , ▁press ured ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁and ▁Russia ▁to ▁quickly ▁resolve ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁Cont in ual ▁rise ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁announced ▁an ▁anti - tr ust ▁investigation ▁into ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities . ▁This ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁" con c ern s ▁that ▁Gaz prom ▁may ▁be ▁ab using ▁its ▁dominant ▁market ▁position ▁in ▁up stream ▁gas ▁supply ▁mark ets ." ▁In ▁late ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁expanded ▁its ▁media ▁interests ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁Prof media ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁Pot an in . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁Shang hai , ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁the ▁China ▁National ▁Pet role um ▁Corporation ▁made ▁a ▁contract ▁worth ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion ▁over ▁thirty ▁years . ▁The ▁contract ▁was ▁for ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁deliver ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁to ▁China ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁construction ▁began ▁with ▁pip es ▁for ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁delivered ▁to ▁L ensk , ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁Russia ▁will ▁start ▁supp lying ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁China ▁through ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁countries ' ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion |
▁energy ▁p act . ▁Be ij ing ▁and ▁Moscow ▁are ▁now ▁negoti ating ▁over ▁a ▁second ▁Far ▁Eastern ▁gas ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁with ▁the ▁International ▁Pet role um ▁In vest ment ▁Company ▁( I PI C ▁of ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ) ▁over ▁a ▁ 2 4 . 9 ▁percent ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁firm ▁O M V . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁Central ▁Part ners hip , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁film ▁distrib utors ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Supp ly ▁and ▁res erves ▁ ▁Production ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁produced ▁ ▁of ▁natural ▁gas , ▁which ▁was ▁ 1 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁world wide ▁production ▁and ▁ 8 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁Russian ▁production . ▁Of ▁this ▁amount , ▁the ▁Y amb urg ▁subs idi ary ▁produced ▁ 4 1 ▁percent , ▁Ur eng oy ▁ 2 3 . 6 ▁percent , ▁Nad ym ▁ 1 0 . 9 ▁percent , ▁No y ab r sk ▁ 9 . 3 ▁percent ▁and ▁others ▁ 1 5 . 2 ▁percent . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁company ▁produced ▁ 3 2 . 2 8 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 0 7 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁fields ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Nad ym - P ur - |
T az ▁region ▁( near ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Ob ) ▁in ▁Yam alo - N en ets ▁Aut onom ous ▁Ok rug ▁in ▁Western ▁Si ber ia . ▁Histor ically , ▁the ▁three ▁largest ▁fields ▁are ▁Med vez he , ▁Ur eng oy ▁and ▁Y amb urg . ▁After ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁years ▁of ▁production , ▁the ▁fields ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁decl ine . ▁Production ▁from ▁the ▁fields ▁has ▁decre ased ▁by ▁twenty ▁to ▁twenty - five ▁b cm ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁production ▁at ▁Z apor li ar no e , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁fourth ▁largest ▁field , ▁increased ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁offset ting ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁fields . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁maintained ▁production ▁by ▁activ ating ▁new ▁smaller ▁fields ▁and ▁by ▁purch asing ▁production ▁assets ▁from ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁produces ▁cru de ▁oil . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁shares ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 1 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Im ports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁supply ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁market ▁and ▁for ▁re export ▁has ▁re lied ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁on ▁imports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁imported ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia : ▁ ▁from ▁Turk men istan , ▁ ▁from ▁Kaz |
akh stan , ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁U z bek istan . ▁In ▁particular , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁sevent y - five ▁percent ▁of ▁Turk men istan ▁gas ▁exports ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁supply ▁gas ▁to ▁Ukraine . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁paid ▁$ 1 3 0 / m cm ▁to ▁$ 1 8 0 / m cm ▁for ▁gas ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Res erves ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁proved ▁and ▁probable ▁res erves ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁were ▁, ▁a ▁ 3 . 8 % ▁increase ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁figure ▁which ▁represented ▁ 1 8 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁res erves . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁cru de ▁oil ▁were ▁ 1 . 3 5 5 b ill ion ▁tons ▁and ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁were ▁ 9 3 3 . 3 b ill ion ▁tons . ▁ 5 9 . 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁natural ▁gas ▁res erves ▁( C ategories ▁A + B + C 1 ) ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ur als ▁Federal ▁District ▁( de cre asing ), ▁ 2 0 . 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁( in cre asing ), ▁and ▁ 8 . 3 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Federal ▁District ▁and ▁North ▁C au cas us ▁Federal ▁District . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁expl oration ▁ ▁Gaz prom |
▁has ▁inv ested ▁about ▁ 4 8 0 b ill ion ▁rub les ▁($ 2 0 b ill ion ) ▁in ▁new ▁major ▁projects ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁maintain ▁supply . ▁Near ly ▁ 3 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁major ▁projects ▁is ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline . ▁The ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁del ivers ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Turkey ▁via ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁agreement ▁between ▁Turkey ▁and ▁Russia ▁was ▁signed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁first ▁joint ▁was ▁w eld ed . ▁The ▁pipeline ▁has ▁transport ed ▁ 1 6 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁pen ins ula ▁has ▁found ▁res erves ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 tr ill ion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁and ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁About ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁these ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁B ovan enk ovo , ▁K har as ave y ▁and ▁Nov oport ovo . ▁The ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁capacity ▁of ▁the ▁B ovan enk ovo ▁field ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁, ▁with ▁potential ▁to ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁ |
▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁ ▁The ▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁natural ▁gas ▁fields . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea , ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mur m ansk ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁contain ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Pot ential ▁production ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁phases , ▁with ▁a ▁potential ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁Gaz prom , ▁Total ▁( France ) ▁and ▁Stato il ▁( N or way ) ▁created ▁a ▁joint ▁company ▁S ht ok man ▁Development ▁AG ▁for ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Kh ant y - M ans iy sk ▁autonom ous ▁area ▁( Ar ctic ▁sh elf ) ▁On ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁Alex ey ▁Miller , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Management ▁Committee ▁and ▁J orm a ▁O ll ila , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell ▁signed ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Put in ▁and ▁Mark ▁R ut te ▁prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Netherlands ▁a ▁memor and um ▁out lin ing ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁co operation ▁within ▁hydro car b ons ▁expl oration ▁and ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁and ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁deep - water ▁sh elf . ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁carried ▁out ▁ ▁of ▁expl |
or ative ▁well ▁dr illing ; ▁ ▁of ▁ 2 D ▁se ism ic ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁se ism ic ▁survey . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁gas ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁, ▁and ▁cru de ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁ 6 1 mill ion ▁tons . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁car ries ▁out ▁prospect ing ▁and ▁expl oration ▁in ▁foreign ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁India , ▁Pakistan , ▁Al ger ia , ▁Venezuela , ▁Vietnam , ▁Lib ya , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁U z bek istan , ▁K yr gy z stan ▁and ▁T aj ik istan . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Un ified ▁Gas ▁Supp ly ▁System ▁( UG SS ) ▁includes ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁tr unk lines ▁and ▁branches ▁and ▁ 2 1 8 com press or ▁stations ▁with ▁a ▁ 4 1 . 4 G W ▁capacity . ▁The ▁U G SS ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁gas ▁transmission ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁transport ation ▁system ▁carried ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁claimed ▁the ▁U G SS ▁has ▁reached ▁its ▁capacity . ▁Major ▁transmission ▁projects ▁include ▁the ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁South ▁Stream ▁pip elines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pip elines ▁inside ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Sales ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁sold ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁customers ; ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe ; ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁C IS ▁countries ▁and ▁the |
▁Balt ic ▁states . ▁Gaz prom ▁receives ▁about ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁re venue ▁from ▁its ▁sales ▁to ▁European ▁customers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁average ▁gas ▁price ▁paid ▁by ▁Russian ▁industrial ▁customers ▁was ▁$ 7 1 / m cm , ▁while ▁households ▁paid ▁$ 5 4 / m cm . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Natural ▁gas ▁prices ▁have ▁fl uct u ated . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁NY ME X ▁was ▁. ▁At ▁a ▁conversion ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 4 ▁m ³ ▁per ▁million ▁B tu ▁it ▁would ▁correspond ▁to ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 2 8 5 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁respective ▁contract s ▁with ▁Gaz prom , ▁German ▁customers ▁paid ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁per ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁( m 3 ), ▁Polish ▁customers ▁$ 2 9 0 ▁per ▁m 3 , ▁Ukraine ▁customers ▁$ 1 3 0 ▁per ▁m 3 ▁and ▁Russian ▁customers ▁$ 4 9 ▁per ▁m 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ports ▁▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁del ivers ▁gas ▁to ▁ 2 5 Europe an ▁countries . ▁Its ▁main ▁export ▁arm ▁is ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port ▁L LC , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁before ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁known ▁as ▁Gaz export , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁gas |
▁exports ▁to ▁countries ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁Russian ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁is ▁sold ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁year ▁contract s . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁the ▁sole ▁gas ▁supp lier ▁to ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina , ▁Est onia , ▁Finland , ▁Mac ed onia , ▁Lat via , ▁Lith u ania , ▁Mold ova , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia . ▁It ▁provided ▁ 9 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁Hung ary ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Poland ' s ▁gas , ▁nearly ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ' s , ▁ 6 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Turkey ' s , ▁ 6 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁Austria ' s , ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁Roman ia ' s , ▁ 3 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Germany ' s , ▁ 2 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Italy ' s , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁France ' s ▁gas . ▁The ▁European ▁Union ▁receives ▁about ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁gas ▁supply ▁from ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Europe ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁re venue . ▁The ▁proportion ▁of ▁Europe ’ s ▁gas ▁bought ▁in ▁the ▁spot ▁market ▁rose ▁from ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ▁percent ▁in |
▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁G 2 0 ▁sum mit , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁C N PC ▁that ▁the ▁Henry ▁Hub ▁index ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁sett le ▁prices ▁for ▁their ▁tr ades . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Put in ▁met ▁with ▁X i ▁Jin ping ▁and ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁ ▁$ 4 0 0 bn ▁deal ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁C N PC . ▁Under ▁the ▁contract , ▁Russia ▁was ▁to ▁supply ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁gas ▁ann ually ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 3 5 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁its ▁export ▁about ▁ 8 . 7 %. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁average ▁price ▁of ▁Gaz prom ’ s ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁was ▁about ▁$ 3 8 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters . ▁ ▁China ▁offered ▁a ▁loan ▁of ▁about ▁$ 5 0 bn ▁to ▁fin ance ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁fields ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁pipeline ▁by ▁Russia ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁border , ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁remaining ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁Price ▁disput es ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 ▁( M osc |
ow ▁time ), ▁during ▁the ▁Russia - U k raine ▁gas ▁dispute , ▁Gaz prom ▁ceased ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁market . ▁Gaz prom ▁called ▁on ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁payment ▁for ▁natural ▁gas ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁increases ▁in ▁global ▁fuel ▁prices . ▁During ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁N aft og as ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁tempor arily ▁resolved ▁the ▁long - standing ▁gas ▁price ▁conflict ▁between ▁Russia ▁and ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁announced ▁it ▁would ▁triple ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁after ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁threatened ▁to ▁ce ase ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁at ▁ 1 0 am ▁Moscow ▁time ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁unless ▁Bel arus ▁increased ▁pay ments ▁from ▁$ 4 7 ▁to ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 c ub ic ▁metres ▁or ▁to ▁c ede ▁control ▁over ▁its ▁distribution ▁network . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁suggested ▁Moscow ▁was ▁pen alis ing ▁Alexander ▁L uk ash en ko , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Bel arus , ▁for ▁not ▁deliver ing ▁on ▁p led ges ▁of ▁closer ▁integration ▁with ▁Russia , ▁while |
▁others ▁noted ▁that ▁other ▁countries ▁like ▁Armen ia ▁were ▁pay ing ▁as ▁much ▁for ▁their ▁gas ▁as ▁Bel arus ▁would ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁price ▁levels . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁later ▁requested ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 1 0 5 , ▁yet ▁Bel arus ▁still ▁refused ▁the ▁agreement . ▁Bel arus ▁respond ed ▁that ▁if ▁supplies ▁were ▁cut , ▁it ▁would ▁den y ▁Gaz prom ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁pip elines , ▁which ▁would ▁imp air ▁gas ▁transport ation ▁to ▁Europe . ▁However , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁dead line , ▁Bel arus ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁a ▁last - min ute ▁agreement . ▁Under ▁the ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁under to ok ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁agreement ▁also ▁allowed ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁purchase ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁in ▁Bel trans g az , ▁the ▁Bel arus ian ▁pipeline ▁network . ▁Im medi ately ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁this ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁declared ▁a ▁$ 4 2 / ton ▁transport ation ▁tax ▁on ▁Russian ▁oil ▁trav elling ▁through ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁pip elines ▁crossing ▁its ▁territory . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁after ▁a ▁three - day ▁period ▁where ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁were ▁hal ved , ▁Gaz prom ▁agreed ▁to ▁supply ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁with ▁gas ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁year |
. ▁The ▁contract ▁removed ▁inter medi ary ▁companies . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁the ▁gas ▁price ▁charged ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁from ▁$ 2 6 8 . 5 0 ▁to ▁$ 3 8 5 . 5 0 ▁( £ 2 3 1 . 0 0 ) ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁Ukraine ' s ▁un pa id ▁gas ▁b ills ▁to ▁Russia ▁stood ▁at ▁$ 1 . 7 bn ▁( £ 1 . 0 2 bn ). ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Russia ▁agreed ▁to ▁res ume ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁over ▁the ▁winter ▁in ▁a ▁deal ▁bro ker ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁affairs ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁company , ▁one ▁which ▁own s ▁its ▁supply ▁and ▁distribution ▁activities . ▁Gaz prom ▁own s ▁all ▁its ▁main ▁gas ▁processing ▁facilities ▁in ▁Russia . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁Russia ' s ▁high ▁pressure ▁gas ▁pip elines ▁and ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁has ▁held ▁a ▁legal ▁export ▁mon opol y . ▁ ▁Other ▁natural ▁gas ▁produ cers , ▁such ▁as ▁Nov ate k , ▁Russia ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁gas ▁company , ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁use ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁facilities ▁for ▁processing ▁and ▁transport ▁of ▁natural ▁gas . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁had ▁ 2 2 1 , 3 0 0 ▁employees ▁in ▁its |
▁major ▁gas ▁production , ▁transport ation , ▁under ground ▁storage ▁and ▁processing ▁subs idi aries . ▁Of ▁these ▁employees , ▁ 9 . 5 ▁percent ▁were ▁in ▁management , ▁ 2 2 . 9 ▁percent ▁were ▁special ists , ▁ 6 3 . 4 ▁percent ▁were ▁workers ▁and ▁ 4 . 2 ▁percent ▁were ▁other ▁employees . ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ery om ush ki ▁District , ▁South - West ern ▁Administr ative ▁Ok rug , ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁champion , ▁a ▁concept ▁advoc ated ▁by ▁Put in , ▁in ▁which ▁large ▁companies ▁in ▁strateg ic ▁se ctors ▁are ▁expected ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁seek ▁profit , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁advance ▁Russia ' s ▁national ▁interests . ▁For ▁example , ▁Gaz prom ▁s ells ▁gas ▁to ▁its ▁domestic ▁market ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁less ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁market . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁gross ▁domestic ▁product ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁large ▁projects , ▁including ▁international ▁pip es ▁like ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁Turkish ▁Stream , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁substantial ▁source ▁of ▁re venue ▁for ▁several ▁domestic ▁supp liers ▁and ▁contract ors . ▁ ▁Share hold ers ▁ ▁, ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁share hold ers ▁were ▁the ▁Federal ▁Agency ▁for ▁State ▁Property ▁Management ▁with ▁ 3 8 . 3 7 % ▁and ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁with ▁ 1 0 . 9 7 %. |
▁T ogether ▁with ▁a ▁ 0 . 8 9 ▁share ▁of ▁Ros g az ifik at si ya , ▁they ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁majority ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁government . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁invest ors , ▁including ▁ 2 5 . 2 0 % ▁by ▁A DR ▁hold ers ▁on ▁foreign ▁stock ▁mark ets , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 5 7 % ▁by ▁other ▁legal ▁entities ▁and ▁individuals . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁mark ets ▁of ▁Moscow , ▁London , ▁Kar achi , ▁Berlin , ▁Frankfurt ▁and ▁Singapore . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁M IC EX ▁and ▁R TS ▁indices . ▁ ▁Sub s idi aries ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁several ▁hundred ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁abroad ▁which ▁are ▁owned ▁and ▁controlled ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Management ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁as ▁of ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Z ub kov ▁( Ch air man , ▁Russian ▁Special ▁President ial ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁Co operation ▁with ▁Gas ▁Ex port ing ▁Count ries ▁Forum , ▁First ▁Deput y ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Alex ey ▁Miller ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁Ak |
im ov ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank ) ▁ ▁Far it ▁Gaz iz ull in ▁( former ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁Property ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Property ▁Rel ations ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K ul ib ae v ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Ent ities ▁Department ) ▁ ▁V ital y ▁Mark el ov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ) ▁▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Mart yn ov ▁( R ector ▁of ▁G ub kin ▁Russian ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁O il ▁and ▁Gas , ▁Professor ) ▁ ▁Vladimir ▁Mau ▁( R ector ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁President ial ▁Academy ▁of ▁National ▁Econom y ▁and ▁Public ▁Administration ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Mus in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Pro cedure ▁Department , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law , ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁State ▁University ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Nov ak ▁( Min ister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ▁of ▁Gaz prom ) ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁management ▁committee ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁ ▁Alex ei ▁Miller ▁( Ch air man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁An an enk ov ▁( De put |
y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁Gaz prom ▁share holder , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Gol ube v ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁In vest ment , ▁former ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Vas ile ost rov sky ▁District , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁K oz lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁K rug lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Fin ance ▁and ▁Econom ics , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Med ved ev ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁former ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port , ▁President ▁of ▁Kont inental ▁Hockey ▁League , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Co ord ination ▁Committee ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁Administration , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Serge i ▁U sh akov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member |
▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁El ena ▁Vas ily e va ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chief ▁Account ant , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Bog dan ▁Bud z uly ak ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas ▁Transport ation , ▁Under ground ▁Storage ▁and ▁Util ization , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁Dub ik ▁( Head ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Department , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Konst antin ▁Ch uy chen ko ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Control ▁Department ▁of ▁Russia , ▁president ial ▁a ide ▁to ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev , ▁former ▁chairman ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Media , ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁former ▁K GB ▁officer , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁I ly ush in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Rel ations hips ▁with ▁Regional ▁Author ities ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Ol ga ▁Pav lo va ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁As set ▁Management ▁and ▁Corpor ate ▁Rel ations , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Vas ili y ▁P ody uk ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas , ▁Gas ▁Cond ens ate ▁and ▁O il ▁Production , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁V l ada ▁Rus ak ova ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department |
▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁Development , ▁member ▁since ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Kir ill ▁Se lez ne v ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Mark eting ▁and ▁Process ing ▁of ▁Gas ▁and ▁Li qu id ▁H ydro car b ons , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Director - General ▁of ▁Me zh region g az ) ▁ ▁Sports ▁spons or ships ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁and ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁football ▁club ▁FC ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁and ▁vol ley ball ▁club ▁V C ▁Z en it - K az an ▁and ▁Gaz prom - U gra ▁S urg ut ▁at ▁Russian ▁Super ▁League . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Bundes liga ▁club ▁FC ▁Sch al ke ▁ 0 4 ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁€ 2 5 mill ion ▁per ▁year . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁partners hip ▁was ▁extended ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁was ▁worth ▁$ 1 5 0 m ▁( US D ) ▁over ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁football ▁club ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁a ▁Gold |
▁Part ner ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁professional ▁cy cling ▁team , ▁Team ▁Kat ush a , ▁together ▁with ▁I tera , ▁and ▁Russian ▁Techn ologies ▁( R ost ek hn olog ii ). ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁UEFA ▁Super ▁Cup . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁seasons ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁Global ▁Energy ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁w inners ▁Ch else a . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁partner ▁of ▁FIFA ▁tournament s ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁contract ▁includes ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁was ▁a ▁spons or ▁for ▁the ▁def unct - Min ardi ▁F 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁record ▁According ▁to ▁ge ograph er ▁Richard ▁He ede , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁companies ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁CO 2 ▁em issions ▁glob ally ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁with ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁amount ing ▁to ▁almost ▁ |
3 . 4 % ▁of ▁world wide ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁em issions . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁been ▁ranked ▁as ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁best ▁of ▁ 9 2 ▁oil , ▁gas , ▁and ▁min ing ▁companies ▁on ▁u ph old ing ▁ind igen ous ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁ ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁fra ud ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁was ▁the ▁core ▁production ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁Company , ▁which ▁was ▁previously ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁business man , ▁Mik h ail ▁Kh od ork ov sky . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Russian ▁tax ▁authorities ▁charged ▁Y uk os ▁and ▁Kh od ork ov sky ▁with ▁tax ▁ev asion . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁bill ▁for ▁over ▁US ▁$ 3 5 ▁b n ▁in ▁back ▁tax es ▁and ▁a ▁demand ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁entire ▁bill ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁Request s ▁by ▁Y uk os ▁to ▁de fer ▁payment , ▁allow ▁payment ▁by ▁install ments ▁or ▁to ▁dis charge ▁the ▁deb t ▁by ▁sale ▁of ▁peri pher al ▁assets , ▁including ▁its ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁the ▁Sib ne ft ▁oil ▁company , ▁were ▁also ▁refused . ▁ ▁The ▁b ail iffs ▁fro ze ▁Y uk os ’ ▁shares ▁in ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁and ▁on ▁ |
1 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁they ▁placed ▁a ▁notice ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁newspaper ▁Ros si y sk aya ▁gaz eta . ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁would ▁be ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁au ction ▁thirty ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁conditions ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁included ▁an ▁advance ▁depos it ▁of ▁US ▁$ 1 . 7 ▁b n ▁and ▁prior ▁clear ance ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Ant imon opol y ▁Service . ▁In ▁early ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁submitted ▁an ▁application ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁via ▁its ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary , ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁file d ▁for ▁a ▁bank rupt cy ▁protection ▁in ▁a ▁Houston ▁court , ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁temporary ▁inj unction ▁prohib iting ▁Gaz prom ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Western ▁banks ▁with d rew ▁their ▁financial ▁support ▁for ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁application . ▁On ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p , ▁a ▁previously ▁unknown ▁company , ▁applied ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁only ▁two ▁companies ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁au ction , ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁and ▁Ba |
ik alf in ans gru p . ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁decl ined ▁to ▁place ▁any ▁offer . ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁acquired ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁bid . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Ros ne ft . ▁Ros ne ft ▁later ▁dis closed ▁in ▁its ▁annual ▁financial ▁statement ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁fin anced ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Serge y ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Ros ne ft ▁and ▁the ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁au ction , ▁the ▁planned ▁mer ger ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁Ros ne ft ▁was ▁abandoned , ▁and ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁res igned ▁his ▁post ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁by ▁a ▁Spanish ▁journalist , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁dis closed ▁that ▁Ros ne ft ▁had ▁used ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁to ▁ac quire ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁itself ▁against ▁lit ig ation . ▁ ▁Green pe ace ▁protest ▁against ▁ar ctic ▁dr illing ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁has ▁drawn ▁protest s ▁from ▁environmental ▁groups , |
▁particularly ▁Green pe ace . ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁opposed ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁would ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁safety ▁plans ▁in ▁place ▁to ▁prevent ▁oil ▁sp ills . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Green pe ace ▁had ▁st aged ▁protest s ▁against ▁the ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁vessel ▁M V ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁st aged ▁a ▁protest ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁board ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁Green pe ace ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁dr ill ▁site ▁could ▁cause ▁massive ▁dis ruption ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem . ▁After ▁arrest ing ▁two ▁campaign ers ▁attempting ▁to ▁clim b ▁the ▁rig , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁seized ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁ship ▁by ▁making ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁drop , ▁and ▁arrested ▁thirty ▁Green pe ace ▁activ ists ▁from ▁six teen ▁different ▁national ities . ▁The ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁was ▁to wed ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁to ▁Mur m ansk . ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ▁intended ▁to ▁charge ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁campaign ers |
▁with ▁pi racy ▁and ▁h ool igan ism , ▁which ▁carried ▁a ▁maximum ▁penalty ▁of ▁fifteen ▁years ▁imprison ment . ▁Green pe ace ▁argued ▁their ▁oper atives ▁were ▁in ▁international ▁waters . ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ' s ▁actions ▁generated ▁protest s ▁from ▁govern ments ▁and ▁environmental ists ▁world wide . ▁According ▁to ▁Phil ▁Rad ford , ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁Green pe ace ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁reaction ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁coast ▁guard ▁and ▁the ▁courts ▁were ▁the ▁" st iff est ▁response ▁that ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁encountered ▁from ▁a ▁government ▁since ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁War rior ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ." ▁The ▁charges ▁of ▁pi racy ▁were ▁dropped ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁twenty - se ven ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ers ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁b ail . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁ship ment ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁oil ▁arrived ▁at ▁a ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁company , ▁Total . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁N aft og az ▁ ▁Cent G as ▁cons ort ium ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Russian ▁companies ▁ ▁Ener co ▁Energy ▁ ▁Lak ht a ▁Center ▁ ▁Ob sk aya – B ovan enk ovo ▁Line ▁ ▁Energy ▁Tri angle ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁exports ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁proven ▁res |
erves ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁companies ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : G overn ment - owned ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁companies ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Moscow ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : E ner gy ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Non - ren ew able ▁resource ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Exchange ▁Category : Russ ian ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁highway ▁of ▁Japan ▁connecting ▁Ab ash iri , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁and ▁Rum oi , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁in ▁Japan , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁ 3 4 6 . 6 km ▁( 2 1 5 . 3 7 mi ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : National ▁high ways ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Ro ads ▁in ▁H ok ka ido <0x0A> |
</s> ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁is ▁a ▁Catal an ▁hotel ▁group , ▁with ▁ ▁head ▁office ▁in ▁Barcelona . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁pres ided ▁by ▁the ▁Sol dev ila - C as als ▁family ▁since ▁its ▁foundation , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Currently ▁the ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁five ▁hot els ▁and ▁two ▁a partment ▁buildings : ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁hot els ▁and ▁the ▁apart ments ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁hotel ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Pal ma ▁of ▁Major ca . ▁ ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁The ▁principal ▁hotel ▁is ▁▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁the ▁first ▁hotel ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 - star ▁and ▁Gran ▁Lu jo ▁hotel ▁in ▁P asse ig ▁de ▁G rac ia . ▁It ▁was ▁first ly ▁opened ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Ingl aterra , ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁name ▁changed ... ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁an ▁important ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Catal onia ▁and ▁Spain ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁“ M aj estic ▁P act ”. ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁p act ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁that ▁represented ▁an ▁accept ance ▁of ▁Catal an ▁national ism ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁government ▁and ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁this ▁happened . ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁journal ists ▁used |
▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁E bro ’ s ▁Battle , ▁the ▁longest ▁and ▁blo ody ▁battle ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁that ▁was ▁covered ▁from ▁distance ▁by ▁the ▁journal ists . ▁ ▁Through ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁many ▁artists ▁and ▁public ▁figures ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁stay . ▁One ▁of ▁them ▁was ▁the ▁poet ▁Feder ico ▁García ▁Lor ca , ▁who ▁in ▁his ▁last ▁time ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Maj estic . ▁In ▁December ▁of ▁this ▁year , ▁intellect uals ▁and ▁Catal an ▁dedicated ▁to ▁him ▁a ▁dinner ▁because ▁of ▁ ▁his ▁prest ige . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁hotel , ▁the ▁writer ▁Antonio ▁Mach ado ▁and ▁León ▁Fil ipe ▁also ▁stayed ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁month ' s ▁alive . ▁They ▁were ▁both ▁sc aping ▁from ▁the ▁march ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁was ▁class ified ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 2 0 ▁by ▁Service ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Small ▁Lux ury ▁Brand ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Top ▁Lux ury ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Brand ▁Report ▁by ▁Review Pro . ▁ ▁Other ▁properties ▁The ▁other ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁are : ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Mur m uri , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁superior ▁hotel ▁ ▁on ▁R amb la ▁Catalunya ; ▁Hotel ▁Mid most , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁ ▁bout ique ▁hotel ▁recently ▁opened ▁and ▁Hotel ▁Den it , ▁a |