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ang ) ▁allowing ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁dis band ▁mass ▁organizations ▁de emed ▁oppos ing ▁the ▁state ' s ▁ide ology , ▁with ▁opposition ▁parties ▁and ▁several ▁rights ▁organizations ▁condem ning ▁the ▁move . ▁La isk od at ▁def ended ▁the ▁law ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁parties , ▁calling ▁them ▁" int ol er ant ▁parties ▁which ▁support ▁changing ▁the ▁government ▁form ▁to ▁a ▁k h il af ah " ▁in ▁an ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁speech ▁at ▁K up ang . ▁The ▁parties ▁denied ▁his ▁accus ations ▁and ▁su ed ▁him ▁for ▁def am ation . ▁Due ▁to ▁both ▁imm unity ▁of ▁legisl ators ▁and ▁his ▁g ubern atorial ▁bid ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁g ubern atorial ▁election , ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁delayed . ▁Islam ic ▁groups ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 1 2 ▁movement ▁later ▁held ▁protest s ▁demand ing ▁his ▁arrest ▁and ▁trial ▁for ▁bl as ph emy . ▁ ▁He ▁res igned ▁from ▁the ▁council ▁to ▁run ▁as ▁governor , ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Jack i ▁U li . ▁ ▁Governor ▁He ▁ran ▁for ▁governor ship ▁of ▁East ▁N usa ▁T eng g ara ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁election . ▁Pa ired ▁with ▁Josef ▁N ae ▁So i ▁as ▁running ▁mate , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁four - c andid ate ▁race ▁with ▁ 8 3 8 , 2 1 3 ▁votes ▁( 3 5 . 6 %). ▁La isk od |
at ▁was ▁sw orn ▁in ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Im medi ately ▁after ▁being ▁sw orn ▁in , ▁La isk od at ▁announced ▁to ▁media ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁put ▁a ▁mor ator ium ▁on ▁min ing ▁in ▁the ▁province . ▁The ▁mor ator ium ▁was ▁issued ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁but ▁environmental ▁activ ists ▁critic ized ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁for ▁ ▁only ▁susp ending ▁min ing ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁to ▁evaluate ▁existing ▁reg ulations , ▁instead ▁of ▁hal ting ▁min ing ▁entirely . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁he ▁became ▁governor , ▁La isk od at ▁stated ▁his ▁intent ▁to ▁legal ize ▁the ▁bre wing ▁of ▁local ▁alco hol ic ▁be ver ages ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁- ▁namely , ▁Mo ke ▁in ▁Fl ores ▁and ▁S op i ▁in ▁Tim or . ▁The ▁be verage , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁" S oph ia ", ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁begin ▁production ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁his ▁administration ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁close ▁Kom odo ▁Island ▁to ▁visitors ▁for ▁a ▁year ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁park ▁better ▁and ▁increase ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁both ▁de er ▁and ▁the ▁l iz ards . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁confirmed ▁that ▁Kom odo ▁Island ▁would ▁be ▁closed ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁to ▁tour ism ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁conservation |
▁program ▁to ▁be ▁implemented . ▁ ▁La isk od at ▁has ▁also ▁public ly ▁spoke ▁out ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁hal al ▁tour ism ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁stating ▁that ▁" t our ism ▁has ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁religion ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁provincial ▁government ▁announced ▁its ▁plans ▁to ▁open ▁a ▁provincial ▁trade ▁office ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁East ▁Tim or . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁La isk od at ▁public ly ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Communic ation ▁and ▁Information ▁Technology ▁to ▁block ▁access ▁to ▁Facebook ▁in ▁Indones ia , ▁calling ▁for ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁local ▁social ▁media ▁platform ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁internet . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic , ▁La isk od at ▁agreed ▁to ▁provide ▁quar antine ▁to ▁ 1 7 ▁East ▁Tim or ▁national s ▁returning ▁from ▁China ▁in ▁N TT , ▁as ▁East ▁Tim or ▁had ▁no ▁quar antine ▁facilities ▁and ▁initial ▁requests ▁to ▁quar antine ▁them ▁in ▁B ali ▁had ▁been ▁rejected ▁by ▁B ali ' s ▁administration . ▁As ▁the ▁virus ▁spread ▁in ▁Indones ia , ▁he ▁instruct ed ▁schools ▁to ▁close ▁by ▁ 2 0 ▁March , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁the ▁province ▁had ▁ 3 8 ▁people ▁under ▁monitoring ▁for ▁the ▁disease . ▁ ▁Family ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Jul ie ▁S ut ris no ▁La isk od at , ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁U T ▁Ar ling ton . ▁The ▁couple ▁has |
▁three ▁sons . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N as dem ▁Party ▁polit icians ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Represent ative ▁Council , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Represent ative ▁Council , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K up ang ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁East ▁N usa ▁T eng g ara ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁Protest ants <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁L MS ▁I v att ▁Class ▁ 4 ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁is ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁primarily ▁designed ▁for ▁medium ▁fre ight ▁work ▁but ▁also ▁widely ▁used ▁on ▁secondary ▁passenger ▁services . ▁The ▁London ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Scottish ▁Railway ▁( L MS ) ▁built ▁ 1 6 2 ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁but ▁only ▁three ▁were ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁L MS ▁before ▁national isation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Design ed ▁by ▁H . G . ▁I v att , ▁they ▁were ▁class ified ▁ 4 F ▁by ▁the ▁L MS ▁and ▁ 4 MT ▁by ▁BR . ▁In ▁BR ▁days ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁extens ively ▁across ▁the ▁system , ▁being ▁pre val ent ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Mid land ▁region ▁and ▁to ▁a ▁less er ▁extent ▁elsewhere , ▁not ably ▁on ▁the ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Great ▁Northern ▁J oint |
▁Railway , ▁an ▁East ▁Ang li an ▁line ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁joint ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁L MS ▁and ▁L NER , ▁where ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁dominant ▁locomot ive ▁type . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁period ▁on ▁the ▁Som erset ▁and ▁Dor set ▁J oint ▁Railway , ▁but ▁were ▁quickly ▁transferred ▁elsewhere , ▁never ▁to ▁return , ▁because ▁of ▁poor ▁ste aming ▁on ▁the ▁line ' s ▁long ▁and ▁ste ep ▁grad ients ▁– ▁this ▁was ▁before ▁modifications ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁which ▁improved ▁ste aming ▁not ably . ▁ ▁Number ing ▁The ▁first ▁three ▁engines ▁were ▁number ed ▁ 3 0 0 0 – 3 0 0 2 ▁by ▁the ▁L MS , ▁but ▁became ▁ 4 3 0 0 0 – 4 3 0 0 2 ▁when ▁ren umber ed ▁by ▁BR ▁– ▁ 4 0 0 0 0 ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁running ▁number ▁to ▁indicate ▁an ▁ex - L MS ▁locomot ive . ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 1 5 9 , ▁built ▁by ▁BR , ▁continued ▁the ▁number ▁sequence : ▁ 4 3 0 0 3 – 4 3 1 6 1 . ▁Const ruction ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁different ▁locations , ▁ 7 5 ▁were ▁completed ▁at ▁Hor wich ▁Works , ▁ 5 0 ▁at ▁Don c aster ▁Works ▁and ▁ 3 7 ▁at ▁Dar ling ton ▁Works . ▁The ▁class ▁was ▁also ▁sometimes ▁called ▁m ucky ▁du cks ▁or ▁do od le bug s ▁or ▁even ▁flying ▁p igs . ▁ ▁Design ▁The ▁design ▁was |
▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁American ▁looks ▁– ▁the ▁running - plates ▁were ▁position ed ▁at ▁a ▁high ▁level ▁and ▁a ▁gap ▁left ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁cyl ind ers . ▁Because ▁of ▁this ▁many ▁locomot ive ▁enthus iast s ▁considered ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁u g liest ▁British ▁locomot ive ▁produced , ▁especially ▁those ▁locomot ives ▁out sh o pped ▁with ▁double ▁chim ne ys ▁( the ▁first ▁ 5 0 ▁engines ); ▁however , ▁these ▁gave ▁poor ▁performance ▁and ▁were ▁quickly ▁replaced ▁with ▁single ▁chim ne ys . ▁The ▁locomot ives ▁also ▁incorpor ated ▁new ▁mechanical ▁features ▁intended ▁to ▁reduce ▁maintenance ▁costs . ▁The ▁util itar ian ▁appearance ▁was ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁design ▁decision ▁as ▁there ▁are ▁sketch es ▁which ▁show ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁with ▁conventional ▁cur ved ▁running ▁pl ates . ▁ ▁The ▁BR ▁Standard ▁Class ▁ 4 ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁design . ▁ ▁Its ▁looks ▁were ▁improved ▁somewhat ▁by ▁the ▁re - design ▁of ▁the ▁outside ▁foot - pl ating , ▁to ▁include ▁a ▁s lop ing ▁plate ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁gap ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁cyl ind ers . ▁ ▁Acc idents ▁and ▁inc idents ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁locomot ive ▁No . ▁ 4 3 0 7 2 ▁was ▁ha uling ▁a ▁fre ight ▁train ▁which ▁ran ▁away ▁and ▁crash ed ▁at ▁Ad olph us ▁Street ▁Good s ▁Y ard , ▁Brad ford , ▁York shire . ▁The ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁subsequently ▁scra pped ▁in ▁situ . |
▁ ▁With draw al ▁The ▁class ▁were ▁with dra wn ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Pres ervation ▁ ▁Only ▁one ▁example ▁surv ived ▁into ▁pres ervation , ▁No ▁ 4 3 1 0 6 , ▁the ▁final ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁in ▁service , ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁at ▁Lost ock ▁Hall ▁dep ot , ▁near ▁Pr eston . ▁Its ▁last ▁oper ational ▁turn ▁was ▁just ▁before ▁E aster ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁but ▁its ▁last ▁turn ▁was ▁interrupted ▁by ▁a ▁der ail ment ▁in ▁Col ne ▁Good s ▁Y ard . ▁Since ▁ 4 3 1 0 6 ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁small ▁group , ▁a ▁' search ▁party ' ▁was ▁des patch ed ▁on ▁E aster ▁T ues day ▁to ▁survey ▁the ▁damage . ▁It ▁was ▁felt ▁that ▁damage ▁was ▁so ▁minimal ▁the ▁pros pective ▁own ers ▁would ▁investigate ▁the ▁ease ▁of ▁a ▁repair . ▁▁ ▁On ▁its ▁return ▁to ▁Lost ock ▁Hall , ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁rep a ired ▁by ▁fit ters ▁from ▁Car n for th , ▁that ▁repair ▁exists ▁to ▁this ▁day . ▁However ▁it ▁der a iled ▁again ▁at ▁Lost ock ▁Hall ▁when ▁being ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁test ▁run ▁in ▁late ▁July . ▁It ▁was ▁ste amed ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁time ▁by ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁depart ed ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 5 : 3 0 ▁with ▁one ▁member ▁of |
▁its ▁new ▁ow ning ▁cons ort ium ▁on ▁board . ▁This ▁was ▁only ▁after ▁length y ▁discuss ions ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁moved ▁in ▁live ▁steam ▁before ▁ 4 ▁August , ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁steam ▁operation ▁on ▁BR . ▁The ▁journey ▁was ▁carefully ▁rout ed ▁to ▁limit ▁movement ▁' under ▁the ▁w ires ', ▁via ▁F rod sh am , ▁Ch ester ▁and ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁The ▁journey ▁through ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁continued ▁via ▁Wol ver ham pton ▁High ▁Level ▁towards ▁Bes cot ▁and ▁Ple ck ▁J unction , ▁where ▁after ▁a ▁movement ▁around ▁a ▁tri angular ▁j unction ▁to ▁ensure ▁it ▁arrived ▁the ▁' right ▁way ▁round ' ▁the ▁light ▁engine ▁continued ▁on ▁to ▁St our bridge ▁J unction ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁st abled ▁over night ▁in ▁the ▁exchange ▁sid ings , ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁extensive ▁car ▁park . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁August ▁it ▁continued ▁on ▁to ▁its ▁new ▁life ▁in ▁pres ervation ▁on ▁the ▁Se vern ▁Valley ▁Railway ▁appearing ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁page ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Journal ▁with ▁three ▁of ▁its ▁new ▁own ers ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁much ▁needed ▁clean . ▁It ▁is ▁affection ately ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁F lying ▁P ig , ▁although ▁many ▁railway men ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁I v att ▁ 4 s ▁as ▁Do od le bug s . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁no ▁ 4 3 1 0 6 ▁saw ▁use ▁on ▁the ▁main line ▁ha uling ▁ra ilt ours |
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁it ▁attended ▁the ▁Rail ▁ 1 5 0 ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁Sh ild on ▁& ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁it ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Ro cket ▁ 1 5 0 ▁celebr ations ▁at ▁Rain hill . ▁On ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁occasions ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁the ▁engine ▁saw ▁use ▁on ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁ra ilt ours , ▁on ▁some ▁occasions ▁double ▁heading ▁with ▁fellow ▁SV R ▁based ▁engines ▁including : ▁ 5 0 0 0 , ▁ 7 8 1 2 ▁Er l esto ke ▁Man or ▁& ▁ 8 0 0 7 9 . ▁ ▁A ▁major ▁over ha ul ▁of ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁oper ational ▁after ▁having ▁damage ▁rep a ired ▁that ▁it ▁received ▁during ▁a ▁der ail ment ▁at ▁Ham pton ▁Lo ade ▁soon ▁after ▁returning ▁to ▁service . ▁It ▁received ▁further ▁rep airs ▁to ▁the ▁bo iler ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁which ▁included ▁a ▁new ▁bo iler ▁ticket . ▁ ▁Mod els ▁A ▁O O ▁gauge ▁model ▁of ▁ 4 3 1 0 6 ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁Bach mann ▁Branch line , ▁who ▁also ▁produce ▁many ▁other ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁Class ▁ 4 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁L MS ▁I v att ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁and ▁L MS ▁I v att ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁ 2 - 6 - |
2 T . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 4 ▁I v att ▁Class ▁ 4 ▁Category : 2 - 6 - 0 ▁locomot ives ▁Category : Pres erved ▁London , ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Scottish ▁Railway ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁Category : R ail way ▁locomot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Category : Standard ▁gauge ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain <0x0A> </s> ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Robert ▁de ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁four ▁ships ▁when ▁he ▁expl ored ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁with ▁the ▁ill - f ated ▁mission ▁of ▁starting ▁a ▁French ▁col ony ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 5 . ▁ ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁w reck ed ▁in ▁present - day ▁Mat ag ord a ▁Bay ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁do oming ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁Texas ▁col ony ▁to ▁failure . ▁ ▁The ▁w reck age ▁of ▁La ▁Belle ▁lay ▁forgotten ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁state ▁arch ae olog ists ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁flags hip ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁arch ae ological ▁finds ▁of ▁the ▁century ▁in ▁Texas , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁exc av ation ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Texas ▁that , ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁about ▁a ▁year , ▁recovered ▁the ▁entire ▁ship w reck ▁and ▁over ▁a ▁million ▁artifact s . ▁ ▁Historical ▁background ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 |
7 th ▁century , ▁much ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁had ▁been ▁claimed ▁by ▁European ▁countries . ▁ ▁Spain ▁claimed ▁Florida , ▁and ▁New ▁Spain ▁included ▁both ▁today ' s ▁Mexico ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁continent . ▁The ▁northern ▁Atlantic ▁coast ▁was ▁claimed ▁by ▁Britain , ▁and ▁New ▁France ▁included ▁much ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Canada ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Country . ▁ ▁France ▁fe ared ▁that ▁their ▁colon ies ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁continent ▁were ▁vulner able ▁to ▁potential ▁attacks ▁from ▁their ▁neighb ors . ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 1 , ▁French ▁no blem an ▁René - Ro bert ▁C avel ier , ▁Sie ur ▁de ▁La ▁S alle , ▁launched ▁an ▁expedition ▁down ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁from ▁New ▁France , ▁expecting ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁path ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁Instead , ▁La ▁S alle ▁found ▁a ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Although ▁Hern ando ▁de ▁S oto ▁had ▁expl ored ▁and ▁claimed ▁this ▁area ▁for ▁Spain ▁ 1 4 0 year s ▁before , ▁on ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 6 8 2 ▁La ▁S alle ▁claimed ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁valley ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁king , ▁Louis ▁XIV , ▁naming ▁the ▁territory ▁Louisiana ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁La ▁S alle ▁knew ▁that ▁French ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁would ▁split ▁Spanish ▁Florida ▁from ▁New ▁Spain , ▁and ▁he ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁was ▁near ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁New ▁Spain . ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁ |
1 6 8 3 , ▁La ▁S alle ▁argued ▁that ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁French men ▁could ▁successfully ▁in va de ▁New ▁Spain ▁by ▁re lying ▁on ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 Ind ians ▁who ▁were ▁angry ▁over ▁Spanish ▁ens lav ement . ▁This ▁had ▁been ▁suggested ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 6 7 8 ▁by ▁Diego ▁de ▁Pen al osa , ▁the ▁former ▁governor ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico ▁who ▁had ▁fled ▁to ▁France ▁after ▁being ▁target ed ▁by ▁the ▁In quisition . ▁La ▁S alle ▁proposed ▁establish ing ▁a ▁col ony ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi , ▁providing ▁a ▁base ▁for ▁prom oting ▁Christian ity ▁among ▁the ▁native ▁pe op les ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁convenient ▁location ▁for ▁attack ing ▁Nueva ▁V iz c aya ▁and ▁gain ing ▁control ▁of ▁its ▁luc r ative ▁silver ▁mines . ▁After ▁Spain ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁France ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 6 8 3 , ▁Louis ▁agreed ▁to ▁back ▁La ▁S alle , ▁ ▁whose ▁official ▁duties ▁now ▁included ▁" confirm ing ▁the ▁Indians ' ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁crown , ▁leading ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁true ▁faith , ▁and ▁maintain ing ▁inter t rib al ▁peace ". ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁ ▁La ▁S alle ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁sail ▁to ▁New ▁France , ▁journey ▁over land ▁to ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Country , ▁and ▁then ▁sail ▁down ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁to ▁its ▁mouth , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁plant ▁his ▁col ony . ▁ ▁To ▁carry ▁his ▁supplies , ▁he ▁would ▁need ▁a ▁large |
▁ship ▁to ▁traverse ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁and ▁a ▁smaller ▁one ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁supplies ▁from ▁Illinois ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁gave ▁La ▁S alle ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁two ▁ships , ▁Le ▁J oly ▁and ▁La ▁Belle . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁k it , ▁with ▁the ▁ship ▁frames ▁assigned ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁quadr ants ▁and ▁number ed ▁sequ entially ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁pieces ▁could ▁be ▁assemble d ▁later . ▁ ▁The ▁pieces ▁were ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁loaded ▁onto ▁Le ▁J oly ▁for ▁transport ▁to ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁then ▁would ▁be ▁carried ▁over land ▁to ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River . ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁men ▁would ▁assemble ▁the ▁ship , ▁and ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁supplies ▁to ▁their ▁final ▁destination . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁king ' s ▁ur ging , ▁the ▁expedition ▁chose ▁instead ▁to ▁sail ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁New ▁France , ▁elimin ating ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁ship ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁World . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁J oly ▁was ▁already ▁heavily ▁l aden , ▁La ▁S alle ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁should ▁be ▁assemble d ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁sa iled ▁across ▁the ▁ocean . ▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁were ▁some ▁questions ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁the ▁ship ▁would ▁surv ive ▁an ▁ocean ▁crossing , ▁it ▁was ▁never theless ▁assemble d ▁in ▁France ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁two month s ▁and ▁prepared ▁for ▁its |
▁journey . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁the ▁French ▁ship building ▁industry ▁had ▁st agn ated . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁" inv ig or ate " ▁the ▁industry , ▁ ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Col bert , ▁brought ▁ship build ers ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁methods ▁of ▁ship building ▁to ▁Ro che fort , ▁where ▁the ▁industry ▁primarily ▁used ▁what ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁ship building ▁method . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁these ▁trans pl anted ▁ship w right s ▁was ▁Honor é ▁Mal let , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁raised ▁in ▁Toul on ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁official ▁order ▁author izing ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁La ▁Belle , ▁Mal let ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁the ▁master ▁ship builder , ▁and ▁his ▁son - in - law , ▁Pierre ▁Mass on , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁design . ▁ ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁a ▁bar que - long ue , ▁with ▁three ▁m asts ▁and ▁a ▁relatively ▁shall ow ▁draft ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁Her ▁beam ▁was ▁officially ▁, ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁ ▁long ▁with ▁a ▁cargo ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 4 0 – 4 5 ▁tons . ▁ ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁highly ▁man eu ver able , ▁with ▁the ▁main m ast ▁and ▁for em ast ▁holding ▁two s ails ▁each , ▁while ▁the ▁m iz zen m ast ▁supported ▁a ▁single ▁tri angular ▁sail , ▁and ▁another ▁small ▁square |
▁sail ▁hung ▁from ▁the ▁b ows prit . ▁ ▁Vo y age ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 6 8 4 , ▁La ▁S alle ▁left ▁La ▁Ro ch elle ▁with ▁four ▁ships : ▁the ▁ 3 6 - gun ▁man - of - war ▁Le ▁J oly , ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 - ton st ores hip ▁L ' A im able , ▁the ▁bar que ▁La ▁Belle , ▁and ▁the ▁k etch ▁St . ▁Franco is . ▁The ▁ships ▁carried ▁almost ▁ 3 0 0 people , ▁including ▁ 1 0 0 s old iers , ▁six mission aries , ▁eight mer ch ants , ▁over ▁a ▁dozen ▁women ▁and ▁children , ▁and ▁art is ans ▁and ▁craft s men . ▁ ▁The ▁St . ▁Franco is ▁and ▁its ▁full ▁load ▁of ▁supplies , ▁prov isions , ▁and ▁tools ▁for ▁the ▁col ony ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁Spanish ▁private ers ▁in ▁Santo ▁Dom ingo . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁November ▁ 1 6 8 4 , ▁the ▁three ▁remaining ▁ships ▁continued ▁their ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁delta . ▁ ▁Before ▁they ▁left , ▁local ▁sail ors ▁war ned ▁them ▁that ▁the ▁G ulf ▁curr ents ▁flow ed ▁east , ▁and ▁would ▁carry ▁the ▁ships ▁toward ▁the ▁Florida ▁stra its ▁unless ▁they ▁corrected ▁for ▁it . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁ships ▁reached ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁and ▁entered ▁waters ▁that ▁Spain ▁claimed ▁as ▁their ▁sole ▁territory . ▁None ▁of ▁the |
▁members ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁had ▁ever ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁or ▁knew ▁how ▁to ▁navigate ▁it . ▁The ▁expedition ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁in ac cur ate ▁maps , ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁previous ▁mis calcul ation ▁of ▁the ▁latitude ▁of ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁and ▁over correct ing ▁for ▁the ▁curr ents . ▁Instead , ▁they ▁land ed ▁at ▁Mat ag ord a ▁Bay ▁in ▁Spanish ▁Texas ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 6 8 5 , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁Although ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁easily ▁navigate ▁the ▁pass ▁into ▁the ▁Bay , ▁the ▁A im able ▁was ▁ground ed ▁on ▁a ▁sand bar . ▁A ▁bad ▁storm ▁prevent ed ▁them ▁from ▁recover ing ▁more ▁than ▁food , ▁can n ons , ▁pow der , ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁mer ch and ise ▁from ▁the ▁ship , ▁and ▁by ▁March ▁ 7 ▁she ▁had ▁s unk . ▁ ▁Beau je u , ▁having ▁ful filled ▁his ▁mission ▁in ▁esc ort ing ▁them , ▁returned ▁to ▁France ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁J oly ▁in ▁mid - M arch , ▁leaving ▁La ▁Belle ▁the ▁only ▁ship ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁remaining ▁sett lers . ▁ ▁La ▁S alle ▁chose ▁to ▁establish ▁Fort ▁Saint ▁Louis ▁on ▁a ▁bl uff ▁over looking ▁Garc itas ▁Creek , ▁ 5 0 m iles ▁( 8 0 km ) ▁from ▁their ▁initial ▁cam ps ite . ▁ |
▁With ▁their ▁permanent ▁camp ▁established , ▁the ▁colon ists ▁took ▁several ▁short ▁tri ps ▁within ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁months ▁to ▁further ▁explore ▁their ▁surr ound ings . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁October ▁La ▁S alle ▁decided ▁to ▁undert ake ▁a ▁longer ▁expedition ▁and ▁re loaded ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ▁with ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁supplies . ▁He ▁took ▁ 5 0 men , ▁plus ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ' s ▁crew ▁of ▁ 2 7 s ail ors , ▁leaving ▁behind ▁ 3 4 ▁men , ▁women , ▁and ▁children . ▁The ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁men ▁tra ve led ▁with ▁La ▁S alle ▁in ▁can o es , ▁while ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ▁followed ▁further ▁off ▁the ▁coast . ▁Several ▁of ▁the ▁men , ▁including ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁La ▁Belle , ▁Can il ▁Mar aud , ▁died ▁on ▁this ▁expedition ▁from ▁e ating ▁pr ick ly ▁p ear . ▁So on ▁after , ▁the ▁Kar ank awa ▁killed ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁men , ▁including ▁the ▁new ▁captain ▁of ▁La ▁Belle , ▁former ▁pilot ▁Eli ▁Rich aud , ▁who ▁had ▁camp ed ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁at ▁night . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 6 8 6 , ▁La ▁S alle ▁left ▁the ▁ship ▁ ▁from ▁Fort ▁Saint ▁Louis . ▁ ▁La ▁S alle ▁took ▁ 2 0 men ▁with ▁him ▁to ▁travel ▁over land ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁Mississippi , ▁leaving ▁Pierre ▁T ess ier , ▁the ▁former ▁second ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁La ▁Belle , ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁ship . ▁After |
▁three month s ▁of ▁searching ▁over land , ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁group ▁returned , ▁but ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ▁where ▁they ▁had ▁left ▁her ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁walk ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁fort . ▁ ▁L oss ▁While ▁La ▁S alle ▁was ▁gone , ▁the ▁ship ▁began ▁to ▁run ▁low ▁of ▁drink ing ▁water . ▁T ess ier ▁sent ▁the ▁five ▁best ▁sail ors ▁ash ore ▁in ▁the ▁La ▁B elles ▁only ▁long bo at ▁to ▁search ▁for ▁water . ▁The ▁men ▁were ▁seen ▁struggling ▁against ▁a ▁strong ▁wind ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁ship ▁as ▁night ▁fell , ▁and ▁were ▁pres umed ▁lost ▁when ▁the ▁long bo at ▁never ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁ship . ▁The ▁remaining ▁sail ors ▁d rank ▁wine ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁water , ▁but ▁the ▁alco hol ▁further ▁de h yd r ated ▁them , ▁and ▁several ▁died . ▁ ▁T ess ier ▁finally ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁must ▁return ▁to ▁Fort ▁Saint ▁Louis ▁for ▁more ▁supplies . ▁As ▁they ▁got ▁under way , ▁a ▁cold ▁front ▁ble w ▁in . ▁Since ▁the ▁remaining ▁crew members ▁were ▁un sk illed , ▁they ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁keep ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁ship , ▁and ▁because ▁they ▁had ▁lost ▁their ▁second ▁anchor , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁way ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁ship ▁from ▁dr ifting ▁in ▁the ▁wind . ▁ ▁Within ▁a ▁short ▁amount ▁of ▁time , ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ▁had ▁run ▁a ground ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁bay , ▁approximately ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁a ▁mile |
▁( 4 0 0 ▁m ) ▁from ▁shore . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁storm ▁had ▁ab ated , ▁the ▁men ▁built ▁a ▁ra ft ▁from ▁pl anks ▁and ▁bar rel s ▁and ▁sent ▁two ▁men ▁to ▁shore . ▁The ▁ra ft ▁broke ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁waves , ▁and ▁both ▁men ▁d rown ed . ▁After ▁making ▁a ▁second , ▁more ▁solid , ▁ra ft , ▁the ▁others ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁safely ▁to ▁shore . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁days ▁they ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁ship ▁daily ▁to ▁retrieve ▁cargo , ▁man aging ▁to ▁salv age ▁some ▁of ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁papers ▁and ▁clothes , ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁fl our , ▁c ask s ▁of ▁wine , ▁glass ▁be ads , ▁and ▁other ▁trade ▁items . ▁Before ▁long , ▁however , ▁a ▁strong ▁sou ther ly ▁wind ▁drove ▁the ▁h ull ▁into ▁the ▁mud dy ▁bottom , ▁and ▁soon ▁only ▁the ▁rear ▁deck ▁remained ▁above ▁water . ▁Of ▁the ▁ 2 7 people ▁originally ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ship , ▁the ▁only ▁surv iv ors ▁were ▁T ess ier , ▁a ▁priest , ▁a ▁military ▁officer , ▁a ▁regular ▁soldier , ▁a ▁servant ▁girl , ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁boy . ▁They ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁for ▁three ▁months , ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁fort ▁was ▁to ▁walk ▁through ▁Kar ank awa ▁territory . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁small ▁Indian ▁can oe ▁was hed ▁ash ore ▁one ▁day , ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁p addle ▁across |
▁the ▁bay ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁fort . ▁The ▁destruction ▁of ▁their ▁last ▁ship ▁left ▁the ▁sett lers ▁str and ed ▁on ▁the ▁Texas ▁coast , ▁with ▁no ▁hope ▁of ▁any ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁colon ies ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Disc overy ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁The ▁Spanish ▁authorities ▁learned ▁of ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁expedition ▁when ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁col ony , ▁Den is ▁Thomas , ▁was ▁captured ▁ab o ard ▁a ▁pir ate ▁ship . ▁In ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁save ▁his ▁life , ▁Thomas ▁related ▁that ▁La ▁S alle ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁col ony ▁near ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁and ▁eventually ▁take ▁over ▁Spanish ▁silver ▁mines . ▁ ▁Although ▁Thomas ▁was ▁quickly ▁h anged , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁believed ▁his ▁information ▁to ▁be ▁reliable ▁and ▁began ▁searching ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁col ony . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 6 8 6 , ▁a ▁Spanish ▁expedition ▁led ▁by ▁Captain ▁Martin ▁de ▁R ivas ▁and ▁Captain ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Y ri arte ▁left ▁Ver ac ru z ▁to ▁sail ▁along ▁the ▁G ulf ▁Coast . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁they ▁reached ▁Mat ag ord a ▁Bay ▁and ▁dispatch ed ▁several ▁can o es ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁area . ▁▁ ▁from ▁their ▁ship , ▁they ▁discovered ▁La ▁Belle , ▁which ▁they ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁" bro ken ▁ship " ▁with ▁three ▁fle ur - de - ly s ▁on ▁her ▁stern . ▁ ▁The ▁Spanish ▁salv aged ▁two ▁sw ivel ▁guns ▁and |
▁five ▁can n ons ▁from ▁the ▁ship , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁anchor , ▁some ▁cord age , ▁and ▁the ▁m asts , ▁which ▁they ▁made ▁into ▁o ars . ▁ ▁As ▁final ▁proof ▁that ▁this ▁ship ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁col ony , ▁the ▁expedition ▁also ▁discovered ▁the ▁cam ps ite ▁where ▁the ▁French ▁surv iv ors ▁had ▁lived ▁for ▁three ▁months . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁cam ps ite ▁were ▁pages ▁from ▁books ▁written ▁in ▁French . ▁ ▁Red isc overy ▁The ▁w reck ▁lay ▁forgotten ▁for ▁over ▁three ▁hundred ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁dark ▁mur ky ▁waters ▁of ▁Mat ag ord a ▁Bay . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Kath le en ▁Gil more ▁of ▁Southern ▁Method ist ▁University ▁analyz ed ▁historical ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁La ▁S alle ▁ship w re cks , ▁and ▁gave ▁general ▁guidance ▁as ▁to ▁where ▁they ▁might ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ▁( TH C ) ▁asked ▁an ▁independent ▁research er ▁to ▁search ▁the ▁arch ives ▁in ▁Paris ▁for ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁ship w re cks . ▁ ▁She ▁found ▁original ▁copies ▁of ▁maps ▁made ▁by ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁engineer , ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Min et . ▁ ▁Before ▁Min et ▁returned ▁to ▁France ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁J oly , ▁he ▁had ▁created ▁detailed ▁maps ▁of ▁Mat ag ord a ▁Bay ▁and ▁the ▁pass ▁and ▁had ▁marked ▁the ▁spot ▁where ▁L ' A im |
able ▁had ▁s unk . ▁Other ▁research ers ▁discovered ▁additional ▁historical ▁maps , ▁including ▁several ▁that ▁marked ▁La ▁Belle ' s ▁rest ing ▁place . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Bart o ▁Arnold , ▁the ▁State ▁Marine ▁Arch ae ologist ▁for ▁the ▁Texas ▁Anti qu ities ▁Committee ▁( the ▁prede cess or ▁to ▁the ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ), ▁proposed ▁a ▁ten - week ▁search ▁for ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁ships . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁magnet ometer ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁bay ▁de emed ▁a ▁high ▁probability ▁to ▁be ▁La ▁Belle ' s ▁location , ▁the ▁expedition ▁found ▁several ▁more ▁recent ▁ship w re cks . ▁ ▁A ▁lack ▁of ▁fund ing ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁sevent een ▁years ▁st ym ied ▁further ▁attempts ▁to ▁locate ▁La ▁Belle . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ▁organized ▁a ▁second ▁magnet ometer ▁survey ▁to ▁search ▁high - prob ability ▁areas ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁earlier ▁surve ys . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁techn ological ▁development ▁since ▁the ▁original ▁survey ▁was ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁the ▁differential ▁G PS ▁position ing ▁system , ▁which ▁made ▁navigation ▁and ▁the ▁re location ▁of ▁targets ▁consider ably ▁easier ▁and ▁more ▁accurate . ▁ ▁This ▁survey ▁last ed ▁the ▁entire ▁month ▁and ▁util ized ▁a ▁Ge omet rics ▁ 8 6 6 ▁pro ton ▁pre cess ion ▁magnet ometer ▁which ▁identified ▁ 3 9 ▁" mag net ic ▁features ▁that ▁required ▁further ▁investigation ". ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁prior it ized , ▁and |
▁on ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁divers ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁priority ▁location . ▁▁▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁initial ▁div ing ▁operations , ▁a ▁prop - w ash ▁blow er ▁( met al ▁pipe ▁fitted ▁over ▁the ▁prop eller ▁to ▁def lect ▁its ▁force ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁se af loor ) ▁was ▁used , ▁ost ens ibly ▁to ▁improve ▁water ▁visibility ▁by ▁forcing ▁surface ▁water ▁down ▁towards ▁the ▁bottom . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁arch ae olog ists ▁that ▁the ▁blow er ▁should ▁be ▁turned ▁off ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁vis ibly ▁dam aging ▁the ▁del icate ▁material ▁of ▁the ▁cargo ▁remains . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁exactly ▁how ▁much ▁sed iment ▁covered ▁the ▁ship w reck ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁discovery ▁because ▁the ▁prop - w ash ▁blow er ▁was ▁deployed ▁before ▁sending ▁divers ▁down . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁team ▁of ▁divers ▁reported ▁feeling ▁mus ket ▁balls ▁on ▁the ▁se af loor ▁along ▁with ▁loose ▁fragments ▁of ▁wood ▁moving ▁in ▁the ▁current ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁blow er . ▁ ▁These ▁materials ▁strongly ▁suggested ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁indeed ▁a ▁ship w reck ▁site . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁d ive , ▁arch ae ologist ▁Ch uck ▁Me ide ▁discovered ▁a ▁bronze ▁can non ▁which , ▁when ▁subsequently ▁recovered , ▁proved ▁that ▁this ▁ship w reck ▁was ▁indeed ▁that ▁of ▁La ▁Belle . ▁The ▁can non ▁was ▁orn ately ▁decor ated , ▁and ▁bore ▁the ▁cr est ▁of ▁King ▁Louis ▁and ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁Verm ando is |
, ▁the ▁Admir al ▁of ▁France . ▁An ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIV , ▁Verm ando is ▁served ▁as ▁Admir al ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁fleet ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 3 , ▁meaning ▁the ▁can non ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁cast ▁no ▁later ▁than ▁ 1 6 8 3 , ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁La ▁S alle ▁was ▁prepar ing ▁for ▁his ▁voyage . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁considered ▁strong ▁circumst ant ial ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁La ▁Belle . ▁ ▁A ▁serial ▁number ▁on ▁the ▁gun ▁( and ▁two ▁others ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁was ▁later ▁matched ▁in ▁a ▁French ▁arch ival ▁record ▁discovered ▁by ▁Dr . ▁John ▁de ▁Bry ▁with ▁the ▁numbers ▁of ▁four ▁bronze ▁can n ons ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁loaded ▁onto ▁La ▁Belle , ▁providing ▁definit ive ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁w reck ' s ▁identity . ▁ ▁The ▁ship w reck ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁local ▁wat erm en ▁before ▁its ▁discovery ▁by ▁arch ae olog ists . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁exc av ations , ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ▁arch ae olog ists ▁observed ▁direct ▁evidence ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁bronze ▁can n ons ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁on ▁La ▁Belle ▁had ▁been ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁w reck age ▁some ▁time ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁w reck , ▁possibly ▁dec ades ▁earlier . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁sur m ised ▁that ▁this ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁action |
▁of ▁a ▁local ▁sh rim per ▁who ▁may ▁have ▁accident ally ▁sn ag ged ▁and ▁recovered ▁the ▁gun ▁in ▁his ▁n ets . ▁ ▁The ▁where about s ▁of ▁this ▁can non ▁remain ▁a ▁mystery , ▁and ▁no ▁other ▁clear ▁signs ▁of ▁prior ▁artifact ▁recovery ▁were ▁observed ▁at ▁the ▁w reck ▁site . ▁ ▁Arch ae ological ▁exc av ation ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁of ▁state ▁arch ae olog ists ▁spent ▁one ▁month ▁div ing ▁on ▁the ▁w reck age , ▁document ing ▁its ▁extent ▁and ▁condition , ▁and ▁recover ing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁artifact s . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁w reck , ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁dark ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Bay ▁which ▁sever ely ▁limited ▁visibility ▁for ▁divers , ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁c of fer dam ▁around ▁the ▁w reck ▁site . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁double - w alled ▁steel ▁structure , ▁with ▁compact ed ▁sand ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁walls , ▁surrounding ▁the ▁entire ▁w reck . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁doll ar ▁structure ▁was ▁paid ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Texas , ▁though ▁private ▁fund ing ▁and ▁federal ▁gr ants ▁would ▁fund ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁subsequent ▁exc av ation . ▁ ▁After ▁completion ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁water ▁inside ▁the ▁c of fer dam ▁was ▁p ump ed ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁ship ▁was ▁exposed ▁to ▁air ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁centuries . ▁ ▁A ▁much ▁larger ▁team ▁of ▁arch ae olog ists , |
▁number ing ▁around ▁ 2 0 , ▁had ▁been ▁assemble d ▁in ▁the ▁nearby ▁town ▁of ▁Pala cios ▁and ▁were ▁charged ▁with ▁the ▁complete ▁exc av ation ▁of ▁the ▁ship w reck , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Jim ▁Br us eth . ▁ ▁This ▁ende avor ▁last ed ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁mar itime ▁arch ae ological ▁exc av ations ▁of ▁its ▁time . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁mud dy ▁sed iments ▁were ▁carefully ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁w reck age , ▁many ▁wooden ▁boxes ▁and ▁c ask s ▁were ▁exposed ▁loaded ▁with ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁artifact s . ▁La ▁Belle ▁had ▁contained ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁salv aged ▁supplies ▁from ▁La ▁S alle ' s ▁w reck ed ▁stores hip ▁( L ' A mi able ) ▁and ▁thus ▁offered ▁a ▁unique ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁supplies ▁de emed ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁successful ▁colon ization ▁vent ure . ▁ ▁As ▁this ▁was ▁considered ▁enemy ▁territory ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁( Tex as ▁was ▁claimed ▁by ▁their ▁Spanish ▁riv als ) ▁and ▁local ▁Indians ▁proved ▁host ile , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁weapons ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁vessel , ▁including ▁three ▁bronze ▁can n ons , ▁one ▁iron ▁sw ivel ▁gun , ▁several ▁boxes ▁of ▁mus k ets , ▁many ▁c ask s ▁of ▁lead ▁shot ▁and ▁gun pow der , ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁cer am ic ▁fire p ots ▁( used ▁like ▁hand |
▁gr en ades ), ▁and ▁several ▁sword ▁handles . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁also ▁numerous ▁trade ▁goods , ▁including ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁blue , ▁white , ▁and ▁black ▁glass ▁be ads , ▁br ass ▁finger ▁rings ▁with ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁symbols , ▁br ass ▁p ins , ▁br ass ▁ha w k ▁b ells , ▁wooden ▁comb s , ▁and ▁a ▁bar rel ▁of ▁iron ▁ax e ▁heads . ▁ ▁Tools ▁and ▁supplies ▁such ▁as ▁sm el ting ▁cru ci bles , ▁a ▁co oper ' s ▁plane , ▁a ▁sh ov el , ▁ro pe , ▁and ▁long ▁bars ▁of ▁iron ▁stock ▁were ▁also ▁recovered , ▁as ▁were ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁ship ' s ▁hardware ▁and ▁rig ging ▁components . ▁ ▁Fa unal ▁remains ▁included ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁salt ▁p ork , ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁r ats , ▁and ▁the ▁tro phy ▁sk ull s ▁of ▁de er , ▁complete ▁with ▁ant lers . ▁ ▁One ▁complete ▁human ▁ske leton ▁was ▁discovered , ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁middle - aged ▁male ▁with ▁signs ▁of ▁ar th rit is . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁individual ' s ▁brain ▁was ▁int act , ▁preserved ▁by ▁the ▁an a er ob ic ▁environment ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁thick ▁mud dy ▁sed iments ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁bay . ▁ ▁After ▁o ste ological ▁analysis , ▁these ▁human ▁remains ▁were ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Texas ▁State ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁artifact s ▁were ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁h ull ▁by ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁March ▁ |
1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁From ▁that ▁point ▁on , ▁the ▁arch ae olog ists ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁itself . ▁ ▁The ▁entire ▁ship ▁was ▁dis ass emble d , ▁each ▁tim ber ▁being ▁carefully ▁recorded ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁its ▁removal ▁from ▁the ▁h ull ▁remains . ▁ ▁Field work ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁c of fer dam ▁was ▁dis ass emble d ▁and ▁sold . ▁ ▁The ▁recovered ▁tim bers ▁were ▁eventually ▁re ass emble d ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁cr ad le ▁and ▁v at ▁designed ▁at ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University ' s ▁N aut ical ▁Arch ae ology ▁Program , ▁the ▁institution ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁conservation ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁artifact s ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁ship w reck ▁site ▁after ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁h ull ▁was ▁treated ▁by ▁long - term ▁so aking ▁in ▁poly eth yl ene ▁g ly col ▁and ▁free ze - d ry ing , ▁a ▁process ▁which ▁took ▁over ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁Ex hib it ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁La ▁Belle : ▁The ▁Sh ip ▁That ▁Ch anged ▁History ▁exhib it ▁officially ▁opened . ▁The ▁h ull ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁recovered ▁artifact s , ▁including ▁colored ▁glass ▁be ads , ▁br ass ▁p ots , ▁a ▁col ander , ▁a ▁lad le , ▁mus k ets , ▁pow der ▁horn s , ▁an ▁early ▁explos ive |
▁device ▁called ▁a ▁fire ▁pot ▁and ▁a ▁bronze ▁can non ▁with ▁lif ting ▁handles ▁sh aped ▁like ▁dol ph ins , ▁are ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁Bul lock ▁Texas ▁State ▁History ▁Museum ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁capital ▁of ▁Austin . ▁Many ▁more ▁artifact s ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁multi - location ▁La ▁S alle ▁Od ys sey ▁exhib it , ▁located ▁in ▁museum s ▁around ▁Texas . ▁ ▁The ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i ▁Museum ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁History ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁repository ▁of ▁artifact s . ▁The ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁Coast al ▁B end ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁Texas ▁also ▁has ▁many ▁artifact s ▁from ▁the ▁La ▁Belle , ▁mainly ▁the ▁other ▁seven ▁can n ons ▁from ▁Fort ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁ ▁, ▁a ▁live ▁stream ▁of ▁the ▁build ▁of ▁La ▁Belle ▁is ▁broadcast ▁from ▁the ▁Bul lock ▁Museum ▁on ▁Wed nes day ▁through ▁Saturday ▁from ▁ 9 ▁a . m . ▁to ▁ 5 ▁p . m . ▁Central ▁Time . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁exc av ation ▁was ▁completed , ▁the ▁French ▁government ▁file d ▁an ▁official ▁claim ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁its ▁contents . ▁ ▁Under ▁international ▁naval ▁laws , ▁an ▁official ▁naval ▁vessel ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁country ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁ship ▁f lies ▁its ▁flag . ▁ ▁Despite ▁a ▁long - standing ▁tradition ▁repeated ▁by ▁American ▁histor ians ▁that ▁La ▁Belle ▁was ▁a ▁personal ▁gift ▁from ▁the ▁King ▁to ▁La ▁S alle , ▁no ▁document ary ▁evidence ▁confirm ing ▁this ▁claim ▁could ▁be ▁produced . |
▁ ▁Instead , ▁arch ival ▁research ▁conducted ▁in ▁French ▁depos itories ▁provided ▁two ▁official ▁documents ▁which ▁listed ▁La ▁Belle ▁as ▁being ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁King ▁but ▁loan ed ▁to ▁La ▁S alle . ▁ ▁Made le ine ▁Al br ight ▁conced ed ▁the ▁claim ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁France ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cl inton ▁administration . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁several - year ▁neg ot iation , ▁an ▁agreement ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁which ▁gives ▁official ▁title ▁to ▁the ▁w reck ▁and ▁its ▁artifact s ▁to ▁the ▁Musée ▁national ▁de ▁la ▁Marine ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Day - to - day ▁control ▁was ▁granted ▁to ▁the ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ▁for ▁ 9 9 ▁years . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁French ▁An cre ▁Publishing ▁Comp ag ny ▁published ▁a ▁Mon ography ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁set ▁of ▁plans ▁for ▁this ▁ship ▁- ▁scale d ▁in ▁ 1 / 4 8 ▁for ▁model ▁building . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Texas ▁Historical ▁Commission ▁La ▁S alle ▁Sh ip w reck ▁Project ▁ ▁R ais ing ▁the ▁Belle ▁by ▁Dan ▁Parker ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Mark ▁Mitchell , ▁author ▁of ▁' R ais ing ▁La ▁Belle ' ▁ ▁Art ifact s ▁from ▁the ▁La ▁Belle ▁Sh ip w reck ▁Collection ▁at ▁the ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i ▁Museum ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁History ▁ ▁Live ▁stream ▁of ▁the ▁build , ▁Bul lock ▁Museum , ▁La ▁Belle , ▁the ▁ship ▁that ▁changed ▁history ▁exhib it ▁ ▁Category : Arch |
ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : F rench ▁Texas ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 6 ▁Category : Mat ag ord a ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : Age ▁of ▁S ail ▁ships ▁of ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁name ▁grey ▁thr ush ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁species ▁of ▁bird : ▁ ▁Japanese ▁thr ush ▁( T urd us ▁card is ) ▁of ▁eastern ▁Asia ▁Grey ▁ground - th r ush ▁( Z o other a ▁prince i ) ▁of ▁Africa ▁Grey ▁sh rike - th r ush ▁( Coll ur ic inc la ▁harm onica ) ▁of ▁Austral asia ▁ ▁Category : An imal ▁common ▁name ▁dis ambiguation ▁pages <0x0A> </s> ▁Ni ou m amil ima ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Grande ▁Com ore ▁( N g az id ja ) ▁in ▁the ▁Com or os . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 0 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Grande ▁Com ore <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pur cell ▁Mountains ▁are ▁a ▁mountain ▁range ▁in ▁sout he astern ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁They ▁are ▁a ▁sub range ▁of ▁the ▁Columbia ▁Mountains , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁Sel k irk , ▁Mon as he e , ▁and ▁Car ib oo ▁Mountains . ▁They ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountain ▁T rench ▁in ▁the |
▁area ▁of ▁the ▁Columbia ▁Valley , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁K oot en ay ▁Lake ▁and ▁the ▁Dun can ▁River . ▁The ▁only ▁large ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁is ▁the ▁Pan or ama ▁Ski ▁Res ort ▁and ▁K ick ing ▁Hor se ▁Res ort , ▁though ▁there ▁are ▁small ▁settlement s , ▁such ▁as ▁Y ah k ▁and ▁Mo y ie ▁along ▁the ▁C rows nest ▁Highway , ▁and ▁resident ial ▁rural ▁areas ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁C rest on , ▁Kim ber ley ▁and ▁C ran bro ok , ▁which ▁are ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁range . ▁ ▁The ▁Pur cell s ▁are ▁shown ▁on ▁some ▁United ▁States ▁maps ▁as ▁the ▁Per cell ▁Mountains , ▁where ▁their ▁southern ▁limit ▁pro tr udes ▁into ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁Id aho ▁and ▁Mont ana , ▁ab ut ting ▁Lake ▁Ko oc an usa , ▁a ▁res er voir ▁on ▁the ▁K oot en ai ▁River . ▁American ▁ge ographic ▁class ifications ▁consider ▁the ▁Per cell s ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountains ▁but ▁in ▁Canada ▁that ▁termin ology ▁is ▁reserved ▁for ▁ranges ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountain ▁T rench . ▁In ▁the ▁Pur cell ▁Mountains , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁pe aks ▁are ▁near ▁or ▁above ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁feet ▁in ▁elev ation . ▁ ▁The ▁Pur cell s ▁were ▁formed ▁in ▁the ▁Pro ter oz o ic ▁e on ▁( in ▁the ▁P rec amb rian ▁period ), ▁which |
▁sp ans ▁from ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁to ▁about ▁ 5 4 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago . ▁ ▁Sub - r anges ▁Car bon ate ▁Range ▁Dog to oth ▁Range ▁F arn ham ▁Group ▁Mac B eth ▁Group ▁McG ill iv ary ▁Range ▁Mo y ie ▁Range ▁Sept et ▁Range ▁Sp ill im ache en ▁Range ▁Star bird ▁R idge ▁Stock dale ▁Group ▁T oby ▁Gla cier ▁Tru ce ▁Group ▁Y ah k ▁Range ▁ ▁High est ▁pe aks ▁The ▁ten ▁highest ▁summ its ▁of ▁the ▁Pur cell s ▁▁ 1 . ▁Mount ▁F arn ham <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 4 9 3 ▁m ▁ 2 . ▁J um bo ▁Mountain <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 4 3 7 ▁m <0x09> ▁ 3 . ▁How ser ▁Sp ire <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 4 1 2 ▁m <0x09> ▁ 4 . ▁K arn ak ▁Mountain ▁▁▁▁ 3 4 1 1 ▁m <0x09> <0x09> ▁ 5 . ▁Mount ▁Del ph ine <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 4 0 6 ▁m ▁▁ <0x09> ▁ 6 . ▁Mount ▁Hamm ond <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 3 8 7 ▁m <0x09> ▁ 7 . ▁Commander ▁Mountain ▁ 3 3 7 1 ▁m <0x09> ▁ 8 . ▁South ▁How ser ▁Tower ▁ 3 3 6 4 ▁m <0x09> <0x09> ▁ 9 . ▁E y eb row ▁Pe ak <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 3 6 2 ▁m <0x09> <0x09> ▁ 1 0 . ▁Mount ▁Peter <0x09> ▁▁▁ 3 3 5 7 ▁m ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁Bug ab o os ▁List ▁of ▁mountain ▁ranges |
▁in ▁Mont ana ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P ur cell ▁Mountains ▁Category : K oot en ays <0x0A> </s> ▁Walk ing ▁With ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁solo ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁South ▁Korean ▁pop ▁singer - song writer ▁Kim ▁D ong - ry ool , ▁and ▁his ▁sevent h ▁solo ▁album ▁overall . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁label ▁Music ▁Farm ▁and ▁distributed ▁by ▁LO EN ▁Entertainment . ▁Gu itar ist ▁Lee ▁Sang - so on ▁( who ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁known ▁as ▁Lee ▁Hy ori ' s ▁husband ) ▁and ▁Super star ▁K 2 ▁runner - up ▁John ▁Park ▁participated ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁as ▁featured ▁artists . ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁the ▁singer ' s ▁first ▁solo ▁release ▁since ▁the ▁hol iday ▁album ▁Kim d ong r Y U LE ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁and ▁also ▁his ▁first ▁studio ▁album ▁since ▁Mon olog ue ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁self - produ ced ▁album ▁features ▁ten ▁tracks ▁in ▁total , ▁including ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁and ▁the ▁track ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁Without ▁any ▁tele vised ▁prom ot ions , ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁to pped ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁for ▁two ▁consecutive ▁weeks . ▁The ▁song ▁also ▁won ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁annual ▁Ga on ▁Chart ▁K - Pop ▁Awards . ▁ ▁A ▁LP ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁album , ▁limited ▁to ▁ |
3 , 0 0 0 ▁copies , ▁was ▁available ▁for ▁sale . ▁As ▁of ▁ ▁, ▁Walk ing ▁With ▁has ▁sold ▁over ▁ 5 8 , 0 0 0 ▁physical ▁albums ▁and ▁three ▁million ▁digital ▁singles ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁( see ▁Chart ▁performance ). ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album . ▁The ▁song ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁miss es ▁his ▁past ▁lo ver , ▁and ▁actor ▁G ong ▁Y oo ▁star red ▁in ▁its ▁corresponding ▁music ▁video . ▁After ▁film ing ▁the ▁music ▁video , ▁G ong ▁stated ▁" I ▁can ' t ▁forget ▁the ▁mem ories ▁when ▁I ▁listened ▁to ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁Ex hib ition ▁() ▁using ▁c ass ette ▁t apes ▁in ▁my ▁school ▁years . ▁Kim ▁has ▁been ▁my ▁favorite ▁music ian ▁since ▁then . ▁I ▁wanted ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁by ▁st arring ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁video , ▁in ▁my ▁mind ▁to ▁cheer ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁his ▁debut ." ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁via ▁LO EN ▁Entertainment ' s ▁official ▁YouTube ▁channel . ▁ ▁Upon ▁its ▁release , ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁achieved ▁an ▁" all - kill " ▁status ▁in ▁South ▁Korea , ▁reaching ▁the ▁pole ▁position ▁on ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁real - time ▁music ▁charts ▁including ▁Mel On , ▁B ugs , ▁Sor ib ada , ▁Gen ie , ▁M net ▁Music |
, ▁Mon key 3 , ▁Ol le h ▁Music , ▁C yw orld ▁Music , ▁Da um ▁Music , ▁and ▁Na ver ▁Music . ▁Without ▁any ▁broadcast ▁prom ot ions , ▁the ▁song ▁to pped ▁the ▁Ga on ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁for ▁two ▁consecutive ▁weeks . ▁It ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁first ▁place ▁on ▁tele vised ▁K - pop ▁music ▁shows ▁like ▁The ▁Music ▁Tr end ▁( SB S ) ▁and ▁Music ▁Bank ▁( K BS ), ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁This ▁was ▁Kim ' s ▁first ▁fe at ▁since ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁tro phy ▁for ▁" Should ▁I ▁Tell ▁You ▁Again ▁That ▁I ▁Love ▁You ?" ▁() ▁on ▁M BC ' s ▁Music ▁Camp ▁( current ly ▁Show ! ▁Music ▁Core ) ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁" How ▁I ▁Am " ▁was ▁the ▁ 5 1 st ▁biggest ▁s elling ▁digital ▁song ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁South ▁Korea . ▁Since ▁its ▁release , ▁the ▁song ▁has ▁sold ▁about ▁ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁digital ▁copies ▁dom est ically . ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁Instead ▁of ▁having ▁broadcast ▁prom ot ions , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Kim ▁would ▁hold ▁his ▁nation wide ▁concert ▁tour ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Starting ▁in ▁Bus an , ▁he ▁performed ▁in ▁cities ▁including ▁Se ong nam , ▁G w ang ju , ▁Go y ang , ▁Je on ju , ▁Se |
oul , ▁Da egu , ▁and ▁D ae je on ▁until ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁to ▁promote ▁his ▁com eb ack ▁album . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Kim ▁D ong - ry ool . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁track ▁ 2 ▁literally ▁means ▁" The ▁Youth ". ▁ ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁track ▁ 5 ▁literally ▁means ▁" That ' s ▁How ▁I ▁Am ". ▁ ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁track ▁ 7 ▁literally ▁means ▁" My ▁Heart ▁Is ". ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Album ▁charts ▁ ▁Single ▁charts ▁How ▁I ▁Am ▁ ▁Other ▁chart ed ▁songs ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁Ann ual ▁music ▁awards ▁ ▁Music ▁program ▁awards ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁hits ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( S outh ▁Korea ) ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Kim ▁D ong - ry ool ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁albums ▁Category : K im ▁D ong - ry ool ▁albums ▁Category : K ore an - language ▁albums ▁Category : K ak ao ▁M ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Vo ice ▁– ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Tour ▁was ▁a ▁concert ▁tour ▁by ▁British ▁singer - song writer ▁B ever ley ▁Knight , ▁organ ised ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁album ▁Vo ice ▁- ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁B ever ley ▁Knight . ▁It ▁began ▁on ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁Card iff |
▁and ▁ended ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁P ly mouth . ▁ ▁Set ▁list ▁ ▁" Good ▁Mor ning ▁World " ▁( Int ro ) ▁ ▁" M ade ▁It ▁Back " ▁ ▁" Get ▁Up " ▁ ▁" F lav our ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁School " ▁ ▁" After ▁You " ▁ ▁" S up erson ic " ▁ ▁" S ame ▁( As ▁I ▁Ever ▁Was )" ▁ ▁" P ie ce ▁of ▁My ▁Heart " ▁ ▁" Shape ▁of ▁You " ▁( ac oust ic ) ▁ ▁" S ista ▁S ista " ▁( ac oust ic ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Need ▁of ▁You " ▁( ac oust ic ) ▁ ▁" Gre at est ▁Day " ▁ ▁" Black ▁But ta " ▁ ▁" R ock ▁Ste ady " ▁ ▁" G old " ▁ ▁" Should a ▁Would a ▁Could a " En core : ▁ ▁" Ke ep ▁This ▁Fire ▁Burn ing " ▁ ▁" Come ▁as ▁You ▁Are " ▁ ▁Foot notes : ▁On ▁numerous ▁night s ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁tour , ▁the ▁final ▁song ▁performed ▁was ▁" Ang els ". ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁V oc als ▁B ever ley ▁Knight ▁- ▁vocals ▁Me ' sha ▁Bry an ▁- ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Bry an ▁Ch amb ers ▁- ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Bill ie ▁God f rey ▁- ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Band ▁Paul ▁Re id ▁- ▁Gu it ars ▁/ ▁Musical ▁Director ▁Ash ley ▁Kings ley ▁- ▁key boards ▁Dar ren |
▁Abraham ▁- ▁drums ▁Paul ▁Bruce ▁- ▁bass ▁ ▁Management ▁Andy ▁Bern stein ▁- ▁tour ▁manager ▁Ke ely ▁My ers ▁- ▁production ▁manager ▁Richard ▁" We z " ▁W ear ing ▁- ▁stage ▁manager ▁ ▁Add itional ▁personnel ▁D enn ie ▁Vid al ▁- ▁FO H ▁engineer ▁Steven ▁Abb iss ▁- ▁light ing ▁design ▁Simon ▁P ig gy ▁Lyn ch ▁- ▁light ing ▁crew ▁chief ▁Craig ▁P ry de ▁- ▁PA ▁te ch ▁Rob ▁Web ster ▁Re ed ▁- ▁monitor ▁engineer ▁ ▁Tour ▁dates ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Guardian ▁review ▁of ▁Hamm ers m ith ▁Apol lo ▁gig ▁ ▁The ▁Times ▁review ▁of ▁Hamm ers m ith ▁Apol lo ▁gig ▁ ▁Manchester ▁Even ing ▁News ▁review ▁of ▁Manchester ▁gig ▁ ▁Express ▁and ▁Star ▁review ▁of ▁Wol ver ham pton ▁gig ▁ ▁Category : B ever ley ▁Knight ▁concert ▁t ours ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁concert ▁t ours <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁Building , ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁Cour th ouse , ▁at ▁ 6 0 ▁Centre ▁Street ▁on ▁F ole y ▁Square ▁in ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Center ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Manh attan , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁houses ▁the ▁Civil ▁and ▁App ell ate ▁Term s ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁state ' s ▁First ▁Jud icial ▁District , ▁which ▁is ▁co ext ensive ▁with ▁Manh attan , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁C ler k . ▁ ▁The ▁gran ite - fac ed ▁hex ag onal |
▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Guy ▁Low ell ▁of ▁Boston ▁in ▁classical ▁Roman ▁style ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁completion ▁having ▁been ▁delayed ▁by ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁It ▁replaced ▁the ▁former ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁Cour th ouse ▁on ▁Ch amb ers ▁Street , ▁popular ly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Twe ed ▁Cour th ouse . ▁Both ▁the ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁are ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Land marks : ▁the ▁exterior ▁was ▁designated ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁the ▁interior ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁architect ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁a ▁design ▁competition , ▁which ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Boston ▁architect ▁Guy ▁Low ell ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Low ell ▁originally ▁proposed ▁a ▁circular ▁building , ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁vast ly ▁expensive ▁sum ▁of ▁$ 2 0 ▁to ▁$ 3 0 ▁million . ▁Const ruction ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁design ▁was ▁re made ▁as ▁a ▁smaller ▁and ▁less ▁expensive ▁hex ag onal ▁building — a ▁Temple ▁of ▁Justice . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁classical ▁style . ▁Work ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁cour th ouse ' s ▁dedic ation ▁ceremony ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁two ▁weeks ▁after ▁Low ell ▁died . ▁Chief ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁Benjamin ▁Card |
oz o ▁and ▁Associ ate ▁Jud ges ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁Frederick ▁E . ▁C rane ▁and ▁Ir ving ▁Le h man ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁Art ▁and ▁architecture ▁ ▁Ex terior ▁ ▁The ▁building ' s ▁mass ▁and ▁scale ▁give ▁it ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁temple . ▁A ▁broad ▁set ▁of ▁steps ▁swe eps ▁up ▁from ▁F ole y ▁Square ▁to ▁a ▁massive ▁Cor inth ian ▁colon na de ▁covering ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁cour th ouse , ▁to pped ▁by ▁an ▁elaborate ▁ 1 4 0 - foot - long ▁( 4 3 ▁m ) ▁tri angular ▁ped iment ▁of ▁th ir teen ▁figures ▁car ved ▁in ▁bas ▁relief ▁from ▁gran ite . ▁The ▁ped iment ▁and ▁ac ro ter ia ▁by ▁Frederick ▁Warren ▁Allen ▁include ▁three ▁stat ues : ▁Law , ▁Tr uth , ▁and ▁Equ ity . ▁A ▁fr ie ze ▁be ars ▁the ▁ins cription ▁" The ▁true ▁administration ▁of ▁justice ▁is ▁the ▁firm est ▁pill ar ▁of ▁good ▁government ", ▁a ▁quot ation ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁letter ▁written ▁by ▁George ▁Washington ▁to ▁Att orney ▁General ▁Edmund ▁Rand olph ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 7 8 9 . ▁The ▁ins cription ▁is ▁a ▁slight ▁mis quote ; ▁Washington ▁actually ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁" due ▁administration " ▁of ▁justice ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁" true ▁administration " ▁of ▁justice , ▁an ▁error ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Post ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁error ▁was ▁apparently |
▁made ▁by ▁the ▁architect , ▁Guy ▁Low ell , ▁and ▁the ▁mistake ▁was ▁repeated ▁by ▁others , ▁including ▁Charles ▁Warren ▁in ▁his ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize – win ning ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁History ▁( 1 9 2 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁stone ▁steps ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁col onn aded ▁entrance ▁were ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁two ▁alleg or ical ▁stat ues , ▁Justice ▁and ▁Author ity , ▁both ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁by ▁the ▁Franco - American ▁sculpt or ▁Philip ▁Mart iny ▁( 1 8 5 8 – 1 9 2 7 ). ▁These ▁are ▁now ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Both ▁figures ▁are ▁large ▁in ▁size , ▁made ▁of ▁gran ite , ▁and ▁se ated . ▁Justice , ▁a ▁female ▁figure , ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁and ▁holds ▁a ▁shield ▁and ▁scroll ; ▁Author ity ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁and ▁holds ▁a ▁scroll ▁and ▁fas ces , ▁the ▁Roman ▁symbol ▁of ▁authority . ▁The ▁figures ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁and ▁originally ▁fl ank ed ▁the ▁Centre ▁Street ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁Sur rog ate ' s ▁Cour th ouse ▁( H all ▁of ▁Records ); ▁the ▁figures ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁for ▁the ▁w iden ing ▁of ▁Centre ▁Street ▁and ▁an ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁underlying ▁sub way ▁platforms , ▁and ▁were ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁Cour th ouse . ▁ ▁Inter ior ▁ ▁The ▁rot |
unda ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference ▁and ▁r ises ▁ ▁to ▁a ▁cup ola ▁which ▁in ▁ ▁high ▁and ▁ ▁long . ▁The ▁rot unda ▁also ▁contains ▁ten ▁st ained - glass ▁windows ▁and ▁cler est ory . ▁The ▁rot unda ' s ▁most ▁striking ▁feature , ▁however , ▁is ▁the ▁oft - re produ ced ▁circular ▁m ural ▁Law ▁Through ▁the ▁A ges , ▁also ▁called ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Law . ▁This ▁New ▁De al - era ▁m ural ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁artist ▁Att ilio ▁P uster la ▁and ▁painted ▁by ▁him ▁and ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁artists ▁working ▁under ▁his ▁direction ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁under ▁spons or ship ▁from ▁the ▁Federal ▁Art ▁Project ▁of ▁the ▁Works ▁Project ▁Administration . ▁P uster la ▁also ▁executed ▁mur als ▁in ▁the ▁cour th ouse ' s ▁J ury ▁Assembly ▁Ro oms ▁on ▁the ▁fourth ▁floor ▁and ▁Cer emon ial ▁Court room ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁floor . ▁ ▁Law ▁Through ▁the ▁A ges ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁six ▁lun ettes , ▁or ▁sections . ▁Each ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁figures ▁from ▁historical ▁cult ures ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁law : ▁Ass y rian ▁and ▁Egypt ian , ▁Heb ra ic ▁and ▁Pers ian , ▁Greek ▁and ▁Roman , ▁By z antine ▁and ▁Frank ish , ▁English ▁and ▁early ▁colonial , ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁section ▁port ray ing ▁George ▁Washington ▁and ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln . ▁A bove ▁the ▁se ated ▁figures ▁are ▁port |
ra its ▁of ▁six ▁law g ivers : ▁Hamm ur abi , ▁Mos es , ▁Sol on , ▁Justin ian , ▁Black stone ▁and ▁John ▁Marshall . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁m ural ▁( al ong ▁with ▁a ▁st ained - glass ▁window ▁also ▁by ▁P uster la ) ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ; ▁the ▁project ▁received ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Design ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Public ▁Design ▁Commission ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁rest oration ▁project , ▁which ▁was ▁priv ately ▁fund ed ▁by ▁money ▁raised ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁jud ges ▁and ▁att or ne ys , ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁bro ader ▁renov ation ▁campaign ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁cour th ouse ' s ▁historic ▁art ▁from ▁water ▁se ep age ▁and ▁other ▁damage ▁caused ▁by ▁neglect . ▁ ▁En vir ons ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁somewhat ▁of ▁an ▁older ▁sib ling ▁to ▁Cass ▁Gilbert ' s ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Cor inth ian - column ed ▁F ole y ▁Square ▁Cour th ouse ▁( ren amed ▁the ▁Th ur good ▁Marshall ▁United ▁States ▁Cour th ouse ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁just ▁to ▁its ▁south , ▁which ▁also ▁faces ▁F ole y ▁Square ▁from ▁the ▁east . ▁Both ▁buildings ▁face ▁Federal ▁Pla za ▁across ▁the ▁square , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁more ▁modern ▁Jacob ▁K . ▁J av its ▁Federal ▁Building ▁and ▁James ▁L . |
▁Watson ▁Court ▁of ▁International ▁Trade ▁Building , ▁which ▁houses ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁International ▁Trade . ▁Other ▁court ▁buildings ▁are ▁nearby , ▁including ▁those ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁C riminal ▁Court , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Civil ▁Court , ▁and ▁the ▁Sur rog ate ' s ▁Cour th ouse . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁Many ▁films ▁and ▁television ▁series ▁have ▁been ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁County ▁Cour th ouse . ▁These ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Mi racle ▁on ▁ 3 4 th ▁Street ▁( 1 9 4 7 ): ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cla us ▁( Ed mund ▁G w enn ) ▁was ▁shot ▁here ; ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁re make ▁fil med ▁the ▁cour th ouse ' s ▁exterior ▁▁ 1 2 ▁An gry ▁Men ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁God father ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁N uts ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Leg al ▁E ag les ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Wall ▁Street ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Good f ell as ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Regarding ▁Henry ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Pet ro cel li , ▁television ▁series , ▁during ▁opening ▁cred its ▁ ▁Night ▁Court , ▁television ▁series ▁ ▁Law ▁& ▁Order ▁and ▁its ▁many ▁sp ino ff s ▁ ▁K oj ak ▁C ag |
ney ▁& ▁L ace y ▁Dam ages ▁Blue ▁Blo ods ▁Bull , ▁television ▁series , ▁end ▁scene ▁in ▁season ▁ 2 ▁episode ▁ 2 2 ▁ ▁Su its ' ', ▁television ▁series ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Land marks ▁App ell ate ▁Division ▁Cour th ouse ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Count y ▁cour th ouses ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁in ▁Manh attan ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁Category : C iv ic ▁Center , ▁Manh attan ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : New ▁York ▁City ▁Design ated ▁Land marks ▁in ▁Manh attan ▁Category : New ▁York ▁City ▁interior ▁land marks ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Manh attan <0x0A> </s> ▁North ▁West ▁Staff ord shire ▁was ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁Staff ord shire ▁which ▁returned ▁one ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁E lections ▁were ▁held ▁using ▁the ▁first ▁past ▁the ▁post ▁voting ▁system . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁constitu ency ▁was ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁general ▁election , ▁and ▁abol ished ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s |
▁▁ ▁Le ves on - G ower ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lord ▁Commission er ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury , ▁requiring ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁▁ ▁General ▁E lection ▁ 1 9 1 4 / 1 5 : ▁ ▁Another ▁General ▁E lection ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁The ▁political ▁parties ▁had ▁been ▁making ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁an ▁election ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁following ▁candidates ▁had ▁been ▁selected ; ▁ ▁Labour : ▁Albert ▁Stanley ▁Union ist : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par liament ary ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁Staff ord shire ▁( histor ic ) ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁G ains borough ▁and ▁Horn castle ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁county ▁constitu ency ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁elected ▁one ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( MP ) ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁past ▁the ▁post ▁system ▁of ▁election . ▁It ▁existed ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁and ▁around ▁Horn castle ▁is |
▁now ▁in ▁the ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁L outh ▁and ▁Horn castle . ▁ ▁For ▁elections ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁see ▁G ains borough . ▁ ▁B ound aries ▁ ▁The ▁District ▁of ▁West ▁Lind sey , ▁and ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁East ▁Lind sey ▁w ards ▁of ▁Bin bro ok , ▁Don ington ▁on ▁B ain , ▁Horn castle , ▁R ought on , ▁Wood hall ▁Sp a , ▁and ▁W rag by . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Category : Par liament ary ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁( histor ic ) ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Kop an iny ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ko ń skie , ▁within ▁Ko ń skie ▁County , ▁Ś wię to kr zy skie ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁south - central ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ko ń skie ▁and ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁K iel ce . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ko ń skie ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁B IST ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁B ans al ▁Institute ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁Bu ilt - in ▁self - test ▁B ors a ▁Ist an |
bul <0x0A> </s> ▁Snow ▁is ▁a ▁children ' s ▁picture ▁book ▁by ▁Uri ▁Sh ule v itz . ▁ ▁It ▁received ▁a ▁ ▁Cal dec ott ▁Honor ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁Charlotte ▁Z ol ot ow ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Description ▁This ▁book ▁uses ▁l ively ▁water color ▁and ▁pen - and - ink ▁illustr ations ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁as ▁snow ▁falls . ▁The ▁beginning ▁pages ▁use ▁a ▁d ull ▁and ▁ble ak ▁p alette . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁the ▁previously ▁d ull ▁city ▁is ▁covered ▁in ▁snow ▁and ▁looks ▁mag ical ▁and ▁bright . ▁ ▁Plot ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁d ull ▁and ▁grey ▁city ▁until ▁the ▁first ▁snow f la kes ▁start ▁to ▁fall . ▁No ▁one ▁thinks ▁those ▁few ▁fla kes ▁will ▁amount ▁to ▁much ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁boy ▁and ▁his ▁dog . ▁He ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁it ▁will ▁snow , ▁despite ▁the ▁numerous ▁predictions ▁from ▁adult s , ▁the ▁television , ▁and ▁the ▁radio ▁that ▁it ▁will ▁not . ▁As ▁the ▁snow ▁begins ▁to ▁p ile ▁up , ▁dis gr unt led ▁adult s ▁r ush ▁home , ▁leaving ▁the ▁boy ▁and ▁his ▁dog ▁to ▁joy fully ▁enjoy ▁the ▁snow . ▁ ▁Th emes ▁The ▁snow ▁is ▁a ▁met ap hor ▁for ▁" the ▁faith ▁young ▁children ▁possess ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁adult ▁world ▁lack ing ▁in ▁vision ▁and ▁understanding ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁picture ▁books ▁Category |
: Children ' s ▁fiction ▁books ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁children ' s ▁books ▁Category : Cal dec ott ▁Honor - win ning ▁works <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Allen ▁Walker ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁Char l eston , ▁West ▁Virginia ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁representing ▁District ▁ 3 3 ▁since ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Education ▁Walker ▁graduated ▁from ▁Herbert ▁Ho over ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁E lections ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Walker ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁for ▁the ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁but ▁won ▁with ▁ 2 , 0 2 8 ▁votes ▁( 6 1 . 1 % ), ▁and ▁was ▁uno pp osed ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁General ▁election , ▁winning ▁with ▁ 4 , 5 7 5 ▁votes . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Walker ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁ 3 3 ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Democratic ▁Primary , ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁Bill ▁St em ple , ▁who ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁General ▁election . ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Walker ▁challeng ed ▁inc umb ent ▁Represent ative ▁St em ple ▁in ▁the ▁four - way ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁Represent ative ▁St em ple , ▁who ▁was ▁uno pp |
osed ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁General ▁election . ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Walker ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁three - way ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁but ▁again ▁lost ▁to ▁Represent ative ▁St em ple , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁General ▁election ▁against ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Ben ▁Mur phy . ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁When ▁District ▁ 3 3 ▁Democratic ▁Represent ative ▁St em ple ▁retired ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁seat ▁open , ▁Walker ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁five - way ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁and ▁placed ▁first ▁by ▁ 3 7 ▁votes ▁with ▁ 1 , 2 3 8 ▁votes ▁( 3 0 . 6 % ), ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁General ▁election ▁with ▁ 3 , 6 3 5 ▁votes ▁( 6 7 . 9 %) ▁against ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Larry ▁Cole . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Walker ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁and ▁won ▁with ▁ 1 , 6 4 4 ▁votes ▁( 5 7 . 7 % ), ▁and ▁was ▁uno pp osed ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁General ▁election , ▁winning ▁with ▁ 3 , 2 2 5 ▁votes . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁page ▁at ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Legisl ature ▁ ▁David ▁Walker |
▁at ▁Ball ot p edia ▁David ▁Walker ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁on ▁M oney ▁in ▁State ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Char l eston , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Cl enden in , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : West ▁Virginia ▁Democr ats <0x0A> </s> ▁Sarah ▁L esch ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁singer - song writer ▁who ▁performs ▁with ▁a ▁guitar ▁and ▁uk ule le . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Sarah ▁L esch ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Al ten burg , ▁Th uring ia ▁and ▁moved ▁with ▁her ▁mother ▁to ▁Sw ab ia ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁five . ▁Her ▁father ▁R alf ▁Kru se ▁is ▁a ▁Leipzig ▁music ian . ▁He ▁played ▁among ▁others ▁with ▁Am or ▁& ▁Die ▁K ids ▁and ▁the ▁Original ▁Erz geb ir gs - D uo . ▁On ▁her ▁father ' s ▁side ▁she ▁has ▁a ▁half - s ister ▁and ▁a ▁half - bro ther , ▁in ▁whom ▁she ▁only ▁met ▁during ▁her ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁singer . ▁ ▁L esch ▁wrote ▁music ▁for ▁children ' s ▁plays ▁and ▁worked ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁an ▁educ ator ▁in ▁T üb ingen ▁and ▁since ▁then , ▁she ▁has ▁mainly ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁music ian . ▁ ▁L |
esch ' s ▁debut ▁album ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁L ieder ▁aus ▁der ▁sch mut z igen ▁Kü che ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁under ▁the ▁alias ▁" Ch anson ed de ", ▁was ▁digit ally ▁distributed ▁by ▁Rum mel platz mus ik ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁label ▁K ick ▁The ▁Fl ame ▁on ▁CD . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁she ▁released ▁her ▁second ▁studio ▁album , ▁Von ▁Mus en ▁und ▁Mat ros en ▁under ▁her ▁real ▁name . ▁The ▁Leipzig ▁music ▁company ▁K ick ▁the ▁Fl ame ▁signed ▁her ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Her ▁third ▁studio ▁album ▁Da ▁Dra ussen ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ; ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁followed ▁an ▁EP ▁with ▁the ▁label ▁R ä uber le iter ▁G b R ▁with ▁Den ▁Eins amen ▁zum ▁Tro ste . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁six - min ute ▁song ▁Testament , ▁which ▁L esch ▁wrote ▁for ▁her ▁son , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Pro tests ong cont est ▁held ▁in ▁Vienna ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Hermann - H esse - F estival ▁in ▁Cal w ▁took ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Pan ik preis . ▁The ▁song , ▁which ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁prepare ▁the ▁child ▁for ▁an ▁uncertain ▁future , ▁was ▁then ▁widely ▁distributed ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁distributed ▁by ▁right - wing ▁popul ist ▁websites ▁and ▁right |
- wing ▁extrem ist ▁groups . ▁She ▁clearly ▁dist anced ▁herself ▁from ▁them . ▁In ▁her ▁song ▁Der ▁Kap it än ▁she ▁s ings ▁about ▁the ▁rescue ▁of ▁ 3 7 ▁people ▁from ▁dist ress ▁with ▁the ▁ship ▁Cap ▁An am ur ▁by ▁Stefan ▁Schmidt . ▁ ▁L esch ▁has ▁performed ▁regularly ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 / 2 0 1 4 , ▁mainly ▁on ▁smaller ▁stages . ▁Among ▁other ▁things , ▁she ▁was ▁seen ▁at ▁the ▁Hamb urger ▁Kü ch ens essions ▁or ▁In as ▁Nach t ▁and ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁music ▁festival ▁Songs ▁an ▁einem ▁Sommer ab end . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁L esch ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁a ▁son ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁Leipzig . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁L ieder ▁aus ▁der ▁sch mut z igen ▁Kü che ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Von ▁Mus en ▁und ▁Mat ros en ▁( R um mel platz mus ik ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁Da ▁Dra ussen ▁( K ick ▁The ▁Fl ame ) ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Der ▁Eins am keit ▁zum ▁T rot ze ▁( K ick ▁The ▁Fl ame ) ▁ ▁EP ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁Den ▁Eins amen ▁zum ▁Tro ste ▁( R ä uber le iter ▁G b R ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Al ten burg ▁Category : G erman ▁female ▁singer - song |
writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Patrick ▁O ny ango ▁Sum ba ▁( J uly ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁- ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Ken yan ▁triple ▁j um per ▁and ▁journalist ▁who ▁competed ▁for ▁Ken ya ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁in ▁the ▁triple ▁jump ▁event . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : K en yan ▁male ▁triple ▁jump ers ▁Category : K en yan ▁male ▁long ▁jump ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Ken ya ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁British ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Regin ald ▁II ▁of ▁Bar ▁( ▁or ▁) ▁( d ied ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 1 7 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Count ▁of ▁Bar ▁and ▁Lord ▁of ▁M ous son ▁from ▁ 1 1 4 9 ▁till ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Regin ald ▁I , ▁Count ▁of ▁Bar ▁and ▁lord ▁of ▁M ous son , ▁and ▁G is elle ▁of ▁Va ud ém ont . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 1 3 5 , ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Hugh ▁of ▁Met z ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁brother . ▁He ▁took |
▁part ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁cr us ade ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁brother ▁The odor ic ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 7 . ▁His ▁father ▁died ▁during ▁his ▁return . ▁He ▁re est ab lished ▁wars ▁against ▁his ▁traditional ▁enemies , ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Lor raine ▁and ▁the ▁bishop ▁of ▁Met z . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁attacked ▁in ▁ 1 1 5 2 , ▁escaped ▁to ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁Saint - M ih iel ▁and ▁was ▁ex communic ated . ▁After ▁that , ▁Regin ald ▁had ▁to ▁make ▁am ends ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁ex communic ation ▁lifted . ▁In ▁ 1 1 7 0 , ▁Regin ald ▁died , ▁to ▁be ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁el dest ▁son , ▁Henry , ▁as ▁Count ▁of ▁Bar ▁and ▁Lord ▁of ▁M ous son . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁children ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 1 5 5 ▁to ▁Ag nes ▁of ▁Champ agne ▁( d ied ▁ 1 2 0 7 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁The ob ald ▁II ▁( IV ), ▁Count ▁of ▁Blo is ▁and ▁Champ agne ▁and ▁Mat ilda ▁of ▁Car inth ia , ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁following ▁issue : ▁ ▁Henry ▁I ▁( 1 1 5 8 – 1 1 9 0 ), ▁Count ▁of ▁Bar ▁ ▁The ob ald ▁I ▁( 1 1 5 9 / 6 1 – 1 2 1 4 ), ▁Count ▁of ▁Bar ▁ ▁Regin ald ▁(† ▁ 1 2 1 7 ), ▁bishop ▁of ▁Chart res ▁( 1 1 8 2 – 1 2 1 |
7 ) ▁ ▁Hugh , ▁canon ▁in ▁Chart res ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Mont b elli ard ▁Ren aut ▁II ▁Category : L ords ▁of ▁M ous son ▁Category : Pe ople ▁tempor arily ▁ex communic ated ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁Ren aut ▁II ▁Category : 1 1 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Mc Ge och ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Alex ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 8 5 4 – 1 9 2 2 ), ▁Scottish ▁footballer ▁Catherine ▁Mc Ge och , ▁American ▁computer ▁scient ist ▁Charles ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 8 5 ), ▁American ▁football ▁coach ▁Ian ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 2 0 0 7 ), ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁officer ▁John ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 9 5 5 – 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Scottish ▁guitar ist ▁John ▁Alexander ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 8 9 7 – 1 9 4 2 ), ▁American ▁psych ologist ▁and ▁educ ator ▁L ill ian ▁Mc Ge och ▁( 1 9 0 3 – 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Canadian ▁painter ▁and ▁sculpt or <0x0A> </s> ▁P ét illon ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Br uss els ▁Metro ▁stations ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁branch ▁of ▁line ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁met ro ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Et ter be ek . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 |
▁and ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Major ▁P ét illon , ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁colonial ▁pione er ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁Et ter be ek ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁The ▁station ▁under w ent ▁an ▁ 1 8 - month , ▁ 6 . 3 ▁million ▁euro ▁renov ation ▁ending ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁also ▁visited ▁by ▁tram ▁lines ▁ 7 ▁and ▁ 2 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : E t ter be ek ▁Category : Br uss els ▁met ro ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁Valent ine ▁Scott ▁( 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁South ▁Australian ▁ro wer ▁and ▁an ▁A IF ▁art illery man ▁who ▁saw ▁active ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁in ▁W WI . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁four - time ▁national ▁champion ▁who ▁represented ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁row ing ▁crew . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁A IF ▁# 1 ▁eight ▁which ▁won ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Hen ley ▁Peace ▁Reg atta ▁and ▁brought ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Pre - war ▁row ing ▁Both ▁pre ▁and ▁post - war , ▁Scott ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁fire man ▁with ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Rail ways . ▁Scott ' |
s ▁senior ▁row ing ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁Murray ▁Bridge ▁Row ing ▁Club . ▁He , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁champion ▁Murray ▁Bridge ▁senior ▁men ' s ▁eight , ▁was ▁selected ▁in ▁South ▁Australian ▁state ▁e ights ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁Australian ▁men ' s ▁inter state ▁e ights ▁title ▁at ▁the ▁Inter state ▁Reg att as ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁They ▁won ▁the ▁national ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁and ▁placed ▁second ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁War ▁service ▁Scott ▁en list ed ▁in ▁the ▁A IF ▁aged ▁ 2 8 ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁ 2 7 th ▁B tt n . ▁in ▁their ▁ 8 th ▁rein for cement ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁from ▁Ad ela ide ▁on ▁H M AT ▁A 3 0 ▁B ord a ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁On ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁he ▁served ▁initially ▁as ▁a ▁Gun ner ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Field ▁Art illery . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁wounded ▁in ▁action ▁at ▁Poz ier es ▁during ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁fighting ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ev acu ated ▁to ▁hospital ▁at ▁Et ap les . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁promoted ▁to ▁L ance ▁Corpor al ▁and ▁then ▁acting ▁Serge ant ▁before ▁being ▁dem oted ▁to ▁Corpor al ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 7 |
▁he ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Field ▁Art illery . ▁ ▁At ▁Ag inc ourt ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁he ▁refused ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁go ▁up ▁the ▁line , ▁was ▁court - mart ial led , ▁dem oted ▁to ▁Gun ner ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁military ▁prison . ▁▁▁ ▁At ▁war ' s ▁end ▁Scott ▁row ed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Peace ▁Reg atta ▁at ▁Hen ley - on - Th ames ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁Imperial ▁Force ▁( A IF ) ▁crew ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁which ▁in ▁time , ▁became ▁the ▁tro phy ▁for ▁the ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁event ▁cont ested ▁ann ually ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁Inter state ▁Reg atta . ▁Scott ▁was ▁se ated ▁in ▁the ▁A IF # 2 ▁crew ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁training ▁period ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Peace ▁Reg atta . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Tom ▁McG ill ▁and ▁George ▁N ett am ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁three ▁crew ▁changes ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁A IF ▁# 1 ▁eight ▁just ▁ten ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁event . ▁Later ▁that ▁month ▁he ▁again ▁rac ed ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁A IF ▁eight ▁when ▁they ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Inter - Al lied ▁Reg atta ▁on ▁the ▁Seine ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Scott ▁returned ▁to ▁Australia ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁just ▁three ▁days ▁after ▁dis emb ark ation ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁he ▁rac ed ▁in ▁and ▁won |
▁a ▁Senior ▁F ours ▁event ▁( the ▁Ste ward ' s ▁Challenge ▁Cup ) ▁at ▁the ▁Hen ley ▁on ▁Y ar ra ▁reg atta ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁Post - war ▁row ing ▁Scott ▁returned ▁to ▁compet itive ▁row ing ▁at ▁Murray ▁Bridge . ▁The ▁Murray ▁Bridge ▁Row ing ▁Club ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁continued ▁as ▁the ▁dominant ▁Australian ▁club ▁eight ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁They ▁won ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁state ▁championship ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ten ▁lengths . ▁For ▁the ▁four ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁they ▁were ▁selected ▁in - t oto ▁as ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁ ▁Inter state ▁e ights ▁title ▁( by ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Cup ) ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁Inter state ▁Reg atta . ▁Scott ▁row ed ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁seat ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁those ▁cre ws ▁and ▁row ed ▁in ▁those ▁South ▁Australian ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁vict ories ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 3 ,. ▁ ▁The ▁South ▁Australian ▁media ▁pushed ▁for ▁Scott ' s ▁vict orious ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁eight ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Ant werp ▁Olympics ▁but |
▁with ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁and ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Row ing ▁Association ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁se lections ▁and ▁fund ing , ▁there ▁wasn ' t ▁sufficient ▁support ▁for ▁their ▁campaign . ▁By ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁with ▁South ▁Australia ▁continu ing ▁to ▁domin ate ▁Australian ▁e ights ▁row ing , ▁their ▁claim ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁denied ▁and ▁after ▁winning ▁a ▁test ▁event ▁rac ed ▁on ▁Port ▁Ad ela ide ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁Scott ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁crew ▁were ▁selected ▁in - t oto ▁to ▁represent ▁Australia ▁as ▁an ▁eight ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Fund ing ▁was ▁raised ▁from ▁the ▁Murray ▁Bridge ▁Row ing ▁Club , ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Row ing ▁Association ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁of ▁South ▁Australia . ▁The ▁crew ▁were ▁nick named ▁" the ▁Murray ▁C ods ". ▁ ▁Un like ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Olympic ▁eight , ▁the ▁Murray ▁C ods ▁were ▁not ▁invited ▁to ▁race ▁in ▁lead - up ▁at ▁the ▁Hen ley ▁Royal ▁Reg atta ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Ted ▁Thomas ▁j nr ▁a ▁crew ▁member ' s ▁son , ▁assert ed ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁because ▁the ▁eight ▁was ▁cre wed ▁by ▁working ▁class ▁men ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁stroke ▁Bill ▁S lad den ▁ ▁It ' s ▁und is put ed ▁that ▁tour ▁funds ▁were ▁scar ce ▁and ▁on ▁arrival ▁in ▁France , ▁the ▁crew ▁had ▁to ▁row ▁their ▁shell ▁ 6 0 km ▁to ▁their ▁training ▁base ; |
▁that ▁on ▁tour ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁crew ▁bus ked ▁as ▁mus icians ▁to ▁raise ▁pocket ▁money ; ▁and ▁that ▁on ▁race ▁day ▁they ▁first ▁row ed ▁their ▁shell ▁ 2 6 ▁miles ▁from ▁their ▁boat sh ed ▁to ▁the ▁Olympic ▁course . ▁Their ▁equipment ▁was ▁also ▁sub - par ▁as ▁they ▁row ed ▁with ▁their ▁o ars ▁turning ▁in ▁out - rig ged ▁po ppets ▁rather ▁than ▁in ▁sw iv elling ▁gates ▁as ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁norm ▁by ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁Olympic ▁reg atta , ▁with ▁Scott ▁solid ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁seat , ▁the ▁Australian ▁eight ▁finished ▁second ▁behind ▁Italy ▁in ▁their ▁heat , ▁then ▁finished ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁repe ch age ▁and ▁didn ' t ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Arthur ▁Scott ▁continued ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁first - class ▁o ars man ▁after ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁He ▁row ed ▁at ▁four ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁representative ▁e ights ▁in ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁campaign s ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁( four th ) ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁( second ). ▁All ▁told , ▁Scott ▁row ed ▁in ▁nine ▁South ▁Australian ▁King ' s ▁Cup ▁e ights ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁war ▁interrupt ing ▁racing ▁for ▁five ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁He ▁maintained ▁an ▁active ▁invol vement ▁in ▁row ing ▁right ▁through ▁to ▁his ▁f ift ies . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁death s ▁Category : |
Austral ian ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁Category : Austral ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ch adas i ▁or ▁Pan ch ad ashi ▁( ▁De van ag ari : ▁ प ं च द श ी ▁I AST ▁pa ṃ c ada ś ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁simple ▁yet ▁compreh ensive ▁manual ▁of ▁Adv ait a ▁V ed anta ▁( अ द ् व ै त ▁ व े द ा न ् त , ▁adv ait a ▁ved ā nt a ) ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁four teenth ▁century ▁A . D ▁( 1 3 8 6 - 1 3 9 1 ) ▁by ▁Vid yar anya ▁( व ि द ् य ा र ण ् य ), ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Mad hav ach ary a ▁( म ा ध व ा च ा र ् य ). ▁ ▁Pan cha ▁( प ं च ) ▁is ▁five ▁and ▁das i ▁( द श ी ) ▁is ▁ten , ▁are ▁the ▁total ▁fifteen ▁chap ters ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁qu int ets ▁the ▁three ▁aspects ▁of ▁Bra h man , ▁Sat ▁( स त , ▁Tr uth ), ▁Ch it ▁( च ि त , ▁Cons cious ness ) ▁and ▁An anda ▁( आ न ं द , ▁Bl iss ) ▁aspects ▁of ▁Re ality . ▁It ▁elabor ates ▁Adv ait a |
▁( अ द ् व ै त , non ▁dual ), ▁Cons cious ness , ▁J iva , ▁May a , ▁P rak rit i ▁( प ् र क <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> त ि , ▁p rak ṛ ti , ▁Nature ), ▁Mah at ▁( univers al ▁mind ), ▁Bud d hi ▁( Int el lect ), ▁A ham k ara ▁( E go ), ▁Av id ya ▁( Ign or ance ), ▁and ▁an anda ▁( Bl iss ). ▁ ▁D ating ▁ ▁Pan ch d asi ▁was ▁written ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁of ▁Vid yar anya ' s ▁life ▁around ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁AD . ▁ ▁About ▁Vid yar anya ▁▁ ▁Vid yar anya ▁was ▁born ▁around ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁A . D . ▁in ▁Sh al iv ah an ▁( श ा ल ि व ा ह न ) ▁South ▁India . ▁Mad h ava ▁Mad hav ach ary a , ▁Mad hav am ant ri , ▁Mad hav am at aya ▁were ▁the ▁names ▁which ▁Vid yar anya ▁was ▁known ▁before ▁his ▁turning ▁into ▁re cl use . ▁ ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁May ana ▁( म ा य ण ) ▁and ▁Mother ▁S rim ati ▁( श ् र ी म त ी ), ▁two ▁brothers ▁Say ana ▁( स ा य ण ), ▁and ▁Bh og anth a ▁( भ ो ग न ा थ ). ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁G urus ▁Sar v agy v ish nu ▁( स र ् व ज |
् <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x9E> व ि ष ् ण ु ) ▁and ▁Bh art ite er th ▁( भ ा र त ी त ी र ् थ ). ▁ ▁He ▁established ▁V ij ay an agar ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 5 ▁AD ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁H uk k ay ar ay ▁and ▁B uk kar ay . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁V ij ay an agar ▁emp ire . ▁Vid yar anya , ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁spiritual ▁head ▁of ▁S ring eri ▁Math ▁in ▁ 1 3 7 7 ▁A . D ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁A . D . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 9 1 ▁AD . ▁ ▁Vid yar anya , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁spiritual ▁head ▁of ▁S ring eri ▁Math ▁in ▁ 1 3 7 7 ▁A . D ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁A . D ., ▁and ▁also ▁wrote ▁Dr k - D rs ya - V ive ka , ▁Sar v ad ars ana ▁Sam gra ha , ▁Sri ▁Sank ara ▁Dig v ij aya , ▁J ivan mu kt i ▁V ive ka , ▁An ub h uti ▁P rak asa , ▁Viv aran ap rame y as am gra ha ▁and ▁Up an ish ad ▁D ip ika ▁has ▁been ▁identified ▁with ▁Say an ach ary a , ▁the ▁comment ator ▁on ▁the ▁V ed as , ▁whose ▁brother ▁he ▁most ▁likely ▁was . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁closely ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁foundation ▁of |
▁V ij ay n agar ▁kingdom . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁minister ▁of ▁B uk ka - de var aya ▁of ▁the ▁Y ad ava ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁K arn ata ka , ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁was ▁Say ana , ▁and ▁Bh og anth a , ▁father ▁was ▁May ana ▁and ▁Mother ▁S rim ati . ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁G urus ▁Sar v av ish nu ▁and ▁Bh art ite er th . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 9 1 ▁AD . ▁ ▁Th eme ▁ ▁The ▁Pan ch adas i ▁is ▁a ▁basic ▁text ▁which ▁introdu ces ▁into ▁central ▁doctrine ▁of ▁Adv ait a ▁V ed antic ▁philosophy . ▁De eper ▁concepts ▁are ▁de alt ▁in ▁more ▁advanced ▁treat ise ▁the ▁Up an ish ads , ▁the ▁Bra hm as ut ras ▁and ▁the ▁Bh ag av ad g ita . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁is ▁the ▁real ization ▁of ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁Ab solute ▁Ex istence , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁ful fill ment ▁all ▁the ▁asp ir ations ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁creation . ▁ ▁Pan ch d asi ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁suggest ▁this ▁text , ▁" cons isting ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁Chap ters ▁grouped ▁into ▁three ▁qu int ads . ▁This ▁is ▁very ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁three ▁aspects ▁of ▁Bra h man ▁– ▁sat ▁( ex istence ), ▁cit ▁( cons cious ness ) ▁and ▁an anda ▁( bl iss ), ▁respectively . ▁ ▁V ive ka - pan ch aka ▁ ▁( व ि |
व े क - प च ं क , ▁v ive ka - pa ṃ c aka ) ▁( de aling ▁with ▁the ▁disc rim ination ▁of ▁the ▁real ▁from ▁the ▁non - real ): ▁Under standing ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁reality ▁( V ive ka ) ▁which ▁distingu ishes ▁from ▁external ▁world ▁( ज ग त , ▁j ag ata ) ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁elements ▁- E ther , ▁Air , ▁Fire , ▁Water ▁and ▁Earth ▁and ▁individual ▁( J iva ) ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁she ath s ▁– ▁Ann am aya ▁( अ न ् न म य , ▁ann am aya , ▁Phys ical ), ▁P ran am aya ▁( प ् र ा ण म य ▁, ▁pr ā ṇ am aya , ▁V ital ), ▁Man om aya ▁( ▁ म न ो म य , ▁ ▁man om aya , ▁M ental ), ▁V ijn an am aya ▁( व ि ज ् <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x9E> ा न म य , ▁vij ñ ā nam aya , ▁Intel lect ual ) ▁and ▁An and am aya ▁( आ न न ् द म य , ▁ ā n and am aya , ▁bl iss ). ▁P ure ▁spirit ▁is ▁enc ased ▁with ▁five ▁she ath s ▁to ▁del ude ▁individual ▁soul ▁as ▁self . ▁Cos m ology ▁of ▁creation ▁is ▁described ▁similar ▁to ▁Sam kh ya ▁( स ा ं ख ् य , s ā ṃ kh ya ) ▁philosophy ▁stating ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁pure |
▁conscious ness ▁( B rah man ) ▁with ▁material ▁universe . ▁ ▁D ip a - pan ch aka ▁( द ी प - प च ं क , ▁d ī pa - pa ṃ c aka ) ▁( exp ounding ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Self ▁as ▁pure ▁conscious ness ) ▁: ▁The ▁second ▁set ▁of ▁five ▁chap ters ▁through ▁light ▁( D ip a ) ▁on ▁the ▁P ure ▁Cons cious ness ▁( B rah man ) ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁Re ality ▁with ▁Ex istence ▁( S at ). ▁God ▁( Is var a ), ▁World ▁( J ag at ) ▁and ▁Ind ividual ▁( J iva ) ▁are ▁described ▁in ▁detail ▁with ▁their ▁mut ual ▁relationship . ▁Theory ▁of ▁per ception ▁and ▁process ▁of ▁the ▁as cent ▁of ▁the ▁J iva ▁to ▁its ▁supre me ▁goal , ▁liber ation ▁from ▁May a ▁( ill usion ) ▁to ▁un ite ▁with ▁Bra h man ▁the ▁Ab solute . ▁Mean ing ▁and ▁method ▁of ▁med itation ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁contact ▁with ▁Re ality ▁is ▁also ▁described ▁in ▁very ▁luc id ▁and ▁candid ▁disc ourse . ▁ ▁An anda - pan ch aka ▁( आ न न ् द - प च ं क , ▁ ā n anda - pa ṃ c aka ) ▁( d well ing ▁on ▁the ▁bl iss - n ature ▁of ▁Bra h man ): ▁The ▁last ▁five ▁chap ters ▁go ▁into ▁details ▁of ▁Bra h man ▁as ▁pure ▁Bl iss ▁( An anda ). ▁This ▁is ▁not |
▁world ly ▁happiness ▁but ▁complex ▁dissol ution ▁into ▁et ernal ▁pleasure . ▁D ual ity ▁of ▁J iva ▁and ▁God ▁mer ging ▁into ▁one ▁Cons cious ness ▁and ▁Ex istence . ▁This ▁At man ▁( ▁Bra h man ) ▁is ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁ult imate ▁happiness ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁human ▁life . ▁Vid yar anya ▁has ▁succeeded ▁in ▁an ▁em inent ▁way ▁in ▁setting ▁forth ▁the ▁ess entials ▁of ▁Adv ait a ▁which ▁holds ▁that ▁the ▁direct ▁means ▁to ▁release ▁is ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁knowledge ▁( j n ana ), ▁and ▁as ▁m ok sa ▁is ▁the ▁very ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Self , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁experience ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁brought ▁about ▁through ▁works ▁( kar ma ) ▁". ▁ ▁Content ▁ ▁V ive ka - pan ch aka ▁( व ि व े क - प च ं क ) ▁▁▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 ▁Tat v av ive ka ▁( त त ् व व ि व े क प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁disc rimin ative ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁ult imate ▁Re ality ▁( main ▁article ▁Tat v av ive ka ) ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 2 ▁Mah ab h ut av ive ka ▁( म ह ा भ ू त व ि व े क प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁disc rimin ative ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁elements ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 3 ▁Pan ch ak os av ive ka ▁( प न ् च क ो श |
व ि व े क प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁disc rim ination ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁she ath s ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 4 ▁D v ait av ive ka ▁( द ् व ै त व ि व े क प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁Disc rim ination ▁of ▁D ual ity ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 5 ▁Mah av ak y av ive k aya ▁( म ह ा व ा क ् य व ि व े ) क य प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁Under standing ▁the ▁import ▁of ▁the ▁Mah av ak y as ▁ ▁D ip a - pan ch aka ▁( द ी प - प च ं क ) ▁▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 6 ▁Ch it rade ep a ▁( च ि त ् र द ी प प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁Picture ▁on ▁P ure ▁Cons cious ness ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 7 ▁Tri pt id ip a ▁( त ि <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> प ् त ि द ी प प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁Ful fill ment ▁on ▁Real ization ▁of ▁P ure ▁Cons cious ness ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 8 ▁K ut as th ad ip a ▁( क ू ट स ् थ द ी प प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁Im mutable ▁Cons cious ness ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 9 ▁D hy |
ana deep a ▁( ध ् य ा न द ी प प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁Med itation ▁on ▁pure ▁Cons cious ness ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 0 ▁N ata k ad ip a ▁( न ा ट क द ी प प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁– ▁The ▁lamp ▁of ▁the ▁theatre ▁ ▁An anda - pan ch aka ▁( आ न न ् द - प च ं क ) ▁▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁Y og an anda ▁( य ो ग ा न न ् द प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bl iss ▁Of ▁Y oga ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 2 ▁At man anda ▁( आ त ् म ा न न ् द प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bl iss ▁of ▁the ▁Self ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 3 ▁Adv ait an anda ▁( अ द ् व ै त ा न न ् द प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bl iss ▁of ▁Non - D ual ity ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 4 ▁Vid yan anda ▁( व ि द ् य ा न न ् द प ् र क र ण म ् ) ▁- ▁The ▁Bl iss ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 5 ▁V ish ay an anda ▁( व ि ष य ा न न ् द प ् र क र ण म ् |
) ▁- ▁The ▁happiness ▁from ▁external ▁objects ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Adv ait a ▁V ed anta ▁ ▁Bh ag w at ▁G ita ▁ ▁Up an ish ad ▁ प ं च द श ी ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Text s ▁and ▁Comment aries ▁▁▁ ▁Pan ch ad ashi ▁S ansk rit ▁at ▁nic . in ▁ ▁Comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁Pan ch adas i ▁- ▁Sw ami ▁Kr ish nan anda ▁ ▁The ▁Philosoph y ▁of ▁Pan ch adas i ▁by ▁Sw ami ▁Kr ish nan anda ▁ ▁Comment ary ▁on ▁Pan ch adas i ▁by ▁Sw ami ▁Par amar than anda ▁ ▁Pan ch ad ashi ▁- ▁SN ▁S ast ri ▁ ▁Pan ch ad ashi ▁- ▁Ram ak r ish na ▁Mission ▁ ▁Pan ch adas i ▁by ▁Vid yar anya ▁Sw ami , ▁with ▁H indi ▁translation ▁▁ ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁texts ▁Category : V ed anta ▁Category : Ad v ait a ▁V ed anta <0x0A> </s> ▁S oma ▁De y ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁actress ▁who ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁in ▁Beng ali ▁cinema . ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Ch int am ani ▁in ▁G ov inda ▁Ray ' s ▁Bil w am ang al ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁ ▁S oma ▁De y ▁made ▁her ▁big ▁screen ▁debut ▁with ▁Har aye ▁Kh un ji ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁and ▁subsequently ▁appeared ▁in ▁films ▁such |
▁as ▁Jan m ab h umi ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Bil w am ang al ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Bond i ▁B id h ata ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Sh ank hab ish ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Sud ur ▁N ih ar ika ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁and ▁Bar bad hu ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁ ▁Career ▁S oma ▁De y ▁made ▁her ▁big ▁screen ▁debut ▁with ▁Sw adesh ▁S ark ar ' s ▁Har aye ▁Kh un ji ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁she ▁star red ▁in ▁Pi y ush ▁K anti ▁Gang uly ' s ▁Jan m ab h umi ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁She ▁was ▁ ▁Bil w am ang al ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁and ▁By ap ika ▁B iday ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁gave ▁her ▁prom in ence . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁S oma ▁De y ▁on ▁IM DB ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Blue ▁H our ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁West ▁German ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Ve it ▁Har lan ▁and ▁st arring ▁Krist ina ▁S öder baum , ▁Hans ▁N iel sen ▁and ▁Kurt ▁Kre ug er . ▁ ▁Production ▁began ▁on ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 . |
▁It ▁was ▁shot ▁at ▁stud ios ▁in ▁Gött ingen ▁and ▁on ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Cap ri . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁sets ▁were ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁art ▁director ▁Walter ▁Ha ag . ▁Because ▁of ▁public ▁protest s ▁against ▁his ▁w art ime ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁Naz i ▁film maker , ▁Har lan ▁considered ▁turning ▁over ▁the ▁project ▁to ▁his ▁colle ague ▁Ge za ▁von ▁Bol v ary ▁but ▁eventually ▁decided ▁to ▁direct ▁it ▁himself . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁film ▁of ▁a ▁post - war ▁com eb ack ▁for ▁the ▁husband ▁and ▁wife ▁team ▁Har lan ▁and ▁S öder baum , ▁but ▁was ▁much ▁less ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁than ▁the ▁two ▁previous ▁films ▁the ▁mel od ram as ▁Im mort al ▁Bel oved ▁and ▁H anna ▁Am on . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Krist ina ▁S öder baum ▁as ▁Angel ika ▁ ▁Hans ▁N iel sen ▁as ▁Paul ▁ ▁Kurt ▁Kre ug er ▁as ▁D ul ong ▁ ▁P au lette ▁And rie ux ▁as ▁Lou ▁ ▁Har ald ▁Ju hn ke ▁as ▁Fred ▁ ▁Ren ate ▁Fe u ere isen ▁as ▁Marie chen ▁ ▁Jakob ▁T ied t ke ▁as ▁Port ier ▁ ▁Otto ▁Geb ühr ▁as ▁Ge heim rat ▁Jordan ▁ ▁Charlotte ▁Sche ier - Her old ▁ ▁Est her ▁Gram sch ▁ ▁Hans ▁Hermann ▁Sch auf uß ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁No ack , ▁Frank . ▁Ve it ▁Har lan : ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Work ▁of ▁a ▁Naz i ▁Fil mm aker . ▁University ▁Press ▁of |
▁Kentucky , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁films ▁Category : West ▁German ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : G erman - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Ve it ▁Har lan <0x0A> </s> ▁W C BC ▁is ▁an ▁AM ▁radio ▁station ▁that ▁serves ▁the ▁greater ▁area ▁of ▁C umber land , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁F ounded ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁W C BC ▁provides ▁news ▁coverage : ▁locally , ▁region ally , ▁and ▁nation ally ; ▁weather ▁forec asts ; ▁participation ▁in ▁major ▁community ▁events ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁its ▁organizations ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁remote ▁broadcast s ▁and ▁community ▁service ▁announ c ements . ▁ ▁W C BC ’ s ▁programming ▁includes ▁the ▁long ▁running ▁Dave ▁Norman ▁Mor ning ▁Program , ▁and ▁network ▁affili ations ▁with ▁ABC ▁Radio ▁Network ▁( Network ▁news ▁and ▁Se an ▁Hann ity ), ▁the ▁West wood ▁One ▁Radio ▁Network ▁( J im ▁Boh annon ), ▁Dave ▁Ram sey , ▁Mark ▁Le vin , ▁Prem iere ▁Radio ▁Network ▁( Co ast ▁to ▁Coast ▁with ▁George ▁No ory ▁and ▁Art ▁Bell ), ▁T alk ▁Radio ▁Network ▁( La ura ▁In gra ham ▁and ▁Michael ▁Sav age ), ▁Y ahoo ▁Sports ▁Network , ▁and ▁the ▁F ocus ▁on ▁the ▁Family ▁Radio ▁Network . ▁ ▁The ▁station ’ s ▁sports ▁programming ▁includes ▁coverage ▁of ▁local ▁high ▁school ▁football ▁and ▁basketball , ▁Al leg |
any ▁College ▁of ▁Maryland ▁basketball , ▁and ▁West ▁Virginia ▁University ▁football ▁and ▁basketball , ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins ▁football , ▁and ▁area ▁little ▁league ▁baseball . ▁ ▁W C BC ▁also ▁has ▁an ▁FM ▁sister ▁station , ▁W C BC - FM ▁at ▁ 1 0 7 . 1 ▁in ▁Key ser , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁playing ▁an ▁old ies ▁format . ▁ ▁Law suit ▁against ▁Al leg any ▁County ▁schools ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁C umber land ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation , ▁the ▁own ers ▁and ▁operators ▁of ▁W C BC - AM - FM , ▁and ▁" the ▁Maryland ▁Del aware ▁DC ▁Broad c aster s ▁Association ▁file d ▁a ▁law ▁suit ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁against ▁each ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Al leg any ▁County ▁Board ▁of ▁Education , ▁and ▁the ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁Al leg any ▁County ▁School s , ▁Bill ▁Au M iller ", ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁W C BC ▁( AM ) ▁website . ▁ ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁law suit ▁is ▁" that ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Education ▁has ▁acted ▁to ▁den y ▁W C BC ▁its ▁First ▁Am end ment ▁rights ", ▁again ▁qu oting ▁the ▁W C BC ▁website . ▁ ▁" F ollow ing ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁Board ’ s ▁actions , ▁W C BC ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁information ▁provided ▁to ▁other ▁media , ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁press ▁boxes ▁at ▁county ▁schools , ▁and ▁denied ▁information ▁that ▁would ▁enable ▁it ▁to ▁particip |
ate ▁in ▁a ▁Board - end ors ed ▁scholar ship ▁program ." ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Al leg any ▁County ▁Board ▁of ▁Education ▁offered ▁an ▁o live ▁branch ▁to ▁W C BC ▁and ▁would ▁again ▁allow ▁W C BC ▁access ▁to ▁information , ▁press ▁boxes , ▁etc . ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁prior ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁letter ▁from ▁the ▁BO E ▁which ▁took ▁those ▁services ▁away . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁AP / W J Z - TV ▁report : ▁ ▁So , ▁despite ▁the ▁previous ▁" W C BC / BO E ▁Ag re ement " ▁signed ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁W C BC ' s ▁law suit ▁against ▁the ▁Al leg any ▁County ▁( of ▁Maryland ) ▁Board ▁of ▁Education ▁remains ▁in ▁the ▁courts . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁W C BC - AM ▁Online ▁ ▁C BC ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ig on opter us ▁vid u us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flight less ▁we ev il ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Tr ig on opter us ▁from ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Sul aw esi ▁in ▁Indones ia . ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁May ▁ |
2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁vid u us ▁Category : Be et les ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : In sect s ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Indones ia <0x0A> </s> ▁St illing ia ▁spin ul osa ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁eu ph orb ▁family ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁common ▁name ▁annual ▁to oth leaf . ▁It ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁South western ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁it ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁cre os ote ▁scr ub ▁of ▁the ▁desert s . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁or ▁per enn ial ▁her b ▁producing ▁a ▁cl ump ▁of ▁thick , ▁leaf y ▁st ems ▁approaching ▁a ▁meter ▁in ▁maximum ▁height . ▁The ▁altern ately ▁arranged ▁leaves ▁have ▁sh iny ▁pointed ▁o val ▁bl ades ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 4 ▁cent im eters ▁long ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 . 2 ▁cent im eters ▁wide ▁which ▁are ▁l ined ▁with ▁sharp ▁teeth . ▁The ▁infl ores c ence ▁is ▁a ▁st out ▁sp ike ▁of ▁flowers ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁cent im eters ▁long . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁mon oe cious , ▁and ▁each ▁sp ike ▁has ▁several ▁male ▁flowers ▁at ▁the ▁tip ▁and ▁ 1 ▁or ▁ 2 ▁fruit - b ear ing ▁female ▁flowers ▁below ▁these . ▁Ne ither ▁type ▁of ▁flower ▁has ▁pet als . ▁The ▁ov ary ▁of ▁the ▁female ▁flower ▁develop s ▁into ▁a ▁three - lob ed ▁green ish ▁caps ule ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁cent imeter ▁wide . ▁There |
▁is ▁a ▁tiny ▁rough - sur fac ed ▁seed ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁ch amb ers ▁of ▁the ▁fruit . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Je pson ▁Man ual ▁Tre at ment ▁Ph oto ▁gallery ▁ ▁spin ul osa ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁John ▁Tor rey <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 3 8 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁unit . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 5 th ▁Wing ▁at ▁Off utt ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Neb r aska . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁the ▁Bo eing ▁RC - 1 3 5 ▁aircraft ▁conduct ing ▁reconna issance ▁miss ions . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 8 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron ▁is ▁to ▁provide ▁RC - 1 3 5 ▁aircraft ▁and ▁personnel ▁to ▁conduct ▁global ▁reconna issance ▁for ▁national ▁intelligence ▁ag encies , ▁key ▁decision ▁mak ers ▁and ▁war fig h ters . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁as ▁a ▁Lock he ed ▁P - 3 8 ▁Light ning ▁f ighter ▁squad ron , ▁trained ▁under ▁Second ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁north west . ▁Dep loy ed ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Theater ▁of ▁Oper ations , ▁assigned ▁to ▁VIII ▁F ighter ▁Command ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁Squadron ' s ▁mission ▁was ▁to ▁provide ▁long ▁range ▁f ighter ▁esc ort ▁for ▁Bo eing ▁B |
- 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁and ▁Cons olid ated ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁heavy ▁bom bers ▁on ▁strateg ic ▁bomb ing ▁miss ions ▁over ▁Occ up ied ▁Europe ▁and ▁Naz i ▁Germany . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁received ▁P - 5 1 D ▁Must ang ▁f ighter ▁aircraft ▁and ▁continu ing ▁its ▁primary ▁task ▁of ▁esc ort ing ▁B - 1 7 ▁and ▁B - 2 4 ▁bom bers ▁that ▁attacked ▁such ▁targets ▁as ▁indust ries ▁and ▁mar sh alling ▁yards ▁in ▁Germany , ▁and ▁air fields ▁and ▁V - we ap on ▁sites ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁The ▁squad ron ▁fle w ▁air ▁pat rol s ▁over ▁the ▁English ▁Channel ▁and ▁bom bed ▁brid ges ▁in ▁the ▁T ours ▁area ▁during ▁the ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁In ▁July ▁the ▁squad ron ▁attacked ▁gun ▁emp lac ements ▁during ▁the ▁Saint - L ô ▁break through . ▁The ▁unit ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁Arn hem ▁sector ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Air bor ne ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁December , ▁transport ation ▁facilities ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ge . ▁During ▁the ▁Western ▁Al lied ▁invasion ▁of ▁Germany , ▁the ▁squad ron ▁fle w ▁ground ▁support ▁miss ions ▁by ▁st raf ing ▁tr uck s , ▁locomot ives , ▁and ▁oil ▁dep ots ▁near ▁Wes el ▁when ▁the ▁Al lies ▁crossed ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 |
4 5 ▁and ▁continued ▁off ensive ▁operations ▁until ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁German ▁Capit ulation , ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe ▁Army ▁of ▁Occ up ation , ▁at ▁A AF ▁Station ▁Kauf be uren , ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁A AF ▁Station ▁G ie bel stadt ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁where ▁it ▁received ▁its ▁first ▁jet ▁aircraft , ▁the ▁Lock he ed ▁P - 8 0 A ▁Sho oting ▁Star . ▁In activ ated ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁when ▁personnel ▁were ▁dem obil ized ▁and ▁aircraft ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 1 st ▁F ighter ▁Group . ▁ ▁Cold ▁War ▁reconna issance ▁React iv ated ▁by ▁Str ateg ic ▁Air ▁Command ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁as ▁a ▁reconna issance ▁squad ron , ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁aircraft . ▁Fle w ▁aer ial ▁phot ography , ▁mapping , ▁chart ing , ▁and ▁photo ▁reconna issance ▁miss ions , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁fle w ▁around ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Occ up ation ▁Zone ▁of ▁Germany . ▁Little ▁was ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁air ▁defense ▁cap ability ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁way ▁of ▁determ ining ▁their ▁cap ability ▁was ▁to ▁pro be ▁the ▁borders ▁and ▁see ▁whether ▁they ▁would ▁respond . ▁Grad ually ▁the ▁R B - 1 7 s ▁and ▁other ▁aircraft |
▁mapped ▁the ▁per imeter ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Air ▁Def enses ▁from ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁to ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Ok hot sk , ▁north ▁of ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Up grad ed ▁to ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 2 9 ▁Super fort ress ▁aircraft ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁continued ▁its ▁reconna issance ▁mission , ▁however ▁in activ ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁due ▁to ▁budget ▁redu ctions . ▁ ▁React iv ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁at ▁R ame y ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁again ▁flying ▁R B - 2 9 s ▁performing ▁strateg ic ▁reconna issance , ▁chart ing ▁phot ography , ▁precise ▁electronic ▁ge od etic ▁mapping , ▁and ▁electronic ▁reconna issance ▁miss ions , ▁upgrad ing ▁to ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 5 0 ▁Super fort ress es ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁E qui pped ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁with ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 4 7 E ▁Str ato jets ▁and ▁conducted ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁class ified ▁over fl ights ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁fl ights ▁were ▁mounted ▁from ▁Th ule ▁in ▁Green land ▁and ▁prob ed ▁deep ▁into ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁taking ▁a ▁phot ographic ▁and ▁rad ar ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁route ▁attack ing ▁S AC ▁bom bers ▁would ▁follow ▁to ▁reach ▁their ▁targets . ▁Fl ights ▁which ▁involved ▁pen etr ating ▁main land ▁Russia ▁were ▁term |
ed ▁S EN S INT ▁( S ens itive ▁Int elligence ) ▁miss ions . ▁One ▁R B - 4 7 ▁even ▁managed ▁to ▁fly ▁ 4 5 0 ▁miles ▁in land ▁and ▁photograph ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ig ark a ▁in ▁Si ber ia . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁used ▁ 3 ▁spe cially ▁modified ▁Str ato jets , ▁known ▁as ▁E B - 4 7 Es ▁( T ell ▁Two ), ▁in ▁Operation ▁Iron ▁Work ▁to ▁monitor ▁Soviet ▁miss ile ▁tests ▁from ▁Ba ikon ur , ▁Ty ur at am ▁and ▁Kap ust in ▁Y ar . ▁The ▁early ▁E B - 4 7 E ▁' T ell ▁Two ' ▁was ▁easily ▁recogn izable ▁as ▁the ▁aircraft ▁were ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁ 2 ▁large ▁te lem etry ▁pod s ▁attached ▁to ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁fus el age , ▁just ▁a ft ▁of ▁the ▁nose , ▁which ▁intercept ed ▁data ▁from ▁Soviet ▁data ▁from ▁miss ile ▁tests . ▁A ▁later ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁' T ell ▁Two ' ▁hous ed ▁the ▁te lem etry ▁pod s ▁internally ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁stream lined ▁nose . ▁The ▁US AF ▁long ▁range ▁rad ar ▁site ▁at ▁Sam sum ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁also ▁assist ed ▁in ▁this ▁activity . ▁ ▁Miss ions ▁flow n ▁on ▁a ▁reduced ▁scale ▁after ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁when ▁events ▁showed ▁the ▁vulner ability ▁of ▁the ▁R B - 4 7 ▁to ▁Soviet ▁air ▁def |
enses ▁and ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁U - 2 ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing ▁re located ▁to ▁Off utt ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁ 3 8 th ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁Operation ▁Looking ▁G lass ▁mission ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 4 th ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Squadron ▁and ▁operated ▁Bo eing ▁EC - 1 3 5 C ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁operating ▁ 3 ▁K C - 1 3 5 R ▁Riv et ▁Stand ▁reconna issance ▁aircraft . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁S AC ▁re organ ized ▁the ▁Post ▁Att ack ▁Command ▁and ▁Control ▁mission ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 8 th ▁in activ ated ▁and ▁turned ▁the ▁mission ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁ 2 d ▁Air bor ne ▁Command ▁and ▁Control ▁Squadron . ▁ ▁The ▁squad ron ▁fle w ▁world wide ▁strateg ic ▁reconna issance ▁including ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Miss ile ▁Cris is ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Operation ▁Ur gent ▁F ury ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Operation ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁C any on ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Operation ▁Just ▁C ause ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁Oper ations ▁Des ert ▁Sh ield ▁and ▁Des ert ▁Storm ▁from ▁January – F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Line age ▁ ▁Const it uted ▁as ▁the ▁ |
3 8 th ▁P urs uit ▁Squadron ▁( Interceptor ) ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁P urs uit ▁Squadron ▁( Interceptor ) ▁( T win ▁Engine ) ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁F ighter ▁Squadron ▁( T win ▁Engine ) ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁T win ▁Engine ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁F ighter ▁Squadron , ▁Single ▁Engine ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron , ▁Very ▁Long ▁Range , ▁M apping ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron , ▁Ph oto - Mapping ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Str |
ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron , ▁Med ium , ▁Ph oto ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron , ▁Med ium ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 8 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron ''' ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁ ▁Ass ign ments ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁P urs uit ▁Group ▁( l ater ▁ 5 5 th ▁F ighter ▁Group ), ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁▁ 5 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Group , ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁▁ 3 1 1 th ▁Air ▁Division , ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁( att ached ▁to ▁ 9 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing ) ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Group , ▁ 1 ▁June – 1 4 |
▁October ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Group , ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁( att ached ▁to ▁ 9 1 st ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing ▁until ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁then ▁to ▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing ) ▁ ▁Further ▁attached ▁to ▁ 3 d ▁Air ▁Division , ▁ 1 5 ▁January – 2 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 7 th ▁Air ▁Division ▁after ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing , ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁( rem ained ▁attached ▁to ▁ 7 th ▁Air ▁Division ▁to ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁Str ateg ic ▁Re con na issance ▁Wing , ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁▁ 5 5 th ▁Oper ations ▁Group , ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁present ▁ ▁St ations ▁▁ ▁Hamilton ▁Field , ▁California , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ ▁Columbia ▁Airport , ▁Oregon , ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ ▁Mc Ch ord ▁Field , ▁Washington , ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ ▁Pa ine ▁Field , ▁Washington |
, ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁R AF ▁N uth amp st ead ▁( Station ▁ 1 3 1 ), ▁England , ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁R AF ▁W orm ing ford ▁( Station ▁ 1 5 9 ), ▁England , ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁Kauf be uren ▁Air field ▁( R - 7 0 ), ▁Germany , ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁A AF ▁Station ▁G ie bel stadt ▁( Y - 9 0 ), ▁Germany , ▁ 4 ▁April – 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁ ▁Clark ▁Field ▁( l ater ▁Clark ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ), ▁Lu zon , ▁Philippines , ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁– ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁▁ ▁Fair field - S uis un ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁California , ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁▁ ▁To pe ka ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁( l ater ▁For bes ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ), ▁Kansas , ▁ 1 ▁June – 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁B ark sd ale ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Louisiana , ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ ▁R ame y ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁ ▁Dep loy ed ▁to ▁R AF ▁Bass |
ing b ourn , ▁England , ▁ 1 5 ▁January – 2 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁R AF ▁S cul th or pe , ▁England ▁( 5 ▁April – 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁R AF ▁Upper ▁Hey ford , ▁England , ▁ 1 5 ▁May – 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁For bes ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Kansas , ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Dep loy ed ▁to ▁Ben ▁Guer ir ▁Air ▁Base , ▁French ▁Mor oc co , ▁ 3 0 ▁May – 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁ ▁Off utt ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Neb r aska , ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁ ▁Off utt ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Neb r aska , ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁– ▁present ▁ ▁A ircraft ▁▁ ▁Republic ▁P - 4 3 ▁Lan cer ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁Lock he ed ▁P - 3 8 ▁Light ning ▁( 1 9 4 1 – 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁Republic ▁P - 4 7 ▁Th under bol t ▁( 1 9 4 3 ) ▁ ▁North ▁American ▁P - 5 1 ▁Must ang ▁( 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁Lock he ed ▁P - 8 0 ▁Sho oting ▁Star ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁Douglas ▁A - |
2 6 ▁Inv ader ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁FB - 1 7 ▁( l ater ▁R B - 1 7 ) ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁( 1 9 4 7 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Be ech craft ▁RC - 4 5 ▁Ex ped itor ▁( 1 9 4 8 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Curt iss ▁C - 4 6 ▁Comm ando ▁( 1 9 4 8 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Douglas ▁C - 4 7 ▁Sky train ▁( 1 9 4 8 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 2 9 ▁Super fort ress ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 5 0 ▁Super fort ress ▁( 1 9 5 0 – 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁R B - 4 7 ▁Str ato jet ▁( 1 9 5 4 – 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁E B - 4 7 ▁Str ato jet ▁( 1 9 5 7 – 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁EC - 1 3 5 ▁( 1 9 6 6 – 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁K C - 1 3 5 ▁Str at ot ank er ▁( 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁c . ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Bo eing ▁RC |
- 1 3 5 ▁( 1 9 7 9 – present ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁AF H RA ▁ 3 8 th ▁Re con na issance ▁Squadron ▁History ▁▁ 0 3 8 ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁Neb r aska <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Feld berg ▁Foundation ▁prom otes ▁scientific ▁exchange ▁between ▁German ▁and ▁British ▁scient ists ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁experimental ▁medical ▁research . ▁The ▁foundation ▁is ▁registered ▁in ▁Hamburg , ▁Germany ▁with ▁the ▁secret ariat ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁The ▁ph arm ac ologist ▁Wilhelm ▁Feld berg , ▁who ▁as ▁a ▁Jew ▁had ▁been ▁forced ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁from ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁used ▁the ▁p ension ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁as ▁Emer it us ▁Professor ▁in ▁Germany ▁and ▁the ▁rest itution ▁money ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁Government ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁Feld berg ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁Each ▁year ▁a ▁German ▁and ▁a ▁British ▁scient ist ▁are ▁chosen , ▁and ▁each ▁recip ient ▁gives ▁a ▁prize ▁lecture ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁one ' s ▁country . ▁ ▁Re cip ients ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 – ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 – 2 0 0 0 ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 8 0 ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 – 1 9 7 |
0 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Web ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : A cadem ic ▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁Infantry ▁volunte ered ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁served ▁a ▁ 9 - month ▁term ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁It ▁selected ▁the ▁mot to ▁In ▁God ▁We ▁Trust . ▁The ▁Regiment ▁fought ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Jacob ▁C . ▁H igg ins ▁less ▁than ▁six ▁weeks ▁after ▁being ▁rec ru ited ▁in ▁Bla ir , ▁Camb ria ▁and ▁Hun ting don ▁Count ies . ▁The ▁Regiment ▁was ▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁charge ▁through ▁the ▁East ▁Wood s , ▁along ▁the ▁Great ▁Corn field , ▁down ▁Sm ok et own ▁Road , ▁past ▁the ▁D unker ▁Church , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁West ▁Wood s . ▁While ▁in ▁formation ▁beyond ▁the ▁D unker ▁Church ▁in ▁an ▁' over ext ended ' ▁position , ▁the ▁Regiment ▁rep uls ed ▁four ▁counter att acks ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁ 2 2 9 ▁cas ual ties ▁( 3 3 % ▁of ▁engaged ) ▁within ▁ 2 0 ▁minutes . ▁A ▁fifth , ▁heavily ▁rein for ced ▁Confeder ate ▁counter att ack ▁forced ▁a ▁retre at ▁with ▁a ▁des perate ▁struggle ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁Regiment al ▁colors . ▁ ▁Two ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁their ▁en list ment , ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁also ▁occupied ▁the ▁per imeter ▁of ▁Chan cell ors |
ville , ▁Virginia , ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville . ▁ ▁Com position ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁extended ▁into ▁its ▁second ▁year , ▁President ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁appe aled ▁nation ally ▁for ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁additional ▁men ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁In ▁response ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁Governor ▁A . ▁G . ▁Curt in ▁called ▁for ▁ 2 1 ▁new ▁reg iments ▁from ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁with ▁nine - month ▁en list ments . ▁Four ▁reg iments ▁were ▁expected ▁from ▁Bla ir ▁and ▁Hun ting don ▁Count ies , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁Vol unte ers ▁was ▁rec ru ited ▁as ▁ten ▁companies ▁from ▁late ▁July ▁through ▁early ▁August . ▁ ▁The ▁great ▁majority ▁had ▁no ▁previous ▁military ▁experience ▁and ▁came ▁from ▁all ▁wal ks ▁of ▁life . ▁Although ▁the ▁draft ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁Pennsylvania ▁in ▁September , ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁en list ed ▁earlier ▁and ▁primarily ▁for ▁" pat ri otic ▁mot ives ". ▁ ▁Camp aign s ▁▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am ▁( 1 st ▁Div , ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade ) ▁M ud ▁March ▁( 1 st ▁Div , ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade ) ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁( 2 nd ▁Div , ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am ▁▁ ▁After ▁must ering ▁at ▁Harris burg , ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁assigned ▁to |
▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁Division , ▁XII ▁Corps ▁in ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁while ▁they ▁trained ▁at ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁They ▁march ed ▁from ▁Washington ▁to ▁Frederick ▁to ▁Sh ar ps burg ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Army ' s ▁crossing ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁River ▁into ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Less ▁than ▁six ▁weeks ▁after ▁must ering , ▁with ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁training , ▁and ▁without ▁combat ▁experience ▁they ▁entered ▁the ▁battle ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁fighting ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁General ▁Hook er ' s ▁First ▁Corps ▁w an ed , ▁the ▁Tw elf th ▁Corps ▁march ed ▁into ▁battle ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁General ▁Joseph ▁K . ▁F . ▁Mans field . ▁C ertain ▁that ▁the ▁five ▁new ▁reg iments ▁of ▁Williams ' ▁First ▁Division ▁would ▁run ▁away ▁if ▁deployed ▁in ▁line ▁of ▁battle , ▁Mans field ▁ordered ▁the ▁First ▁Brigade ▁to ▁lead ▁in ▁a ▁tight ▁formation ▁known ▁as ▁close ▁column ▁of ▁companies . ▁This ▁d eter rent ▁to ▁flight ▁transformed ▁the ▁mass ed ▁troops ▁into ▁an ▁ideal ▁art illery ▁target . ▁As ▁shot ▁and ▁shell ▁began ▁to ▁fly ▁over ▁and ▁drop ▁nearby , ▁a ▁single ▁strike ▁could ▁have ▁killed ▁do z ens ▁of ▁men . ▁ ▁While ▁forming ▁line ▁of ▁battle ▁east ▁of ▁Sm ok et own ▁road ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 ▁yards ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Wood s , ▁they ▁observed |
▁a ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁General ▁Mans field ▁as ▁he ▁returned ▁on ▁his ▁horse ▁from ▁a ▁forward ▁reconna issance ▁position . ▁Three ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁( C oh o , ▁Edmund son , ▁& ▁Rud y , ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁others ) ▁helped ▁him ▁from ▁his ▁horse , ▁carried ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁on ▁a ▁chair ▁formed ▁from ▁mus k ets , ▁and ▁turned ▁him ▁over ▁to ▁a ▁sur geon . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁delay ▁for ▁re - organ ization , ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁moved ▁forward ▁to ▁support ▁Mon roe ' s ▁First ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁B atter y ▁( I ▁Corps , ▁ 1 ▁Div ) ▁diag on ally ▁across ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Sm ok et own ▁Road ▁and ▁H ager st own ▁Pi ke ▁at ▁about ▁ 8 : 4 5 . ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁det ached ▁from ▁the ▁XII ▁Corps , ▁ 1 st ▁Division , ▁and ▁making ▁a ▁stand ▁with ▁Ty nd ale ' s ▁and ▁St ain bro ok ' s ▁Brig ades ▁of ▁Gre ene ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁( X II ), ▁and ▁Confeder ates ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁tempor arily ▁withdraw ▁from ▁the ▁West ▁Wood s . ▁ ▁By ▁ 9 : 0 0 ▁they ▁moved ▁ 1 0 0 ▁yards ▁farther ▁ahead ▁but ▁remained ▁the ▁l one ▁Union ▁element ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Wood s . ▁By ▁about ▁ 9 : 1 5 ▁as ▁the ▁Confeder ates ▁counter - att ack ed , ▁the ▁ |
3 4 th ▁NY ▁( II , 2 ) ▁arrived ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁rear , ▁while ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁M I ▁( II , 2 ) ▁arrived ▁rem ot ely ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁right , ▁and ▁Sum ner ' s ▁( II ▁Corps ) ▁" Dis aster ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Wood s " ▁began . ▁ ▁Rece iving ▁heavy ▁fire ▁from ▁K ers h aw ' s ▁Brigade ▁of ▁Mc L aw ' s ▁Division ▁under ▁Long street ▁and ▁Early ' s ▁brig ade ▁of ▁E well ' s ▁Division ▁under ▁Stone wall ▁Jackson , ▁the ▁out number ed ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁ 3 4 th ▁NY ▁resist ed ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁more ▁minutes , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁they ▁sust ained ▁a ▁very ▁high ▁rate ▁of ▁cas ual ties , ▁and ▁were ▁finally ▁forced ▁to ▁retre at . ▁S ens ing ▁a ▁rout , ▁the ▁Confeder ates ▁followed ▁the ▁retre ating ▁reg iments ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁admin ister ▁fire ▁until ▁Union ▁art illery ▁elements ▁st alled ▁their ▁purs uit . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁remained ▁with ▁Mon roe ' s ▁B atter y ▁( now ▁re - position ed ▁near ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Sm ok et own ▁Road ▁and ▁M um ma ▁Farm ▁Lane ) ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Battle . ▁ ▁The ▁commander ▁of ▁II ▁Corps , ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade , ▁Brig |
ad ier ▁General ▁Will is ▁A . ▁G orm an , ▁observed ▁the ▁performance ▁and ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁commented , ▁" On ▁our ▁left , ▁in ▁the ▁woods , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁force ▁that ▁told ▁me ▁they ▁belonged ▁to ▁General ▁C raw ford ' s ▁brig ade , ▁that ▁were ▁posted ▁there ▁when ▁we ▁first ▁entered ▁it . ▁They ▁fought ▁hands om ely ▁until ▁the ▁heavy ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁turned ▁their ▁left , ▁when ▁they ▁retired ▁rapidly , ▁and ▁by ▁this ▁movement ▁in ▁five ▁minutes ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁fire ▁came ▁pour ing ▁hot ly ▁on ▁our ▁left ▁fl ank ▁and ▁rear ." ▁ ▁Battle ▁analysis ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁mem oir s ▁General ▁William ▁T . ▁Sh erman ▁de cri ed ▁a ▁system atic ▁problem ▁which ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁fell ▁pre y ▁to ▁at ▁Anti et am , ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁Reg iments ▁in ▁their ▁initial ▁batt les : ▁The ▁greatest ▁mistake ▁in ▁our ▁civil ▁war ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁mode ▁of ▁rec ruit ment ▁and ▁promotion . ▁When ▁a ▁regiment ▁became ▁reduced ▁by ▁the ▁necessary ▁wear ▁and ▁te ar ▁of ▁service , ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁filled ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁bottom , ▁and ▁the ▁vac an cies ▁among ▁the ▁officers ▁filled ▁from ▁the ▁best ▁non - comm ission ed ▁officers ▁and ▁men , ▁the ▁habit ▁was ▁to ▁raise ▁new ▁reg iments , ▁with ▁new ▁colon els , ▁capt ains , ▁and ▁men , ▁leaving ▁the ▁old ▁and ▁experienced ▁batt al ions |
▁to ▁dw ind le ▁away ▁into ▁mere ▁ske leton ▁organizations .</ p > ▁ ▁Sign ific antly , ▁Anti et am ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁battle ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁without ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁field ▁fort ifications , ▁although ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁features , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sun ken ▁Road ▁and ▁the ▁quar ry ▁holes ▁above ▁the ▁Burn side ▁Bridge , ▁were ▁explo ited ▁as ▁rif le ▁p its . ▁Three ▁months ▁after ▁Anti et am ▁at ▁Freder icks burg , ▁several ▁of ▁Long street ' s ▁divisions ▁fought ▁behind ▁breast works , ▁and ▁eight ▁months ▁after ▁Anti et am ▁at ▁Chan cell ors ville , ▁both ▁arm ies ▁constructed ▁hast y ▁fort ifications ▁at ▁every ▁opportunity . ▁ ▁Battle field ▁monument ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁Monument ▁on ▁the ▁Anti et am ▁Battle field ▁was ▁dedicated ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Confeder ate ▁Avenue ▁behind ▁( West ) ▁of ▁the ▁D unker ▁Church . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁the ▁indicated ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Wood s , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁dram atic ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁history ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁regiment al ▁color - b ear er , ▁Serge ant ▁George ▁Sim pson ▁who ▁stands ▁imm ort al ized ▁in ▁gran ite ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁monument : ▁After ▁receiving ▁a ▁bullet ▁to ▁the ▁brain , ▁Sim pson ▁fell ▁on ▁the ▁flag ▁and |
▁st ained ▁it ▁with ▁blood ▁o oz ing ▁from ▁his ▁right ▁temple . ▁Corpor al ▁Eug ene ▁Bob l itz ▁of ▁Company ▁H ▁gra bb ed ▁the ▁colors ▁and ▁was ▁soon ▁fel led ▁with ▁a ▁leg ▁w ound ▁that ▁cri pp led ▁him ▁for ▁life . ▁Several ▁other ▁soldiers ▁were ▁shot ▁trying ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁colors . ▁Finally , ▁Serge ant ▁W . W . ▁Green land ▁sn atch ed ▁up ▁the ▁blood st ained ▁b anner ▁and ▁passed ▁it ▁on ▁to ▁Captain ▁William ▁Wal lace , ▁who ▁used ▁it ▁to ▁r ally ▁the ▁regiment . ▁About ▁ 2 0 0 ▁men ▁formed ▁in ▁line , ▁and ▁about ▁ 6 0 ▁gathered ▁around ▁the ▁much - cont ested ▁colors ▁in ▁protection . ▁In ▁the ▁twenty - first ▁century , ▁there ▁is ▁often ▁much ▁debate ▁over ▁how ▁we ▁treat ▁the ▁flag . ▁In ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁there ▁was ▁none . ▁Many ▁soldiers ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁give ▁their ▁lives ▁for ▁that ▁flag . ▁ ▁M ud ▁March ▁▁ ▁By ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 th ▁Pennsylvania ▁had ▁been ▁re ass igned ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁Division ▁( X II ▁Corps ) ▁under ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Thomas ▁L . ▁K ane ▁and ▁newly ▁position ed ▁at ▁L oud on ▁He ights , ▁V A , ▁near ▁Har per ' s ▁Fer ry , ▁for ▁extended ▁dr illing . ▁Depart ing ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁one |