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' s ▁hopes ▁of ▁a ▁Prem iers hip ▁final ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁hard ▁fought ▁ 4 2 – 3 6 ▁W igan ▁win . ▁ ▁Mil est ones ▁ ▁C CR 4 : ▁Brad ford ▁Bull s ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁compet itive ▁game ▁after ▁re - brand ing . ▁ ▁C CR 4 : ▁Jer emy ▁Don ough er ▁scored ▁the ▁Bull s ▁first ▁try ▁under ▁the ▁re - brand ed ▁club . ▁C CR 4 : ▁Jer emy ▁Don ough er , ▁Son ny ▁Nick le , ▁Dav ide ▁Long o , ▁Gary ▁Christ ie , ▁Paul ▁Cook , ▁Karl ▁Fair bank , ▁Carlos ▁Hass an , ▁Paul ▁L ough lin ▁and ▁Paul ▁Med ley ▁all ▁scored ▁their ▁ 1 st ▁tries ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁C CR 4 : ▁Dav ide ▁Long o ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁C CR 4 : ▁Paul ▁Cook ▁k icked ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁C CR 5 : ▁Jon ▁S cal es ▁and ▁Simon ▁Kno x ▁scored ▁their ▁ 1 st ▁tries ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁CC Q F : ▁Gra eme ▁Brad ley ▁and ▁Jason ▁Don oh ue ▁scored ▁their ▁ 1 st ▁tries ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁C CS F : ▁Jon ▁S cal es ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁C CS F : ▁Matt ▁Call and ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull |
s . ▁Round ▁ 1 : ▁Jer emy ▁Don ough er ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 : ▁Rob bie ▁Paul ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 : ▁Paul ▁L ough lin ▁k icked ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club . ▁Round ▁ 2 : ▁James ▁Low es ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 3 : ▁Bernard ▁D w yer ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 3 : ▁Paul ▁Cook ▁k icked ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁drop - goal ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 4 : ▁Matt ▁Call and ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 4 : ▁Steve ▁Mc N am ara ▁k icked ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁CC ▁Final : ▁Rob bie ▁Paul ▁scored ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁ever ▁hat - tr ick ▁in ▁a ▁cup ▁final ▁and ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 7 : ▁Brian ▁Mc D erm ott ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 8 : ▁Glen ▁Tom lin son ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 9 : ▁Stuart ▁Spr uce ▁and ▁Steve ▁Mc N am ara ▁scored ▁their ▁ 1 st |
▁tries ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 0 : ▁Paul ▁Cook ▁reached ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁brand . ▁Round ▁ 1 0 : ▁Joe ▁Tam ani ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁try ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 2 : ▁Steve ▁Mc N am ara ▁k icked ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁drop - goal ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 8 : ▁Rob bie ▁Paul ▁scored ▁his ▁ 2 nd ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Round ▁ 1 9 : ▁Rob bie ▁Paul ▁scored ▁his ▁ 3 rd ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁Prem iers hip ▁Tro phy ▁Sem i - final : ▁Gra eme ▁Brad ley ▁scored ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁hat - tr ick ▁for ▁the ▁Bull s . ▁ ▁Table ▁ ▁F i xt ures ▁ ▁Super ▁League ▁I ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁ ▁Squad ▁Statistics ▁include ▁appearances ▁and ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁League , ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁and ▁Prem iers hip ▁Tro phy . ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Brad ford ▁Bull s ▁Website ▁Brad ford ▁Bull s ▁in ▁T & A ▁Brad ford ▁Bull s ▁on ▁Sky ▁Sports ▁Brad ford ▁on ▁Super ▁League ▁Site ▁Red , Black ▁And ▁Am ber ▁BBC ▁Sport - R ugby ▁League ▁ ▁Category : B rad ford ▁Bull s ▁seasons ▁Brad ford ▁Bull s <0x0A> </s> ▁Le is ler |
' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁was ▁an ▁u pr ising ▁in ▁late - 1 7 th ▁century ▁colonial ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁which ▁German ▁American ▁merchant ▁and ▁milit ia ▁captain ▁Jacob ▁Le is ler ▁seized ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁col ony ' s ▁south ▁and ▁ruled ▁it ▁from ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁to ▁ 1 6 9 1 . ▁The ▁u pr ising ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁G lor ious ▁Revolution ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁Boston ▁revol t ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁of ▁New ▁England , ▁which ▁had ▁included ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁re bell ion ▁reflected ▁colonial ▁res ent ment ▁against ▁the ▁policies ▁of ▁de posed ▁King ▁James II . ▁ ▁Royal ▁authority ▁was ▁not ▁restored ▁until ▁ 1 6 9 1 ▁when ▁English ▁troops ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁governor ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁New ▁York . ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁these ▁forces , ▁who ▁tried ▁and ▁conv icted ▁him ▁of ▁tre ason . ▁He ▁was ▁executed , ▁but ▁the ▁revol t ▁left ▁the ▁col ony ▁polar ized , ▁bitter ly ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁rival ▁fa ctions . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁English ▁forces ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁New ▁Nether land ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 4 ▁and ▁King ▁Charles ▁II ▁gave ▁the ▁territory ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁James , ▁then ▁Duke ▁of ▁York , ▁to ▁rule ▁as ▁he ▁pleased . ▁James ▁partition ed ▁off ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁Jersey ▁to ▁other ▁propriet ors ▁and ▁established ▁an ▁essentially ▁aut ocr atic ▁government ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁governor ▁and |
▁council ▁but ▁no ▁elected ▁legisl ature . ▁ ▁James ▁succeeded ▁his ▁brother ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 6 8 8 , ▁he ▁added ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁the ▁Jer se ys ▁to ▁the ▁domin ion . ▁Its ▁governor ▁Sir ▁Edmund ▁And ros ▁came ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁that ▁summer ▁to ▁establish ▁his ▁authority ▁and ▁install ▁Francis ▁Nich ol son , ▁a ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Army , ▁to ▁admin ister ▁those ▁colon ies ▁as ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁governor . ▁ ▁Nich ol son ▁was ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁council ▁but ▁no ▁legisl ative ▁assembly . ▁He ▁was ▁seen ▁by ▁many ▁New ▁York ers ▁as ▁the ▁next ▁in ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁royal ▁govern ors ▁who ▁" had ▁in ▁a ▁most ▁arbitrary ▁way ▁sub vert ed ▁our ▁ancient ▁privileges ". ▁Nich ol son ▁just ified ▁his ▁rule ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁colon ists ▁were ▁" a ▁conquer ed ▁people , ▁and ▁therefore ... ▁could ▁not ▁so ▁much ▁[ as ] ▁claim ▁rights ▁and ▁priv iled ges ▁as ▁English men ". ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 6 8 8 , ▁the ▁G lor ious ▁Revolution ▁de posed ▁the ▁Catholic ▁King ▁James ▁and ▁replaced ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁William ▁III ▁and ▁Mary ▁II . ▁The ▁rule ▁of ▁And ros ▁was ▁highly ▁un pop ular , ▁especially ▁in ▁New ▁England , ▁and ▁his ▁oppon ents ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁used ▁the ▁change ▁of ▁royal ▁power ▁for ▁their ▁political ▁benefit ▁by |
▁organ izing ▁an ▁u pr ising . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁a ▁mob ▁formed ▁in ▁Boston ▁led ▁by ▁former ▁Massachusetts ▁political ▁figures , ▁and ▁they ▁arrested ▁And ros ▁and ▁other ▁domin ion ▁officials . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁cas cade ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁which ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁New ▁England ▁colon ies ▁rapidly ▁restored ▁their ▁pre - domin ion ▁govern ments . ▁ ▁R ising ▁t ensions ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁Nich ol son ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁u pr ising ▁in ▁Boston ▁by ▁April ▁ 2 6 . ▁He ▁took ▁no ▁steps ▁to ▁announ ce ▁news ▁of ▁it ▁or ▁of ▁the ▁revolution ▁in ▁England ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁raising ▁prospect s ▁of ▁re bell ion ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁Polit icians ▁and ▁milit ia ▁leaders ▁became ▁more ▁assert ive ▁on ▁Long ▁Island ▁when ▁they ▁learned ▁of ▁Boston , ▁and ▁domin ion ▁officials ▁were ▁ou sted ▁from ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁communities ▁by ▁mid - May . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁Nich ol son ▁learned ▁that ▁France ▁had ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁England , ▁bringing ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁French ▁and ▁Indian ▁attacks ▁on ▁New ▁York ' s ▁northern ▁front ier . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁short ▁of ▁troops , ▁since ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁g arrison ▁had ▁been ▁sent ▁by ▁And ros ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁Indian ▁activity ▁in ▁Maine . ▁He ▁found ▁that ▁his ▁regular s ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁s way ed ▁by ▁popul ists ▁into ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁attempting ▁to ▁imp ose ▁Catholic ▁rule ▁on |
▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁attempted ▁to ▁m oll ify ▁pan icked ▁citiz en ry ▁over ▁rum ored ▁Indian ▁ra ids ▁by ▁inv iting ▁the ▁milit ia ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁army ▁g arrison ▁at ▁Fort ▁James ▁on ▁Manh attan ▁island . ▁ ▁New ▁York ' s ▁def enses ▁were ▁in ▁poor ▁condition , ▁and ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁council ▁voted ▁to ▁imp ose ▁import ▁duties ▁to ▁improve ▁them . ▁This ▁action ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁immediate ▁resistance , ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mer ch ants ▁ref using ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁duty . ▁One ▁in ▁particular ▁was ▁Jacob ▁Le is ler , ▁a ▁well - born ▁German ▁Cal vin ist ▁imm igr ant ▁merchant ▁and ▁milit ia ▁captain . ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁a ▁vocal ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁the ▁domin ion ▁regime , ▁which ▁he ▁saw ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁imp ose ▁pop ery ▁on ▁the ▁province , ▁and ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁sub ver ting ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁regular s . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁council ▁was ▁pet ition ed ▁by ▁the ▁milit ia , ▁who ▁sought ▁more ▁rapid ▁improvement ▁to ▁the ▁city ' s ▁def enses ▁and ▁also ▁wanted ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁pow der ▁magazine ▁in ▁the ▁fort . ▁This ▁latter ▁request ▁was ▁denied , ▁height ening ▁concerns ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁had ▁in ade qu ate ▁pow der ▁supplies . ▁This ▁concern ▁was ▁further ▁ex ac erb ated ▁when ▁city ▁leaders ▁began ▁hunting ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁for ▁additional ▁supplies . |
▁ ▁Reb ell ion ▁Nich ol son ▁made ▁an ▁int em perate ▁remark ▁to ▁a ▁milit ia ▁officer ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁incident ▁fla red ▁into ▁open ▁re bell ion . ▁Nich ol son ▁was ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁temper , ▁and ▁he ▁told ▁the ▁officer , ▁" I ▁rather ▁would ▁see ▁the ▁Tow ne ▁on ▁fire ▁than ▁to ▁be ▁commanded ▁by ▁you ". ▁Rum ors ▁fle w ▁around ▁the ▁town ▁that ▁Nich ol son ▁was ▁prepared ▁to ▁burn ▁it ▁down . ▁He ▁sum mon ed ▁the ▁officer ▁and ▁demanded ▁that ▁he ▁surrender ▁his ▁commission . ▁Abraham ▁de ▁Pe yst er ▁was ▁the ▁officer ' s ▁commander ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁he ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁he ated ▁argument ▁with ▁Nich ol son , ▁after ▁which ▁de ▁Pe yst er ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Johann is , ▁also ▁a ▁milit ia ▁captain , ▁storm ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁chamber . ▁ ▁The ▁milit ia ▁was ▁called ▁out ▁and ▁desc ended ▁en ▁mas se ▁to ▁Fort ▁James , ▁which ▁they ▁occupied . ▁An ▁officer ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁council ▁to ▁demand ▁the ▁keys ▁to ▁the ▁pow der ▁magazine , ▁which ▁Nich ol son ▁eventually ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁" h inder ▁and ▁prevent ▁blood sh ed ▁and ▁further ▁m isch ie fe ". ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁a ▁council ▁of ▁milit ia ▁officers ▁called ▁on ▁Jacob ▁Le is ler ▁to ▁take ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁milit ia . |
▁He ▁did ▁so , ▁and ▁the ▁reb els ▁issued ▁a ▁declaration ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁hold ▁the ▁fort ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁monarch s ▁until ▁they ▁sent ▁a ▁properly ▁acc red ited ▁governor . ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁exact ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁milit ia ▁u pr ising ▁is ▁unknown , ▁but ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁observations ▁point ▁to ▁his ▁invol vement . ▁He ▁and ▁milit ia ▁captain ▁Charles ▁L ode wick ▁presented ▁the ▁pet ition ▁on ▁May 2 2 . ▁J ost ▁St oll , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁officers , ▁led ▁the ▁milit ia ▁to ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁Fort ▁James , ▁and ▁another ▁of ▁his ▁officers ▁delivered ▁the ▁demand ▁for ▁the ▁keys ▁to ▁the ▁pow der ▁magazine . ▁However , ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁depos itions ▁which ▁Nich ol son ▁collected ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁departure ▁directly ▁imp licates ▁Le is ler ▁as ▁a ▁ring le ader . ▁ ▁Le is ler ▁takes ▁control ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁milit ia ▁controlled ▁the ▁fort ▁which ▁gave ▁them ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁har bor . ▁When ▁ships ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁har bor , ▁they ▁brought ▁passengers ▁and ▁capt ains ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁fort , ▁cutting ▁off ▁outside ▁communic ations ▁to ▁Nich ol son ▁and ▁his ▁council . ▁On ▁June 6 , ▁Nich ol son ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁for ▁England ▁and ▁began ▁gather ing ▁depos itions ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁proceed ings ▁there . ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁June 1 0 ▁for ▁the ▁Jersey ▁shore ▁where ▁he ▁hoped ▁to ▁join ▁Thomas ▁D |
ong an , ▁who ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁sail ▁for ▁England ▁soon ▁there after . ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁was ▁limited ▁at ▁first . ▁His ▁council ors ▁were ▁Dutch ▁pat ro ons ▁Nicholas ▁Bay ard , ▁Ste phan us ▁van ▁Cort land t , ▁and ▁Frederick ▁Philip se , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁They ▁did ▁not ▁recognize ▁his ▁authority , ▁nor ▁did ▁the ▁city ' s ▁civil ▁administration , ▁with ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁as ▁mayor . ▁A ▁pro clam ation ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁Hart ford , ▁Connecticut ▁concerning ▁William ▁and ▁Mary , ▁and ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁controvers y ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁rac ed ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁mess enger ▁bringing ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁pro clam ation . ▁Le is ler ' s ▁agents ▁won ▁the ▁race , ▁and ▁Le is ler ▁published ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁on ▁June 2 2 . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁received ▁a ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁notice ▁that ▁William ▁and ▁Mary ▁had ▁prepared ▁for ▁And ros . ▁The ▁transmission ▁of ▁this ▁document ▁had ▁been ▁delayed ▁at ▁the ▁beh est ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁agents ▁in ▁London . ▁ ▁It ▁specifically ▁retained ▁all ▁non - C atholic ▁office hold ers ▁until ▁further ▁notice , ▁and ▁techn ically ▁legit im ized ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁in ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁absence . ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁this ▁document , ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁fired ▁the ▁custom s ▁collect or , ▁who ▁was ▁Catholic , ▁and |
▁replaced ▁him ▁with ▁Bay ard ▁and ▁others ▁to ▁over see ▁custom s ▁activities . ▁Le is ler ▁object ed ▁to ▁this ▁assertion ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁desc ended ▁on ▁the ▁custom s ▁house ▁with ▁a ▁tro op ▁of ▁milit ia . ▁Account s ▁left ▁by ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁dispute ▁state ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁near ▁ri ot , ▁and ▁Bay ard ▁claimed ▁to ▁bare ly ▁escape ▁being ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁mob . ▁Bay ard ▁then ▁fled ▁to ▁Alb any , ▁followed ▁by ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later . ▁Philip se ▁with d rew ▁from ▁political ▁life , ▁leaving ▁Le is ler ▁in ▁effective ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁a ▁convention ▁composed ▁of ▁deleg ates ▁from ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁communities ▁from ▁lower ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁East ▁Jersey ▁established ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁safety ▁to ▁over see ▁affairs . ▁This ▁committee ▁essentially ▁became ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁Le is ler ' s ▁later ▁government . ▁They ▁chose ▁Le is ler ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁province ' s ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁" t ill ▁orders ▁shall ▁come ▁from ▁their ▁Maj est ies ." ▁ ▁Through ▁July ▁and ▁August , ▁his ▁hand - p icked ▁milit ia ▁exerc ised ▁de ▁fact o ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁city , ▁fin anced ▁by ▁provincial ▁funds ▁which ▁Nich ol son ▁had ▁depos ited ▁in ▁the ▁fort . ▁He ▁was ▁assist ed ▁by ▁sympath etic ▁officials ▁from ▁Connecticut ▁who ▁sent ▁a ▁tro op ▁of ▁milit ia ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁holding ▁the |
▁fort . ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁company ▁of ▁regular s ▁was ▁formally ▁dis band ed ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁that ▁formal ▁word ▁arrived ▁that ▁France ▁and ▁England ▁were ▁at ▁war . ▁ ▁Le is ler ▁dispatch ed ▁J ost ▁St oll ▁and ▁Matthew ▁Clark son ▁to ▁England ▁on ▁August 1 5 ▁to ▁bol ster ▁his ▁position ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁London . ▁They ▁carried ▁documents ▁intended ▁to ▁support ▁accus ations ▁that ▁Nich ol son ▁had ▁been ▁consp iring ▁against ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁to ▁justify ▁the ▁propri ety ▁of ▁Le is ler ' s ▁actions ▁against ▁his ▁" opp ress ive " ▁rule . ▁The ▁agents ▁were ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁request ▁a ▁new ▁char ter ▁for ▁the ▁province ▁and ▁to ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁un ited ▁colon ies ▁could ▁defeat ▁New ▁France ▁without ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁home ▁country . ▁He ▁made ▁no ▁specific ▁requests ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁char ter ▁include ▁any ▁sort ▁of ▁dem ocr atic ▁representation . ▁ ▁An ▁election ▁ordered ▁Le is ler ' s ▁committee ▁of ▁safety ▁formally ▁to ▁turn ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁out ▁of ▁office ▁in ▁October , ▁cons olid ating ▁Le is ler ' s ▁command ▁over ▁New ▁York ▁except ▁the ▁Alb any ▁area . ▁According ▁to ▁Bay ard , ▁the ▁turn out ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁was ▁extremely ▁low , ▁with ▁bare ly ▁ 1 0 0 ▁vot ers ▁particip ating . ▁Council ors ▁Bay ard ▁and ▁Philip se ▁issued ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁on ▁October 2 |
0 ▁calling ▁Le is ler ' s ▁rule ▁illegal , ▁and ▁ordered ▁other ▁milit ia ▁command ers ▁to ▁stop ▁supporting ▁him . ▁The ▁pro clam ation ▁had ▁no ▁effect . ▁ ▁Res istance ▁in ▁Alb any ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁oppon ents ▁had ▁assumed ▁control ▁of ▁Alb any ▁and ▁the ▁immediate ▁area . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁they ▁formally ▁proc laimed ▁William ▁and ▁Mary ▁and , ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁established ▁a ▁convention ▁to ▁rule . ▁The ▁convention ▁included ▁local ▁milit ia ▁leaders ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁f athers ▁of ▁Alb any , ▁wealth y ▁land own ers ▁from ▁the ▁Hudson ▁River ▁valley , ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁anti - Le is ler ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁province . ▁The ▁convention ▁categor ically ▁refused ▁to ▁recognize ▁Le is ler ' s ▁rule ▁unless ▁he ▁presented ▁a ▁commission ▁from ▁William ▁and ▁Mary . ▁ ▁Alb any ' s ▁situation ▁became ▁t ense ▁in ▁September ▁when ▁local ▁Indians ▁brought ▁rum ors ▁of ▁an ▁im min ent ▁attack ▁from ▁French ▁Canada . ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁inter dict ing ▁movement ▁of ▁military ▁supplies ▁up ▁the ▁Hudson , ▁so ▁Alb any ▁officials ▁ended ▁up ▁making ▁an ▁appeal ▁to ▁him . ▁He ▁respond ed ▁by ▁sending ▁Jacob ▁Mil bor ne , ▁a ▁close ▁ad visor ▁and ▁future ▁son - in - law , ▁with ▁a ▁milit ia ▁tro op ▁to ▁take ▁military ▁control ▁of ▁Alb any ▁in ▁November . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁convention ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁terms ▁that ▁Mil bor ne |
▁demanded ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁his ▁support , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁refused ▁entry ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁Fort ▁Frederick . ▁He ▁was ▁war ned ▁by ▁an ▁I ro qu ois ▁woman ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁body ▁of ▁Indians ▁near ▁Alb any ▁saw ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁friends ▁in ▁Alb any ▁and ▁would ▁react ▁if ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁assert ▁military ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁area . ▁Mil bor ne ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁convention ▁also ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁colon ies ▁for ▁military ▁assistance , ▁which ▁Connecticut ▁answered ▁by ▁sending ▁ 8 0 mil it iam en ▁to ▁Alb any ▁in ▁late ▁November . ▁ ▁Le is ler ▁finally ▁gained ▁control ▁over ▁Alb any ▁early ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 0 . ▁He ▁called ▁for ▁elections ▁at ▁Sch en ect ady ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 6 9 0 , ▁in ▁a ▁move ▁calculated ▁to ▁divide ▁neighbor ing ▁communities . ▁In ▁early ▁February , ▁during ▁King ▁William ' s ▁War , ▁Sch en ect ady ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁French ▁and ▁Indian ▁ra iders , ▁expos ing ▁the ▁weak ness ▁of ▁the ▁Alb any ▁Convention ' s ▁position . ▁Each ▁side ▁bl amed ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁failure ▁to ▁defend ▁Sch en ect ady , ▁but ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁capital ize ▁on ▁the ▁situation . ▁He ▁convinced ▁Connecticut ▁to ▁withdraw ▁its ▁milit ia ▁and ▁sent ▁his ▁own ▁milit ia ▁north ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁convention ▁capit ulated , ▁lack ing ▁any ▁significant ▁outside ▁support |
. ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁rule ▁A ▁letter ▁arrived ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁from ▁William ▁and ▁Mary ▁addressed ▁to ▁Nich ol son ▁or ▁" in ▁his ▁absence ▁to ▁such ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁time ▁being ▁take ▁care ▁for ▁pres erving ▁the ▁peace ▁and ▁admin ister ing ▁the ▁laws ▁in ▁our ▁said ▁Province ▁of ▁New ▁York ". ▁The ▁recip ient ▁was ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁" take ▁upon ▁you ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁said ▁province ". ▁The ▁mess enger ▁apparently ▁sought ▁to ▁deliver ▁the ▁message ▁to ▁van ▁Cort land t ▁and ▁Philip se , ▁but ▁Le is ler ' s ▁milit ia ▁had ▁him ▁seized . ▁Le is ler ▁used ▁this ▁document ▁to ▁claim ▁legit im acy ▁for ▁his ▁govern ance , ▁began ▁sty ling ▁himself ▁" lie utenant ▁governor ", ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁governor ' s ▁council ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁committee ▁of ▁safety . ▁ ▁Le is ler ▁then ▁began ▁attempting ▁to ▁collect ▁tax es ▁and ▁custom s ▁duties . ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁part ▁successful , ▁although ▁he ▁met ▁with ▁significant ▁resistance ▁from ▁officials ▁opposed ▁to ▁his ▁rule . ▁Some ▁were ▁arrested , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁refused ▁to ▁act ▁on ▁his ▁instructions ▁were ▁replaced . ▁By ▁April 1 6 9 0 , ▁virt ually ▁every ▁community ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁had ▁officials ▁appointed ▁by ▁Le is ler ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁posts . ▁These ▁appointed ▁officials ▁represented ▁a ▁cross - section ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁society ▁and ▁included ▁prominent ▁Dutch ▁and ▁English ▁residents . ▁ ▁However , ▁resistance ▁continued |
▁to ▁his ▁policies , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁mob ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 ▁who ▁demanded ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁political ▁prisoners ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁tax es ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁im posed . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 6 9 0 , ▁diverse ▁communities ▁protest ed ▁his ▁rule , ▁from ▁Dutch ▁Har lem ▁to ▁Protest ant ▁English ▁Queens ▁County ▁to ▁Alb any . ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁principal ▁activity ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 0 ▁was ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁an ▁expedition ▁against ▁New ▁France . ▁This ▁idea ▁first ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁shape ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁in ▁May ▁with ▁represent atives ▁from ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁colon ies . ▁To ▁provide ▁for ▁New ▁York ' s ▁troops , ▁he ▁ordered ▁mer ch ants ▁to ▁offer ▁up ▁their ▁goods ▁and ▁broke ▁into ▁their ▁store h ouses ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁not . ▁He ▁kept ▁a ▁fairly ▁careful ▁account ▁of ▁these ▁activities , ▁and ▁many ▁mer ch ants ▁were ▁later ▁rep a id . ▁Connecticut ▁officials ▁were ▁unw illing ▁to ▁grant ▁command ▁to ▁Jacob ▁Mil bor ne , ▁Le is ler ' s ▁choice ▁of ▁commander , ▁cit ing ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁command ers . ▁Le is ler ▁acqu ies ced ▁to ▁their ▁choice ▁of ▁Fitz - John ▁Win th rop . ▁ ▁The ▁expedition ▁was ▁a ▁complete ▁failure , ▁dissol ving ▁amid st ▁disease ▁and ▁difficulties ▁in ▁transport ▁and ▁supply . ▁However , ▁Win th rop ▁did ▁a ven ge ▁the ▁Sch en ect ady ▁mass acre ▁of ▁February 1 6 |
9 0 , ▁to ▁some ▁extent , ▁by ▁sending ▁a ▁small ▁party ▁north ▁to ▁ra id ▁La ▁Pra irie , ▁Quebec . ▁Le is ler ▁bl amed ▁Win th rop ▁for ▁the ▁failure ▁( for ▁which ▁there ▁were ▁numerous ▁causes ) ▁and ▁briefly ▁arrested ▁him , ▁el ic iting ▁protest s ▁from ▁Connecticut ▁Governor ▁Robert ▁Tre at . ▁ ▁Royal ▁response ▁King ▁William ▁III ▁commission ed ▁Colonel ▁Henry ▁Sl ough ter ▁to ▁be ▁provincial ▁governor ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 6 9 0 , ▁but ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁issues ▁delayed ▁Sl ough ter ' s ▁departure ▁from ▁England . ▁His ▁ship ▁was ▁then ▁further ▁delayed ▁by ▁bad ▁weather , ▁and ▁the ▁ship ▁carrying ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁governor ▁Major ▁Richard ▁Ing old es by ▁was ▁first ▁to ▁arrive ▁in ▁January 1 6 9 1 . ▁Ing old es by ▁lack ed ▁official ▁documents ▁( which ▁were ▁on ▁Sl ough ter ' s ▁ship ), ▁but ▁he ▁ins isted ▁that ▁Le is ler ▁surrender ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁Fort ▁James ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁minor ▁sk irm ishing ▁during ▁six ▁weeks ▁of ▁stub born ▁resistance ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁stub born ▁imper ious ▁behavior ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Ing old es by , ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁armed ▁cam ps ▁with ▁several ▁hundred ▁Le is ler ▁supp or ters ▁occup ying ▁the ▁fort . ▁Ing old es by ▁was ▁supported ▁in ▁his ▁efforts ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁domin ion ▁council . ▁By ▁mid - M arch , ▁Ing |
old es by ▁had ▁surrounded ▁the ▁fort ▁and ▁was ▁threaten ing ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁by ▁storm . ▁Le is ler ▁occasionally ▁had ▁the ▁fort ' s ▁guns ▁fired ▁at ▁susp icious ▁movements , ▁but ▁these ▁only ▁succeeded ▁in ▁killing ▁a ▁few ▁colon ists . ▁ ▁Sl ough ter ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁amid ▁this ▁t ension ▁and ▁proc laimed ▁his ▁commission ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁demand ing ▁that ▁Le is ler ▁surrender ▁the ▁fort . ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁not ▁certain ▁that ▁Sl ough ter ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁the ▁person ▁appointed , ▁but ▁J ost ▁St oll ▁had ▁been ▁to ▁London ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁conv ince ▁him ▁that ▁Sl ough ter ▁was ▁legit imate . ▁Le is ler ▁then ▁sent ▁em iss aries ▁out ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁with ▁Sl ough ter , ▁but ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁negoti ate ▁with ▁his ▁subjects ▁and ▁had ▁them ▁arrested . ▁Le is ler ▁repeatedly ▁re buff ed ▁Sl ough ter ' s ▁dem ands , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁eventually ▁convinced ▁to ▁surrender , ▁probably ▁by ▁his ▁now - rest ive ▁g arrison . ▁Sl ough ter ▁had ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁ten ▁others ▁arrested ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁tre ason ▁and ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁the ▁fort ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁just ▁been ▁occup ying . ▁ ▁Exec ution ▁Sl ough ter ▁established ▁a ▁special ▁Court ▁of ▁O yer ▁and ▁Term iner ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁tri als ▁of ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁other ▁defend ants . ▁Some ▁individuals ▁were ▁not ▁charged , ▁including ▁Abraham |
▁De ▁Pe yst er ▁and ▁Charles ▁L ode wick , ▁the ▁apparent ▁ring le aders ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁milit ia ▁action . ▁The ▁panel ▁of ▁jud ges ▁included ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁anti - Le is ler ians , ▁including ▁Richard ▁Ing old es by , ▁and ▁was ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁former ▁domin ion ▁official ▁Joseph ▁D ud ley . ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁ar ra igned ▁by ▁this ▁court ▁on ▁March 3 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁charge ▁against ▁him ▁concerned ▁the ▁milit ant ▁resistance ▁to ▁Ing old es by ' s ▁attempts ▁to ▁take ▁control . ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁his ▁son - in - law ▁Jacob ▁Mil bor ne ▁both ▁refused ▁to ▁acknow ledge ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁the ▁court , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁enter ▁ple as . ▁Le is ler ▁asked ▁for ▁and ▁was ▁granted ▁coun sel , ▁even ▁though ▁English ▁law ▁did ▁not ▁mand ate ▁it . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁defend ants ▁acknowled ged ▁the ▁court ' s ▁legit im acy ▁and ▁ple aded ▁not ▁guilty . ▁On ▁April 1 , ▁Le is ler ▁was ▁ar ra igned ▁on ▁a ▁count ▁of ▁murder ▁over ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁had ▁taken ▁place ▁during ▁his ▁rule . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁Sl ough ter ▁conven ed ▁a ▁new ▁colonial ▁assembly . ▁It ▁passed ▁a ▁bill ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 7 ▁condem ning ▁Le is ler ' s ▁government ▁and ▁activities , ▁despite ▁attempts ▁by ▁pro - Le is ler ians ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁body |
, ▁and ▁even ▁bl amed ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 6 9 0 ▁Sch en ect ady ▁Mass acre . ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ▁were ▁conv icted ▁on ▁April 1 7 , ▁after ▁repeated ▁attempts ▁by ▁the ▁court ▁to ▁get ▁them ▁to ▁enter ▁ple as , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁sent enced ▁to ▁be ▁" h anged , ▁drawn ▁and ▁quarter ed , ▁and ▁their ▁est ates ▁conf isc ated ." ▁No ▁execution ▁was ▁scheduled . ▁ ▁There ▁matters ▁stood ▁until ▁mid - May . ▁By ▁early ▁May , ▁the ▁court ▁had ▁heard ▁ 3 2 cases , ▁conv icted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁eight ▁men ▁to ▁death ▁( including ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ), ▁and ▁either ▁acqu itted ▁or ▁p ardon ed ▁the ▁rest . ▁Part isan ▁forces , ▁however , ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁active . ▁Anti - Le is ler ▁forces ▁ag itated ▁for ▁his ▁execution , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ri ots ▁on ▁St aten ▁Island ▁in ▁late ▁April , ▁supposed ly ▁inst ig ated ▁by ▁Le is ler ▁supp or ters . ▁ ▁Sl ough ter , ▁however , ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁execution s ▁should ▁be ▁stayed ▁until ▁the ▁king ' s ▁will ▁could ▁be ▁known . ▁On ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁he ▁sent ▁reports ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁Trade ▁describing ▁the ▁situation ▁and ▁including ▁the ▁trial ▁trans cript s . ▁The ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁painted ▁Le is ler ▁in ▁an ▁extremely ▁negative ▁light , ▁and ▁neither ▁report ▁mentioned |
▁the ▁death ▁sentence . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁the ▁court ▁refused ▁to ▁transport ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ▁to ▁England ▁for ▁appeal , ▁and ▁Sl ough ter ' s ▁council ▁was ▁domin ated ▁by ▁anti - Le is ler ians ▁who ▁ur ged ▁him ▁to ▁execute ▁the ▁two ▁men . ▁He ▁acqu ies ced ▁and ▁signed ▁the ▁death ▁war r ants ▁that ▁evening . ▁Nicholas ▁Bay ard ▁and ▁others ▁claim ▁that ▁Sl ough ter ▁was ▁dr unk ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁( or ▁at ▁least ▁strongly ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁alco hol ), ▁and ▁accus ations ▁circul ated ▁after ward ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁b rib ed . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁h anging . ▁ ▁Le is ler ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁long ▁speech , ▁claim ing ▁that ▁he ▁acted ▁" for ▁the ▁glory ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁interest , ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁government ", ▁and ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁province ▁from ▁outside ▁forces . ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁men ▁were ▁buried ▁beneath ▁the ▁gall ows , ▁and ▁their ▁est ates ▁were ▁seized ▁by ▁att ain der . ▁On ▁May 1 9 , ▁Governor ▁Sl ough ter ▁issued ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁am n esty ▁for ▁all ▁except ▁about ▁ 2 0 named ▁individuals . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁execution ▁made ▁mart y rs ▁of ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ▁and ▁did ▁nothing ▁to ▁less en ▁the |
▁deep ▁divisions ▁between ▁pro - ▁and ▁anti - Le is ler ian ▁fa ctions . ▁His ▁supp or ters ▁sent ▁agents ▁to ▁London , ▁eventually ▁joined ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Jacob , ▁to ▁pet ition ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁red ress . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 6 9 2 , ▁their ▁pet ition ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁the ▁king , ▁and ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁Trade ▁recommended ▁p ard ons ▁for ▁the ▁conv icted ▁in ▁April . ▁On ▁, ▁Queen ▁Mary ▁instruct ed ▁incoming ▁governor ▁Benjamin ▁F let cher ▁to ▁p ardon ▁the ▁six ▁remaining ▁prisoners . ▁ ▁Governor ▁Sl ough ter ' s ▁sudden ▁death ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 6 9 1 , ▁was ▁viewed ▁in ▁some ▁circles ▁with ▁susp icion ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁poison ed , ▁although ▁the ▁aut ops y ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁cause ▁was ▁p neum onia . ▁He ▁left ▁behind ▁a ▁letter ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁" const rained " ▁by ▁the ▁forces ▁around ▁him ▁to ▁order ▁the ▁execution . ▁Other ▁acts ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁also ▁spark ed ▁comment . ▁Ing old es by ▁took ▁the ▁re ins ▁of ▁government ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁pocket ing ▁£ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁intended ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁troops , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁seized ▁a ▁prize ▁ship ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁captured ▁and ▁sold ▁at ▁au ction ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁office , ▁and ▁then ▁sold ▁it ▁a ▁second ▁time . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Le is ler ' s |
▁supp or ters ▁had ▁stopped ▁in ▁Boston ▁while ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁was ▁offered ▁support ▁by ▁Sir ▁William ▁Ph ips , ▁the ▁new ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Bay . ▁Massachusetts ▁agents ▁in ▁London ▁then ▁worked ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁Le is ler ' s ▁he irs ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁att ain der ▁revers ed ▁and ▁the ▁family ▁properties ▁restored . ▁A ▁bill ▁was ▁introduced ▁into ▁Parliament ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 5 , ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁supp or ters ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Ash ur ts ▁and ▁Sir ▁Const antine ▁Henry ▁Ph ipp s . ▁The ▁bill ▁quickly ▁passed ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords , ▁although ▁anti - Le is ler ian ▁agents ▁succeeded ▁in ▁having ▁it ▁sent ▁to ▁committee ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁chamber . ▁It ▁was ▁finally ▁passed ▁on ▁, ▁after ▁extensive ▁hear ings ▁in ▁which ▁Joseph ▁D ud ley ▁def ended ▁his ▁actions ▁by ▁acc using ▁Le is ler ▁of ▁impro per ly ▁se izing ▁power ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁foreign er . ▁It ▁received ▁the ▁royal ▁ass ent ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁ ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁that ▁Le is ler ' s ▁he irs ▁finally ▁received ▁their ▁due . ▁The ▁Earl ▁of ▁Bell om ont ▁arrived ▁that ▁year , ▁commission ed ▁as ▁New ▁York ' s ▁governor ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 5 ▁and ▁an ▁out sp oken ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Le is ler ▁in ▁the ▁parliament ary ▁debate . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁office ▁in |
▁ 1 7 0 1 , ▁but ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁he ▁placed ▁pro - Le is ler ians ▁in ▁key ▁positions ▁in ▁his ▁government . ▁He ▁o vers aw ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁estate , ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁Le is ler ▁and ▁Mil bor ne ▁properly ▁re bur ied ▁in ▁the ▁yard ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Reform ▁Church . ▁ ▁Pro - ▁and ▁anti - Le is ler ▁fa ctions ▁remained ▁in ▁cont ention ▁at ▁the ▁provincial ▁level ▁until ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Governor ▁Robert ▁Hunter ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 0 . ▁Over ▁time , ▁the ▁Le is ler ians ▁t ended ▁to ▁associate ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁Wh ig ▁fa ction , ▁and ▁the ▁anti - Le is ler ians ▁with ▁the ▁T ories . ▁Hunter ▁was ▁a ▁Wh ig ▁who ▁generally ▁fav ored ▁the ▁Le is ler ians , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁calm ▁the ▁bit tern ess ▁that ▁existed ▁between ▁the ▁fa ctions . ▁ ▁Sign ific ance ▁ ▁As ▁Wat erman ▁shows , ▁many ▁histor ians ▁see ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁as ▁a ▁Dutch ▁revol t ▁against ▁English ▁control . ▁However , ▁Le is ler ▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁backing ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Re formed ▁Church . ▁Le is ler , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁Re formed ▁minister , ▁explo ited ▁popular ▁anti - C atholic ism ▁and ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁art is ans ▁and ▁small ▁trad ers ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁rich ▁mer ch ants . ▁His ▁follow ers ▁saw ▁themselves ▁as ▁people ▁who |
▁had ▁resist ed ▁ang lic ization ▁and ▁were ▁the ▁true ▁he irs ▁of ▁Dutch ▁religion . ▁ ▁Le is ler ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁follows ▁a ▁pattern , ▁however , ▁with ▁other ▁re bell ions ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁period : ▁Ba con ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 6 , ▁the ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁Boston ▁revol t ▁that ▁de posed ▁And ros , ▁ 1 6 8 3 ' s ▁failed ▁G ove ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁New ▁Ham pshire , ▁C ul pe per ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Reb ell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Catholic - domin ated ▁government ▁in ▁Maryland ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁re bell ions , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁middle - class ▁plan ters , ▁mer ch ants , ▁or ▁tr ades men ▁re bel led ▁against ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁well - ent rench ed ▁el ites ▁who ▁held ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁power . ▁In ▁none ▁of ▁these ▁cases ▁did ▁participants ▁re bel ▁against ▁British ▁rule . ▁R ather , ▁their ▁struggle ▁was ▁with ▁local ▁authorities ▁whom ▁they ▁saw ▁as ▁prevent ing ▁access ▁to ▁greater ▁wealth ▁or ▁power ▁within ▁the ▁British ▁system . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁British ▁soldiers ▁on ▁colonial ▁soil ▁and ▁the ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁the ▁neglect ed ▁Navigation ▁Act s ▁led ▁to ▁increased ▁t ension ▁between ▁colon ists ▁and |
▁British ▁forces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Protest ant ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Maryland ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Jacob ▁Le is ler ▁Pap ers ▁Home page ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁University ▁– ▁virtual ▁archive ▁of ▁Le is ler - related ▁papers ▁ ▁What ▁Was ▁Le is ler ' s ▁Reb ell ion ? ▁at ▁New - Y ork ▁Historical ▁Society ▁– ▁an ▁over view ▁of ▁Le is ler ' s ▁Reb ell ion ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 8 9 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 6 9 0 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 6 9 1 ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 6 8 9 ▁in ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies ▁Category : 1 6 9 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies ▁Category : 1 6 9 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 0 ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 1 ▁Category : D omin ion ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁Category : G lor ious ▁Revolution ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies ▁Category : Pre - state hood ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ane ▁Du qu em in ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁ath |
lete ▁representing ▁Jersey ▁and ▁Great ▁Britain ▁who ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁shot ▁put ▁and ▁disc us ▁throw . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁three ▁consecutive ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁His ▁sister , ▁Sh ad ine ▁Du qu em in , ▁compet es ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁events ▁as ▁Z ane . ▁ ▁International ▁compet itions ▁ ▁Personal ▁best s ▁Out door ▁Sh ot ▁put ▁– ▁ 1 9 . 4 2 ▁( H ä ss le holm ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Disc us ▁throw ▁– ▁ 6 3 . 4 6 ▁( H end on ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Ind oor ▁Sh ot ▁put ▁– ▁ 1 8 . 8 6 ▁( V ä x jö ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J er sey ▁athlet es ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁disc us ▁throw ers ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Matt ias ▁El f ström ▁( born ▁ 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁forward ▁currently ▁playing ▁for ▁IF ▁Tro |
ja / L j ung by ▁of ▁the ▁Hockey ett an ▁( Div . 1 ). ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁round , ▁ 1 9 7 th ▁overall , ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁N HL ▁Entry ▁D raft . ▁ ▁El f ström ▁played ▁nine ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Mal m ö ▁Red h aw ks . ▁Appro aching ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season , ▁El f ström ▁left ▁V ä ster vik s ▁I K ▁of ▁the ▁Hockey All sv ensk an , ▁moving ▁down ▁a ▁tier ▁to ▁the ▁Hockey ett an ▁with ▁Han h als ▁IF ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Det roit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : M alm ö ▁Red h aw ks ▁players ▁Category : N y bro ▁Vik ings ▁players ▁Category : S wed ish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁for wards ▁Category : T yr inge ▁So SS ▁players ▁Category : V ä ster vik s ▁I K ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Maria ▁And rade ▁( born ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cape ▁Ver de an ▁ta ek w ondo ▁ath lete . ▁ ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Rio |
▁de ▁Janeiro ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 4 9 ▁kg , ▁where ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁Pan ip ak ▁W ong p attan ak it ▁in ▁the ▁pre lim in aries . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁flag ▁bear er ▁for ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁during ▁the ▁Par ade ▁of ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁closing ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C ape ▁Ver de an ▁female ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁of ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁Category : T a ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Match less ▁Am pl ifiers ▁is ▁a ▁Los ▁Angeles - based ▁company ▁which ▁designs ▁and ▁makes ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ampl ifiers , ▁special izing ▁in ▁class - A ▁t ube ▁circuit ry . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Mark ▁Sam pson ▁started ▁Match less ▁while ▁living ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁He , ▁along ▁with ▁partners ▁Rick ▁Per otta , ▁Steve ▁Good ale ▁and ▁Chris ▁Per ro tta ▁were ▁the ▁initial ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁company , ▁often ▁working ▁on ▁Rick ' s ▁kitchen ▁table . ▁When ▁Rick ▁and ▁Mark ▁started ▁working ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁prototype ▁amp , ▁the ▁C - 3 0 , ▁they ▁wanted ▁it ▁to ▁sound ▁significantly ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁ampl ifiers ▁that ▁were ▁currently ▁being ▁mass - produ ced . ▁They ▁also ▁wanted ▁their ▁am ps |
▁to ▁take ▁the ▁rig ors ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁remain ▁completely ▁reliable ▁for ▁mus icians ▁who ▁played ▁night ▁after ▁night . ▁ ▁Chris ▁explains ▁" A ▁lot ▁of ▁work ▁went ▁into ▁those ▁early ▁pro tot ypes . ▁Mark ▁and ▁Rick ▁worked ▁t ire lessly ▁perfect ing ▁the ▁amp ' s ▁pre - am pl ifier ▁section ▁and ▁tone ▁circ uits . ▁They ▁were ▁very ▁passion ate ▁about ▁it . ▁They ' d ▁spend ▁hours ▁reverse - engine ering ▁older ▁transform ers ▁by ▁un ra vel ing ▁them ▁and ▁counting ▁every ▁turn ▁of ▁wire . ▁They ' d ▁experiment ▁with ▁different ▁speaker ▁combinations ▁and ▁speaker ▁modifications ." ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁research , ▁they ' d ▁solic it ▁working ▁mus icians ▁to ▁play ▁through ▁the ▁pro tot ypes . ▁By ▁listening ▁to ▁their ▁feedback , ▁they ' d ▁incorpor ate ▁those ▁des irable ▁changes ▁into ▁the ▁amp ▁design . ▁Rick ▁explains ▁" D uring ▁that ▁time , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁components ▁were ▁getting ▁very ▁difficult ▁to ▁find ▁because ▁the ▁whole ▁industry ▁had ▁emb rac ed ▁sem icon duct ors ▁and ▁was ▁going ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁older ▁vac u um ▁t ube ▁technology . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁well ▁known ▁t ube ▁manufact ur ers ▁had ▁either ▁shut ▁down ▁production ▁or ▁sold ▁off ▁their ▁tool ing ▁to ▁other ▁countries . ▁We ▁had ▁to ▁h unt ▁down ▁and ▁purchase ▁N OS ▁( new ▁old ▁stock ) ▁tub es ▁that ▁were ▁w are h oused ▁in ▁small ▁lots ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁We ▁also ▁had ▁to ▁import |
▁tub es ▁from ▁other ▁countries . ▁O ften , ▁those ▁tub es ▁had ▁a ▁very ▁high ▁re jection ▁rate ▁and ▁didn ' t ▁make ▁the ▁grade , ▁many ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁scra pped ▁out . ▁We ▁had ▁difficulties ▁finding ▁other ▁components ▁as ▁well , ▁like ▁large ▁carbon - com position ▁resist ors . ▁Even ▁commer cially ▁available ▁transform ers ▁didn ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁trick . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁we ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁them ▁hand ▁w ound ▁in ▁small ▁batch es ▁by ▁a ▁private ▁company . ▁The ▁transform ers ▁were ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁heav iest ▁and ▁most ▁cost ly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁amp ; ▁they ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁it . ▁It ▁wasn ' t ▁just ▁about ▁the ▁amp ' s ▁power , ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁about ▁deliver ing ▁p unch y , ▁clear , ▁complex ▁vo icing . ▁Natur ally , ▁the ▁am ps ▁were ▁very ▁labor ▁int ensive ▁to ▁construct . ▁Just ▁one ▁DC - 3 0 ▁amp ▁took ▁over ▁ 1 3 ▁hours ▁to ▁complete . ▁Because ▁the ▁ampl ifiers ▁were ▁so ▁cost ly ▁to ▁make , ▁we ▁didn ' t ▁know ▁if ▁customers ▁would ▁actually ▁buy ▁them . ▁After ▁all , ▁it ▁was ▁like ▁taking ▁a ▁step ▁backwards ▁into ▁an ▁older ▁" gar age ▁technology " ▁and ▁then ▁asking ▁more ▁money ▁for ▁it ." ▁ ▁As ▁pro tot yp ing ▁ne ared ▁completion , ▁Mark ▁and ▁Rick ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁M ATCH LE SS — because ▁that ' s |
▁what ▁they ▁intended ▁their ▁" no - comp rom ise " ▁ampl ifier ▁to ▁be . ▁Chris ▁designed ▁the ▁amp ' s ▁tra dem ark ▁light - up ▁logo . ▁Steve ▁Good ale ▁joined ▁them ▁as ▁a ▁co - found er ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁bringing ▁finan cing ▁and ▁market ing ▁to ▁the ▁company . ▁Good ale ▁ins isted ▁that ▁they ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Gu itar ▁Player ▁Magazine ▁bout ique ▁ampl ifier ▁shoot out ▁by ▁deliver ing ▁an ▁early ▁DC - 3 0 ▁( D ual ▁Com bo ▁ 3 0 ) ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁to ▁Cu pert ino . ▁The ▁ampl ifier ▁w ound ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁editor ▁Andy ▁W idd ers - E ll is ▁from ▁Gu itar ▁Player ▁Magazine . ▁The ▁ampl ifier ▁won ▁first ▁place ▁ ▁and ▁effectively ▁helped ▁launch ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Mark ▁Sam pson ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁design ▁the ▁Club man ▁ 3 5 ', ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 5 ▁w att ▁series ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁Sp it fire , ▁T orn ado , ▁and ▁Light ning . ▁This ▁series ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ie ft ain , ▁Super ch ief , ▁and ▁Th under ch ief . ▁These ▁models ▁were ▁all ▁designed ▁while ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁its ▁development ▁in ▁North ▁Hollywood , ▁California . ▁The ▁models ▁created ▁following ▁the ▁C - 3 0 ▁series ▁were ▁an ▁attempt ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁unique ▁entity ▁within ▁the |
▁market ▁place . ▁While ▁Mark ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁design ▁engineer , ▁Rick ▁handled ▁production ▁duties ▁and ▁administration ▁with ▁much ▁overlap ▁in ▁job ▁duties ▁as ▁the ▁company ▁grew . ▁Chris ▁handled ▁computer ▁related ▁assign ments , ▁C AD ▁engineering ▁and ▁purch asing . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁demand , ▁the ▁found ers ▁elected ▁to ▁become ▁partners ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Music ▁Corporation ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁This ▁mer ger ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁ac quire ▁much ▁needed ▁growth ▁and ▁capital . ▁During ▁the ▁partners ▁ten ure ▁at ▁U . S . ▁Music , ▁Mark ▁Sam pson ▁became ▁head ▁of ▁Corpor ate ▁R & D ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁Gu ild ▁gu it ars , ▁Match less ▁ampl ifiers , ▁Rand all ▁ampl ifiers ▁and ▁V inci ▁strings . ▁Rick ▁Per ro tta ▁became ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Ana heim ▁production ▁facility ▁where ▁Match less , ▁Rand all , ▁and ▁V inci ▁were ▁located . ▁Chris ▁Per ro tta ▁would ▁be ▁responsible ▁for ▁mechanical ▁engineering , ▁blue print ing , ▁and ▁other ▁fine ▁detail ▁work ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁br ands ▁of ▁the ▁corpor ation . ▁This ▁mer ger ▁last ed ▁until ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁when ▁Mark ▁Sam pson ▁acquired ▁Match less ▁without ▁the ▁other ▁found ing ▁partners . ▁Sam pson ▁stayed ▁on ▁with ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁President ▁and ▁C . E . O . ▁until ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Match less ▁is ▁widely ▁regarded ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁company ▁that ▁kick - start ed |
▁the ▁bout ique ▁ampl ifier ▁cra ze ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁n inet ies , ▁p aving ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁other ▁smaller ▁manufact ur ers ▁like ▁Dr . ▁Z ▁Am pl ification , ▁Bad ▁Cat ▁and ▁Victoria ▁A mp ▁Company , ▁all ▁special izing ▁in ▁making ▁hand made , ▁high - end ▁t ube ▁ampl ifiers . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁manufact ured ▁t ube ▁st omp box es ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Hot box , ▁the ▁Hot box ▁II , ▁the ▁D irt box ▁( high er ▁gain ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Hot box ), ▁the ▁C ool box ▁( a ▁Bo oster ▁ped al ), ▁the ▁Split box ▁( a ▁t ube ▁buffer ed ▁signal ▁split ter ), ▁the ▁Mix box ▁( a ▁t ube ▁buffer ed ▁mix er ), ▁and ▁the ▁V ib ro box ▁( a ▁t ube ▁trem olo ▁effect ), ▁as ▁well ▁an ▁echo / delay ▁ped al ▁called ▁the ▁E ch obox , ▁which ▁employed ▁a ▁t ape ▁format ▁from ▁an ▁adapted ▁c ass ette . ▁ ▁Currently ▁ ▁The ▁drop ▁in ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁y en ▁caused ▁terminal ▁financial ▁problems , ▁as ▁Match less ▁had ▁inv ested ▁heavily ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁facility . ▁When ▁their ▁Japanese ▁distrib utor ▁with d rew ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ampl ifiers , ▁the ▁company ▁went ▁under . ▁Match less ▁Am pl ifiers ▁closed ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁but ▁re open ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁under ▁new ▁administration . ▁They ▁currently ▁manufact ure ▁several ▁lines ▁of ▁ampl |
ifiers ▁and ▁speaker ▁cabinet ▁en clos ures . ▁ ▁Current ▁models ▁ ▁C - 3 0 ▁series ▁H C - 3 0 ▁SC - 3 0 ▁DC - 3 0 ▁Ch ie ft ain ▁series ▁CH - 4 0 ▁CH - 1 1 2 ▁CH - 2 1 2 ▁CH - 2 1 0 ▁Phoenix ▁series ▁P H - 3 5 ▁P H - 2 1 2 ▁P H - 1 1 2 ▁ ▁Light ning ▁series ▁L G - 1 1 2 ▁L G - 2 1 2 ▁L G - 1 5 ▁L G - 2 1 0 ▁N ighth awk ▁series ▁N H - 2 1 2 ▁N H - 1 1 2 ▁N H - 1 5 ▁N H - 2 1 0 ▁Independ ence ▁series ▁Independ ence ▁ 2 1 2 ▁Independ ence ▁ 1 1 2 ▁Independ ence ▁ 3 5 ▁ ▁Aven ger ▁series ▁Aven ger ▁ 2 1 2 ▁Aven ger ▁ 1 1 2 ▁Aven ger ▁ 3 0 ▁Aven ger ▁ 2 1 0 + 1 1 2 ▁Sp it fire ▁series ▁SP - 1 1 2 ▁SP - 2 1 2 ▁A val on ▁ 3 0 ▁Club man ▁ 3 5 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Match less ▁Am pl ifiers ▁official ▁site ▁G ig R ig ' s ▁interview ▁with ▁Match less ' s ▁Phil ▁Jam ison ▁Gold ▁Records ▁Custom ▁Made ▁Ro yer ▁L abs ▁Lock - it ▁Gu itar ▁Stra ps ▁N AM M ▁Or al ▁History ▁Inter |
view ▁with ▁Mark ▁Sam pson ▁Category : G uit ar ▁ampl ifier ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : Audio ▁equipment ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Flor ian ▁Ch ab rolle ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁stri ker ▁for ▁Ligue ▁ 1 ▁side ▁Marse ille . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Marse ille ▁Ch ab rolle ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁in ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁Group ▁Stage ▁against ▁E int racht ▁Frankfurt . ▁He ▁replaced ▁Val ère ▁Germ ain ▁after ▁ 6 4 ▁minutes ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 0 ▁away ▁loss . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Marse ille ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : F rench ▁football ers ▁Category : France ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : O lymp ique ▁de ▁Marse ille ▁players ▁Category : L igue ▁ 1 ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Hollywood ▁Live ▁( B HL ) ▁is ▁a ▁web ▁television ▁and ▁pod cast ▁network ▁devoted ▁to ▁African ▁American ▁entertain ment . ▁Its ▁programming ▁consists ▁of ▁tab lo id ▁journal ism , ▁comment ary , ▁and ▁celebr ity ▁inter views . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Produ cer ▁Ke ven ▁Under gar o ▁and ▁E ! ▁host ▁Maria ▁Men oun os ▁created ▁Black ▁Hollywood ▁Live ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁deliver |
ing ▁intellig ent , ▁thought - prov oking ▁comment ary , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁serving ▁as ▁an ▁ins ider ▁source ▁for ▁news , ▁information ▁and ▁resources . ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁previous ▁experience ▁in ▁online ▁broadcast ing ▁with ▁Men oun os ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁C ES ▁amb assador ▁and ▁the ▁du o ▁having ▁created ▁and ▁launched ▁After B uzz ▁TV . ▁ ▁Through ▁successful ▁After B uzz ▁TV ▁after - sh ows ▁such ▁as ▁Sc andal , ▁Real ▁Hus b ands ▁of ▁Hollywood , ▁Love ▁and ▁H ip ▁Hop , ▁and ▁The ▁Game , ▁Under gar o ▁noticed ▁an ▁increasing ▁demand ▁for ▁African ▁American ▁online ▁talk , ▁news , ▁and ▁entertain ment . ▁Men oun os ▁and ▁Under gar o ▁decided ▁to ▁work ▁together ▁to ▁meet ▁that ▁demand . ▁In ▁building ▁the ▁network ▁and ▁assigning ▁a ▁network ▁head , ▁Under gar o ▁met ▁with ▁Der rial ▁Christ on . ▁Christ on , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁worked ▁at ▁After B uzz , ▁was ▁named ▁Executive ▁Produ cer ▁of ▁the ▁network ▁and ▁President ▁of ▁Program ming . ▁ ▁Program ming ▁ ▁B HL ▁produces ▁live ▁and ▁on - dem and ▁content ▁in ▁both ▁audio ▁and ▁video ▁forms . ▁Black ▁Hollywood ▁Live ' s ▁hosts ▁include ▁Der rial ▁Christ on , ▁Court ney ▁Stewart , ▁J esse ▁Jan edy , ▁Rach el ▁True , ▁Sam ▁Sar ong , ▁St acy ▁I ke , ▁Ash ley ▁Gray , ▁Che v onne ▁Hugh es , ▁Mari ▁F ag el , ▁Sp icy ▁Mari , |
▁Nick ▁P erd ue , ▁Er ica ▁R ene e ▁Davis , ▁Josh ▁Rod rig uez , ▁R he ina ▁Ale , ▁Al ia ▁Kru z , ▁Ak ili ▁Sh ine , ▁Eb oni ▁K . ▁Williams , ▁Sh aka ▁Smith , ▁Joe ▁Bras well , ▁Court ney ▁Te zen o , ▁Meg an ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Kevin ▁John ▁Peters . ▁ ▁Sh ows ▁▁▁ 1 0 0 % ▁Re el ▁– ▁discussion ▁and ▁break down ▁of ▁various ▁movie ▁titles ▁ ▁Athlet es ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁various ▁athlet es ▁ ▁Black ▁Te a ▁Party ▁– ▁week ly ▁discuss ions ▁on ▁political ▁news ▁and ▁current ▁affairs ▁ ▁Bre aking ▁In to ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁entertain ment ▁figures ▁highlight ing ▁their ▁tips , ▁tr icks ▁and ▁techniques ▁on ▁breaking ▁into ▁the ▁entertain ment ▁industry ▁ ▁Broadway ▁Break down ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁Broadway ▁actors , ▁writers , ▁produ cers ▁and ▁direct ors ▁ ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁An ▁E rot ica ▁Dan cer ▁– ▁round - table ▁discuss ions ▁from ▁ex otic ▁d anc ers ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁strip ▁te ase ▁community ▁ ▁Do ing ▁Lau nd ry ▁With ▁– ▁Black ▁Hollywood ▁Live ▁hosts ▁and ▁cele brit ies ▁in ▁an ▁off be at , ▁play ful ▁interview ▁format , ▁literally ▁was hing ▁and ▁fol ding ▁their ▁clothes , ▁while ▁opening ▁up ▁about ▁themselves ▁and ▁" air ing ▁out ▁their ▁la und ry ". ▁ ▁F ashion ▁ 4 1 1 ▁– ▁news ▁and ▁inside ▁information |
▁as ▁well ▁as ▁insight , ▁discussion ▁and ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁current ▁state ▁of ▁fashion . ▁ ▁F it ▁Club ▁– ▁fit ness ▁and ▁health ▁information ▁and ▁motiv ation , ▁with ▁topics ▁r anging ▁from ▁fit ness ▁f ads ▁and ▁health ▁products ▁to ▁recent ▁studies ▁on ▁di et ▁and ▁nut r ition ▁ ▁Ge ek . ▁N erd . ▁Te ch ▁– ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁latest ▁tr ending ▁g ad gets , ▁electron ics ▁and ▁consumer ▁products ▁ ▁G ospel ▁Take over ▁– ▁discuss ions ▁and ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁g ospel ▁talent ▁ ▁Justice ▁Is ▁Ser ved ▁– ▁news ▁and ▁inside ▁information ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁insight , ▁discussion ▁and ▁comment ary , ▁on ▁current ▁and ▁tr ending ▁legal ▁affairs ▁ ▁Let ' s ▁T alk ▁About ▁Sex ▁– ▁in - depth ▁discuss ions ▁on ▁d ating , ▁int im acy ▁and ▁relationships ▁ ▁Life ▁Ch angers ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁individuals ▁posit ively ▁impact ing ▁society ▁ ▁Next ▁– ▁inter views ▁with ▁up - and - coming ▁talent ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁ ▁Ph en omen al ▁Women ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁insp iring ▁women ▁ ▁Port ra its ▁– ▁inter views ▁with ▁legend ary ▁entertain ers ▁in ▁the ▁African ▁American ▁Community ▁ ▁Re ality ▁Check ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁reality ▁TV ▁stars ▁ ▁School ▁of ▁Model ing ▁– ▁tips , ▁tr icks ▁and ▁techniques ▁on ▁breaking ▁into ▁the ▁model ing ▁industry ▁ ▁Stand ▁Up ▁/ ▁Sit ▁Down ▁– ▁in - depth |
▁inter views ▁with ▁com ed ians ▁discuss ing ▁their ▁care ers , ▁and ▁inspir ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁stand - up ▁comedy ▁and ▁com edic ▁acting , ▁in ▁general ▁ ▁Success ▁Is ▁the ▁New ▁Black ▁– ▁inter views ▁with ▁top ▁business men ▁and ▁women ▁ ▁Success ▁Under ▁ 3 0 ▁– ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁individuals ▁who ▁have ▁achieved ▁success ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁ ▁The ▁Beat ▁– ▁comment ary , ▁discuss ions ▁and ▁inter views ▁with ▁musical ▁artists ▁in ▁the ▁industry ▁ ▁The ▁Cast ing ▁Call ▁– ▁comment ary ▁and ▁insight ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁tips , ▁tr icks ▁and ▁techniques ▁from ▁Hollywood ▁casting ▁direct ors ▁and ▁agents ▁ ▁This ▁Week ▁– ▁reports ▁and ▁discuss ▁about ▁tr ending ▁news ▁head lines ▁within ▁the ▁African ▁American ▁community ▁ ▁Urban ▁Well ness ▁and ▁Beaut y ▁– ▁comment ary , ▁information ▁and ▁news ▁on ▁urban ▁health , ▁beauty ▁and ▁l ifest yle ▁ ▁Write ▁On ▁– ▁inter views ▁with ▁writers ▁and ▁show ▁run ners ▁in ▁the ▁entertain ment ▁industry ▁ ▁YouTube ▁Stars ▁– ▁inter views ▁with ▁YouTube ▁personal ities ▁ ▁Staff ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁hosts ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁Black ▁Hollywood ▁Live ▁Network . ▁The ▁core ▁staff ▁consists ▁of ▁Der rial ▁Christ on ; ▁T iona ▁Hob son , ▁Nick ▁P erd ue , ▁Ash ley ▁Gray , ▁J esse ▁Jan edy , ▁Stephen ▁Lem i ue x ▁and ▁Phil ▁Sv ite k . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - |
American ▁media ▁Category : Pod cast ing ▁companies ▁Category : Audio ▁pod cast s ▁Category : Internet ▁television ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Hend erson ▁Lake ▁is ▁a ▁lake ▁on ▁V ancouver ▁Island ▁that ▁dra ins ▁south ▁into ▁head ▁of ▁U ch uck les it ▁In let ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁lower ▁Al ber ni ▁In let . ▁ ▁We ather ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁Hend erson ▁Lake ▁fish ▁h atch ery ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁lake ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁wet test ▁place ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁Hend erson ▁Lake ▁aver ages ▁ ▁of ▁precip itation , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁fell , ▁setting ▁the ▁all - time ▁Canadian ▁record . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁W et test ▁places ▁on ▁Earth ▁ ▁Cher rap un ji ▁ ▁Big ▁Bog ▁ ▁Mount ▁Wa iale ale ▁ ▁Qu ib d ó ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Al ber ni ▁Valley ▁Category : L akes ▁on ▁V ancouver ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁South ▁American ▁Cross ▁Country ▁Championships ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁races ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Car ac as , ▁Venezuela . ▁ ▁Complete ▁results , ▁results ▁for ▁junior ▁and ▁youth ▁compet itions , ▁and ▁medal ▁w inners ▁were ▁published . ▁ ▁Med all ists ▁ ▁Race ▁results ▁ ▁Senior ▁men ' s ▁race ▁( 1 2 ▁km ) ▁ ▁Junior ▁( U 2 0 ) ▁men ' s ▁race ▁( 8 ▁km ) ▁ |
▁Senior ▁women ' s ▁race ▁( 8 ▁km ) ▁ ▁Junior ▁( U 2 0 ) ▁women ' s ▁race ▁( 6 ▁km ) ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁( uno fficial ) ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁uno fficial ▁count , ▁ 2 6 ▁athlet es ▁from ▁ 3 ▁countries ▁participated . ▁▁ ▁( 5 ) ▁▁ ▁( 9 ) ▁▁ ▁( 1 2 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁athlet ics ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁G BR ath let ics ▁ ▁Category : S outh ▁American ▁Cross ▁Country ▁Championships ▁South ▁American ▁Cross ▁Country ▁Championships ▁South ▁American ▁Cross ▁Country ▁Championships ▁Category : Intern ational ▁athlet ics ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Venezuela ▁Category : C ross ▁country ▁running ▁in ▁Venezuela <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election ▁in ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁United ▁States ▁president ial ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁candidate , ▁inc umb ent ▁President ▁Jimmy ▁Carter , ▁won ▁the ▁state ▁over ▁former ▁California ▁Governor ▁Ron ald ▁Re agan ▁by ▁ 4 3 , 5 4 9 ▁votes , ▁giving ▁him ▁one ▁of ▁just ▁seven ▁vict ories ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁( other ▁than ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁Carter ▁also ▁carried ▁Maryland , ▁Minnesota , ▁Hawai i , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁and ▁his ▁home ▁state ▁of ▁Georgia ). ▁As |
▁a ▁result ▁of ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁voting ▁for ▁Carter , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁only ▁state ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁to ▁vote ▁for ▁a ▁Democratic ▁president ial ▁candidate ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁While ▁Carter ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁win ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 %, ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁votes ▁were ▁taken ▁away ▁by ▁the ▁strong ▁third ▁party ▁candid acy ▁of ▁John ▁B . ▁Anderson , ▁a ▁liberal ▁Republican ▁Congress man ▁who ▁ran ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁after ▁failing ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ' s ▁own ▁president ial ▁nom ination . ▁Anderson ▁proved ▁very ▁popular ▁with ▁liberal ▁and ▁moder ate ▁vot ers ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁who ▁viewed ▁Re agan ▁as ▁too ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁and ▁with ▁normally ▁lean ing ▁Democratic ▁vot ers ▁who ▁were ▁diss atisf ied ▁with ▁the ▁policies ▁of ▁the ▁Carter ▁Administration . ▁New ▁England ▁overall ▁would ▁prove ▁to ▁be ▁Anderson ' s ▁strong est ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁nation , ▁with ▁all ▁six ▁New ▁England ▁states ▁giving ▁double - digit ▁percent ages ▁to ▁Anderson . ▁In ▁fact , ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁would ▁ultimately ▁prove ▁to ▁be ▁John ▁Anderson ' s ▁third ▁strong est ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁after ▁neighbor ing ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁Verm ont , ▁his ▁ 1 4 . 3 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁more ▁than ▁double ▁the ▁ 6 . 6 1 % ▁he ▁got ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁Nation ally , ▁Re agan ▁won ▁the ▁election ▁with ▁ 4 8 9 ▁elect oral |
▁votes ▁and ▁ 5 0 . 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁vote . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁elections <0x0A> </s> ▁Com eb y ▁is ▁a ▁g host ▁town ▁in ▁Rank in ▁County , ▁Mississippi , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Com eb y ▁was ▁a ▁saw mill ▁town , ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁favorite ▁expression ▁of ▁the ▁mill ▁owner , ▁John ▁R . ▁Web ster : ▁" come ▁by ▁to ▁see ▁me ". ▁ ▁Com eb y ▁had ▁a ▁post ▁office ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁stop ▁on ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Central ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁Rank in ▁County , ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁Mississippi <0x0A> </s> ▁N ano S ail - D 2 ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁satellite ▁built ▁by ▁NASA ' s ▁Marshall ▁Space ▁Fl ight ▁Center ▁and ▁Am es ▁Research ▁Center ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁deployment ▁of ▁a ▁solar ▁sail ▁in ▁space . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁three - unit ▁C ube S at , ▁meas uring ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁mass ▁of ▁. ▁Its ▁solar ▁sail ▁had ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁was ▁deployed ▁in ▁around ▁five ▁seconds . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁deployed ▁from ▁the ▁FA ST S AT ▁satellite ▁around ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁two ▁weeks ▁after ▁launch . ▁The ▁satellite ▁did |
▁not ▁e ject ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁but ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁it ▁e ject ed ▁on ▁its ▁own ▁and ▁deployed ▁its ▁sail ▁three ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 th . ▁The ▁be acon ▁signal ▁began ▁transm itting ▁after ▁e jection ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁received ▁on ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Chron ology ▁N ano S ail - D 2 ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁ground ▁spare ▁for ▁the ▁N ano S ail - D ▁satellite , ▁which ▁was ▁launched ▁ab o ard ▁a ▁Fal con ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁lost ▁when ▁the ▁ro cket ▁mal function ed ▁during ▁stage ▁separation . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years ▁improvements ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁spare , ▁and ▁the ▁satellite ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁FA ST S AT ▁mission . ▁ ▁N ano S ail - D 2 ▁was ▁launched ▁ab o ard ▁a ▁Min ota ur ▁IV / H AP S ▁ro cket , ▁inside ▁the ▁FA ST S AT ▁satellite . ▁FA ST S AT ▁was ▁a ▁secondary ▁payload ▁on ▁the ▁launch , ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁payload ▁being ▁S TP S at - 2 . ▁The ▁launch ▁also ▁carried ▁R AX , ▁O / O RE OS , ▁Fal con S at - 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁FA STR AC ▁sat ell ites ; ▁S ara - L ily ▁and ▁Emma . ▁The ▁Min |
ota ur ▁was ▁launched ▁from ▁La unch ▁Pad ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁K od iak ▁La unch ▁Complex ▁at ▁ 0 1 : 2 5 ▁UTC ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Or b ital ▁Sciences ▁Corporation ▁conducted ▁the ▁launch ▁under ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force . ▁▁ ▁FA ST S AT ▁was ▁deployed ▁into ▁a ▁low ▁Earth ▁orbit ▁with ▁a ▁circular ▁orbit ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁alt itude ▁and ▁ 7 2 ▁degrees ▁of ▁incl ination . ▁N ano S ail - D 2 ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁separate ▁from ▁FA ST S AT ▁on ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁but ▁the ▁bay ▁door ▁did ▁not ▁open , ▁prevent ing ▁its ▁e jection . ▁Success ful ▁e jection ▁was ▁confirmed ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ; ▁it ▁is ▁unclear ▁what ▁caused ▁the ▁e jection ▁mechanism ▁to ▁fail ▁and ▁then ▁ultimately ▁release ▁at ▁this ▁later ▁date . ▁NASA ▁requested ▁amateur ▁radio ▁operators ▁listen ▁for ▁the ▁be acon ▁signal ▁from ▁N ano S ail - D . ▁They ▁did ▁and ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁ 1 - second ▁be acon ▁transm issions ▁which ▁were ▁transm itted ▁every ▁ 1 0 ▁seconds . ▁While ▁battery ▁power ▁was ▁soon ▁exha usted , ▁as ▁predicted ▁by ▁the ▁principal ▁investig ator , ▁Dean ▁Al horn , ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁sail ▁on ▁in ▁low - E arth ▁orbit ▁for ▁ 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days , ▁depending ▁on ▁atmos pher ic ▁conditions , ▁before |
▁it ▁bur nt ▁up , ▁and ▁to ▁become ▁easier ▁to ▁view ▁after ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁stabil ized ▁its ▁t umb ling . ▁ ▁To ▁generate ▁public ity ▁and ▁to ▁encou rage ▁observations ▁while ▁the ▁sail ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁orbit , ▁NASA ▁and ▁Space we ather . com ▁announced ▁a ▁phot ography ▁competition ▁with ▁a ▁grand ▁prize ▁of ▁$ 5 0 0 ▁to ▁capture ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁solar ▁sail ▁in ▁orbit . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁solar ▁sail ▁re - enter ed ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁after ▁ 2 4 0 ▁days ▁in ▁orbit , ▁though ▁this ▁was ▁only ▁announced ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁N ano S ail - D , ▁the ▁failed ▁prede cess or ▁to ▁N ano S ail - D 2 , ▁launched ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁I K A RO S , ▁a ▁Japanese ▁solar ▁sail , ▁launched ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Light S ail ▁ 2 , ▁a ▁controlled ▁solar ▁sail ▁C ube S at ▁launched ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁C ube S ail ▁( U lt ra S ail ), ▁a ▁sail ▁technology ▁demonstr ation ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Near - E arth ▁Ast ero id ▁Sc out , ▁a ▁solar ▁sail ▁C ube S at ▁planned ▁to ▁launch ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁C ube S ail , ▁a ▁planned ▁cub es at |
▁sail ▁mission ▁Sun j ammer , ▁a ▁solar ▁sail ▁that ▁was ▁cancel led ▁before ▁launch ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁NASA ▁N ano S ail - D ▁Mission ▁page ▁ ▁N ano S ail - D ▁dash board ▁ ▁Twitter ▁page ▁ ▁An ▁index ▁of ▁images ▁by ▁ast roph ot ograph er ▁R alf ▁V ande berg h ▁created ▁with ▁a ▁teles cope ▁mounted ▁camera . ▁ ▁information ▁about ▁N ano S ail - D 2 ▁on ▁e oport al . org ▁ ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : S olar ▁sail ▁space craft ▁Category : C ube S ats ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁by ▁Min ota ur ▁rock ets ▁Category : Space craft ▁which ▁re enter ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Stephen ▁F . ▁Brown ▁( A pril ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁– ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Union ▁Army ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁and ▁became ▁famous ▁for ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg ▁armed ▁only ▁with ▁a ▁camp ▁h atch et . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Stephen ▁F la vi us ▁Brown ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sw anton , ▁Verm ont , ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Sw anton , ▁became ▁a ▁teacher , ▁and ▁planned ▁to ▁begin ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Verm ont |
▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ ▁Instead ▁of ▁beginning ▁college , ▁Brown ▁en list ed ▁for ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁as ▁a ▁Private ▁in ▁Company ▁K , ▁ 1 3 th ▁Verm ont ▁Infantry ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁soon ▁elected ▁the ▁company ' s ▁First ▁Lieutenant . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 3 th ▁Verm ont ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Verm ont ▁Brigade , ▁and ▁carried ▁out ▁duties ▁in ▁Maryland ▁and ▁Virginia ▁during ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Verm ont ▁Brigade ▁march ed ▁from ▁Maryland ▁to ▁G ett ys burg , ▁Pennsylvania ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁VI ▁Corps . ▁ ▁While ▁en ▁route , ▁Brown ▁viol ated ▁a ▁" no ▁st rag g ling " ▁order ▁and ▁dis ob ey ed ▁a ▁security ▁detail ▁guard ing ▁a ▁well ▁to ▁ref ill ▁the ▁can te ens ▁of ▁several ▁soldiers ▁in ▁his ▁company ▁who ▁were ▁succ umb ing ▁to ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁summer ▁heat . ▁ ▁Brown ▁was ▁placed ▁under ▁arrest ▁and ▁rel ieved ▁of ▁his ▁sword ▁and ▁p istol , ▁an ▁officer ' s ▁symbols ▁of ▁authority . ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁circumstances ▁unfold ing ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg , ▁Brown ▁was ▁not ▁det ained ▁and ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁keep ▁march ing ▁with ▁his ▁men . ▁ ▁Once ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade ▁arrived ▁at ▁G ett |
ys burg , ▁Brown ▁determined ▁to ▁rec laim ▁his ▁honor ▁by ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁fight . ▁ ▁Ar ming ▁himself ▁with ▁a ▁hand ▁ax e ▁from ▁a ▁wood p ile ▁near ▁his ▁regiment ' s ▁camp , ▁Brown ▁charged ▁into ▁battle ▁to ▁the ▁che ers ▁of ▁his ▁men . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁hand - to - hand ▁combat ▁he ▁comp elled ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁officer , ▁whose ▁sword ▁and ▁p istol ▁Brown ▁seized ▁before ▁making ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁a ▁prisoner . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁battle ▁Brown ▁suffered ▁head ▁tra uma ▁from ▁the ▁conc uss ion ▁of ▁an ▁art illery ▁shell ▁which ▁expl oded ▁near ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁rendered ▁aid ▁to ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁a ▁leg ▁during ▁the ▁fighting . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁hearing ▁loss ▁and ▁other ▁effects ▁from ▁the ▁shell ' s ▁conc uss ion , ▁Brown ▁refused ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁field , ▁telling ▁the ▁regiment al ▁sur geon ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁fight ▁unless ▁the ▁entire ▁regiment ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁retre at . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 3 th ▁Verm ont ' s ▁role ▁at ▁G ett ys burg ▁included ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁counter att ack ▁on ▁Pick ett ' s ▁Char ge . ▁ ▁Units ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Verm ont ▁Brigade , ▁commanded ▁by ▁George ▁J . ▁St ann ard , ▁march ed ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁Union ▁lines , ▁executed ▁a ▁left ▁fl ank ▁man eu ver , ▁and ▁fired ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁fl ank ▁of ▁Pick ett |
' s ▁men ▁as ▁they ▁advanced . ▁ ▁St ann ard ' s ▁tim ely ▁action ▁effectively ▁ended ▁Pick ett ' s ▁Char ge ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg . ▁ ▁Brown ▁continued ▁to ▁wear ▁the ▁captured ▁sword ▁and ▁p istol ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁service . ▁ ▁The ▁charges ▁against ▁him ▁for ▁viol ating ▁the ▁" no ▁st rag g ling " ▁order ▁were ▁not ▁purs ued . ▁ ▁Later ▁military ▁service ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Verm ont ' s ▁term ▁of ▁service ▁ended , ▁Brown ▁re en list ed , ▁this ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Verm ont ▁Infantry . ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Captain , ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁Company ▁A . ▁ ▁In ▁May , ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁Brown ▁was ▁wounded ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁W ilder ness , ▁when ▁a ▁bullet ▁struck ▁his ▁left ▁shoulder ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁giving ▁orders ▁to ▁his ▁company . ▁ ▁His ▁left ▁arm ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁am put ated , ▁and ▁Brown ▁was ▁dis charg ed ▁in ▁August , ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁Brown ▁en rolled ▁at ▁Alb any ▁Law ▁School , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁re located ▁to ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁successful ▁law ▁practice ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁successful ▁as ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁invest or . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁Chicago ▁Fire |
▁of ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁he ▁lost ▁his ▁law ▁library , ▁the ▁building ▁containing ▁his ▁law ▁office ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁buildings ▁he ▁owned , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁recover ▁and ▁continue ▁his ▁law ▁practice ▁and ▁business ▁activities . ▁ ▁In ▁May , ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁Grant ▁Grand ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁Post ▁( Number ▁ 2 8 ) ▁in ▁Chicago ▁held ▁a ▁test imon ial ▁dinner ▁in ▁Brown ' s ▁honor , ▁and ▁presented ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁medal ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁his ▁hero ism ▁at ▁G ett ys burg . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁Brown ▁returned ▁to ▁Sw anton ▁so ▁he ▁could ▁care ▁for ▁his ▁aged ▁parents , ▁and ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁res ide ▁there ▁after ▁their ▁death s . ▁ ▁Brown ▁was ▁elected ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Re union ▁Society ▁of ▁Verm ont ▁Offic ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁( G AR ) ▁and ▁the ▁Military ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Lo yal ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( MO LL US ). ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁bur ial ▁Brown ▁died ▁in ▁Sw anton ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁Church ▁Street ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Sw anton . ▁ ▁Family ▁Brown ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Samuel ▁G . ▁Brown ▁( 1 8 1 6 - 1 8 9 1 ) ▁and ▁Anne ▁M . ▁C raw ford ▁Brown |
▁( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 9 6 ). ▁ ▁Samuel ▁G . ▁Brown ▁was ▁a ▁Civil ▁War ▁veter an , ▁having ▁served ▁in ▁Company ▁A , ▁ 1 st ▁Verm ont ▁Infantry . ▁ ▁Stephen ▁F . ▁Brown ' s ▁brother , ▁Samuel ▁G . ▁Brown , ▁Jr . ▁( 1 8 4 2 - 1 8 6 4 ), ▁was ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Verm ont ▁Infantry . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁contract ing ▁ty ph oid ▁fe ver . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁Brown ▁married ▁Mary ▁N . ▁Mc Don ough ▁( 1 8 5 1 - 1 9 2 5 ) ▁in ▁Sw anton . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁The ▁monument ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Verm ont ▁on ▁the ▁G ett ys burg ▁battle field ▁is ▁to pped ▁with ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Brown . ▁ ▁The ▁War ▁Department ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁Brown ▁to ▁be ▁dep icted ▁carrying ▁his ▁ax e , ▁regarding ▁that ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁dis ob ed ience ▁of ▁orders . ▁ ▁Instead , ▁the ▁statue ▁dep ict s ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁sword ▁at ▁his ▁side ▁and ▁an ▁ax e ▁at ▁his ▁feet . ▁ ▁One ▁panel ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁monument ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Brown . ▁ ▁It ▁reads : ▁ ▁" The ▁statue ▁represents ▁Stephen ▁F . ▁Brown , ▁Co . ▁K , ▁who ▁arrived ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁without ▁a ▁sword |
, ▁but ▁seized ▁a ▁camp ▁h atch et , ▁and ▁carried ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁until ▁he ▁captured ▁a ▁sword ▁from ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁officer . ▁ ▁Per se ver ing ▁and ▁determ ining ▁like ▁him ▁were ▁all ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁this ▁regiment ▁of ▁Green ▁Mountain ▁Boys ." ▁ ▁Brown ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Verm ont ▁Historical ▁Society ▁the ▁sword ▁he ▁seized ▁at ▁G ett ys burg . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Stephen ▁F . ▁Brown ▁at ▁Verm ont ▁in ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Or son ▁St ur te v ant , ▁P ict orial ▁History ▁Th ir teenth ▁Regiment ▁Verm ont ▁Vol unte ers ▁( 1 9 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sw anton ▁( town ), ▁Verm ont ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : Union ▁Army ▁officers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁Verm ont ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁Category : 2 nd ▁Verm ont ▁Brigade ▁Category : Al b any ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ill inois ▁law y ers ▁Category : V erm ont ▁law y ers ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : American ▁am put ees <0x0A> </s> ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁national ▁c ere br al ▁p als y ▁football ▁team ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁c ere br al ▁football ▁team ▁for ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁that ▁represents ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁international ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁ranked ▁th |
ir teenth ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁IF CP F ▁World ▁Championships , ▁they ▁finished ▁four teenth ▁in ▁a ▁fifteen ▁deep ▁field . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Football ▁Association ▁man ages ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁While ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁particip ating ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Championship ▁level ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁country ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁national ▁champion ships ▁to ▁support ▁national ▁team ▁player ▁development . ▁ ▁Rank ing ▁▁ ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁was ▁ranked ▁th ir teenth ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁by ▁the ▁IF CP F ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁ranked ▁fif teenth . ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁was ▁ranked ▁twenty - first ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Results ▁▁ ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁international ▁tournament s . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁IF CP F ▁Qual ification ▁Tournament ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Ve jen , ▁Den mark ▁in ▁early ▁August . ▁ ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁process ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁IF CP F ▁World ▁Championships . ▁ ▁Other ▁teams ▁scheduled ▁to ▁particip ate ▁included ▁Scotland , ▁Canada , ▁Portugal , ▁Iran , ▁Australia , ▁Venezuela , ▁Japan , ▁Republic ▁of ▁South ▁Korea , ▁Germany |
, ▁Den mark , ▁and ▁Spain . ▁ ▁IF CP F ▁World ▁Championships ▁ ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁IF CP F ▁World ▁Championships . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁Category : Gre at ▁Britain ▁at ▁the ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : National ▁c ere br al ▁p als y ▁football ▁teams <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ześ ń ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁places : ▁Tr ześ ń , ▁Kol bus z owa ▁County ▁in ▁Sub car path ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - east ▁Poland ) ▁Tr ześ ń , ▁M iele c ▁County ▁in ▁Sub car path ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - east ▁Poland ) ▁Tr ześ ń , ▁T arn ob rz eg ▁County ▁in ▁Sub car path ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - east ▁Poland ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Chal ▁Se yl ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Ch ā l ▁Se yl ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Ch ā l ▁Se yl - e ▁Cher ā gh ā b ā d ▁and ▁Ch ā l ▁Se yl - e ▁‘ O ly ā ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Nur abad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁D elf an ▁County , ▁Lor est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 4 , ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages |
▁in ▁D elf an ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁T kh k ut ▁( ; ▁formerly , ▁Mar al z ami ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁community ▁of ▁V ard an id zor ▁in ▁the ▁Sy un ik ▁Province ▁of ▁Armen ia . ▁▁ ▁The ▁National ▁Statist ical ▁Service ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Armen ia ▁( AR M STAT ) ▁reported ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 9 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sy un ik ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁och re - bre asted ▁ant pit ta ▁( Gr all ar ic ula ▁fla vi ro str is ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁bird ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Gr all ari idae . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Boliv ia , ▁Colombia , ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁E cuador , ▁Pan ama , ▁and ▁Peru . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habitat ▁is ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁mo ist ▁mont ane ▁for ests . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁och re - bre asted ▁ant pit ta ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁And es ▁och re - bre asted ▁ant pit ta ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Lyn n ▁C ros bie ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist . ▁She ▁teach es ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto |
. ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁C ros bie ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec , ▁and ▁now ▁lives ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁She ▁received ▁her ▁Ph D ▁in ▁English ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto , ▁writing ▁her ▁Ph D ▁th esis ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁poet ▁Anne ▁Se xt on . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁taught ▁at ▁York , ▁U ▁f ▁T , ▁Gu el ph , ▁and ▁O C AD ▁univers ities , ▁and ▁has ▁taught ▁shorter ▁classes / work sh ops ▁at ▁R ut gers , ▁Work man , ▁Sister ing , F lying ▁Books ▁And ▁more . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Ins om nia c ▁Press ▁published ▁her ▁controvers ial ▁book ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁criminal ▁Paul ▁Bern ardo , ▁Paul ' s ▁Case . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁C ros bie ▁published ▁a ▁book - length ▁poem ▁titled ▁Li ar , ▁available ▁through ▁House ▁of ▁An ans i ▁Press . ▁Li ar ▁is ▁a ▁personal ▁work ▁that ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁her ▁seven - year ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁fan ▁Michael ▁Hol mes , ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁poetry ▁book ▁Part s ▁Un known . ▁Her ▁long ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁writer ▁Tony ▁Burg ess ▁is ▁chron ic led ▁in ▁Pear l ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁ ▁C ros bie ▁is ▁a ▁cultural ▁critic , ▁and ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁books ▁of ▁poetry ▁including ▁Miss ▁Pam ela ' s ▁Mer cy , ▁Corps es ▁of |
▁the ▁Future , ▁and ▁Miss ing ▁Children . ▁ ▁C ros bie ▁has ▁lect ured ▁on ▁and ▁written ▁about ▁visual ▁art ▁ ▁at ▁the ▁AG O , ▁the ▁Power ▁Plant , ▁the ▁Mc M ic ah el ▁Gallery , ▁the ▁Oak ville ▁Gal ley r ▁and ▁O C AD ▁University ▁( where ▁she ▁taught ▁for ▁six ▁years .) ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁award - win ning ▁journalist ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁regular ▁column ▁titled ▁" Pop ▁Ro cks " ▁in ▁the ▁Toronto ▁newspaper ▁The ▁Glo be ▁and ▁Mail ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁Toronto ▁Life ▁F ashion . ▁ ▁Her ▁Tr amp oline ▁Hall ▁L ect ure ▁was ▁entitled ▁" Don ' t ▁Have ▁Cas ual ▁Sex ". ▁ ▁Her ▁book ▁Life ▁Is ▁About ▁Los ing ▁Everything , ▁a ▁roman ▁à ▁cle f / f ict ional ▁mem oir , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁by ▁House ▁of ▁An ans i . ▁The ▁book ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Re L it ▁Award ▁in ▁the ▁fiction ▁category . ▁ ▁Her ▁novel ▁Where ▁Did ▁You ▁S leep ▁Last ▁Night ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁from ▁House ▁of ▁An ans i . ▁It ▁was ▁short list ed ▁for ▁Ontario ’ s ▁Tr ill ium ▁Award . ▁ ▁Her ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁novel ▁Ch icken ▁was ▁option ed ▁by ▁film maker ▁Bruce ▁Mc Donald . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Miss ▁Pam ela ' s ▁Mer cy ▁( Co ach ▁House , ▁ 1 9 9 2 |
) ▁The ▁Girl ▁W ants ▁To : ▁Women ' s ▁Represent ations ▁of ▁Sex ▁and ▁the ▁Body ▁( Co ach ▁House , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁( as ▁editor ) ▁Villa in elle ▁( Co ach ▁House , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁Pear l ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁An ans i , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁Paul ' s ▁Case ▁( In som nia c ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Click : ▁Be coming ▁Fem in ists ▁( Mac F ar lane , ▁Walter ▁& ▁Ross , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁( as ▁editor ) ▁Queen ▁Rat : ▁New ▁and ▁Selected ▁Po ems ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁An ans i , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁Dor othy ▁L ' Am our ▁( Har per Coll ins , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Pho eb e ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁An ▁Ess ay ▁in ▁Ver se ▁( T urt le ▁Point , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁( with ▁J ef fer y ▁Con way ▁and ▁David ▁Tr in idad ) ▁Miss ing ▁Children ▁( Mc C le ll and ▁& ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁Li ar ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁An ans i , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Life ▁Is ▁About ▁Los ing ▁Everything ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁An ans i , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Where ▁Did ▁You ▁S leep ▁Last ▁Night ? ▁( 2 0 1 |
5 ) ▁Ch icken ▁( H ouse ▁of ▁An ans i , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Canadian ▁literature ▁Canadian ▁poetry ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁writers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Lyn n ▁C ros bie ▁arch ives ▁at ▁the ▁Clara ▁Thomas ▁Archives ▁and ▁Special ▁Col lections , ▁York ▁University ▁L ibr aries , ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario ▁Lyn n ▁C ros bie ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ang lo phone ▁Quebec ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁column ists ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Toronto ▁al umn i ▁Category : W omen ▁column ists ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Toronto ▁fac ulty ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b wad ▁( 2 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 1 |
9 5 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁stage ▁actress ▁and ▁stage ▁producer . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁leading ▁actress ▁in ▁Norwegian ▁theatre ▁for ▁half ▁a ▁century . ▁ ▁Early ▁and ▁personal ▁life ▁Joh anne ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Christian ia ▁( now ▁Ol so ) ▁as ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁actor ▁Math ias ▁Ju ell ▁( 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 9 4 ) ▁and ▁actress ▁Joh anne ▁Reg ine ▁El v ig ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 8 8 2 ). ▁Both ▁her ▁parents ▁were ▁acting ▁for ▁the ▁Christian ia ▁Theatre . ▁Her ▁mother ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Norwegian ▁to ▁play ▁" N ora " ▁in ▁Ib sen ' s ▁A ▁D oll ' s ▁House , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁Her ▁mother ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁only ▁ 3 4 ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁Joh anne ▁grew ▁up ▁with ▁her ▁a unt ▁in ▁Ber gen . ▁Her ▁fost er ▁parents ▁wanted ▁to ▁keep ▁her ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁theatre , ▁but ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁actress . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Act ress ▁Joh anne ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁at ▁Den ▁N ationale ▁Sc ene ▁in ▁Ber gen ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁in ▁the ▁comedy ▁play ▁Ger tr ude ▁eller ▁den ▁l ille ▁sk at . ▁Her ▁next ▁role ▁was ▁" N ora " ▁in ▁A ▁D oll ' s ▁House . ▁She ▁had ▁her ▁break through ▁as ▁" F anch on " ▁in ▁Bir ch - P fe iffer ' |
s ▁play ▁En ▁l iden ▁H ex , ▁first ▁in ▁Ber gen , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁Christian ia ▁Theatre ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁The ▁scene ▁when ▁she ▁dan ced ▁in ▁the ▁mo ons h ine , ▁with ▁her ▁own ▁shadow , ▁fasc in ated ▁the ▁public , ▁and ▁theatre ▁director ▁and ▁critic ▁G unn ar ▁He i berg ▁described ▁the ▁scene ▁as ▁" a ▁big ▁artist ▁was ▁born ". ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁at ▁Christian ia ▁Theatre , ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁She ▁joined ▁theatre ▁director ▁B j ør n ▁B j ør n son ▁at ▁the ▁National the at ret ▁from ▁its ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁played ▁here ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁career . ▁▁ ▁During ▁her ▁time ▁at ▁Christian ia ▁Theatre ▁she ▁played ▁ 7 6 ▁roles , ▁including ▁" H ed v ig " ▁in ▁The ▁Wild ▁D uck ▁( 1 8 8 9 ), ▁" N ora " ▁in ▁A ▁D oll ' s ▁House ▁( 1 8 9 0 ), ▁and ▁" Jul iet " ▁in ▁Rome o ▁and ▁Jul iet ▁( 1 8 9 9 ). ▁At ▁National the at ret ▁she ▁played ▁roles ▁such ▁as ▁" K l ara ▁Sang " ▁in ▁Over ▁ Æ v ne ▁I ▁( 1 8 9 9 ), ▁" M aja " ▁in ▁When ▁We ▁Dead ▁Aw aken ▁and ▁" G erd " ▁in ▁Brand . ▁She ▁also ▁tou red ▁with ▁the ▁theatre , |
▁to ▁C open hagen ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁to ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁and ▁to ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Stage ▁producer ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁she ▁produced ▁her ▁first ▁play , ▁Ma eter lin ck ' s ▁P ell é as ▁and ▁M él is ande . ▁She ▁would ▁later ▁produce ▁more ▁than ▁forty ▁plays , ▁often ▁playing ▁the ▁leading ▁role ▁herself . ▁Among ▁her ▁produ ctions ▁were ▁Eur ip ides ' ▁classical ▁tra ged y ▁M ede a ▁( 1 9 1 8 ), ▁Nord ahl ▁Gr ieg ' s ▁Bar ab bas ▁( 1 9 2 7 ), ▁and ▁Sch iller ' s ▁Mary ▁Stuart ▁( 1 9 2 9 ). ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b wad ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Medal ▁of ▁Mer it ▁( K ong ens ▁fort jen st med al je ) ▁in ▁gold . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Norwegian ▁Order ▁of ▁St . ▁O lav ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁At ▁her ▁ 6 0 ▁years ' ▁anni versary ▁as ▁actress , ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁she ▁played ▁" Mor ▁A ase " ▁in ▁Ib sen ' s ▁Pe er ▁G ynt , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁hon oured ▁with ▁the ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁St . ▁O lav . ▁Her ▁last ▁stage ▁appearance ▁was ▁one ▁month ▁later , ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She |
▁died ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁ 8 2 ▁years ▁old . ▁She ▁was ▁buried ▁V år ▁F rel sers ▁grav l und ▁in ▁Os lo . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁a ▁bronze ▁statue ▁of ▁her ▁was ▁revealed ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁sculpt ured ▁by ▁Per ▁Ung . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Norwegian ▁actor ▁to ▁be ▁dep icted ▁on ▁a ▁post age ▁stamp . ▁The ▁area ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Theatre , ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b w ads ▁p lass , ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁her , ▁and ▁the ▁theatre ' s ▁address ▁is ▁" J oh anne ▁Dy b w ads ▁p lass ▁ 1 ". ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁She ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁bar r ister ▁and ▁song writer ▁Vil helm ▁Dy b wad ▁( 1 8 6 3 – 1 9 5 0 ) ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁lawyer ▁N ils ▁Ju ell ▁Dy b wad ▁( 1 8 9 2 - 1 9 7 2 ). ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Krist ian ▁El ster , ▁Jr .: ▁Sk ues p iller inden ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b wad . ▁T il ▁b ely s ning ▁av ▁real is men ▁i ▁sk ues p ill k un sten ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁Ax el ▁Otto ▁Norm ann : ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b wad |
. ▁Liv ▁og ▁kunst ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁C . ▁R . ▁W aal : ▁Joh anne ▁Dy b wad . ▁Norwegian ▁Act ress ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Os lo ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁theatre ▁man agers ▁and ▁produ cers ▁Category : ▁Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁O lav ' s ▁Medal ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Medal ▁of ▁Mer it ▁in ▁gold ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁V år ▁F rel sers ▁grav l und <0x0A> </s> ▁R ita ▁Raz ma it ė ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Lith uan ian ▁former ▁cycl ist . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L ith uan ian ▁female ▁cycl ists ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cycl ists ▁of ▁Lith u ania ▁Category : Cy cl ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Cy cl ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Kre ting a <0x0A> </s> ▁Em al ▁is |
▁an ▁Afghan ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁name . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Em al ▁G ari wal ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Afghan ▁football ▁goal keeper ▁ ▁Em al ▁Pas ar ly ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Afghan ▁multimedia ▁editor ▁for ▁the ▁BBC ▁ ▁Em al ▁Z eni ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 2 - 2 0 1 7 ), ▁Afghan ▁weapons ▁tr ader ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Am al ▁( g iven ▁name ) ▁ ▁Category : A fg han ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁its ▁invent or , ▁Georges - Fern and ▁W idal , ▁is ▁a ▁pres um pt ive ▁ser ological ▁test ▁for ▁enter ic ▁fe ver ▁or ▁und ul ant ▁fe ver ▁where by ▁b acter ia ▁causing ▁ty ph oid ▁fe ver ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁a ▁ser um ▁containing ▁specific ▁ant ib od ies ▁obtained ▁from ▁an ▁inf ected ▁individual . ▁In ▁cases ▁of ▁Sal mon ella ▁in fection , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁O - s oma ▁false - pos itive ▁result . ▁Test ▁results ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁interpreted ▁carefully ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁any ▁history ▁of ▁enter ic ▁fe ver , ▁ty ph oid ▁v acc ination , ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁level ▁of ▁ant ib od ies ▁in ▁the ▁populations ▁in ▁en demic ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁Ty ph id ot ▁is ▁the ▁other ▁test ▁used ▁to ▁as certain ▁the |
▁diagn osis ▁of ▁ty ph oid ▁fe ver . ▁As ▁with ▁all ▁ser ological ▁tests , ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁ant ib ody ▁levels ▁needed ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁diagn osis ▁takes ▁ 7 – 1 4 ▁days , ▁which ▁limits ▁its ▁applic ability ▁in ▁early ▁diagn osis . ▁Other ▁means ▁of ▁diagn osing ▁Sal mon ella ▁ty phi ▁( and ▁par aty phi ) ▁include ▁cult ures ▁of ▁blood , ▁ur ine ▁and ▁fa ec es . ▁ ▁These ▁organ isms ▁produce ▁H 2 S ▁from ▁th ios ulf ate ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁easily ▁on ▁differential ▁media ▁such ▁as ▁b ism uth ▁sul f ite ▁ag ar . ▁▁▁▁ 2 - mer capt o eth an ol ▁is ▁often ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁W idal ▁test . ▁This ▁agent ▁more ▁easily ▁den atures ▁the ▁Ig M ▁class ▁of ▁ant ib od ies , ▁so ▁if ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁the ▁t iter ▁is ▁seen ▁after ▁using ▁this ▁agent , ▁it ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁Ig M ▁has ▁been ▁removed ▁leaving ▁the ▁Ig G ▁component . ▁This ▁different iation ▁of ▁ant ib ody ▁classes ▁is ▁important ▁as ▁it ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁a ▁recent ▁( Ig M ) ▁from ▁an ▁old ▁in fection ▁( Ig G ). ▁ ▁The ▁W idal ▁test ▁is ▁positive ▁if ▁TO ▁ant igen ▁t iter ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 : 1 6 0 ▁in ▁an ▁active ▁in fection , ▁or ▁if ▁TH ▁ant igen ▁t iter ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 : 1 6 0 ▁in ▁past ▁in |
fection ▁or ▁in ▁imm un ized ▁persons . ▁A ▁single ▁W idal ▁test ▁is ▁of ▁little ▁clin ical ▁relev ance ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁number ▁of ▁cross - react ing ▁in fe ctions , ▁including ▁mal aria . ▁If ▁no ▁other ▁tests ▁( e ither ▁b acter i olog ic ▁culture ▁or ▁more ▁specific ▁ser ology ) ▁are ▁available , ▁a ▁four fold ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁t iter ▁( e . g ., ▁from ▁ 1 : 4 0 ▁to ▁ 1 : 6 4 0 ) ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁in fection , ▁or ▁a ▁conversion ▁from ▁an ▁Ig M ▁reaction ▁to ▁an ▁Ig G ▁reaction ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁same ▁t iter , ▁would ▁be ▁consistent ▁with ▁a ▁ty ph oid ▁in fection . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁ser ological ▁test ▁called ▁the ▁T ub ex ▁test ▁is ▁neither ▁superior ▁nor ▁better ▁performing ▁than ▁the ▁W idal ▁test . ▁Therefore , ▁T ub ex ▁test ▁is ▁not ▁recommended ▁for ▁diagn osis ▁of ▁ty ph oid ▁fe ver . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Georges - Fern and ▁W idal ▁ ▁K auff man - White ▁classification ▁ ▁Mean ▁cor pus cular ▁hem og lo bin § ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Category : Im mun olog ic ▁tests ▁Category : B acter ial ▁dise ases ▁Category : B lo od ▁tests ▁Category : Ty ph oid ▁fe ver <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁from ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 |
0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁The ▁chamber ▁had ▁thirty ▁seats ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ten ▁provinces ▁each ▁elect ing ▁three ▁members , ▁on ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁rotation ▁where by ▁one - third ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁would ▁ret ire ▁at ▁each ▁bien n ial ▁election . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁East ▁Province ▁M LC ▁Edward ▁Viv ien ▁Har vey ▁Ke ane ▁died . ▁Vern on ▁Ham ers ley ▁won ▁the ▁resulting ▁by - e lection ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁Central ▁Province ▁M LC ▁John ▁D rew ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁for ▁Land s ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁Ministry ▁led ▁by ▁Labor ▁premier ▁Henry ▁D ag lish . ▁He ▁was ▁therefore ▁required ▁to ▁res ign ▁and ▁contest ▁a ▁minister ial ▁by - e lection , ▁at ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp osed ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁Metropolitan - Sub urban ▁Province ▁M LC ▁Walter ▁Kings mill ▁was ▁appointed ▁Col onial ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁Ministry ▁led ▁by ▁Corn th wa ite ▁R ason . ▁He ▁was ▁therefore ▁required ▁to ▁res ign ▁and ▁contest ▁a ▁minister ial ▁by - e lection , ▁at ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp osed ▁on ▁ 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 5 . |
▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁Western ▁Australian ▁parliament s ▁by ▁term <0x0A> </s> ▁Gab er l un zie ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁medieval ▁Sc ots ▁word ▁for ▁a ▁lic ensed ▁begg ar . ▁The ▁name ▁may ▁derive ▁from ▁the ▁wal let ▁that ▁such ▁people ▁carried , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁other ▁known ▁deriv ation . ▁The ▁word ▁appears ▁in ▁several ▁of ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁Scott ' s ▁books . ▁ ▁Gab er l un z ies ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁King ' s ▁B edes men ▁or ▁blue ▁g oun s ▁( the ▁g own s ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁al ms ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁monarch ). ▁Scott ▁gives ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁custom s ▁and ▁of ▁particular ▁B edes men ▁he ▁knew ▁in ▁the ▁introduction ▁to ▁The ▁Anti qu ary . ▁ ▁Sc ots man ▁Donald ▁Far fra e ▁uses ▁the ▁word ▁in ▁Thomas ▁Hard y ' s ▁The ▁Mayor ▁of ▁C aster bridge : ▁" There ▁are ▁not ▁perpet ual ▁snow ▁and ▁wol ves ▁at ▁all ▁in ▁it ! — except ▁snow ▁in ▁winter , ▁and — well — a ▁little ▁in ▁summer ▁just ▁sometimes , ▁and ▁a ▁' g ab er l un zie ' ▁or ▁two ▁st alk ing ▁about ▁here ▁and ▁there , ▁if ▁ye ▁may ▁call ▁them ▁dangerous ." ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁also ▁makes ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁nov els ▁in ▁Patrick ▁O ' B rian ' s ▁A ubre y – M atur in ▁series ▁- ▁Tre ason ' s ▁Har bour ▁and ▁The ▁H |
undred ▁Days . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁is ▁also ▁referenced ▁in ▁the ▁Out land er ▁series -- E pisode ▁ 8 ▁of ▁Season ▁ 1 . ▁A ▁character ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Hugh ▁Mun ro ▁we ars ▁many ▁tokens ▁on ▁his ▁ch est , ▁grant ing ▁him ▁permission ▁to ▁beg ▁in ▁different ▁Scottish ▁par ishes . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁sp elled ▁gab er l un y ie , ▁since ▁the ▁z ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁y og h . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁folk ▁du o ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁who ▁have ▁performed ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁" The ▁J olly ▁Beg gar ", ▁a ▁ball ad ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁Gab er l un zi eman ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Trad itional ▁poem : ▁The ▁Gab er l un y ie ▁Man ▁ ▁Category : B eg g ars ▁Category : In form al ▁occup ations ▁Category : Med ieval ▁occup ations ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁The ▁F ier y ▁Cross ▁by ▁D iana ▁Gab ald on . <0x0A> </s> ▁Go at ▁Story ▁ 2 ▁( AK A ▁- ▁Go at ▁story ▁with ▁Che ese ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Czech ▁te en ▁ 3 D ▁computer - anim ated ▁comedy ▁feature ▁film ▁( ). ▁Direct ed ▁by ▁Jan ▁Tom á nek ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Art ▁And ▁An imation ▁studio . ▁It ▁is |
▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Go at ▁Story . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁animated ▁by ▁a ▁changed ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁film , ▁with ▁anim ators ▁joining ▁the ▁project ▁from ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Spain , ▁Bulg aria ▁and ▁India . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 D ▁and ▁ 3 D . ▁The ▁movie ▁was ▁rendered ▁in ▁in - house ▁GPU ▁render er ▁Fur ry B all . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁probably ▁the ▁first ▁world ▁feature ▁animated ▁movie ▁rendered ▁completely ▁on ▁GPU . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁put ▁produ cers ▁the ▁movie ▁on ▁YouTube ▁for ▁free . ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁original , ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁language ▁versions — - ▁the ▁original ▁Czech , ▁English , ▁Spanish , ▁Portuguese , ▁German , ▁French , ▁Turkish , ▁Italian , ▁Russian , ▁and ▁H indi . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁Go at ▁leaves ▁old ▁Prag ue ▁for ▁the ▁fair y ▁che ese ▁kingdom ▁and ▁must ▁save ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁her ▁new ▁friends . ▁ ▁Cast ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁the ▁voice ▁tal ents ▁of : ▁ ▁Ji ří ▁L á bus ▁as ▁Go at ▁ ▁Mat ě j ▁H á dek ▁as ▁K uba ▁ ▁Mah ul ena ▁Bo č an ová ▁as ▁M á ca ▁ ▁Mich al ▁D lou h ý ▁as ▁Mat ě j ▁ ▁Mi ros lav ▁T á bor ský ▁as ▁Pri est ▁Ign ác ▁ ▁K arel ▁He ř m á nek ▁as ▁Dev il ▁/ ▁Le ader ▁ ▁Dal im il ▁K lap |
ka ▁as ▁Beg gar ▁ ▁O ta ▁J ir ák ▁as ▁Ta ver ner ▁ ▁Filip ▁Je vi č ▁as ▁Student ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁animated ▁feature ▁films ▁List ▁of ▁computer - anim ated ▁films ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Go at ▁story ▁on ▁YouTube ▁for ▁free ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁( in ▁Czech ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁computer - anim ated ▁films ▁Category : C zech ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : C zech ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : C zech ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁sequ el ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁te en ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁ 3 D ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Great est ▁H its ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁compilation ▁album ▁from ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁Dan ▁Se als . ▁It ▁features ▁his ▁hits ▁from ▁his ▁previous ▁studio ▁albums ▁such ▁as ▁W on ' t ▁Be ▁Blue ▁An ym ore , ▁R age ▁On , ▁and ▁On ▁Ar rival . ▁All ▁tracks ▁were ▁previously ▁released ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁track ▁" B all ▁and ▁Ch ain ", ▁which ▁was ▁previously ▁un re leased , ▁and ▁newly ▁recorded ▁for ▁this ▁Great est ▁H its ▁album . ▁This ▁album ▁pe aked ▁at ▁# 1 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Country ▁albums ▁chart . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" L ove ▁on ▁Ar rival " ▁( Dan ▁Se als ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" Big ▁Whe els ▁in ▁the ▁Moon light " |
▁( Bob ▁Mc D ill , ▁Se als ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" Add icted " ▁( Ch ery l ▁Whe eler ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 1 ▁ ▁" Every thing ▁That ▁Gl it ters ▁( Is ▁Not ▁Gold )" ▁( Mc D ill , ▁Se als ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" B op " ▁( Paul ▁Davis , ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kim ball ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" Good ▁Times " ▁( Sam ▁Co oke ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 4 ▁ ▁" B ord ert own " ▁( Mc D ill , ▁Se als ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" They ▁R age ▁On " ▁( Mc D ill , ▁Se als ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 3 8 ▁ ▁" W ater ▁Under ▁the ▁Bridge " ▁( John ▁Por ter ▁Mc Me ans , ▁Bruce ▁B urch ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 0 6 ▁ ▁" B all ▁and ▁Ch ain " ▁( Se als ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Dan ▁Se als ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁K yle ▁Le h ning ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : Cap it ol ▁Records ▁compilation ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁L j ung a ▁is ▁a ▁local ity ▁situated ▁in ▁Nor r kö ping ▁Municip ality , ▁Ö ster g öt land ▁County , ▁Sweden ▁with ▁ 6 8 8 ▁inhabitants |
▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ö ster g öt land ▁County ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Nor r kö ping ▁Municip ality <0x0A> </s> ▁Gre ater ▁administrative ▁areas ▁() ▁were ▁early ▁top - level ▁administrative ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁that ▁directly ▁govern ed ▁provinces ▁and ▁municipal ities . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁largest - ever ▁political ▁divisions ▁of ▁China ▁and ▁were ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁Central ▁People ' s ▁Government . ▁They ▁were ▁dissol ved ▁between ▁June ▁and ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁The ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁districts ▁govern ed ▁by ▁govern ors - general ▁() ▁established ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Q ing ▁dynast y . ▁The ▁six ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas ▁were : ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁highest ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas ▁were ▁known ▁as ▁chair men ▁( ). ▁( From ▁this ▁historical ▁origin ▁der ives ▁the ▁term ▁still ▁used ▁today ▁for ▁the ▁top ▁officials ▁of ▁China ' s ▁autonom ous ▁regions .) ▁ ▁North ▁China ▁Area ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁abandoned ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁when ▁New ▁China ' s ▁capital ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Be ij ing . ▁The ▁provinces ▁it ▁govern ed ▁were ▁th ence for th ▁directly ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁China ▁Branch ▁() ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁Administration ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁People ' s ▁Government ▁instead . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁control |
▁was ▁again ▁transferred , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁China ▁Administr ative ▁Council ▁() ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁Administration ▁Council . ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁large - scale ▁entities ▁govern ed ▁parts ▁of ▁China ' s ▁territory ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁and ▁were ▁equivalent ▁to ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas : ▁ ▁Inner ▁Mong olia ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁ ▁Local ▁Government ▁of ▁Tib et ▁() ▁i . e . ▁( K ash ag ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁Q ion gy ai ▁Minor ity ▁National ity ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁() ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁later ▁assigned ▁to ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁China ▁Area ; ▁the ▁prede cess or ▁of ▁H ain an ▁ ▁Ex cept ▁the ▁N ortheast , ▁which ▁was ▁govern ed ▁by ▁a ▁People ' s ▁Government , ▁the ▁ ▁areas ' ▁highest ▁government ▁bodies ▁were ▁Military ▁and ▁Administr ative ▁Comm itte es ▁( ), ▁which ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁administrative ▁coun c ils ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁Several ▁domains ▁in ▁China ▁today ▁retain ▁the ▁same ▁structure ▁of ▁ge ographic ▁divisions ▁as ▁the ▁G A As . ▁Military ▁administrative ▁regions , ▁the ▁divisions ▁of ▁some ▁major ▁banks , ▁and ▁civil ian ▁av iation ▁districts ▁are ▁still ▁divided ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁form ▁as ▁the ▁greater ▁administrative ▁areas . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁divisions ▁of ▁China ▁ ▁Category : Admin istr ative ▁divisions ▁of ▁China ▁Category : F eder al ism ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁or ▁the ▁Iran ic ▁pe |
op les , ▁are ▁a ▁diverse ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁eth no - ling u istic ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁Pro to - I ran ians ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁emer ged ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁in ▁Central ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 2 nd ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE . ▁At ▁their ▁peak ▁of ▁expansion ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE , ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁stretch ed ▁across ▁the ▁entire ▁E uras ian ▁Ste ppe ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁Hung arian ▁P lain ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Ord os ▁Pl ate au ▁in ▁the ▁east , ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁emp ires ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁came ▁to ▁domin ate ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁world ▁from ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE , ▁leaving ▁an ▁important ▁cultural ▁legacy ; ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Iran ians ▁of ▁the ▁ste ppe ▁played ▁a ▁decis ive ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁E uras ian ▁nom ad ism ▁and ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road . ▁ ▁The ▁ancient ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁who ▁emer ged ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE ▁include ▁the ▁Al ans , ▁B act ri ans , ▁D ah ae , ▁Kh ware z mi ans , ▁Mass ag eta e , ▁Med es , ▁Par th ians , ▁Pers ians , ▁S ag art |
ians , ▁Sak as , ▁S arm ati ans , ▁S cy th ians , ▁S og d ians , ▁and ▁probably ▁C immer ians , ▁among ▁other ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁pe op les ▁of ▁Western ▁Asia , ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁Eastern ▁Europe , ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Ste ppe . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁CE , ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁settlement , ▁which ▁was ▁mainly ▁concentr ated ▁in ▁ste pp es ▁and ▁desert s ▁of ▁E uras ia , ▁was ▁reduced ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁S lav ic , ▁German ic , ▁Turk ic , ▁and ▁Mong ol ▁exp ans ions ▁and ▁many ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁S lav ic isation ▁and ▁Turk ification . ▁Modern ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁pe op les ▁include ▁the ▁Bal och , ▁Gil aks , ▁Kur ds , ▁L urs , ▁Maz ander an is , ▁Os set ians , ▁Pam ir is , ▁Pas ht uns , ▁Pers ians , ▁T aj iks , ▁the ▁Tal y sh , ▁W akh is , ▁and ▁Y ag hn ob is . ▁Their ▁current ▁distribution ▁spread s ▁across ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au , ▁stretch ing ▁from ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁from ▁Eastern ▁Turkey ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁to ▁Western ▁X in ji ang ▁in ▁the ▁east — a ▁region ▁that ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Cultural ▁Cont inent , ▁representing ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁the |
▁Iran ian - spe akers ▁and ▁the ▁significant ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁through ▁the ▁ge opol it ical ▁reach ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Name ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Iran ▁der ives ▁directly ▁from ▁Middle ▁Pers ian ▁ Ē r ā n ▁() ▁and ▁Par th ian ▁A ry ā n . ▁The ▁Middle ▁Iran ian ▁terms ▁ ē r ā n ▁and ▁ar y ā n ▁are ▁ob lique ▁pl ural ▁forms ▁of ▁gent il ic ▁ ē r - ▁( in ▁Middle ▁Pers ian ) ▁and ▁ar y - ▁( in ▁Par th ian ), ▁both ▁der iving ▁from ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁a ri ya - ▁( ), ▁Av est an ▁ai ri ia - ▁() ▁and ▁Pro to - I ran ian ▁* ary a -. ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁many ▁attempts ▁to ▁qual ify ▁the ▁ver bal ▁root ▁of ▁ar - ▁in ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya -. ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁according ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁later ▁lingu ists : ▁ ▁Em manuel ▁Lar o che ▁( 1 9 5 7 ): ▁ara - ▁" to ▁fit " ▁(" f itting ", ▁" pro per "). Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya - ▁being ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Pro to - Ind o - Europe an ▁, ▁meaning ▁"( sk ill fully ) ▁assemb ler ". ▁ ▁Georges ▁Dum é zil ▁( 1 9 5 8 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁share " ▁( as ▁a ▁union ). ▁ ▁Harold ▁Walter ▁Ba iley ▁( |
1 9 5 9 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁be get " ▁(" born ", ▁" n urt uring "). ▁ ▁É mil ▁Ben ven iste ▁( 1 9 6 9 ): ▁ar - ▁" to ▁fit " ▁(" comp an ion able "). ▁ ▁Un like ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁ ▁( A ry an ), ▁the ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁term ▁has ▁sole ly ▁an ▁eth nic ▁meaning . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁ar ya - ▁remains ▁in ▁eth no - ling u istic ▁names ▁such ▁as ▁Iran , ▁Alan , ▁Ir , ▁and ▁Iron .< ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁languages , ▁the ▁gent il ic ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁a ▁self - identifier ▁included ▁in ▁ancient ▁ins cri ptions ▁and ▁the ▁literature ▁of ▁Av esta . ▁The ▁earliest ▁ep ig raph ically ▁att ested ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁word ▁ar ya - ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁B ist un ▁Ins cription ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁B CE . ▁The ▁ins cription ▁of ▁B ist un ▁( or ▁Be h ist un ; ▁) ▁describes ▁itself ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁in ▁A ry a ▁[ language ▁or ▁script ]. ▁As ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁all ▁other ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁usage , ▁the ▁ar ya ▁of ▁the ▁ins cription ▁does ▁not ▁sign ify ▁anything ▁but ▁Iran ian . ▁ ▁In ▁royal ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁ins cri ptions , ▁the ▁term ▁ar ya - ▁appears ▁in ▁three ▁different ▁context s : ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁of |
▁the ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁ins cription ▁of ▁D arius ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁B ist un ▁Ins cription . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁eth nic ▁background ▁of ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great ▁in ▁ins cri ptions ▁at ▁R ust am ▁Rel ief ▁and ▁Sus a ▁( D na , ▁D se ) ▁and ▁the ▁eth nic ▁background ▁of ▁X er xes ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁ins cription ▁from ▁Per se pol is ▁( X ph ). ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁Iran ians , ▁O hr ma zd , ▁in ▁the ▁El am ite ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁B ist un ▁Ins cription . ▁In ▁the ▁D na ▁and ▁D se , ▁D arius ▁and ▁X er xes ▁describe ▁themselves ▁as ▁" an ▁A cha emen id , ▁a ▁Pers ian , ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁Pers ian , ▁and ▁an ▁A ry an , ▁of ▁A ry an ▁stock ". ▁Although ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great ▁called ▁his ▁language ▁ar ya - ▁(" I ran ian "), ▁modern ▁sch ol ars ▁refer ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Pers ian ▁language . ▁ ▁The ▁tr iling ual ▁ins cription ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Sh ap ur ▁I ▁gives ▁a ▁more ▁clear ▁description . ▁The ▁languages ▁used ▁are ▁Par th ian , ▁Middle ▁Pers ian , ▁and ▁Greek . ▁In ▁Greek ▁ins cription ▁says ▁" ego ▁... ▁tou ▁A rian on ▁eth n ous ▁desp otes ▁e imi ", ▁which ▁transl ates ▁to |
▁" I ▁am ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁( n ation ) ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ians ". ▁In ▁Middle ▁Pers ian , ▁Sh ap ur ▁says ▁" ē r ā n š ahr ▁x wad ā y ▁h ē m " ▁and ▁in ▁Par th ian ▁he ▁says ▁" ary ā n š ahr ▁x wad ā y ▁ah ē m ". ▁ ▁The ▁Av esta ▁clearly ▁uses ▁ai ri ia - ▁as ▁an ▁eth nic ▁name ▁( V ide v dat ▁ 1 ; ▁Y as ht ▁ 1 3 . 1 4 3 – 4 4 , ▁etc .), ▁where ▁it ▁appears ▁in ▁expressions ▁such ▁as ▁air y ā fi ▁dai ŋ <0xCB> <0x8A> h ā v ō ▁(" I ran ian ▁lands "), ▁air y ō ▁š ay an ə m ▁(" land ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁Iran ians "), ▁and ▁air yan ə m ▁va ē j ō ▁va ŋ hu y ā fi ▁d ā ity ay ā fi ▁(" I ran ian ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁good ▁D ā ity ā "). ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Av esta ▁( V ide v dat ▁ 1 ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁mentioned ▁hom el ands ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Air yan ' ə m ▁Va ē j ah ▁which ▁approximately ▁means ▁" exp anse ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ians ". ▁The ▁hom eland ▁varied ▁in ▁its ▁ge ographic ▁range , ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁Her at ▁( P lin y ' s ▁view ) ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁entire ▁exp anse ▁of |
▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁( St ra bo ' s ▁design ation ). ▁ ▁The ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁and ▁Av est an ▁evidence ▁is ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁sources . ▁Her odot us , ▁in ▁his ▁Histor ies , ▁remarks ▁about ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Med es ▁that ▁" M edes ▁were ▁called ▁anci ently ▁by ▁all ▁people ▁Ari ans " ▁( 7 . 6 2 ). ▁In ▁Armen ian ▁sources , ▁the ▁Par th ians , ▁Med es ▁and ▁Pers ians ▁are ▁collect ively ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Iran ians . ▁E ude mus ▁of ▁Rh odes ▁( D ub itation es ▁et ▁Solution es ▁de ▁Prim is ▁Princi pi is , ▁in ▁Pl aton is ▁Par men ide m ) ▁refers ▁to ▁" the ▁Mag i ▁and ▁all ▁those ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁( á re ion ) ▁line age ". ▁D iod orus ▁S icul us ▁( 1 . 9 4 . 2 ) ▁cons iders ▁Z oro aster ▁( Z ath ra ust ē s ) ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ari ano i . ▁ ▁Stra bo , ▁in ▁his ▁Ge ograph ica ▁( 1 st ▁century ▁CE ), ▁mentions ▁of ▁the ▁Med es , ▁Pers ians , ▁B act ri ans ▁and ▁S og d ians ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁Trans ox iana ▁of ▁anti qu ity : ▁ ▁The ▁B act rian ▁( a ▁Middle ▁Iran ian ▁language ) ▁ins cription ▁of ▁Kan ish ka ▁( the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁K ush an ▁Empire |
) ▁at ▁Rab ata k , ▁which ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁in ▁an ▁un ex c av ated ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁Afghan ▁province ▁of ▁Bag hl an , ▁clearly ▁refers ▁to ▁this ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁as ▁A ry a . ▁ ▁All ▁this ▁evidence ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁A ry a ▁was ▁a ▁collect ive ▁definition , ▁den oting ▁pe op les ▁who ▁were ▁aware ▁of ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁eth nic ▁stock , ▁speaking ▁a ▁common ▁language , ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁religious ▁tradition ▁that ▁centered ▁on ▁the ▁cult ▁of ▁O hr ma zd . ▁ ▁The ▁academic ▁usage ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁Iran ian ▁is ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Iran ▁and ▁its ▁various ▁citizens ▁( who ▁are ▁all ▁Iran ian ▁by ▁national ity ), ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁the ▁term ▁German ic ▁pe op les ▁is ▁distinct ▁from ▁Germ ans . ▁Some ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Iran ▁are ▁not ▁necessarily ▁eth nic ▁Iran ians ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁not ▁being ▁speak ers ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁languages . ▁ ▁Some ▁sch ol ars ▁such ▁as ▁John ▁Perry ▁prefer ▁the ▁term ▁Iran ic ▁as ▁the ▁anth rop ological ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁lingu istic ▁family ▁and ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁of ▁this ▁category ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁exist ▁outside ▁Iran ), ▁while ▁Iran ian ▁for ▁anything ▁about ▁the ▁country ▁Iran . ▁He ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁analog ue ▁as ▁in ▁differenti ating ▁German ▁from ▁German ic ▁or ▁differenti ating ▁Turkish ▁and ▁Turk ic . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁settlement ▁ ▁Ind o - Europe an |
▁roots ▁ ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ians ▁ ▁The ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ians ▁are ▁commonly ▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁Sint as ht a ▁culture ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁within ▁the ▁bro ader ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon , ▁and ▁their ▁hom eland ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁E uras ian ▁ste ppe ▁that ▁borders ▁the ▁U ral ▁River ▁on ▁the ▁west , ▁the ▁T ian ▁Sh an ▁on ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁interact ed ▁with ▁the ▁B act ria - Mag iana ▁Culture , ▁also ▁called ▁" B act ria - Mag iana ▁Arch ae ological ▁Complex ". ▁Pro to - Ind o - I ran ian ▁arose ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁influence . ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ians ▁also ▁borrow ed ▁their ▁distinct ive ▁religious ▁belief s ▁and ▁practices ▁from ▁this ▁culture . ▁ ▁The ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁migr ations ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁two ▁waves . ▁The ▁first ▁wave ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - A ry an ▁migration ▁into ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁found ing ▁the ▁Mitt ani ▁kingdom , ▁and ▁a ▁migration ▁south - east ward ▁of ▁the ▁V edic ▁people , ▁over ▁the ▁H indu ▁K ush ▁into ▁northern ▁India . ▁The ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁split - off ▁around ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ▁B CE ▁from ▁the ▁Iran ians , ▁where - after ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁split ▁into |
▁two ▁groups ▁by ▁the ▁Iran ians , ▁who ▁domin ated ▁the ▁Central ▁E uras ian ▁ste ppe ▁zone ▁and ▁" ch ased ▁[ the ▁Ind o - A ry ans ] ▁to ▁the ▁extrem ities ▁of ▁Central ▁E uras ia ." ▁One ▁group ▁were ▁the ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁Mit anni ▁kingdom ▁in ▁northern ▁Sy ria ; ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 0 0 – 1 3 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁the ▁other ▁group ▁were ▁the ▁V edic ▁people . ▁Christopher ▁I . ▁Beck with ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁W us un , ▁an ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁C au cas ian ▁people ▁of ▁Inner ▁Asia ▁in ▁anti qu ity , ▁were ▁also ▁of ▁Ind o - A ry an ▁origin . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁wave ▁is ▁interpreted ▁as ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁wave , ▁and ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁migr ations ▁from ▁ 8 0 0 ▁B CE ▁on wards . ▁ ▁Sint as ht a - P et rov ka ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁Sint as ht a ▁culture , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sint as ht a - P et rov ka ▁culture ▁or ▁Sint as ht a - Ar ka im ▁culture , ▁is ▁a ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁arch ae ological ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁E uras ian ▁ste ppe ▁on ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁period ▁ 2 1 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ▁B |
CE . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁arch ae ological ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁language ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁Sint as ht a ▁culture ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁interaction ▁of ▁two ▁ante ced ent ▁cult ures . ▁Its ▁immediate ▁prede cess or ▁in ▁the ▁U ral - T ob ol ▁ste ppe ▁was ▁the ▁Pol t av ka ▁culture , ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁cattle - h erd ing ▁Yam n aya ▁horizon ▁that ▁moved ▁east ▁into ▁the ▁region ▁between ▁ 2 8 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁Several ▁Sint as ht a ▁towns ▁were ▁built ▁over ▁older ▁Pol to v ka ▁settlement s ▁or ▁close ▁to ▁Pol to v ka ▁c em eter ies , ▁and ▁Pol to v ka ▁mot ifs ▁are ▁common ▁on ▁Sint as ht a ▁pot tery . ▁Sint as ht a ▁material ▁culture ▁also ▁shows ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Ab as he vo ▁culture , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁Cord ed ▁W are ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁ste ppe ▁zone ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Sint as ht a ▁region ▁that ▁were ▁also ▁pre domin antly ▁past oral ist . ▁All ento ft ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁also ▁found ▁close ▁aut os om al ▁gen etic ▁relationship ▁between ▁pe op les ▁of ▁Cord ed ▁W are ▁culture ▁and ▁Sint as ht a ▁culture . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁ch ari ots ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁Sint as ht a ▁bur |
ial s , ▁and ▁the ▁culture ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁strong ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁technology , ▁which ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Old ▁World ▁and ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁ancient ▁war fare . ▁Sint as ht a ▁settlement s ▁are ▁also ▁remarkable ▁for ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁co pper ▁min ing ▁and ▁bronze ▁met all ur gy ▁carried ▁out ▁there , ▁which ▁is ▁unusual ▁for ▁a ▁ste ppe ▁culture . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁difficulty ▁of ▁ident ifying ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁Sint as ht a ▁sites ▁beneath ▁those ▁of ▁later ▁settlement s , ▁the ▁culture ▁was ▁only ▁recently ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁culture . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁entity ▁forming ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁' And ron ovo ▁horizon '. ▁ ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁And ron ovo ▁culture ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁similar ▁local ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁cult ures ▁that ▁fl our ished ▁c . ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 9 0 0 ▁B CE ▁in ▁western ▁Si ber ia ▁and ▁the ▁west ▁A si atic ▁ste ppe . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁better ▁term ed ▁an ▁arch ae ological ▁complex ▁or ▁arch ae ological ▁horizon . ▁The ▁name ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁And ron ovo ▁( ), ▁where ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁several ▁gra ves ▁were ▁discovered , ▁with ▁ske let ons ▁in ▁cr ouch ed ▁positions , ▁buried ▁with ▁rich ly ▁decor ated ▁pot tery . ▁The ▁older ▁Sint as ht a |
▁culture ▁( 2 1 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ), ▁formerly ▁included ▁within ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁culture , ▁is ▁now ▁considered ▁separately , ▁but ▁regarded ▁as ▁its ▁prede cess or , ▁and ▁accepted ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁wider ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon . ▁At ▁least ▁four ▁sub - c ult ures ▁of ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon ▁have ▁been ▁distinguished , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁culture ▁exp ands ▁towards ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁the ▁east : ▁ ▁Sint as ht a - P et rov ka - Ar ka im ▁( S ou thern ▁Ur als , ▁northern ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁ 2 2 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁ ▁the ▁Sint as ht a ▁fort ification ▁of ▁ca . ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁B CE ▁in ▁Ch ely ab in sk ▁O blast ▁ ▁the ▁Pet rov ka ▁settlement ▁fort ified ▁settlement ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁ ▁the ▁nearby ▁Ar ka im ▁settlement ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁ ▁A lak ul ▁( 2 1 0 0 – 1 4 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁between ▁Ox us ▁and ▁J ax art es , ▁Ky zy l k um ▁desert ▁ ▁Ale k se ye v ka ▁( 1 3 0 0 – 1 1 0 0 ▁B CE ▁" final ▁Bron ze ") ▁in ▁eastern ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁contacts ▁with ▁Nam az ga ▁VI ▁in ▁Turk men ia ▁ ▁Ing ala ▁Valley ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Ty umen |
▁O blast ▁ ▁Fed or ovo ▁( 1 5 0 0 – 1 3 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁in ▁southern ▁Si ber ia ▁( ear liest ▁evidence ▁of ▁cre m ation ▁and ▁fire ▁cult ) ▁ ▁Bes h k ent - V akh sh ▁( 1 0 0 0 – 8 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁ ▁The ▁ge ographical ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁culture ▁is ▁vast ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁del ine ate ▁exactly . ▁On ▁its ▁western ▁fr ing es , ▁it ▁over laps ▁with ▁the ▁approximately ▁contempor aneous , ▁but ▁distinct , ▁Sr ub na ▁culture ▁in ▁the ▁Vol ga - U ral ▁inter fl uv ial . ▁To ▁the ▁east , ▁it ▁reaches ▁into ▁the ▁Min us in sk ▁de pression , ▁with ▁some ▁sites ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁the ▁southern ▁U ral ▁Mountains , ▁over la pping ▁with ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁Af an ase vo ▁culture . ▁Add itional ▁sites ▁are ▁scattered ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁the ▁Ko ppet ▁D ag ▁( T urk men istan ), ▁the ▁Pam ir ▁( T aj ik istan ) ▁and ▁the ▁T ian ▁Sh an ▁( K yr gy z stan ). ▁The ▁northern ▁boundary ▁v agu ely ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Ta iga . ▁In ▁the ▁Vol ga ▁bas in , ▁interaction ▁with ▁the ▁Sr ub na ▁culture ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁inten se ▁and ▁prolong ed , ▁and ▁Feder ovo ▁style ▁pot tery ▁is ▁found ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁Vol g og rad . ▁ ▁Most ▁research |
ers ▁associate ▁the ▁And ron ovo ▁horizon ▁with ▁early ▁Ind o - I ran ian ▁languages , ▁though ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁over la pped ▁the ▁early ▁U ral ic - spe aking ▁area ▁at ▁its ▁northern ▁fr inge . ▁ ▁S cy th ians ▁and ▁Pers ians ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 nd ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE ▁to ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE ▁the ▁Iran ians ▁had ▁expanded ▁from ▁the ▁E uras ian ▁Ste ppe , ▁and ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁such ▁as ▁Med es , ▁Pers ians , ▁Par th ians ▁and ▁B act ri ans ▁populated ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁ ▁S cy th ian ▁tribes , ▁along ▁with ▁C immer ians , ▁S arm ati ans ▁and ▁Al ans ▁populated ▁the ▁ste pp es ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁S cy th ian ▁and ▁S arm at ian ▁tribes ▁were ▁spread ▁across ▁Great ▁Hung arian ▁P lain , ▁South - E astern ▁Ukraine , ▁Rus si as ▁Si ber ian , ▁Southern , ▁Vol ga , ▁U ral ic ▁regions ▁and ▁the ▁B alk ans , ▁while ▁other ▁S cy th ian ▁tribes , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁S aka , ▁spread ▁as ▁far ▁east ▁as ▁X in ji ang , ▁China . ▁S cy th ians ▁as ▁well ▁formed ▁the ▁Ind o - S cy th ian ▁Empire , ▁and ▁B act ri ans ▁formed ▁a ▁Gre co - B act rian ▁Kingdom ▁founded ▁by ▁D |
iod ot us ▁I , ▁the ▁sat rap ▁of ▁B act ria . ▁The ▁K ush an ▁Empire , ▁with ▁B act rian ▁roots / conne ctions , ▁once ▁controlled ▁much ▁of ▁Pakistan , ▁Afghan istan , ▁and ▁T aj ik istan . ▁The ▁K ush an ▁el ite ▁( who ▁the ▁Chinese ▁called ▁the ▁Y uez hi ) ▁were ▁an ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁language - spe aking ▁people . ▁ ▁Western ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Iran ians ▁The ▁division ▁into ▁an ▁" E astern " ▁and ▁a ▁" West ern " ▁group ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁is ▁visible ▁in ▁Av est an ▁vs . ▁Old ▁Pers ian , ▁the ▁two ▁oldest ▁known ▁Iran ian ▁languages . ▁The ▁Old ▁Av est an ▁texts ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁G ath as ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁by ▁Z oro aster , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Z oro ast rian ism , ▁with ▁the ▁Y az ▁culture ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁B CE ▁– ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁B CE ) ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁culture . ▁ ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁centuries ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE , ▁the ▁ancient ▁Pers ians ▁established ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Pl ate au ▁and ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁interact ed ▁consider ably ▁with ▁the ▁El am ites ▁and ▁Bab yl oni ans , ▁while ▁the |
▁Med es ▁also ▁entered ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁Ass y ri ans . ▁Rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁Med ian ▁language ▁and ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁show ▁their ▁common ▁Pro to - I ran ian ▁roots , ▁emphas ized ▁in ▁Stra bo ▁and ▁Her odot us ' ▁description ▁of ▁their ▁languages ▁as ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁languages ▁spoken ▁by ▁the ▁B act ri ans ▁and ▁S og d ians ▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁Following ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire , ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁language ▁( re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁" F arsi " ▁in ▁Pers ian ) ▁spread ▁from ▁Par s ▁or ▁F ars ▁Province ▁to ▁various ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Empire , ▁with ▁the ▁modern ▁dialect s ▁of ▁Iran , ▁Afghan istan ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁D ari ) ▁and ▁Central - As ia ▁( known ▁as ▁T aj iki ) ▁desc ending ▁from ▁Old ▁Pers ian . ▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁Western ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁in ▁the ▁Near ▁East ▁were ▁domin ated ▁by ▁the ▁various ▁Ass y rian ▁emp ires . ▁An ▁al liance ▁of ▁the ▁Med es ▁with ▁the ▁Pers ians , ▁and ▁reb elling ▁Bab yl oni ans , ▁S cy th ians , ▁Chal de ans , ▁and ▁C immer ians , ▁helped ▁the ▁Med es ▁to ▁capture ▁N ine ve h ▁in ▁ 6 1 2 ▁B CE , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁event ual ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Ne o - Ass y rian ▁Empire ▁by ▁ 6 0 5 ▁B CE |
. ▁The ▁Med es ▁were ▁subsequently ▁able ▁to ▁establish ▁their ▁Med ian ▁kingdom ▁( with ▁E c bat ana ▁as ▁their ▁royal ▁centre ) ▁beyond ▁their ▁original ▁hom eland ▁and ▁had ▁eventually ▁a ▁territory ▁stretch ing ▁roughly ▁from ▁n ort he astern ▁Iran ▁to ▁the ▁Hal ys ▁River ▁in ▁An atol ia . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Ass y rian ▁Empire , ▁between ▁ 6 1 6 ▁B CE ▁and ▁ 6 0 5 ▁B CE , ▁a ▁un ified ▁Med ian ▁state ▁was ▁formed , ▁which , ▁together ▁with ▁Bab yl onia , ▁L yd ia , ▁and ▁Egypt , ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Near ▁East ▁ ▁Later ▁on , ▁in ▁ 5 5 0 ▁B CE , ▁C yrus ▁the ▁Great , ▁would ▁over throw ▁the ▁leading ▁Med ian ▁rule , ▁and ▁conquer ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁L yd ia ▁and ▁the ▁Bab yl onian ▁Empire ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁established ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁( or ▁the ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁Empire ), ▁while ▁his ▁success ors ▁would ▁dram atically ▁extend ▁its ▁borders . ▁At ▁its ▁greatest ▁extent , ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁would ▁en comp ass ▁sw ath s ▁of ▁territory ▁across ▁three ▁contin ents , ▁namely ▁Europe , ▁Africa ▁and ▁Asia , ▁stretch ing ▁from ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁proper ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁to ▁the ▁Ind us ▁Valley ▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁largest ▁emp ire ▁of ▁ancient ▁history , ▁with ▁their ▁base ▁in ▁Pers is ▁( |
although ▁the ▁main ▁capital ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁Bab yl on ) ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁would ▁rule ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁known ▁ancient ▁world ▁for ▁centuries . ▁This ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁Empire ▁was ▁equally ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁successful ▁model ▁of ▁a ▁central ised , ▁b ureau cr atic ▁administration ▁( through ▁sat ra ps ▁under ▁a ▁king ) ▁and ▁a ▁government ▁working ▁to ▁the ▁profit ▁of ▁its ▁subjects , ▁for ▁building ▁infrastr ucture ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁postal ▁system ▁and ▁road ▁systems ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁across ▁its ▁territ ories ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁professional ▁army ▁and ▁civil ▁services ▁( in sp iring ▁similar ▁systems ▁in ▁later ▁emp ires ), ▁and ▁for ▁em an cip ation ▁of ▁slaves ▁including ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ex iles ▁in ▁Bab yl on , ▁and ▁is ▁noted ▁in ▁Western ▁history ▁as ▁the ▁ant agon ist ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁city ▁states ▁during ▁the ▁Gre co - Pers ian ▁Wars . ▁The ▁M aus ole um ▁at ▁Hal ic arn ass us , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁W onders ▁of ▁the ▁An cient ▁World , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁emp ire ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁Gre co - Pers ian ▁Wars ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁being ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁from ▁their ▁European ▁territ ories , ▁setting ▁the ▁direct ▁further ▁course ▁of ▁history ▁of ▁Greece ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe . ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁century ▁later , ▁a ▁prince ▁of ▁Mac ed on ▁( which ▁itself ▁was ▁a ▁subject ▁to ▁Pers ia ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 6 th ▁century |
▁B CE ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁First ▁Pers ian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Greece ) ▁later ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁over th rew ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁Pers ian ▁king , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁was ▁ended . ▁ ▁Old ▁Pers ian ▁is ▁att ested ▁in ▁the ▁Be h ist un ▁Ins cription ▁( c . ▁ 5 1 9 ▁B CE ), ▁recording ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁by ▁D arius ▁the ▁Great . ▁In ▁south western ▁Iran , ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁k ings ▁usually ▁wrote ▁their ▁ins cri ptions ▁in ▁tr iling ual ▁form ▁( E lam ite , ▁Bab yl onian ▁and ▁Old ▁Pers ian ) ▁while ▁elsewhere ▁other ▁languages ▁were ▁used . ▁The ▁administrative ▁languages ▁were ▁El am ite ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁period , ▁and ▁later ▁Imperial ▁Ar ama ic , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Greek , ▁making ▁it ▁a ▁widely ▁used ▁b ureau cr atic ▁language . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁had ▁extensive ▁contacts ▁with ▁the ▁Gree ks ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a , ▁and ▁had ▁conquer ed ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Greek - spe aking ▁area ' s ▁both ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁during ▁different ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire , ▁the ▁native ▁Old ▁Iran ian ▁sources ▁provide ▁no ▁indic ation ▁of ▁Greek ▁lingu istic ▁evidence . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁plenty ▁of ▁evidence ▁( in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁accounts ▁of ▁Her odot us ) ▁that ▁Gree ks , ▁apart ▁from ▁being ▁deployed ▁and ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁core ▁regions |
▁of ▁the ▁emp ire , ▁also ▁evidently ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁heart land ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire , ▁namely ▁Iran . ▁For ▁example , ▁Gree ks ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁eth nic ities ▁that ▁constructed ▁D arius ' ▁palace ▁in ▁Sus a , ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁ins cri ptions ▁found ▁nearby ▁there , ▁and ▁one ▁short ▁Per se pol is ▁table t ▁written ▁in ▁Greek . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁adopted ▁the ▁religion ▁of ▁Z oro ast rian ism . ▁The ▁Bal och ▁who ▁speak ▁a ▁west ▁Iran ian ▁language ▁relate ▁an ▁or al ▁tradition ▁regarding ▁their ▁migration ▁from ▁Ale ppo , ▁Sy ria ▁around ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁CE , ▁whereas ▁lingu istic ▁evidence ▁links ▁Bal och i ▁to ▁Kur man ji , ▁Sor an î , ▁Gor ani ▁and ▁Z az aki ▁language . ▁ ▁Eastern ▁Iran ian ▁pe op les ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁tribes ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁are ▁better ▁known ▁through ▁their ▁texts ▁and ▁modern ▁counter parts , ▁the ▁tribes ▁which ▁remained ▁largely ▁in ▁the ▁vast ▁E uras ian ▁exp anse ▁are ▁known ▁through ▁the ▁references ▁made ▁to ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁ancient ▁Gree ks , ▁Pers ians , ▁Chinese , ▁and ▁Ind o - A ry ans ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁arch ae ological ▁finds . ▁The ▁Greek ▁chron ic ler , ▁Her odot us ▁( 5 th ▁century ▁B CE ) ▁makes ▁references ▁to ▁a ▁nom adic ▁people |
, ▁the ▁S cy th ians ; ▁he ▁describes ▁them ▁as ▁having ▁dw elt ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁southern ▁European ▁Russia ▁and ▁Ukraine . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁them . ▁Many ▁ancient ▁S ansk rit ▁texts ▁from ▁a ▁later ▁period ▁make ▁references ▁to ▁such ▁tribes ▁they ▁were ▁witness ▁of ▁pointing ▁them ▁towards ▁the ▁sout he astern - most ▁edges ▁of ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁around ▁the ▁H ind uk ush ▁range ▁in ▁northern ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁these ▁S cy th ians ▁were ▁conquer ed ▁by ▁their ▁eastern ▁c ous ins , ▁the ▁S arm ati ans , ▁who ▁are ▁mentioned ▁by ▁Stra bo ▁as ▁the ▁dominant ▁tribe ▁which ▁controlled ▁the ▁southern ▁Russian ▁ste ppe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill en ni um ▁CE . ▁These ▁S arm ati ans ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁Rom ans , ▁who ▁conquer ed ▁the ▁western ▁tribes ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁and ▁sent ▁S arm at ian ▁cons cript s , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Roman ▁leg ions , ▁as ▁far ▁west ▁as ▁Roman ▁Britain . ▁These ▁Iran ian - spe aking ▁S cy th ians ▁and ▁S arm ati ans ▁domin ated ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁for ▁a ▁mill en ni um , ▁and ▁were ▁eventually ▁absor bed ▁and ▁assim il ated ▁( e . g . ▁S lav ic isation ) ▁by ▁the ▁Pro to - S lav ic ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁S arm ati ans ▁differ ed ▁from ▁the ▁S |
cy th ians ▁in ▁their ▁v ener ation ▁of ▁the ▁god ▁of ▁fire ▁rather ▁than ▁god ▁of ▁nature , ▁and ▁women ' s ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁war fare , ▁which ▁possibly ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁insp iration ▁for ▁the ▁Ama z ons . ▁At ▁their ▁greatest ▁reported ▁extent , ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁CE , ▁these ▁tribes ▁r anged ▁from ▁the ▁V ist ula ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁and ▁east ward ▁to ▁the ▁Vol ga , ▁border ing ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁and ▁C asp ian ▁Se as ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁Their ▁territory , ▁which ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁S arm atia ▁to ▁Gre co - R oman ▁eth n ograph ers , ▁correspond ed ▁to ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁greater ▁S cy th ia ▁( most ly ▁modern ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Southern ▁Russia , ▁also ▁to ▁a ▁smaller ▁extent ▁north ▁eastern ▁B alk ans ▁around ▁Mold ova ). ▁According ▁to ▁authors ▁Ar row sm ith , ▁Fellow es ▁and ▁Gra ves ▁Hans ard ▁in ▁their ▁book ▁A ▁Gram mar ▁of ▁An cient ▁Geography ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁S arm atia ▁had ▁two ▁parts , ▁S arm atia ▁Europe a ▁and ▁S arm atia ▁A si atica ▁covering ▁a ▁combined ▁area ▁of ▁ 5 0 3 , 0 0 0 ▁sq ▁mi ▁or ▁ 1 , 3 0 2 , 7 6 4 km 2 . ▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁mill |