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im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁The ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁SW U , ▁Al ▁A min ▁and ▁Ah med ▁Ab del ▁M age id ▁explained ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁pre jud ices ▁about ▁women ' s ▁participation ▁in ▁public ▁activities , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Gr adu ates ▁con gress ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁The ▁union ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁organization ▁that ▁was ▁concerned ▁with ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁domestic ▁sphere ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 1 ). ▁Progress ▁was ▁made ▁through ▁a ▁restricted ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁under ▁the ▁pre ten se , ▁the ▁women ▁were ▁educated . ▁They ▁also ▁created ▁a ▁magazine ▁called ▁the ▁“ W omen ’ s ▁Vo ice ” ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁out let ▁encourag ement ▁of ▁dem ocracy ▁and ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁Still , ▁women ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁SW U ▁denied ▁any ▁invol vement ▁with ▁The ▁Sud an ese ▁Commun ist ▁party , ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁political ▁activity ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁S CP ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁allow ▁women ▁to ▁join , ▁attract ing ▁educated ▁women ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁political ▁membership ▁is ▁what ▁divided ▁the ▁SW U , ▁and ▁created ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁women ' s ▁front ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 2 ). ▁The ▁SW U ▁women ▁were ▁left ▁very ▁sus cept ible ▁to ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁har |
ass ment ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁invol vement ▁in ▁politics ▁( Bad ri ▁ 9 ). ▁The ▁N imer i ▁regime , ▁even ▁covered ▁up ▁the ▁SW U ' s ▁effort ▁by ▁putting ▁out ▁their ▁success es ▁like ▁first ▁woman ▁minister ▁and ▁woman ▁jud ges . ▁Then ▁he ▁implemented ▁the ▁September ▁laws ▁that ▁made ▁women ▁inferior ▁to ▁men . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁women ' s ▁femin ist ▁movement ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁halt ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁military ▁government , ▁still ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁voice ▁continued ▁to ▁highlight ▁the ▁in just ices ▁of ▁the ▁regime ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁ <0x09> ▁This ▁women ' s ▁organization ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Republican ▁party ▁of ▁brothers ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁battle ▁against ▁the ▁first ▁military ▁regime ▁in ▁Sud an ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁They ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁their ▁male ▁counter parts , ▁and ▁together ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁equal ▁rights . ▁The ▁brothers ▁were ▁a ▁huge ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁equality ▁and ▁supports ▁women ▁during ▁their ▁speech es ▁and ▁dist ribute ▁their ▁publications ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁They ▁tra ve led ▁around ▁cities ▁and ▁held ▁campaign s ▁and ▁deb ates ▁to ▁question ▁att itudes ▁against ▁women ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 4 ). ▁Their ▁objective ▁was ▁to ▁spread ▁their ▁theories ▁and ▁encou rage ▁a ▁new ▁perspective ▁about ▁women ' s ▁rights . ▁The ▁Republican ▁women ▁faced ▁grave ▁in just |
ices ▁by ▁the ▁security ▁b ureau ▁and ▁ultimately ▁ended ▁in ▁the ▁leader ' s ▁death ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁Us at dh ▁Mah m oud ▁started ▁the ▁party ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁public ize ▁his ▁book ▁The ▁Second ▁Message ▁of ▁Islam , ▁he ▁wrote ▁about ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁Islam ▁and ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁equality ▁of ▁sex es ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 3 ). ▁U stad h ▁published ▁motiv ation ▁for ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁through ▁lect ures , ▁discuss ions , ▁and ▁pushing ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁intellectual ▁spaces ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Go als ▁of ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁Fem in ist ▁Gr oups ▁ ▁Women ▁groups ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁western izing ▁Muslim ▁life ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁fought ▁hard ▁for ▁equal ▁pay ▁p ension ▁and ▁the ▁access ibility ▁to ▁work ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 5 ). ▁They ▁argued ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁trad itions ▁in ▁place ▁that ▁restricted ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁separate ▁religion ▁and ▁traditional ▁practices ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁The ▁main ▁dem ands ▁of ▁the ▁SW U ▁were ▁the ▁em an cip ation ▁of ▁women , ▁higher ▁status ▁through ▁education , ▁night - sch ools ▁to ▁teach ▁liter acy , ▁equal ▁pay , ▁and ▁fighting ▁against ▁traditional ist ▁practices . ▁The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁believed ▁equality ▁was |
▁a ▁part ▁of ▁religion ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁natural ▁right ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁They ▁took ▁their ▁goals ▁further ▁and ▁also ▁fought ▁against ▁laws ▁that ▁opp ress ed ▁women . ▁The ▁women ' s ▁union ▁work ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁creating ▁change ▁through ▁politics ▁and ▁Republic ation ▁st riv ed ▁for ▁legal ▁action ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 6 ). ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁and ▁Fem in ist ▁A ctions ▁in ▁Response : ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁& ▁Div or ce ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁women ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁some ▁control ▁over ▁who ▁got ▁married ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁contract ▁between ▁the ▁father ▁and ▁husband . ▁This ▁caused ▁many ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁forced ▁mar ri ages , ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁union ▁made ▁it ▁aware ▁of ▁people ▁the ▁over wh el ming ▁number ▁of ▁suic ides ▁caused ▁by ▁this ▁and ▁consent ▁was ▁enfor ced ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 8 ). ▁Dow ry ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁marriage , ▁yet ▁many ▁men ▁could ▁not ▁afford ▁to ▁pay ▁them , ▁so ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁and ▁they ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁a ▁lower ▁amount ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁Their ▁main ▁concern ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁women ▁would ▁marry ▁who ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁marry ▁without ▁the ▁expensive ▁dow ries ▁( H al im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁They ▁also ▁published ▁less ▁sp ending , ▁education ▁for ▁girls , ▁and ▁the ▁re inst at ement ▁of ▁marriage ▁as ▁a ▁peace ful ▁agreement ▁( H al |
im ▁ 3 9 9 ). ▁Many ▁women ▁were ▁subject ed ▁to ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁ab us ive ▁hus b ands ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁that ▁women ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁returned ▁by ▁police ▁if ▁dis ob ed ient ▁and ▁ran ▁away ▁( H al im ▁ 4 0 0 ). ▁The ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁made ▁sure ▁that ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁forcing ▁a ▁return ▁on ▁a ▁women ▁was ▁repe aled ▁( H al im ▁ 4 0 0 ). ▁ <0x09> The ▁Republican ▁Sister s ▁took ▁a ▁different ▁path way ▁by ▁res h aping ▁the ▁perspective ▁on ▁women ▁about ▁respect ▁and ▁gender ▁roles . ▁They ▁released ▁the ▁book ▁called ▁F ocus ▁on ▁Personal ▁Status ▁law , ▁it ▁talked ▁about ▁creating ▁change ▁from ▁Sh ar ’ ia ▁laws ▁( H al im ▁ 4 0 1 ). ▁They ▁supported ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁simple ▁and ▁in exp ensive ▁wed d ings ▁and ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁no ▁guard ians hip ▁in ▁marriage . ▁They ▁also ▁re impl anted ▁the ▁basic ▁right ▁to ▁divor ce ▁women ▁and ▁handling ▁divor ces ▁outside ▁of ▁court ▁( H al im ▁ 4 0 2 ). ▁Last , ▁they ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁the ▁dedu ction ▁of ▁dow ry ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁value ▁as ▁dign ity ▁for ▁women ▁( H al im ▁ 4 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Pres ent ▁Activ ism ▁ ▁Pro tests ▁ ▁Currently ▁in ▁Sud an , ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁are ▁unit ing ▁to ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁Sud an ▁government ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁ach ieving |
▁justice ▁and ▁equality ▁for ▁women ▁( S ar ai ). ▁There ▁are ▁large ▁groups ▁of ▁protest ▁that ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Sud an ▁where ▁women ▁are ▁chant ing ▁and ▁holding ▁up ▁signs ▁demand ing ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁government . ▁The ▁protest ing ▁women ▁are ▁fighting ▁for ▁a ▁ 5 0 % ▁representation ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁government . ▁However , ▁currently ▁the ▁qu ota ▁rate ▁is ▁ 3 0 %, ▁which ▁shows ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁female ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁government , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁to ll ▁on ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women . ▁Although ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁are ▁fighting ▁to ▁create ▁change , ▁the ▁protest s ▁have ▁brought ▁great ▁danger ▁to ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁women ▁( B hal la ). ▁The ▁government ' s ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁protest s ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁cases ▁of ▁ra pe ▁on ▁the ▁protest ing ▁women ▁that ▁were ▁committed ▁by ▁security ▁forces ▁( B hal la ). ▁However , ▁there ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁justice ▁done ▁for ▁the ▁cases , ▁which ▁has ▁further ▁driven ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁to ▁protest ▁and ▁fight ▁for ▁their ▁rights . ▁Even ▁with ▁the ▁d angers ▁the ▁protest s ▁bring ▁on ▁the ▁women , ▁the ▁women ▁continue ▁to ▁st rive ▁and ▁fight ▁for ▁an ▁equal ▁representation ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁Sud an ▁government ▁and ▁to ▁achieve ▁equal ▁rights ▁and ▁justice ▁( B hal la ). ▁ ▁Facebook ▁Gr oups ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁protest s , ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁have ▁made ▁private ▁Facebook ▁groups |
▁to ▁find ▁police ▁officers ▁who ▁are ▁act ively ▁pun ishing ▁the ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁protest s ▁( Gr iff in ). ▁Their ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁public ly ▁expose ▁the ▁police ▁officers ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁officer ' s ▁home ▁and ▁phys ically ▁attack ▁them . ▁Only ▁women ▁are ▁allowed ▁in ▁the ▁groups , ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁upload ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁officers ▁and ▁people ▁can ▁respond ▁with ▁his ▁information ▁so ▁that ▁people ▁can ▁locate ▁him . ▁The ▁Facebook ▁groups ▁have ▁pos ed ▁such ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁officers , ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁show ▁their ▁faces ▁in ▁public ▁without ▁covering ▁them ▁( Gr iff in ) ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁that ▁the ▁groups ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁women ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁have ▁become ▁cru cial ▁in ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁push ▁for ▁women ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁S over eign ▁Council ▁ <0x09> In ▁attempts ▁to ▁female ▁representation ▁in ▁Sud an ' s ▁government , ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁solemn ▁ceremony ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Kh art ou m , ▁Sud an ▁where ▁ 1 1 ▁people ▁were ▁sw orn ▁in ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁country ▁( Sol omon ). ▁The ▁ 1 1 ▁people ▁sw orn ▁in ▁were ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁named ▁the ▁so ver eign ▁council , ▁in ▁which ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁women . ▁This ▁is ▁significant ▁in ▁bringing ▁more ▁female ▁representation ▁in |
▁the ▁government , ▁which ▁will ▁allow ▁for ▁more ▁rights ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁women ▁and ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁women ▁to ▁voice ▁their ▁opinions ▁more ▁freely . ▁R aja ▁Nicola ▁Iss a ▁Abd ul - M asse h , ▁a ▁female ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁so ver eign ▁council , ▁states , ▁“ We ▁shall ▁try ▁to ▁re build ▁our ▁country , ▁we ▁shall ▁try ▁to ▁re build ▁our ▁economy , ▁we ▁shall ▁begin ▁to ▁stop ▁all ▁the ▁armed ▁movements ▁and ▁work ▁for ▁peace ▁and ▁justice ▁for ▁all ▁Sud an ese ▁on ▁an ▁equal ▁basis ▁regardless ▁of ▁race ▁or ▁religion ▁or ▁any ▁political ▁opinion ▁or ▁any ▁affili ation ” ▁( Sol omon ). ▁The ▁two ▁female ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁so ver eign ▁council ▁are ▁st riv ing ▁to ▁bring ▁more ▁equality ▁and ▁justice ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁Sud an . ▁ ▁Prom inent ▁Niger ian ▁femin ists ▁ ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁( 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Ser ving ▁as ▁a ▁teacher , ▁an ▁education ist , ▁and ▁a ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist , ▁Frances ▁Ab ig ail ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁is ▁widely ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Niger ia ' s ▁earliest ▁and ▁for em ost ▁champions ▁of ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁during ▁the ▁colonial ▁period . ▁At ▁a ▁time ▁where ▁most ▁girls ▁were ▁not ▁granted ▁access ▁to ▁Western ▁education , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁had |
▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁student ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁Primary ▁School , ▁A be ok uta , ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁set ▁of ▁girls ▁to ▁attend ▁school ▁in ▁Niger ia , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁was ▁then ▁sent ▁to ▁study ▁abroad ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁finish ▁her ▁higher ▁education ▁at ▁Win ch am ▁Hall ▁College ▁in ▁York shire . ▁She ▁studied ▁Music , ▁Education , ▁Dom estic ▁Science ▁and ▁French , ▁where ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Niger ia ▁fully ▁equ ipped ▁for ▁a ▁teaching ▁career . ▁ ▁Although ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁numerous ▁domestic ▁improvements ▁in ▁Niger ia , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁manif ested ▁remarkable ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁African ▁women ' s ▁movement ▁that ▁cred ited ▁her ▁the ▁most ▁fame . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁pe ers , ▁founded ▁the ▁A be ok uta ▁Lad ies ▁Club ▁( AL C ), ▁essentially ▁“ des igned ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁club ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁educated ▁women ▁like ▁her ▁who ▁felt ▁comp elled ▁to ▁help ▁other ▁less ▁privile ged ▁women .” ▁In ▁this ▁club , ▁these ▁women ▁would ▁learn ▁some ▁voc ational ▁skills , ▁where ▁the ▁A LC ▁would ▁encou rage ▁them ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁write . ▁With ▁other ▁femin ist ▁organizations ▁gradually ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁A be ok uta ▁Women ' s ▁Union ▁( |
AW U ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Mrs . ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁a ▁coal ition ▁that ▁became ▁a ▁form id able ▁instrument ▁for ▁comb ating ▁against ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁disc rim ination ▁towards ▁African ▁women . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁colonial ▁era , ▁the ▁So le ▁Native ▁Author ity ▁( S NA ), ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁government ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁colonial ▁administration ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁pro ponents ▁behind ▁all ▁opp ression ▁towards ▁African ▁women . ▁All ▁power ▁res ided ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁r uler ▁and ▁local ▁el ites . ▁Where ▁women ▁were ▁entirely ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁Niger ian ▁govern ance , ▁which ▁meant ▁no ▁female ▁participation ▁in ▁commun al ▁affairs ▁or ▁Niger ian ▁politics . ▁Under ▁colonial ism , ▁the ▁women ▁of ▁A be ok uta ▁naturally ▁believed ▁that ▁their ▁economic ▁and ▁commun al ▁roles ▁were ▁decl ining , ▁while ▁their ▁tax es ▁were ▁stead ily ▁increasing . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Ol uf un mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁led ▁a ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁So le ▁Native ▁Author ity ▁in ▁A be ok uta , ▁where ▁the ▁A W U ▁argued ▁for ▁representation ▁in ▁local ▁government ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁separate ▁tax ▁rate ▁for ▁women . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Eg ba ▁Inter im ▁Council ▁was ▁formed , ▁which ▁included ▁four ▁( 4 ) ▁women ▁representing ▁the ▁four ▁sections ▁of |
▁A be ok uta ▁town . ▁ ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁A ina ▁A dem ola ▁( 1 9 1 3 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁An ▁active ▁volunte er ▁and ▁ener get ic ▁social ▁worker , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁A ina ▁A dem ola ▁has ▁not ably ▁been ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁distinguished ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁and ▁remarkable ▁education ist . ▁Com ing ▁from ▁a ▁rather ▁privile ged ▁background , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁completed ▁her ▁secondary ▁school ▁education ▁at ▁Port way ▁College . ▁So on ▁after , ▁she ▁was ▁granted ▁ad mission ▁to ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁English . ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁has ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁woman ▁to ▁be ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁educated , ▁el ite ▁women ▁coming ▁from ▁Lag os ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁prominent ▁Christian ▁families ▁of ▁nin ete enth ▁and ▁tw enti eth - century ▁Niger ia . ▁Niger ian ▁pione ers ▁like ▁Charlotte ▁O la j um oke ▁Ob asa , ▁O y ink an ▁Ab ay omi , ▁and ▁K of ow or ola ▁A dem ola , ▁among ▁others , ▁completed ▁a ▁Western ▁education ▁in ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁subjects ▁r anging ▁from ▁music , ▁law , ▁social ▁science , ▁to ▁education , ▁n urs ing |
▁and ▁journal ism ▁in ▁both ▁Niger ia ▁and ▁abroad . ▁Collect ively , ▁these ▁women ▁broke ▁notable ▁bar riers ▁and ▁certain ▁tab o os ▁that ▁were ▁social ▁norm s ▁within ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁and ▁post - V ict or ian ▁era . ▁ ▁With ▁a ▁Western ▁education ▁from ▁Oxford , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁returned ▁to ▁Niger ia ▁and ▁briefly ▁taught ▁at ▁Queen ' s ▁College , ▁Lag os . ▁As ▁a ▁teacher , ▁K of ow or ola ▁encourag ed ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁to ▁work ▁hard ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁become ▁ach ie vers ; ▁her ▁famous ▁s log an ▁was ▁“ brains ▁have ▁no ▁gender ”. ▁With ▁her ▁passion ▁towards ▁girls ’ ▁education , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁encourag ed ▁her ▁communities ▁to ▁establish ▁non - g overn ment al ▁organizations ▁that ▁stim ulate ▁the ▁education ▁of ▁women . ▁With ▁grad ual ▁pace , ▁she ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Association ▁of ▁University ▁Women , ▁whose ▁sole ▁aim ▁was ▁the ▁ult imate ▁encourag ement ▁of ▁girls ’ ▁education ▁in ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁rather ▁limited ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁Niger ian ▁girls ▁in ▁secondary ▁education , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁found ing ▁new ▁secondary ▁schools ▁for ▁girls . ▁An ▁example ▁could ▁be ▁the ▁New ▁Era ▁Girls ’ ▁College , ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁where ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Head m ist ress . ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁a ▁prominent |
▁volunte er ▁for ▁the ▁Red ▁Cross ▁Society ▁where ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Niger ian ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Region ▁branch . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁her ▁contribution ▁in ▁several ▁respect ed ▁fields , ▁Lady ▁K of ow or ola ▁was ▁best owed ▁with ▁many ▁hon ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( MB E ), ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁later ▁granted , ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁( OF R ). ▁ ▁Ro le ▁of ▁men ▁in ▁African ▁femin ism ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁femin ism ▁is ▁to ▁emp ower ▁women ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁ensure ▁equality ▁to ▁men . ▁For ▁some ▁people , ▁the ▁term ▁femin ism ▁incorrectly ▁came ▁to ▁mean ▁a ▁movement ▁that ▁was ▁anti - male , ▁anti - c ulture ▁and ▁anti - rel ig ion . ▁For ▁purposes ▁of ▁inclusion , ▁some ▁women ▁prefer ▁to ▁eng age ▁themselves ▁in ▁gender ▁theory ▁and ▁activ ism ▁by ▁including ▁men ▁into ▁the ▁discussion ▁because ▁it ▁prom otes ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁femin ism ▁is ▁about ▁equality ▁among ▁all ▁g enders ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁they ▁also ▁face ▁hard ships ▁as ▁males . ▁Because ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁policy - m akers ▁in ▁many ▁African ▁countries ▁are ▁men , ▁some ▁believe ▁that ▁inclus ivity ▁is ▁important ▁if ▁women ▁are ▁to ▁gain ▁ground ▁in ▁policy ▁changes ▁that ▁impact ▁them . ▁The ▁importance ▁that ▁many ▁women ▁place ▁on ▁commun al ism ▁and ▁family ▁results ▁in ▁their ▁desire ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁men |
▁to ▁develop ▁an ▁inclus ive ▁approach ▁to ▁solving ▁gender ▁issues . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁er ad icate ▁the ▁opp ression ▁women ▁face ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁gender , ▁working ▁with ▁men ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁necessity . ▁The ▁role ▁of ▁African ▁men ▁in ▁femin ism ▁is ▁nu anced ▁and ▁depends ▁on ▁location , ▁environment , ▁and ▁personal ▁ide ology . ▁ ▁Notable ▁African ▁femin ist ▁critics ▁▁ ▁Mol ara ▁Og und ipe ▁▁ ▁Na omi ▁N ke al ah ▁▁ ▁Ak achi ▁E ze ig bo ▁▁ ▁Catherine ▁Ach ol on u ▁▁ ▁Mary ▁Mod u pe ▁K ola wo le ▁▁ ▁Ch ik wen ye ▁Ok on jo ▁Og un y emi ▁▁ ▁Ob i oma ▁N na eme ka ▁▁ ▁Am ede ▁Ob ior a ▁ ▁Ch im am anda ▁N go zi ▁Ad ich ie ▁ ▁Syl via ▁Tam ale ▁ ▁Jos ina ▁Mach el ▁ ▁Fun mil ay o ▁R ans ome - K uti ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁() ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁and ▁subsequent ▁spread ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland . ▁The ▁imp et us ▁to ▁the ▁process ▁was ▁the ▁Bapt ism ▁of ▁Poland ▁( ), ▁the ▁personal ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁M iesz ko ▁I , ▁the ▁first ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁Polish ▁state , ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁court . ▁The ▁ceremony ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Saturday ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 9 6 6 , ▁although ▁the ▁exact ▁location ▁is ▁still ▁disput ed ▁by ▁histor ians , |
▁with ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Poz na ń ▁and ▁G nie z no ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁sites . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁wife , ▁Dob raw a ▁of ▁Boh emia , ▁is ▁often ▁cred ited ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁accept ▁Christian ity . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland ▁took ▁centuries ▁to ▁finish , ▁the ▁process ▁was ▁ultimately ▁successful , ▁as ▁within ▁several ▁dec ades ▁Poland ▁joined ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁established ▁European ▁states ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁the ▁pap acy ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁According ▁to ▁histor ians , ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁Poland ▁marks ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁Polish ▁state hood . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁Christian ization ▁was ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁ar du ous ▁process , ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁population ▁remained ▁pag an ▁until ▁the ▁pag an ▁reaction ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 0 3 0 s . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁modern - day ▁Poland , ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁pag an ▁tribes . ▁S vet ov id ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁w ides p read ▁pag an ▁gods ▁worship ed ▁in ▁Poland . ▁Christian ity ▁arrived ▁around ▁the ▁late ▁ 9 th ▁century , ▁most ▁likely ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁V ist ul an ▁tribe ▁encountered ▁the ▁Christian ▁r ite ▁in ▁deal ings ▁with ▁their ▁neighb ors , ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor avia ▁( B oh em ian ) ▁state . ▁ ▁The ▁Mor av ian ▁cultural ▁influence |
▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁onto ▁the ▁Polish ▁lands ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁ad option ▁of ▁that ▁religion . ▁In ▁the ▁opinion ▁of ▁Dav ies , ▁the ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁through ▁the ▁Czech – Pol ish ▁al liance ▁represented ▁a ▁conscious ▁choice ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Polish ▁r ul ers ▁to ▁al ly ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁Czech ▁state ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁German ▁one . ▁In ▁a ▁similar ▁fashion , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁political ▁strugg les ▁involved ▁the ▁Polish ▁Church ▁ref using ▁to ▁sub ordinate ▁itself ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁hierarchy ▁and ▁instead ▁being ▁directly ▁sub ordinate ▁to ▁the ▁V at ican . ▁ ▁Bapt ism ▁ ▁The ▁" B apt ism ▁of ▁Poland " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁ceremony ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state , ▁M iesz ko ▁I ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁court , ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁religion . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁wife ▁Dob raw a ▁of ▁Boh emia , ▁a ▁ze alous ▁Christian , ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁prom oting ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland , ▁and ▁might ▁have ▁had ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁converting ▁M iesz ko ▁himself . ▁ ▁The ▁exact ▁place ▁of ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁is ▁disput ed ; ▁Most ▁histor ians ▁argue ▁that ▁G nie z no ▁or ▁Poz na ń ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁sites . ▁However , ▁other ▁histor ians ▁have ▁suggested ▁alternative ▁locations , ▁such ▁as ▁O str ów ▁Led nick i , ▁or ▁even ▁in ▁German ▁Reg ens burg |
. ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Saturday ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁ceremony ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁week ▁of ▁or al ▁c ate ch ism ▁and ▁several ▁days ▁of ▁fast ing . ▁The ▁actual ▁ceremony ▁involved ▁pour ing ▁water ▁over ▁the ▁seg reg ated ▁groups ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁their ▁heads ▁were ▁imm ers ed ▁instead , ▁and ▁an oint ed ▁with ▁the ▁chr ism . ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Poland ▁The ▁bapt ism al ▁mission ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁major ▁cities ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁and ▁Poz na ń ▁with ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁M iesz ko ▁and ▁his ▁court ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁centuries ▁various ▁ecc les iast ical ▁org ans ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁Poland . ▁This ▁included ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁churches ▁and ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁cler gy . ▁The ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Poland , ▁Jordan , ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁John ▁XIII ▁in ▁ 9 6 8 . ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁son ▁B oles ław ▁I ▁Ch rob ry ▁supported ▁Christian ization ▁miss ions ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁lands , ▁not ably ▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁future ▁Saint ▁Ad al bert ▁of ▁Prag ue ▁to ▁Old ▁Pr us si ans , ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁Arch bishop ric ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Although |
▁at ▁first ▁the ▁Christian ▁religion ▁was ▁" un pop ular ▁and ▁al ien ", ▁M iesz ko ' s ▁bapt ism ▁was ▁highly ▁influ ential ▁but ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁enfor ced ▁by ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁ran ▁into ▁some ▁popular ▁opposition , ▁including ▁an ▁u pr ising ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 3 0 s ▁( part icular ly ▁inten se ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁of ▁ 1 0 3 5 – 1 0 3 7 ). ▁Non eth eless , ▁by ▁that ▁time ▁Poland ▁had ▁won ▁recognition ▁as ▁a ▁proper ▁European ▁state , ▁both ▁from ▁the ▁pap acy ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁various ▁provinces ▁of ▁today ' s ▁Poland , ▁Christian ity ' s ▁spread ▁was ▁slow est ▁in ▁P omer ania , ▁where ▁it ▁gained ▁a ▁significant ▁following ▁only ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁cler gy ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Christian ▁European ▁countries ; ▁native ▁Polish ▁cler gy ▁took ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁gener ations ▁to ▁emer ge , ▁and ▁were ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁fri ars ▁that ▁grew ▁increasing ly ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁dominant ▁religion ▁throughout ▁Poland . ▁ ▁In ▁adopt ing ▁Christian ity ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁religion , ▁M iesz ko ▁sought ▁to ▁achieve ▁several ▁personal ▁goals . ▁He ▁saw ▁Poland ' s ▁bapt ism ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁strength ening ▁his ▁hold ▁on ▁power , ▁as |
▁well ▁as ▁using ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁un ifying ▁force ▁for ▁the ▁Polish ▁people . ▁It ▁replaced ▁several ▁smaller ▁cult s ▁with ▁a ▁single , ▁central ▁one , ▁clearly ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁royal ▁court . ▁It ▁would ▁also ▁improve ▁the ▁position ▁and ▁respect ability ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state ▁on ▁the ▁international , ▁European ▁scene . ▁The ▁Church ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁strength en ▁the ▁monarch ' s ▁authority , ▁and ▁brought ▁to ▁Poland ▁much ▁experience ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁state ▁administration . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Church ▁organisation ▁supported ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁in ▁return , ▁b ish ops ▁received ▁important ▁government ▁titles ▁( in ▁the ▁later ▁era , ▁they ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁Poland ). ▁ ▁Mill enn ial ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁ ▁The ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁the ▁mill enn ial ▁celebr ations ▁begun ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁Nov ena ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁which ▁marked ▁a ▁nine ▁years ▁period ▁of ▁fast ▁and ▁prayer . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland ▁witness ed ▁large ▁festiv ities ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 - year ▁anni versary ▁of ▁those ▁events , ▁with ▁the ▁Church ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland , ▁while ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁government ▁celebrated ▁the ▁sec ular ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁State , ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁twice ▁den ying ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁VI ▁permission ▁to ▁visit ▁Poland ▁that ▁year . |
▁The ▁desire ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁party ▁to ▁separate ▁religion ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁made ▁the ▁festiv ities ▁a ▁culture ▁cl ash ▁between ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁Church . ▁While ▁the ▁Church ▁was ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁religious , ▁ecc les iast ical ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁bapt ism , ▁with ▁s log ans ▁( in ▁Latin ) ▁like ▁Sac rum ▁Pol onia e ▁Mill enium ▁( Pol and ' s ▁Sac red ▁Mill en ni um ), ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁was ▁fr aming ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁as ▁a ▁sec ular , ▁political ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁state , ▁with ▁s log ans ▁( in ▁Polish ) ▁like ▁T ys ią cle cie ▁Pa ńst wa ▁Pol skiego ▁( A ▁Th ous and ▁Years ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁State ). ▁As ▁Norman ▁Dav ies ▁noted , ▁both ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁the ▁Party ▁had ▁" rival , ▁and ▁mut ually ▁exclusive , ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁[ Pol and ' s ▁bapt ism ] ▁significance ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Eng ra ving ▁and ▁Print ing ▁issued ▁ 1 2 8 , 4 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁comm emor ative ▁st amps ▁hon oring ▁the ▁mill en ni um ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁An ▁anni versary ▁para de ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Culture ▁and ▁Science ▁on ▁Par ade ▁Square ▁on ▁ 2 2 |
▁July ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁annual ▁National ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁Reb irth ▁of ▁Poland ▁celebr ations ▁( set ▁on ▁the ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁PK WN ▁Man if esto ). ▁It ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁W ład ys ław ▁G om u ł ka , ▁the ▁then ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁United ▁Work ers ' ▁Party , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁P U WP ▁and ▁the ▁Polish ▁Council ▁of ▁State . ▁The ▁para de ▁inspect or ▁was ▁Marsh al ▁of ▁Poland ▁Marian ▁Sp ych al ski ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁commanded ▁by ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Wars aw ▁Military ▁District ▁Major ▁General ▁C zes ław ▁W ary sz ak ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Tro ops ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁were ▁on ▁para de , ▁featuring ▁units ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Represent ative ▁Honor ▁Guard ▁of ▁the ▁L WP , ▁the ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L WP ▁( led ▁by ▁Colonel ▁Lis z tok ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁cad ets ▁of ▁military ▁academ ies ▁and ▁other ▁cer emon ial ▁units ▁dressed ▁in ▁Polish ▁historical ▁military ▁uniform s ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Pi ast ▁dynast y . ▁The ▁para de ▁is ▁today ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁military ▁para de ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Le ch , ▁Czech , ▁and ▁Rus ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁Boh emia ▁ ▁Christian ization ▁of ▁K ie van ▁Rus ' ▁ ▁D ag ome ▁I ude x ▁ ▁History |
▁of ▁Poland ▁( 9 6 6 – 1 3 8 5 ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁arch b ish ops ▁of ▁G nie z no ▁and ▁prim ates ▁of ▁Poland ▁ ▁Northern ▁Cr us ades ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Christian ity ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : B apt ism ▁Category : 1 0 th - century ▁Christian ity ▁Category : 9 6 6 ▁Category : 1 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Christ ian ization ▁of ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁Ul la ▁Mi il mann ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁fla ut ist . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁principal ▁fla ut ist ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁National ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Best ▁Solo ist ▁Performance ▁with ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Mi il mann ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁V em med rup ▁near ▁K ø ge ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Zealand . ▁Her ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁fl ute ▁started ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁when ▁she ▁the ▁saw ▁instrument ▁being ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁television ▁programme . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁her ▁parents ▁gave ▁her ▁a ▁fl ute ▁for ▁her ▁birth day . ▁When ▁they ▁saw ▁how ▁interested ▁she ▁had ▁become ▁in ▁playing ▁it , ▁they ▁arranged ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁have ▁music ▁less ons ▁in ▁H iller ø d , ▁driving ▁her ▁there ▁every ▁Saturday . ▁Her ▁parents ' ▁interest ▁in ▁her |
▁progress ▁encourag ed ▁her , ▁motiv ating ▁her ▁to ▁practice ▁for ▁several ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁She ▁progress ed ▁quickly , ▁winning ▁the ▁Ber lings ke ▁Music ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁the ▁C open hagen ▁Phil harm onic ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁it ▁became ▁fashion able ▁for ▁te en agers ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁America ▁as ▁exchange ▁students . ▁Mi il mann ▁received ▁a ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁She ▁quickly ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁school ' s ▁int ensive ▁curr icul um , ▁pract ising ▁every ▁day ▁from ▁ 5 ▁a . m ., ▁then ▁following ▁classes ▁until ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁She ▁remained ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁ 2 0 , ▁successfully ▁comple ting ▁her ▁education ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁years ▁she ▁had ▁spent ▁there ▁had ▁however ▁been ▁quite ▁a ▁stra in . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁when ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁Den mark ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 0 , ▁she ▁took ▁on ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁post man . ▁But ▁when ▁she ▁saw ▁an ▁advert is ement ▁for ▁a ▁post ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dan ish ▁Orchestra , ▁she ▁immediately ▁started ▁to ▁pract ise ▁again , ▁gain ing ▁ad mission ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁just ▁ 2 1 . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁she ▁became ▁solo ▁fla |
ut ist ▁with ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁National ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁attached ▁to ▁Dan marks ▁Radio , ▁a ▁position ▁she ▁still ▁holds ▁today . ▁ ▁Mi il mann ▁also ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁Radio ▁Wood wind ▁Quint et ▁which ▁she ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁solo ist ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁orch est ras ▁in ▁C open hagen ▁and ▁has ▁played ▁with ▁other ▁notable ▁solo ists ▁including ▁the ▁pian ist ▁K atr ine ▁G is ling e ▁and ▁the ▁viol in ist ▁G id on ▁Kre mer . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁with ▁the ▁Phil harm onia ▁M oment ▁Musical ▁at ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁music ▁event ▁in ▁Tai pe i . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Mi il mann ▁received ▁a ▁Gram my ▁nom ination ▁for ▁" Best ▁Solo ist ▁Performance ▁with ▁Orchestra " ▁for ▁her ▁recording ▁of ▁Ole ▁Schmidt ' s ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Fl ute ▁and ▁Orchestra . ▁Although ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁the ▁award , ▁the ▁nom ination ▁and ▁her ▁treatment ▁at ▁the ▁event ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁encourag ed ▁her ▁to ▁stick ▁to ▁playing ▁the ▁fl ute ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁considering ▁moving ▁into ▁another ▁profession . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Mi il mann ▁was ▁the ▁solo ist ▁in ▁Carl ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Fl ute ▁Con cer to ▁which ▁she ▁first ▁played ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁about ▁ 1 3 ▁years |
▁old . ▁" It ' s ▁only ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁four ▁or ▁five ▁years ▁that ▁I ▁have ▁really ▁begun ▁to ▁understand ▁it ... ▁The ▁older ▁I ▁get , ▁the ▁more ▁I ▁am ▁ready ▁to ▁follow ▁my ▁inner ▁feelings , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁accepted ▁trad itions . ▁In ▁this ▁way , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁I ▁can ▁see ▁I ▁am ▁beginning ▁to ▁understand ▁Carl ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Fl ute ▁Con cer to ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ul la ▁Mi il mann ' s ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dan ish ▁fla ut ists ▁Category : W omen ▁fla ut ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁top ▁end ▁fire tail ▁sk ink ▁( Mor eth ia ▁stor ri ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sk ink ▁found ▁in ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁specific ▁name , ▁stor ri , ▁is ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁her pet ologist ▁Glen ▁Mil ton ▁St orr . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mor eth ia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Category : Sk inks ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Allen ▁Edd y ▁Gre er <0x0A> </s> ▁ 5 lo ▁is ▁a ▁computer ▁virus ▁that ▁increases ▁file ▁size ▁and ▁does ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁rep |
licate . ▁Size : ▁ 1 , 0 3 2 ▁bytes ▁ ▁In fection ▁ 5 lo ▁inf ect s ▁resident ▁. EX E ▁files ▁only . ▁When ▁it ▁inf ect s ▁a ▁file , ▁it ▁increases ▁the ▁file ▁size ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 0 - 1 1 0 0 ▁bytes ▁( though ▁a ▁typical ▁value ▁is ▁ 1 0 3 2 ▁bytes .) ▁At ▁the ▁file ' s ▁direct ▁end , ▁this ▁message ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁( result ing ▁in ▁the ▁virus ' s ▁name ): ▁▁ 9 2 . 0 5 . 2 4 . 5 lo . 2 . 2 3 M Z ▁▁ ▁Other ▁strings ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁virus ' s ▁code : ▁ ▁? ?? ?? ?? ?. EX E ▁and ▁*. EX E ▁▁ 5 lo ▁stays ▁resident . ▁When ever ▁a ▁. EX E ▁file ▁is ▁run , ▁ 5 lo ▁will ▁inf ect ▁it ▁( and ▁another ▁. EX E ▁file ). ▁The ▁virus ▁also ▁changes ▁the ▁file ' s ▁timestamp ▁to ▁the ▁date ▁and ▁time ▁of ▁in fection . ▁After ▁these ▁in fe ctions , ▁a ▁counter ▁within ▁the ▁virus ▁starts . ▁However , ▁this ▁counter ▁is ▁never ▁checked , ▁so ▁the ▁virus ▁doesn ' t ▁activ ate . ▁ 5 lo ▁app ends ▁its ▁code ▁into ▁inf ected ▁files . ▁It ▁also ▁changes ▁the ▁field ▁ 0 Ch ▁in ▁the ▁. EX E ▁file ' s ▁header ▁to ▁F FA Ah . ▁The ▁virus ▁ident ifies ▁itself ▁from ▁memory |
▁by ▁using ▁the ▁interrupt ▁INT ▁ 2 1 , ▁A X = 3 5 2 1 h ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁hook ed . ▁All ▁the ▁checks ▁work ▁correctly ▁and ▁the ▁virus ▁won ' t ▁inf ect ▁files ▁multiple ▁times ▁and ▁it ▁install s ▁itself ▁to ▁memory ▁only ▁once . ▁ ▁When ▁ 5 lo ▁is ▁running ▁in ▁memory , ▁it ▁isn ' t ▁discover able ▁by ▁typing ▁in ▁M EM ▁/ C . ▁This ▁is ▁because ▁when ▁the ▁virus ▁install s , ▁it ▁t ies ▁itself ▁to ▁the ▁operating ▁system . ▁Free ▁memory ▁decre ases ▁by ▁about ▁ 2 ▁K B . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Sym ante c ' s ▁page ▁on ▁ 5 lo ▁ ▁Category : D OS ▁file ▁vir uses <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁geometric ▁lat he ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁making ▁orn amental ▁patterns ▁on ▁the ▁pl ates ▁used ▁in ▁printing ▁bank ▁notes ▁and ▁post age ▁st amps . ▁It ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁a ▁gu illo ché ▁lat he . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁when ▁efforts ▁were ▁introduced ▁to ▁combat ▁forg ery , ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁an ▁orn amental ▁turning ▁lat he . ▁The ▁lat he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁generate ▁intersect ing ▁and ▁inter la cing ▁patterns ▁of ▁fine ▁lines ▁in ▁various ▁shapes , ▁which ▁were ▁almost ▁impossible ▁to ▁for ge ▁by ▁hand - eng ra ving . ▁They ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁many ▁national ▁m ints . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Peter ▁B ower , ▁' E conom ic ▁war fare : |
▁Bank note ▁F org ery ▁as ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁weapon ', ▁and ▁Ma ure en ▁Green land , ▁' Comp ound ▁plate ▁printing ▁and ▁nin ete enth - century ▁bank ▁notes , ▁ ▁in ▁Virginia ▁H ew itt , ▁ed . ▁The ▁Bank er ' s ▁Art : ▁Studies ▁in ▁paper ▁money , ▁pp ▁ 4 6 – 6 3 , ▁and ▁pp ▁ 8 4 – 8 7 , ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁() ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Security ▁printing ▁ ▁S pi ro graph ▁▁ ▁G ear ▁▁ ▁T us i ▁couple ▁ ▁Gu illo ché ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Or n amental ▁Turn ing ▁ ▁Category : M oney ▁forg ery ▁Category : Autom atic ▁l ath es ▁( me chan ically ▁autom ated ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Dave ▁Brown ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mont ana ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Brown ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁Pom pe y ' s ▁P ill ar , ▁Mont ana . ▁He ▁p led ▁guilty ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁five ▁counts ▁of ▁failing ▁to ▁file ▁federal ▁income ▁tax ▁returns . ▁▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Mad ison , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Career ▁Brown ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M embers |
▁of ▁the ▁Mont ana ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Y ellow stone ▁County , ▁Mont ana ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Barry ▁Railway ▁Class ▁K ▁were ▁ 0 - 6 - 2 T ▁steam ▁tank ▁engines ▁of ▁the ▁Barry ▁Railway ▁in ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁designed ▁by ▁J . ▁H . ▁H os good ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁an ▁American ▁company , ▁Co oke ▁Lo comot ive ▁and ▁Machine ▁Works ▁of ▁Pat erson , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁Barry ▁wanted ▁to ▁order ▁these ▁locomot ives , ▁British ▁manufact ur ers ▁already ▁had ▁a ▁full ▁order ▁book . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁not ▁to ▁face ▁an ▁in defin ite ▁wait , ▁inv itations ▁to ▁tender ▁were ▁advert ised ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁H os good ' s ▁aim ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁tank ▁engine ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁“ Class ▁B 1 ”. ▁ ▁However , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁a ▁speed y ▁delivery , ▁he ▁agreed ▁to ▁certain ▁comprom ises ▁in ▁the ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁order ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁and ▁was ▁delivered ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Tra ffic ▁duties ▁Although ▁originally ▁intended ▁for ▁ha uling ▁main ▁line ▁min eral ▁traffic , ▁they ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁heavy ▁on ▁coal ▁and ▁water ▁and ▁therefore ▁not ▁a ▁feas ible ▁prospect ▁for ▁this ▁kind ▁of ▁work |
. ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁therefore ▁assigned ▁other ▁duties . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁H af od ▁shed ▁for ▁bank ing ▁duties ▁on ▁trains ▁on ▁the ▁grad ients ▁between ▁Tre h af od ▁J unction ▁and ▁Pont y pr idd ▁and ▁between ▁T ref or est ▁J unction ▁and ▁T onte g . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁three ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁ha uling ▁coal ▁trains ▁between ▁C ado xt on ▁Y ard ▁and ▁Barry ▁D ock s . ▁ ▁Later ▁on , ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁H af od , ▁joining ▁the ▁first ▁two , ▁for ▁bank ing ▁duties ▁and ▁the ▁fifth ▁was ▁retained ▁at ▁Barry ▁as ▁shed ▁pilot . ▁ ▁He avy ▁on ▁coal ▁and ▁water ▁When ▁tests ▁were ▁originally ▁carried ▁out , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁necessary ▁to ▁stop ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁times ▁while ▁taking ▁empty ▁w ag ons ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Rh ond da . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁driver , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁advis able ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁single ▁water ▁column ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁running ▁short ▁before ▁the ▁next ▁one . ▁ ▁Special ▁train ▁Every ▁year , ▁on ▁Good ▁Friday , ▁the ▁Direct ors ▁would ▁organ ise ▁an ▁orch est ral ▁concert ▁in ▁Barry ▁and ▁ar range ▁a ▁special ▁train ▁from ▁Tre h af od ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁company ' s ▁employees ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁to ▁the ▁concert . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁“ K ▁Class ” ▁was ▁vac u um ▁fitted , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁engines ▁station ed ▁at ▁H af od ▁shed ▁suit ably |
▁equ ipped ▁to ▁ha ul ▁a ▁passenger ▁train . ▁ ▁This ▁tradition ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁ ▁With draw al ▁The ▁locomot ives ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁but ▁were ▁with dra wn ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁None ▁surv ived ▁into ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁ownership ▁and ▁none ▁have ▁been ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Number ing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁K ▁Category : 0 - 6 - 2 T ▁locomot ives ▁Category : C oo ke ▁locomot ives ▁Category : R ail way ▁locomot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Category : Standard ▁gauge ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Sc ra pped ▁locomot ives <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁Collection ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁" best - of " ▁compilation ▁album ▁and ▁by ▁Bos n ian ▁rock ▁band ▁Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je , ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁double - full - length ▁album ▁is ▁released ▁through ▁Cro atia ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Source : ▁Cro atia ▁Records , ▁Discogs ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Cred its ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁album ' s ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁Production ▁▁ ▁K la ud ija ▁Č ular ▁– ▁editing ▁( S ony ▁D AD C ▁in ▁Sal zburg , ▁Austria ) ▁ ▁Ž el imir ▁Bab og red ac ▁– ▁production ▁ ▁Design ▁Ig |
or ▁Kel č ec ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Being ▁Ian ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁Studio ▁B ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Nel v ana ▁Limited ▁for ▁Y TV , ▁foc using ▁on ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁Ian ▁K elle y , ▁who ▁asp ires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁It ▁originally ▁a ired ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁early ▁life ▁of ▁cre ator ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁It ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Burn aby , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁Produ ced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁deb uted ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁on ▁Y TV . ▁The ▁series ▁first ▁a ired ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁Jet ix ▁along ▁with ▁Carl ² ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁series ▁also ▁a ired ▁on ▁Q ub o ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁Q ub o ' s ▁Night ▁O w |
l ▁block ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁However ▁it ▁returned ▁to ▁Q ub o ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁network ' s ▁Night ▁O w l ▁Block ▁until ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Y TV ▁stopped ▁air ing ▁r er uns ▁in ▁Canada . ▁Nick el ode on ▁Canada ▁a ired ▁r er uns ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁from ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁R er uns ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁BBC ▁K ids ▁in ▁Canada ▁until ▁the ▁network ' s ▁closure ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁K elle y ▁family ▁Ian ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ian ▁C ox . ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁Ian ▁K elle y ▁asp ires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁Unfortunately , ▁his ▁family ▁is ▁mostly ▁ind ifferent ▁towards ▁his ▁cre ative ▁stre ak , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁source ▁of ▁fr ustration ▁for ▁him . ▁Ian ▁is ▁intellig ent , ▁if ▁somewhat ▁na ive , ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁imagination , ▁and ▁often ▁gets ▁lost ▁in ▁day d ream s ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁par od ies ▁of ▁famous ▁films ). ▁His ▁ult imate ▁dream ▁is ▁to ▁win ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award , |
▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁constantly ▁practices ▁his ▁accept ance ▁speech , ▁just ▁so ▁he ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁caught ▁speech less ▁if ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁ever ▁does ▁happen . ▁As ide ▁from ▁this , ▁Ian ▁is ▁a ▁typical ▁sit com ▁child ; ▁most ▁plots ▁involve ▁him ▁either ▁failing ▁at ▁an ▁elaborate ▁scheme ▁or ▁trying ▁des per ately ▁to ▁surv ive ▁in ▁a ▁world ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁fit ▁his ▁ide als . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁episode ▁" Be ing ▁Princi pal ▁Bill ", ▁Ian ' s ▁middle ▁name ▁is ▁James , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett , ▁whom ▁he ▁is ▁based ▁on . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Sand i ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁various ▁animated ▁thoughts . ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁" K en " ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Louis ▁Ch ir illo . ▁Kenneth ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁father ; ▁he ▁own s ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards , ▁a ▁local ▁music ▁store . ▁Ken , ▁while ▁a ▁lov ing ▁husband ▁and ▁father , ▁is ▁somewhat ▁cl uel ess , ▁easily ▁dist ract ed , ▁and ▁chron ically ▁un co ol . ▁While ▁he ▁tries ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁household ▁in ▁check , ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁knows ▁exactly ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁their ▁way ▁with ▁him . ▁Ken ▁is ▁chron ically ▁dependent ▁on ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁check ; ▁when ▁she ▁tempor arily ▁left ▁him , ▁it ▁only ▁took ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁re gress ▁to ▁a ▁ne |
ander th al . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁younger , ▁Ken ▁dream ed ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁recording ▁star ▁and ▁showing ▁up ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁" co ol " ▁k ids ▁who ▁sn ub bed ▁him . ▁However , ▁his ▁recording ▁career ▁ended ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁it ▁began , ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁song ▁he ▁played ▁was ▁" I ' s ▁the ▁B ' y ". ▁While ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁com ic ▁relief , ▁Ken ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁sympath etic ▁character , ▁especially ▁when ▁he ▁seems ▁aware ▁of ▁how ▁un co ol ▁he ▁is . ▁Ken ▁is ▁a ▁work ah ol ic ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁g ung - ho ▁attitude ▁towards ▁volunte er ▁service , ▁seem ingly ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁his ▁sons ▁do ▁not ▁share ▁his ▁attitude . ▁His ▁catch phr ase ▁is ▁" H oly ▁M oli , ▁R avi oli ! ". ▁Victoria ▁" V icky " ▁K elle y ▁( née ▁Mens ke ): ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Dra ke . ▁Victoria ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁mother ▁from ▁Poland . ▁She ▁div ides ▁her ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁hom em aker ▁and ▁helping ▁Ken ▁run ▁the ▁music ▁store . ▁While ▁she ▁lov es ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁very ▁dear ly , ▁they ▁all ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁reason ▁to ▁fear ▁her ▁wr ath . ▁While ▁she ▁usually ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁level - head ed ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁V icki ▁can ▁be ▁surprising ly ▁pet ty ▁and ▁self ish ▁when ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁get ▁her ▁own |
▁way . ▁She ▁also ▁constantly ▁anno ys ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁odd ▁obs essions ▁she ▁develop s ▁( collect or ' s ▁spo ons , ▁organ ic ▁food , ▁de formed ▁animals , ▁etc .), ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁anything ▁else . ▁Usually ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁are ▁at ▁her ▁wr ath , ▁while ▁she ▁is ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁they ▁care ▁about ▁each ▁other . ▁K yle ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ty ▁Ol sson . ▁K yle ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁oldest ▁of ▁the ▁family . ▁A ▁laid - back , ▁somewhat ▁dol t ish ▁te en ager , ▁K yle ▁is ▁not ▁stupid ▁so ▁much ▁as ▁lazy ; ▁he ▁knows ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁his ▁way ▁around ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁sees ▁no ▁reason ▁to ▁put ▁any ▁real ▁effort ▁into ▁anything . ▁Un known ▁to ▁most , ▁he ▁is ▁actually ▁very ▁intellig ent ; ▁he ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁spell ▁highly ▁difficult ▁words ▁with ▁ease , ▁can ▁perform ▁complex ▁mathematical ▁equations ▁in ▁his ▁head , ▁and ▁can ▁memor ize ▁entire ▁science ▁text books . ▁The ▁only ▁thing ▁that ▁K yle ▁is ▁really ▁interested ▁in ▁is ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ; ▁he ▁readily ▁will ▁take ▁ch ase ▁after ▁any ▁attract ive ▁female ▁that ▁catch es ▁his ▁eye , ▁but ▁his ▁purs uits ▁s eld om ▁lead ▁to ▁anything ▁other ▁than ▁re jection . ▁As ▁with ▁Kore y , ▁K yle ▁has ▁a ▁play fully ▁ant agon istic ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁well - be |
hav ed ▁Ian ; ▁while ▁he ▁probably ▁car es ▁for ▁the ▁" do of us " ▁deep ▁down , ▁the ▁tempt ations ▁to ▁play ▁off ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁g ul lib ility ▁and ▁sens itivity ▁are ▁too ▁much ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁resist ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Kore y ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Matt ▁Hill . ▁Kore y ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁three . ▁Kore y ▁is ▁a ▁rather ▁id ios ync r atic ▁individual ▁- ▁not ▁even ▁his ▁own ▁family ▁understand s ▁him ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁Kore y ▁seems ▁lost ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁world . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁Kore y ▁actually ▁has ▁a ▁sharp ▁mind ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁very ▁observ ant ▁- ▁it ▁seems ▁he ▁simply ▁cho oses ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁his ▁surr ound ings ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁C aught ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁between ▁his ▁two ▁brothers , ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁Kore y ▁comb ines ▁the ▁nic eness ▁and ▁sens it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁young est ▁child ▁and ▁the ▁la z iness ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁to ▁form ▁his ▁own ▁person ality . ▁Although ▁it ' s ▁not ▁shown ▁as ▁much , ▁Kore y ▁( s ometimes ▁open ly ) ▁shows ▁affection ▁and ▁kind ness ▁for ▁Ian ▁and ▁his ▁other ▁family ▁members ; ▁however , ▁this ▁is ▁over look ed ▁quite ▁a ▁lot ▁as ▁he ▁is ▁often ▁playing ▁pr anks ▁with ▁K yle ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁lazy ▁at ▁times . |
▁A ▁running ▁g ag ▁is ▁that ▁Kore y ▁never ▁removes ▁his ▁cap , ▁even ▁when ▁he ▁sle eps . ▁Ch op in : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁David ▁K aye . ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁the ▁K elle y ▁family ▁dog , ▁a ▁lap ▁dog ▁of ▁ind et erm inate ▁bre ed ▁who ▁is ▁missing ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁h ind ▁legs . ▁Ian ▁received ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁young , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁since ▁come ▁out ▁that ▁V icky , ▁who ▁car es ▁deeply ▁for ▁de formed ▁animals , ▁told ▁him ▁that ▁all ▁dogs ▁have ▁three ▁legs ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Ch op in ' s ▁role ▁is ▁mostly ▁limited ▁to ▁physical ▁comedy ▁- ▁an ▁often - used ▁g ag ▁is ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁stay ▁u pr ight ▁when ▁he ▁lif ts ▁a ▁leg ▁to ▁ur inate . ▁ ▁Fri ends ▁and ▁relatives ▁T yr one ▁" Ty " ▁Washington : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁D ex ter ▁Bell . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁best ▁friend ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Consider ably ▁more ▁together ▁than ▁Ian , ▁T yr one ▁often ▁attempts ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁reason , ▁although ▁he ▁is ▁usually ▁willing ▁to ▁go ▁along ▁with ▁whatever ▁schemes ▁his ▁friend ▁cook s ▁up . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁one ▁to ▁pull ▁Ian ▁back ▁to ▁reality ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁fant as ies ▁goes ▁too ▁far . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁a ▁ 6 ' 8 " ▁African - |
American ▁basketball ▁player . ▁His ▁mother ▁is ▁a ▁ 4 ' 3 " ▁Asian ▁nur se . ▁Sand ra ▁" S and i " ▁Cro cker : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Tab ith a ▁St . ▁Germ ain . ▁Sand i ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁other ▁best ▁friend . ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁athlet ic , ▁short - temper ed ▁tom boy , ▁and ▁can ▁phys ically ▁domin ate ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ▁easily . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁T yr one , ▁Sand i ▁often ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁bem used ▁sort ▁of ▁Greek ▁ch orus ▁to ▁Ian ' s ▁ant ics . ▁Her ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁boys ▁is ▁completely ▁plat onic , ▁although ▁she ▁once ▁accident ally ▁admitted ▁that ▁she ▁expects ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ' s ▁friendship ▁to ▁be ▁stra ined ▁by ▁fighting ▁for ▁her ▁aff e ctions ▁when ▁they ▁become ▁older . ▁There ▁is , ▁however , ▁a ▁slight ▁rom ance ▁hint ed ▁between ▁Ian ▁and ▁Sand i . ▁Grand ma ▁Ele an or ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Dra ke . ▁Grand ma ▁K elle y ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁patri otic ▁mother ▁from ▁Scotland . ▁She ▁speak s ▁in ▁a ▁thick ▁bro gue ▁and ▁can ▁terror ize ▁her ▁entire ▁family ▁with ▁little ▁effort ▁- ▁no ▁member ▁of ▁her ▁family ▁is ▁willing ▁to ▁cross ▁her . ▁A ▁clever ▁jo ke ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁theme ▁at ▁one ▁point ; ▁Ian ▁fant as izes ▁his ▁family ▁as ▁movie ▁mon sters , ▁but ▁Grand |
ma ▁K elle y ▁stays ▁exactly ▁the ▁same . ▁Grand ma ▁Mary ▁Mens ke : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Christ ina ▁J astr z emb ska . ▁Grand ma ▁Mens ke ▁is ▁V icky ' s ▁mother ; ▁being ▁a ▁dot ing ▁grand m other , ▁she ▁is ▁constantly ▁pam per ing ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁heart y ▁me als ▁and ▁tack y ▁hand - made ▁cl othing . ▁She ▁never ▁approved ▁of ▁Ken ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁V icky ; ▁she ▁rather ▁sees ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁Gy ps y ▁cur se ▁on ▁her ▁family . ▁Even ▁after ▁Ken ▁and ▁V icky ▁had ▁been ▁married ▁for ▁two ▁dec ades , ▁she ▁still ▁held ▁out ▁on ▁hope ▁for ▁V icky ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁with ▁her ▁ex - boy friend ▁Lub om ir ▁W orm ch uk . ▁She ▁only ▁gave ▁her ▁bless ing ▁to ▁the ▁marriage ▁when ▁she ▁discovered ▁that ▁Lub om ir ▁had ▁lost ▁his ▁teeth ▁( what ▁had ▁attract ed ▁her ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁place ). ▁O db ald : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁assistant ▁at ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards . ▁A ▁rural ▁imm igr ant ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Canada ▁to ▁escape ▁a ▁life ▁of ▁" pol ishing ▁che eses ▁and ▁car ving ▁wooden ▁sho es ". ▁O db ald , ▁despite ▁being ▁an ▁adult , ▁is ▁very ▁imm ature ▁- ▁leaving ▁him ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁K elle y ▁boys ▁always |
▁results ▁in ▁dis aster . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁key boards ▁of ▁all ▁kinds , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁becomes ▁em otion ally ▁attached ▁to ▁them . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁utter ly ▁devoted ▁to ▁Ken ▁- ▁or ▁" M ish ter ▁K elle y ", ▁as ▁he ▁calls ▁him ▁- ▁and ▁often ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁aid ▁Ken ▁in ▁tasks ▁far ▁beyond ▁his ▁duties ▁in ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards . ▁When ever ▁Ken ▁accident ally ▁dam ages ▁something , ▁his ▁stock ▁response ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁" O db ald , ▁could ▁you ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁that ▁for ▁me ?" ▁O db ald ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁room ▁of ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁pro cl ivity ▁for ▁nod ding ▁off ▁at ▁in app ropri ate ▁times ▁and ▁e ating ▁mess ily . ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Princi pal ▁Bill ▁Mc Cam mon : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁New man . ▁Mr . ▁Mc Cam mon ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁school ▁principal ▁at ▁C eline ▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁He ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁family . ▁Nevertheless , ▁he ▁does ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁set ▁forward ▁a ▁proper ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁school . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Kel am is , ▁and ▁Ty ▁Ol sson ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁appearance . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁teachers ▁at ▁C eline |
▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁Like ▁Mr . ▁Mc Cam mon , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination . ▁Ron ald ▁Fle eman : ▁Vo iced ▁by : ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁a ▁smooth ie ▁shop ▁next ▁door ▁to ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards ▁( and ▁Sp a ). ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Andy ▁Bart lett , ▁Josh ▁Me ph am ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Josh ▁Me ph am ▁ ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Ch ad ▁Van ▁De ▁Ke ere ▁ ▁International ▁broadcast ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Being ▁Ian ▁website ▁on ▁Y TV . com ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett ▁( see ▁Being ▁Ian ▁in ▁the ▁Original ▁Project s ▁section ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁children ' s ▁animated ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : T ele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁produced ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Y TV ▁shows ▁Category : Q ub o ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁Nel v ana ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁D H X ▁Media ▁Category : Can |
ad ian ▁flash ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁series ▁with ▁live ▁action ▁and ▁animation ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁children ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( m ob ster ), ▁Italian - Can ad ian ▁mob ster ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( p oker ▁player ), ▁American ▁pok er ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al , ▁O . F . M . ▁( 1 5 0 2 – 1 5 7 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁in ▁New ▁Spain , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁Biography ▁De ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ord ained ▁a ▁priest ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Fri ars ▁Minor . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 5 6 1 , ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁the ▁first ▁bishop ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Y uc at án ▁and ▁consec r ated ▁bishop ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁by ▁San cho ▁Dí az ▁de ▁Tru j illo , ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pl as encia , ▁with ▁Fernando ▁de ▁Vill ag ó mez , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁T lax cala , ▁and ▁Juan ▁de ▁V aca , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pan am á , ▁serving ▁as ▁co - con sec rat ors . ▁ ▁As |
▁part ▁of ▁his ▁effort ▁to ▁Christian ize ▁the ▁Indians ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁Tor al ▁learned ▁to ▁speak ▁the ▁N ahu at l ▁and ▁Pop ol oca ▁languages , ▁and ▁compiled ▁a ▁dictionary ▁and ▁grammar ▁of ▁the ▁latter . ▁He ▁also ▁charged ▁Bernard ino ▁de ▁Sah ag ún ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Historia ▁General ▁de ▁las ▁Cos as ▁de ▁Nueva ▁España . ▁In ▁Y uc at án ▁he ▁led ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁alleg ed ▁ab uses ▁of ▁the ▁May a ▁by ▁Diego ▁de ▁Land a , ▁employ ing ▁Gas par ▁Antonio ▁Chi ▁as ▁his ▁interpreter ; ▁Land a ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁acqu itted , ▁and ▁follow ▁Tor al ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁cross es ▁were ▁being ▁burn ed , ▁and ▁human ▁sacrific es ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁church . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁May ans ▁were ▁considered ▁innoc ent , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁proof . ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁his ▁permission ▁be ▁terminated , ▁but ▁his ▁request ▁was ▁denied . ▁Following ▁this ▁den ial , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 5 7 1 . ▁ ▁Exper ien ces ▁in ▁Y uc at án ▁ ▁Before ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Y uc at án , ▁Land a ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁and ▁ordered ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁May an ▁artifact s ▁that ▁were ▁determined ▁to ▁be ▁cult |
▁images ▁over ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁over see ing ▁of ▁these ▁artifact s ’ ▁destruction , ▁he ▁act ively ▁tort ured ▁May ans ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁conf essions ▁of ▁id ol at ry . ▁May ans ▁that ▁conf essed ▁to ▁id ol ▁worship ▁faced ▁severe ▁pen alt ies , ▁r anging ▁from ▁f logging ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁of ▁forced ▁labor ▁for ▁minor ▁off enses . ▁ ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁to ▁a ▁province ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁state ▁of ▁un rest . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁controvers y ▁among ▁May ans ▁and ▁sec ular ▁government ▁officials ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁Land a ’ s ▁treatment ▁of ▁alleg edly ▁id ol atr ous ▁Indians . ▁Tor al ▁was ▁shock ed ▁by ▁the ▁violent ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁Francis can ▁fri ars . ▁He ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁cler gy ▁had ▁both ▁a ▁right ▁and ▁duty ▁to ▁phys ically ▁pun ish ▁May ans ▁resist ing ▁conversion , ▁but ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ske pt ical ▁that ▁the ▁conf essions ▁Land a ▁el ic ited ▁were ▁legit imate ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁pun ish ments ▁were ▁an ▁over re action ▁to ▁the ▁situation . ▁In ▁Tor al ’ s ▁eyes , ▁Land a ▁was ▁doing ▁work ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁designated . ▁With ▁this ▁conflict ▁began ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁dist rust ▁between ▁Tor al ▁and ▁the ▁Francis c ans ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁these ▁events , ▁Tor al |
▁forced ▁Land a ’ s ▁return ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 3 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁answer ▁the ▁accus ations ▁that ▁were ▁being ▁drawn ▁against ▁him . ▁As ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁his ▁authority , ▁he ▁fre ed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁May ans ▁that ▁Land a ▁had ▁imprison ed . ▁Under ▁his ▁super vision ▁only ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁cases ▁of ▁id ol at ry ▁were ▁investig ated , ▁and ▁even ▁those ▁resulted ▁in ▁fairly ▁light ▁sentences . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁co oper ate ▁more ▁with ▁local ▁sec ular ▁authorities ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁his ▁religious ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁effective ▁as ▁possible . ▁He ▁removed ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁cler gy ▁from ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁justice , ▁ur ging ▁his ▁sec ular ▁cler gy ▁to ▁use ▁ver bal ▁persu asion ▁to ▁draw ▁May ans ▁away ▁from ▁id ol at ry . ▁ ▁Tor al ’ s ▁dist rust ▁of ▁Francis c ans ▁and ▁his ▁in ability ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁fri ars ▁still ▁holding ▁authority ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁t ension ▁between ▁himself , ▁the ▁Francis can ▁order , ▁and ▁local ▁government ▁authorities , ▁namely ▁Governor ▁Luis ▁de ▁Cés ped es ▁y ▁O v ied o . ▁Ch arg es ▁were ▁brought ▁against ▁him ▁by ▁Governor ▁Cés ped es ▁for ▁us ur ping ▁royal ▁juris diction ▁as ▁anim os ity ▁towards ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁religious ▁leader ▁began ▁to ▁grow . ▁Land a ▁was ▁eventually ▁absol ved ▁of ▁his ▁charges ▁in ▁ 1 |
5 6 9 . ▁Following ▁this ▁and ▁his ▁on going ▁d ile mm as ▁in ▁Y uc at án , ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁he ▁be ▁re located ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁before ▁ultimately ▁ab dic ating ▁his ▁position ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁and ▁dying ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁and ▁additional ▁sources ▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 5 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 1 ▁death s ▁Category : M ex ican ▁Francis c ans ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : M ission ary ▁lingu ists ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁Category : Fran cis can ▁b ish ops <0x0A> </s> ▁Es mail abad ▁or ▁Es ma e el abad ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Al bor z ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Al bor z ▁Es mail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁B ala , ▁Al bor z ▁Es mail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁P ain , ▁Al bor z ▁ ▁Ch ah arma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ch ah arma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ku hr ang ▁County ▁ ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a |
▁village ▁in ▁Sar ab ▁County ▁ ▁F ars ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Bav an at , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bav an at ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Dar ab , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Dar ab ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Jah rom , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Jah rom ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁K har ame h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K har ame h ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Mar v das ht , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud zan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud zan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Se yy ed an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Sh ira z , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sh ira z ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar q an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sh ira z ▁County ▁ ▁Gil an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Gil an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ras ht ▁County ▁ ▁Gol est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Gol est an ▁ ▁K erman ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ar z ui ye h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar z ui ye h ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁O |
ly a , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B aft ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁B am , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B am ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁B ards ir , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ards ir ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁F ah raj , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F ah raj ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁K erman , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Mah an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Raf san jan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ferd ows , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Rav ar , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rav ar ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar and , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Zar and ▁County ▁ ▁K erm ans h ah ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁K erm ans h ah , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sar pol - e ▁Z ah ab ▁County ▁ ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Kh uz est an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Got v and ▁County ▁ ▁Lor est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Lor est an ▁ ▁Mark azi ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Save h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Save h ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar and ie h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Zar and ie h ▁County ▁ ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁ ▁Q az vin ▁Province ▁Es mail abad |
, ▁Q az vin ▁Es mail abad , ▁Bu in ▁Z ah ra , ▁Q az vin ▁ ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁B ard ask an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ard ask an ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Chen aran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Chen aran ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁J ow ay in , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁J ow ay in ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 6 ° 2 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 6 ° 2 6 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 1 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁A hm ad abad , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁P ain ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁Gor ji , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Z ave h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z ave h ▁County ▁ ▁S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 2 0 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 7 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh , |
▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 3 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁Province ) ▁ ▁South ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁D arm ian , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁D arm ian ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ne h band an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ne h band an ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Q a en , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q a en ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Tab as , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tab as ▁County ▁ ▁Te h ran ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Rey , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rey ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Var amin , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Var amin ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁Mo in ▁Es mail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( Te h ran ▁Province ) ▁ ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁P old as ht ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Fran cke ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁August ▁Hermann ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 6 6 3 – 1 7 2 7 ), ▁German ▁Protest ant ▁the olog ian ▁Ar ne ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Swedish ▁horse ▁r ider |
▁ ▁Gl oria ▁Niem ey er ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 2 0 0 8 ), ▁American ▁ph arm ac ist ▁and ▁science ▁writer ▁ ▁K uno ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 8 5 5 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁educ ator ▁and ▁historian ▁ ▁Mal col m ▁Fran cke ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Master ▁Fran cke ▁( c . 1 3 8 0 – 1 4 4 0 ), ▁German ▁painter ▁ ▁Michael ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Department ▁of ▁Cor re ctions ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( arch itect ) ▁( c . 1 5 3 7 - 1 6 1 5 ), ▁German ▁architect ▁and ▁master ▁builder ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( football er ) ▁(† ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ), ▁German ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁founder ▁member ▁of ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( ge ologist ) ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 5 7 ), ▁German ▁ge ologist ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( mus ician ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁American ▁music ian ▁ ▁R end ▁al - R ah im ▁Fran cke ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Ira qi ▁political ▁activ ist ▁and ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Fran ke ▁ ▁Fran cken ▁ ▁Fran ck ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Category : |
G erman - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Sh ank ▁( born ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁who ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Senate ▁representing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁in ▁Washington ▁County . ▁ ▁Education ▁Sh ank ▁graduated ▁from ▁South ▁H ager st own ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁and ▁later ▁attended ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁B . A . ▁( history ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁He ▁graduated ▁a ▁Ph i ▁B eta ▁K appa . ▁He ▁later ▁att ained ▁his ▁M . A . ▁( polit ical ▁management ) ▁from ▁The ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁at ▁the ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁v aled ict or ian ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Howard ▁Pale y ▁Academ ic ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁After ▁college , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁a ▁legisl ative ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁De leg ation . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁this ▁role ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 8 . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁being ▁a ▁delegate ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁adj unct ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management |
▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁We ather ▁Hom eless ▁Sh elter ▁of ▁Washington ▁County , ▁serving ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁formerly ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁Chapter ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Can cer ▁Society . ▁Sh ank ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Legisl ative ▁Exchange ▁Council ▁( A LE C ), ▁serving ▁as ▁Maryland ▁state ▁leader . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Science ▁Committee . ▁His ▁focus ▁topics ▁were ▁human ▁space fl ight ▁and ▁Earth ▁science . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bush ▁presiden cy , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁special ▁assistant ▁to ▁NASA ▁administrator ▁Mike ▁Griff in . ▁Following ▁that ▁role , ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Director ▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁In vest ments ▁at ▁NASA . ▁There , ▁he ▁resolved ▁budget ing ▁with ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁He ▁briefly ▁served ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁Communic ations ▁at ▁NASA ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁teaching ▁post ▁in ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ' s ▁Summer ▁Sch ol ars ▁Program . ▁Sh ank ▁taught ▁a ▁course ▁on ▁election ▁politics . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 0 - day ▁program ▁he ▁lect ured ▁on ▁his ▁experience ▁in ▁campaign ing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁worked ▁with ▁students ▁to ▁simulate ▁a |
▁mock ▁campaign . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁announced ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁challenge ▁long - ser ving ▁state ▁sen ator ▁Donald ▁Mun son ▁based ▁on ▁charges ▁that ▁Mun son ▁was ▁" to o ▁liberal ." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁defeated ▁Mun son ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁election , ▁winning ▁the ▁party ' s ▁nom ination . ▁Sh ank ▁received ▁ 5 7 . 0 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁compared ▁to ▁Mun son ' s ▁ 4 2 . 0 5 %. ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁and ▁res igned ▁his ▁state ▁sen ate ▁seat ▁eight ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁President ▁Trump ▁presented ▁Sh ank ▁as ▁his ▁first ▁choice ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁NASA ▁transition ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁notes ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁voted ▁for ▁sl ots ▁( H B 1 3 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁ ▁Sh ank ▁disput es ▁the ▁climate ▁cons ensus ▁that ▁climate ▁change ▁is ▁occurr ing ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁influenced ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁by ▁human ▁behavior . ▁At ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁panel ▁on ▁science ▁communication , ▁Sh ank |
▁crit iqu ed ▁the ▁goals ▁of ▁climate ▁policy ▁and ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁scientific ▁measurements , ▁despite ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁discussion ▁that ▁basic ▁facts ▁of ▁science ▁were ▁not ▁up ▁for ▁debate . ▁He ▁also ▁compared ▁climate ▁ske pt ics ▁to ▁Gal ile o , ▁a ▁tro pe ▁widely ▁der ided ▁by ▁science ▁histor ians . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates – ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 9 , 6 0 6 ▁| 9 9 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Other ▁Write - In s ▁| 1 0 1 ▁| 1 . 0 % ▁| L ost ▁| } ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 7 , 7 4 9 ▁| 7 2 . 3 3 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| David ▁M . ▁Rus so ▁| 2 , 9 5 4 |
▁| 2 7 . 5 7 % ▁| L ost ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Other ▁Write - In s ▁| 1 1 ▁| 0 . 1 0 % ▁| L ost ▁| } ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁| - ▁| - ▁| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁| 4 , 8 7 3 ▁| 5 1 % ▁| W on ▁| - ▁| - ▁| D . ▁Bruce ▁Po ole ▁| 4 , 6 2 6 ▁| 4 9 % ▁| L ost ▁| - ▁| } ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : M ary land ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁Category : J oh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : The ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁al umn i ▁Category : M ary land ▁Republic ans ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Te |
ph rin ops ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁ ▁References ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Le pid optera ▁genus ▁database ▁ ▁Category : Cal p inae <0x0A> </s> ▁, ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁sub title ▁as ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁turn - based ▁traditional ▁game ▁developed ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁I rem ▁exclus ively ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁N intendo ▁Game ▁Boy ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁spin - off ▁of ▁I rem ' s ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁beat ▁' em ▁up ▁ar cade ▁game ▁simply ▁titled ▁Under cover ▁C ops . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁second - to - last ▁game ▁I rem ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁Game ▁Boy , ▁with ▁Da iku ▁no ▁Gen - san ▁- ▁Rob ot ▁Te ik oku ▁no ▁Y ab ō ▁being ▁the ▁last . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁The ▁player ▁starts ▁by ▁choosing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁Z an ▁Tak ah ara ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Claude ), ▁Matt ▁G ables ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁B ub ba ) ▁and ▁Rosa ▁Fel mon de ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Fl ame ). ▁After ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁map ▁in ▁a ▁board ▁game ▁pattern . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁part , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁options : ▁" SL OT " ▁or ▁" ITE M ". ▁To ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁pattern , |
▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁" SL OT ", ▁then ▁choose ▁one ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁numbers ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁selects ▁a ▁" 2 " ▁or ▁higher , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁play ▁a ▁slot ▁machine ▁game ▁( infl uen ced ▁by ▁the ▁ones ▁seen ▁during ▁the ▁" Ass ess ment ▁Day " ▁segments ▁after ▁each ▁stage ▁before ▁the ▁final ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁Under cover ▁C ops ▁ar cade ▁game ) ▁that ▁will ▁randomly ▁select ▁either ▁the ▁number ▁the ▁player ▁selected ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁number ▁lower . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁" 1 0 " ▁was ▁chosen , ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁select ▁between ▁" 1 0 " ▁and ▁" 1 ". ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁cho oses ▁a ▁" 1 ", ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁played , ▁while ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁to ▁one ▁square . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁selects ▁" ITE M ", ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁can ▁use ▁items ▁they ▁obtained ▁throughout ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁squares ▁to ▁step ▁on . ▁ ▁White ▁squares ▁do ▁nothing , ▁brown ▁squares ▁give ▁money , ▁black ▁squares ▁start ▁either ▁a ▁battle ▁or ▁a ▁min ig ame , ▁" SH OP " ▁squares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁buy ▁items , ▁" IN N " ▁squares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁rest ▁and ▁gain ▁more ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ), ▁" 7 7 7 " ▁squares ▁will ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁cas ino - like ▁game ▁to ▁gam ble , ▁squares |
▁with ▁mag icians ▁give ▁something ▁special , ▁squares ▁with ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figures ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁b oss ▁battle , ▁squares ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁them ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁battle ▁that ▁costs ▁money ▁to ▁learn ▁a ▁new ▁normal ▁attack ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁randomly ▁used ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁one ▁the ▁player ▁already ▁has , ▁and ▁squares ▁with ▁pictures ▁of ▁either ▁city ▁buildings , ▁valle ys ▁or ▁other ▁environmental ▁areas ▁have ▁civ ili ans ▁that ▁will ▁either ▁give ▁an ▁advice , ▁money , ▁items ▁or ▁other ▁stuff . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁battle ▁after ▁ste pping ▁either ▁on ▁a ▁black ▁square , ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁( after ▁sp ending ▁money ) ▁or ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figure , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁choose ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has ▁while ▁the ▁CPU - control led ▁enemy ▁randomly ▁cho oses ▁a ▁number . ▁ ▁Who ever ▁has ▁the ▁higher ▁number ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁" AT TAC K ", ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁" DEF EN SE ". ▁If ▁both ▁have ▁an ▁equal ▁number , ▁they ' ll ▁have ▁to ▁select ▁another ▁number . ▁In ▁" DEF EN SE " ▁mode , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" G U ARD ", ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" R UN ▁A WA Y ". ▁" G U ARD " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁chosen ▁Under cover ▁Cop ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁make ▁him ▁or ▁her |
▁protect , ▁before ▁choosing ▁a ▁number . ▁The ▁higher ▁the ▁number , ▁the ▁greater ▁the ▁player ' s ▁chance ▁at ▁blocking ▁or ▁dod ging ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁attack ▁becomes ▁if ▁the ▁enemy ▁attacks ▁anywhere ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁part ▁the ▁player ▁def ends . ▁In ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁while ▁the ▁enemy ▁will ▁randomly ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁first ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" AT TAC K ", ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁( ab br . ▁for ▁" S PE CI AL "). ▁ ▁" AT TAC K " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁to ▁attack ▁at . ▁After ▁that , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁easier ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁successfully ▁hit ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁" DEF EN SE " ▁and ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁" ITE M " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁use ▁an ▁item ▁for ▁support . ▁" SP " ▁( or ▁" S PE CI AL ") ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁send ▁a ▁special ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁hit ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁with ▁greater ▁damage ▁than ▁normal ▁attacks ▁without ▁selecting ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁attack ▁at , ▁but ▁will ▁d rain ▁the ▁player ' s ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ). ▁" R UN ▁A WA Y " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁either ▁successfully ▁fle e ▁from ▁the ▁enemy ▁or ▁be ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁enemy |
. ▁After ▁selecting ▁a ▁number ▁in ▁each ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁battle , ▁a ▁new ▁number ▁will ▁randomly ▁be ▁drawn ▁and ▁added ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁player ' s ▁and ▁enemy ' s ▁hands . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁wins , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁ear n ▁a ▁certain ▁money ▁and ▁experiment ▁( pr ▁" EX P ") ▁points ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁map ▁screen . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁los es , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁over . ▁In ▁batt les ▁after ▁ste pping ▁on ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁it , ▁the ▁player ▁only ▁can ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁when ▁in ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁which ▁means ▁no ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁allowed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Fam its u ▁review ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 1 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁H aka ish in ▁Gar um aa ▁at ▁Game FA Q s ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy - only ▁games ▁Category : I rem ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clus ive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Board ▁game - style ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁spin - offs ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Ken ji ▁Yam az aki ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁featuring ▁female ▁protagon ists ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in |
▁the ▁ 2 0 4 0 s ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Ron ▁Dow ling ▁( 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Col ling wood ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Dow ling , ▁an ▁engineer ▁by ▁profession , ▁played ▁as ▁an ▁amateur ▁during ▁his ▁league ▁career . ▁He ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁wing ▁for ▁Col ling wood ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁V FL ▁Grand ▁Final s , ▁which ▁they ▁lost . ▁A ▁susp ension ▁cost ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁success ive ▁grand ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁having ▁been ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁striking ▁Melbourne ▁player ▁Keith ▁Tr usc ott ▁in ▁the ▁semi ▁final . ▁ ▁Before ▁he ▁died , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁living ▁Col ling wood ▁player . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Col ling wood ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : I van ho e ▁Am ateurs ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Italian ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Marcel lo ▁Av all one ▁and |
▁st arring ▁by ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁and ▁Oliver ▁Re ed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁On ▁an ▁id yl lic ▁Car ib bean ▁island , ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁and ▁his ▁friends , ▁eng age ▁a ▁battle ▁with ▁Fox ▁Perry , ▁the ▁wealth y ▁American ▁b oss ▁who ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁island ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁ex otic . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁as ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁Oliver ▁Re ed ▁as ▁General ▁Lu cre zia ▁L ante ▁della ▁R over e ▁as ▁L iza ▁Vitt orio ▁Am and ola ▁as ▁Fox ▁Perry ▁Du ilio ▁Del ▁Pre te ▁as ▁Blue ▁Ball ▁Mem è ▁Per lin i ▁as ▁L t . ▁Gar cia ▁Francesco ▁Sc im emi ▁as ▁Moz art ▁Mass im il iano ▁U b ald i ▁as ▁Bad ▁tw in ▁Jos ette ▁Mart ial ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Italian ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁films ▁Category : Ital ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Ital ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean <0x0A> </s> ▁Mid night ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁virtual ▁university ▁for ▁free ▁public ▁education . ▁It ▁contains ▁over ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁scholar ly ▁articles . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁it ▁received ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁vis its ▁per ▁month ▁from ▁users ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁Besides ▁providing ▁scholar ly |
▁articles , ▁the ▁Mid night ▁University ▁website ▁provides ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁to ▁discuss ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁issues . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Chi ang ▁Mai . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Th ai ▁coup ▁d ' état , ▁Mid night ▁University ' s ▁website ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁after ▁Chi ang ▁Mai ▁University ▁management ▁and ▁staff ▁protest ed ▁the ▁jun ta ' s ▁draft ▁inter im ▁char ter . ▁Kas ian ▁Te j api ra ▁of ▁Th amm as at ▁University ▁claimed ▁the ▁website ▁was ▁" the ▁for em ost ▁free ▁and ▁critical ▁educational ▁and ▁public ▁intellectual ▁website ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁The ▁shut down ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁huge ▁loss ▁to ▁academic ▁and ▁intellectual ▁freedom ▁in ▁Th ai ▁society , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁forum ▁for ▁the ▁cont ention ▁of ▁ideas ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁peace ful ▁alternative ▁to ▁violent ▁conflict ▁in ▁Th ailand ." ▁Kra is orn ▁P orn s ut he e , ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information ▁and ▁Communic ation ▁Technology ▁( MI CT ) ▁P erman ent ▁Secretary ▁claimed ▁ignor ance ▁of ▁the ▁shut down ▁of ▁the ▁website ▁and ▁decl ined ▁to ▁give ▁his ▁r ationale ▁or ▁opinion ▁about ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mid night ▁University ▁( arch ived ▁copy ) ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁educational ▁websites ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 太 后 , ▁personal ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁( d ied |
▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 8 4 8 ), ▁formally ▁Em press ▁Y i ' an ▁( <0xE6> <0x87> <0xBF> 安 皇 后 , ▁" the ▁bene vol ent ▁and ▁peace ful ▁em press "), ▁was ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁dynast y ▁Tang ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁her ▁husband ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁she ▁was ▁commonly ▁regarded ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁the ▁proper ▁em press ▁even ▁though ▁she ▁never ▁received ▁the ▁title ▁from ▁him , ▁and ▁she ▁subsequently ▁served ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁their ▁son ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁their ▁grands ons ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong , ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁( by ▁a ▁conc ub ine ) ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong . ▁ ▁Background ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁exactly ▁when ▁the ▁future ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE6> <0x9B> <0x96> ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁general ▁Gu o ▁Z iy i , ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁Princess ▁Sh eng ping , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Da iz ong . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 9 3 — by ▁which ▁time ▁her ▁father ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁was ▁described ▁to ▁be ▁dece ased — she ▁married ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Gu ang ling , ▁the ▁oldest ▁son ▁of ▁Li ▁Song |
▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince , ▁son ▁of ▁then - re ign ing ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁( Em peror ▁Da iz ong ' s ▁son ). ▁ ▁( She ▁was ▁therefore ▁marry ing ▁her ▁cousin ' s ▁son .) ▁ ▁She ▁thus ▁became ▁the ▁Princess ▁of ▁Gu ang ling . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁because ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁prin cess ▁and ▁her ▁grand father ▁and ▁father ▁both ▁had ▁great ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁was ▁much ▁fav ored ▁by ▁her ▁father - in - law ▁Li ▁Song . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 9 5 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁third ▁son ▁Li ▁You . ▁Later ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁sixth ▁son ▁Li ▁Wu ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Princess ▁Q iy ang . ▁ ▁As ▁imperial ▁cons ort ▁In ▁ 8 0 5 , ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Song ▁became ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ), ▁but ▁as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁seriously ▁ill ▁himself , ▁he ▁yield ed ▁the ▁throne ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ). ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁Princess ▁Gu o ' s ▁mother ▁Princess ▁Sh eng ping ▁offered ▁a ▁t ribute ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁women ▁to ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁decl ined ▁on ▁the ▁r ationale |
▁that ▁if ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁not ▁accepting ▁t ributes , ▁neither ▁could ▁he . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 0 6 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁created ▁Princess ▁Gu o ▁Gu ife i ▁( 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ) ▁— ▁the ▁highest ▁rank ▁for ▁imperial ▁cons ort s ▁— ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁her ▁em press . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁Li ▁You ▁crown ▁prince ; ▁rather , ▁he ▁only ▁created ▁Li ▁You ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁S ui , ▁instead ▁creating ▁Li ▁You ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁Li ▁N ing , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Ji , ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁Li ▁N ing ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 1 1 ▁was ▁Li ▁You ▁( who ▁was ▁renamed ▁Li ▁H eng ) ▁created ▁crown ▁prince , ▁by pass ing ▁another ▁older ▁brother , ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( 李 <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xAC> ) ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Li . ▁ ▁Before ▁doing ▁so , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁had ▁the ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁C ui ▁Q un ▁draft ▁a ▁pet ition ▁offering ▁to ▁yield ▁on ▁Li ▁K uan ' s ▁beh alf , ▁but ▁C ui ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁Li ▁H eng ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁wife ▁— ▁and ▁in ▁doing ▁so , ▁recognized ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁wife ▁rather ▁than ▁conc ub ine ▁— ▁whereas ▁Li ▁K uan ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁conc ub ine , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁pet ition ▁would ▁be |
▁unnecessary . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁agreed ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁ins ist ▁on ▁such ▁a ▁pet ition . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁officials , ▁throughout ▁the ▁years , ▁submitted ▁repeated ▁pet itions ▁that ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁be ▁created ▁em press , ▁and ▁the ▁efforts ▁became ▁particularly ▁inten se ▁in ▁ 8 1 3 . ▁However , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁who ▁had ▁many ▁favorite ▁conc ub ines , ▁was ▁concerned ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ' s ▁hon ored ▁line age , ▁if ▁he ▁created ▁her ▁em press , ▁the ▁other ▁conc ub ines ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁have ▁sexual ▁relations ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁decl ined ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁the ▁times ▁were ▁not ▁fort un ate ▁times . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 0 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁died ▁suddenly ▁— ▁a ▁death ▁that ▁was ▁commonly ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁murder ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Chen ▁Hong z hi ▁( 陳 弘 志 ). ▁ ▁After ▁some ▁confusion , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁powerful ▁e un uch ▁T ut u ▁Ch eng c ui ▁apparently ▁tried ▁to ▁have ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁had ▁been ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Y un ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x83> <0xB2> ) ▁by ▁this ▁point ) ▁made ▁em peror , ▁several ▁other ▁key ▁e un uchs ▁— ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁( <0xE6> <0xA2> <0x81> 守 <0xE8> <0xAC> <0x99> ), ▁Ma ▁J int an ▁( 馬 |
進 <0xE6> <0xBD> <0xAD> ), ▁Li u ▁Ch eng j ie ▁( 劉 <0xE6> <0x89> <0xBF> <0xE5> <0x81> <0x95> ), ▁Wei ▁Yu ans u ▁( <0xE9> <0x9F> <0x8B> 元 素 ), ▁and ▁Wang ▁Sh ouch eng ▁— ▁had ▁T ut u ▁and ▁Li ▁Y un ▁killed , ▁and ▁they ▁supported ▁Li ▁H eng ▁to ▁be ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁hon ored ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁( An other ▁son ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Y i , ▁would ▁later ▁suspect ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁and ▁Li ▁H eng ▁of ▁being ▁comp licit ▁in ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁murder , ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁particular ▁evidence ▁linking ▁either ▁to ▁the ▁murder .) ▁ ▁As ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁and ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁After ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁he ▁took ▁much ▁effort ▁to ▁post hum ously ▁honor ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁male ▁ancest ors ▁and ▁her ▁mother , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁give ▁her ▁older ▁brothers ▁Gu o ▁Z ha o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x87> <0x97> ) ▁and ▁Gu o ▁Cong ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x8F> <0xA6> ) ▁high ▁hon ors . ▁ ▁She ▁took ▁up ▁residence ▁at ▁X ing q ing ▁Palace ▁( <0xE8> <0x88> <0x88> <0xE6> <0x85> <0xB6> 宮 ), ▁and ▁he ▁visited ▁her ▁twice ▁a |
▁month . ▁ ▁When ever ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁birth day ▁or ▁a ▁particularly ▁special ▁day , ▁he ▁would ▁gre et ▁her ▁along ▁with ▁officials ▁in ▁grand ▁cer emon ies , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁ex uber ant ▁in ▁providing ▁supplies ▁to ▁her ▁palace , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁excess ive ▁and ▁waste ful . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 1 , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s , ▁Princess ▁Tai he , ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Hu igu ▁to ▁marry ▁its ▁Ch ong de ▁Khan . ▁ ▁On ▁an ▁occasion ▁in ▁ 8 2 2 , ▁when ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁visited ▁H ua q ing ▁Palace ▁( 華 清 宮 , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁hot ▁spr ings ), ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁joined ▁her ▁there , ▁although ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁Ch ang ' an ▁after ▁just ▁one ▁day ▁and ▁she ▁spent ▁several ▁days ▁there ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 4 , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁became ▁seriously ▁ill , ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁orders , ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Z han ▁was ▁made ▁reg ent . ▁ ▁The ▁e un uchs ▁suggested ▁that ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁should ▁herself ▁assume ▁the ▁reg ency ▁— ▁to ▁which ▁she ▁respond ed : ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁took ▁the ▁proposed ▁ed ict ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁is ▁named ▁reg ent ▁and ▁t ore ▁it ▁up ▁herself . ▁ ▁Her ▁brother ▁Gu o ▁Z ha |
o ▁also ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal , ▁and ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁not ▁carried ▁out . ▁ ▁That ▁evening , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Z han ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁hon ored ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁as ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁while ▁hon oring ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Wang ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁when ▁a ▁disturb ance ▁led ▁by ▁two ▁common ers , ▁Su ▁X uan ming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> <0xE7> <0x8E> <0x84> 明 ) ▁and ▁Z hang ▁Sh ao ▁( 張 <0xE9> <0x9F> <0xB6> ), ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁palace ▁briefly ▁and ▁fle e ▁to ▁the ▁Sh ence ▁Army ▁( 神 <0xE7> <0xAD> <0x96> 軍 ) ▁cam ps , ▁he ▁was ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁em press es ▁dow ager ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁soldiers ▁esc ort ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁Sh ence ▁Army ▁cam ps ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁the ▁disturb ance ▁was ▁suppress ed ▁did ▁he ▁( and ▁pres umably ▁they ) ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁palace . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 6 , ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁was ▁assass in ated ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁e un uchs ▁led ▁by ▁Su ▁Zu oming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> 佐 明 ). ▁ ▁Another ▁e un uch , ▁Li u ▁K em ing ▁( 劉 克 明 ), ▁wanted |
▁to ▁support ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁brother ▁Li ▁Wu ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji à ng ▁as ▁em peror , ▁but ▁Wang ▁Sh ouch eng , ▁Yang ▁Ch eng he ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0x89> <0xBF> 和 ), ▁Wei ▁Cong j ian ▁( <0xE9> <0xAD> <0x8F> <0xE5> <0xBE> <0x9E> <0xE7> <0xB0> <0xA1> ), ▁and ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁instead ▁supported ▁another ▁brother ▁of ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Han ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji ā ng ▁( note ▁different ▁tone ). ▁ ▁Their ▁troops ▁batt led ▁Li u ' s ▁and ▁pre va iled , ▁killing ▁Li u ▁and ▁Li ▁Wu . ▁ ▁An ▁ed ict ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁name , ▁naming ▁Li ▁Han ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁hon ored ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁X iao ▁as ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁as ▁well ▁— ▁so ▁there ▁were ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁fil ial ly ▁p ious ▁toward ▁all ▁three , ▁and ▁that ▁whenever ▁he ▁received ▁pre cious ▁things , ▁he ▁would ▁first ▁offer ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 8 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁shortly ▁after ▁two ▁daughters ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁uncle ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> |
<0xE6> <0x97> <0xBC> ) ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁palace ▁to ▁visit ▁her , ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁( J ied ush i ) ▁of ▁Bin ning ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA0> <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xA7> , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁X ian y ang , ▁Sh a an xi ). ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁Li u ▁G ong qu an ▁pointed ▁out ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁had ▁offered ▁his ▁two ▁daughters ▁to ▁be ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁conc ub ines , ▁and ▁in ▁exchange ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁military ▁governor . ▁ ▁At ▁Li u ' s ▁suggestion , ▁that ▁same ▁day , ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁had ▁her ▁two ▁c ous ins ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Gu o ▁Min ' s ▁house . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 0 , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Li ▁Chan ▁became ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁fav ored ▁hunting ▁and ▁mart ial ▁games , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁imperial ▁servants ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys ▁( 五 <0xE5> <0x9D> <0x8A> 小 <0xE5> <0x85> <0x92> ) ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁at ▁will ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁fav ors ▁for ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 1 , ▁on ▁an ▁occasion ▁when ▁he ▁went |
▁to ▁gre et ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁and ▁asked ▁her ▁for ▁advice ▁on ▁gover ning ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁suggested ▁that ▁he ▁listen ▁to ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁the ▁officials . ▁ ▁Once ▁he ▁left ▁her ▁presence , ▁he ▁review ed ▁the ▁pet itions ▁from ▁the ▁officials , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁ad vised ▁him ▁against ▁hunting ▁and ▁games . ▁ ▁There after , ▁he ▁reduced ▁those ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁awards ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁giving ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 6 , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁Li ▁Y i ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁was ▁then ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Chen ) — Em peror ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁son ▁by ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng — bec ame ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ). ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng ▁was ▁hon ored ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ’ s ▁brother , ▁the ▁late ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁then ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Ch un ’ s ▁Main ▁Cons ort ▁( L ady ▁Gu o ); ▁thus ▁in ▁the ▁her edit ary ▁mon archy , ▁he ▁inherited ▁the ▁most ▁legit imate |
▁right ▁to ▁the ▁Tang ▁D ynast y ▁throne . ▁Although ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ’ s ▁three ▁sons ▁( Em peror ▁J ing z ong , ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ) ▁had ▁all ▁produced ▁male ▁he irs , ▁X u ā n z ong ▁still ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁powerful ▁group ▁of ▁e un uchs . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁all ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁descend ants ▁lost ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁Tang ’ s ▁crown . ▁To ▁add ▁ins ult ▁to ▁injury , ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁a ▁servant ▁girl ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁before ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁imperial ▁cons ort , ▁res ented ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o , ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁did ▁not ▁treat ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁with ▁great ▁respect . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁in ▁year ▁ 8 4 8 ▁a . d ., ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁attempted ▁to ▁commit ▁suic ide ▁when ▁visit ing ▁Q in zh eng ▁Tower ▁( <0xE5> <0x8B> <0xA4> 政 <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x93> ), ▁by ▁throwing ▁herself ▁off ▁the ▁high ▁tower ; ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁stopped ▁by ▁her ▁attend ants . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁was ▁fur ious ▁when ▁he ▁learned ▁about ▁the ▁incident . ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁died ▁that |
▁very ▁night , ▁no ▁cause ▁of ▁death ▁was ▁recorded . ▁ ▁As ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁wanted ▁to ▁reserve ▁for ▁his ▁mother ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Zh eng ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁being ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong . ▁ ▁The ▁officials ▁thus ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁per im eters ▁of ▁his ▁tomb ▁J ing ling ▁( 景 <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> ) ▁and ▁that ▁her ▁spirit ▁table t ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁inside ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁official ▁Wang ▁Ha o ▁( 王 <0xE7> <0x9A> <0x9E> ) ▁earnest ly ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁and ▁be ▁wor sh ipped ▁in ▁his ▁temple , ▁Wang ▁off ended ▁both ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁and ▁the ▁ch an cell or ▁B ai ▁Min zh ong , ▁and ▁was ▁ex iled . ▁ ▁Still , ▁in ▁the ▁after math s ▁of ▁the ▁dispute , ▁she ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁although ▁she ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁wor sh ipped ▁at ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁Only ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁son ▁Emperor ▁Y iz ong , ▁when ▁Wang ▁had ▁been ▁re called ▁and ▁again ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁her ▁en sh rin ement , ▁was ▁she ▁en sh r ined ▁at ▁Emperor ▁X ian |
z ong ' s ▁temple . ▁ ▁St yles ▁ ▁Lady ▁Gu o ▁ ▁Princess ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Gu ang ling ▁ <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xA3> <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> 王 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁ ▁No ble ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁ <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁( 8 0 6 – 8 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 0 – 8 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 4 – 8 4 8 ) ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁Play ed ▁by ▁Susan ▁T se , ▁a ▁fict ional ized ▁version ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁port rayed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Hong ▁Kong ' s ▁TV B ▁television ▁series , ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁Real m ▁of ▁Cons cience . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 5 2 . ▁ ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 7 7 . ▁ ▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁vol s . ▁ 2 3 4 , ▁ 2 3 6 , ▁ 2 3 7 , ▁ 2 3 8 , ▁ 2 4 1 , ▁ 2 4 2 , ▁ 2 4 3 , ▁ 2 4 6 , ▁ 2 4 8 , ▁ 2 5 0 . ▁ ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 4 8 ▁death s ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁em press es |
▁dow ager ▁Category : Ch inese ▁grand ▁em press es ▁dow ager <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar cz ow ice ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁places ▁in ▁Poland : ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - west ▁Poland ) ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁L esser ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh ▁Poland ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar tha ▁V io let ▁Ball ▁( May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁educ ator , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁activ ist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁editor . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁under to ok ▁the ▁un pop ular ▁work ▁of ▁opening ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁she ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁of ▁which ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁held ▁leadership ▁roles . ▁Her ▁work ▁among ▁un fortun ate ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Reform ▁Society , ▁with ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁from ▁its ▁beginning ▁connected ▁as ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Manager . ▁For ▁twenty - five ▁years , ▁she ▁was ▁joint - editor ▁of ▁its ▁organ , ▁the ▁Home ▁Guardian , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁affili ated ▁in ▁its ▁department |
, ▁" The ▁Children ' s ▁F ires ide ". ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society , ▁first ▁as ▁its ▁Secretary ▁and ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁its ▁President . ▁Ball ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁He ath en ▁Land s , ▁and ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Mar tha ▁V io let ▁Ball ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁Her ▁parents ▁were ▁Joseph ▁T . ▁Ball ▁( born , ▁J ama ica , ▁West ▁Ind ies ) ▁and ▁Mary ▁Mont gom ery ▁D rew ▁Ball . ▁There ▁were ▁at ▁least ▁five ▁sib lings , ▁Mary ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 8 2 9 ), ▁Joseph ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 6 1 ), ▁Lucy ▁( 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 9 1 ), ▁Hann ah ▁( 1 8 1 3 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁and ▁Thomas ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 1 9 ). ▁She ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁and ▁by ▁private ▁tut ors . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ball ▁was ▁a ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁Sunday ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁forty ▁years . ▁From ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁to ▁ |
1 8 3 9 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁operated ▁a ▁ ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁West ▁End , ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Reform ▁Society , ▁she ▁started ▁providing ▁services ▁for ▁fallen , ▁int em perate ▁women ▁and ▁un fortun ate ▁young ▁girls . ▁In ▁this ▁regard , ▁Ball ▁served ▁on ▁The ▁Home ▁Guardian , ▁a ▁month ly ▁period ical ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁society , ▁for ▁twenty - se ven ▁years , ▁ten ▁years , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁as ▁assistant ▁and ▁sevent een ▁years ▁as ▁editor . ▁She ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness ▁of ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy . ▁ ▁Ball ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁assist ed ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society ▁in ▁the ▁par lor ▁of ▁Mrs . ▁J . ▁N . ▁Bar bour . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁recording ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 – 3 8 . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁labor ▁for ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁sla very ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁friends , ▁she ▁opened ▁an ▁evening ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁part ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁after ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of |
▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁helped ▁found ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Fem ale ▁E man cip ation ▁Society . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁Ball ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁a ▁delegate ▁to ▁an ▁anti - s la very ▁convention ▁of ▁women ▁held ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Hall , ▁where ▁the ▁convention ▁met , ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁mob ▁of ▁several ▁thousands , ▁the ▁women ▁were ▁driven ▁out ▁and ▁p elt ed ▁with ▁stones , ▁mud ▁and ▁miss iles ▁of ▁various ▁kinds , ▁and ▁Ball ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁her ▁ch est ▁by ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁brick . ▁The ▁hall ▁was ▁shortly ▁after ▁burn ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁mob . ▁ ▁Ball ▁a ided ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society ▁and ▁was ▁secretary ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁elected ▁president , ▁and ▁retained ▁that ▁office ▁for ▁thirty ▁years . ▁The ▁society ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁and ▁influ ential ▁body , ▁labor ing ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁Ball , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁women , ▁organized ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁He ath en ▁Land s . ▁▁ ▁A ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁religion , ▁Ball ▁was ▁a |
▁Bapt ist . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁R owe ▁Street ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁in ▁Boston , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁prominent ▁in ▁social ▁and ▁religious ▁work , ▁and ▁was ▁long ▁interested ▁in ▁Home ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Miss ions . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Boston ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : E du c ators ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Ph il anth rop ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : American ▁edit ors ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sch ool ▁found ers ▁Category : Wik ipedia ▁articles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁the ▁Century <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁who ▁has ▁initi ated ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁clean ing ▁various ▁la kes ▁across ▁India . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁found ing ▁the ▁N GO , ▁Environment al ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁( E FI ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁based ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁which ▁has ▁its ▁branches ▁in ▁other ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Hy der abad , ▁Del hi ▁and ▁Co imb atore . ▁Ar |
un ▁with ▁the ▁organisation ▁has ▁been ▁successful ▁in ▁clean ing ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 9 ▁la kes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁having ▁worked ▁in ▁Google ▁before ▁qu itting ▁the ▁job ▁to ▁dedic ate ▁volunt arily . ▁He ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁among ▁the ▁five ▁people ▁for ▁pr estig ious ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁scientific ▁lake ▁rest oration ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Ar un ▁spent ▁his ▁child hood ▁in ▁M ud ich ur , ▁a ▁village ▁ 2 9 km ▁from ▁Chen na i . ▁He ▁studied ▁in ▁Good ▁Earth ▁School ▁located ▁in ▁N adu ve er ap att u . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁village ▁pan ch ay at ▁head , ▁D ham od har an ▁who ▁had ▁encourag ed ▁people ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁garbage ▁from ▁the ▁p ond ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁clean . ▁Ar un ' s ▁friend ▁Kar th ik ▁Sh ivas und aram ▁was ▁also ▁his ▁insp iration . ▁He ▁enjo ys ▁film - making , ▁phot ography ▁and ▁cy cling . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁completed ▁his ▁b ach elor ' s ▁in ▁micro bi ology ▁from ▁Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁and ▁worked ▁at ▁Google , ▁Hy der abad ▁for ▁over ▁three ▁years . ▁Ar un ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁The ▁Indian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Mass ▁Communic ation ▁in ▁Del hi . ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁Good all ' s ▁Ro ots ▁& ▁Sho ots ▁in ▁India |
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁organisation ▁that ▁helps ▁young ▁people ▁to ▁resolve ▁problems ▁within ▁the ▁communities . ▁ ▁Ted X ▁Tal ks ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁strong ▁environment ▁public ▁speaker , ▁Ar un ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁riv eting ▁speech es . ▁His ▁Ted X ▁tal ks ▁at ▁Bang al ore , ▁N IT ▁Tr ich y , ▁X L RI - J am sh ed pur , ▁V SS UT - S amb al pur , ▁G CT - Co imb atore , ▁II M - K ash ip ur ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁well ▁received . ▁His ▁speech es ▁focus ▁on ▁India ' s ▁rivers , ▁la kes , ▁wild life . ▁ ▁Ro lex ▁La ure ate ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁enter prise . ▁Ar un ▁was ▁awarded ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁Gene va . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁young est ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁award . ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁Ar un ' s ▁work ▁towards ▁lake ▁rest oration ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Ar un ▁worked ▁at ▁Google ▁but ▁later ▁quit ▁to ▁start ▁his ▁own ▁company . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁environment ▁and ▁wild life ▁has ▁always ▁attract ed ▁him , ▁but ▁the ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁green ery ▁had ▁motiv ated ▁him ▁to ▁protect ▁it . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁founded ▁an ▁intern ation ally ▁recogn ised ▁organisation , |
▁E FI ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁, ▁self - fund ed ▁and ▁was ▁registered ▁as ▁a ▁trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁organisation ▁rec ruits ▁volunte ers ▁mainly ▁through ▁school ▁program mes ▁including ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁work sh ops . ▁ ▁Their ▁main ▁projects ▁include ▁lake ▁rest oration , ▁beach ▁clean ▁ups , ▁her bs ▁rest oration , ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁and ▁e co ▁b ags ▁introduction . ▁Ar un ▁own s ▁his ▁company ▁Business ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media , ▁which ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁digital ▁media ▁market ing , ▁corpor ate ▁training , ▁business ▁development ▁and ▁election ▁results ▁predictions . ▁ ▁Document ary ▁Films ▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁direct ing ▁several ▁environmental ▁document ary ▁films . ▁This ▁includes ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁titled ▁' Ne er um ▁Nil am um ' ▁which ▁was ▁tele cast ed ▁for ▁ 8 ▁months ▁on ▁Th anth i ▁TV . ▁The ▁travel ▁document ary ▁on ▁rivers ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁script ed ▁and ▁shot ▁by ▁Ar un ▁and ▁team ▁Environment al ▁Film ▁Association ▁was ▁well ▁received . ▁The ▁document aries ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁C au very , ▁Th am ira b har ani , ▁Va ig ai , ▁Ad yar , ▁Co ou m , ▁Kos as th al ay ar , ▁Pal ar ▁and ▁Then pen na i ya ar . ▁ ▁Lake ▁rest oration ▁ ▁Ar un ▁started ▁with ▁clean ing ▁the ▁G ur un ad |
ham ▁Lake ▁in ▁Hy der abad ▁and ▁a ▁lake ▁in ▁Del hi ▁and ▁included ▁several ▁other ▁program mes ▁such ▁as ▁' Green ▁Gram am ', ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁development ▁plan ▁for ▁establish ing ▁e co - friend ly ▁villages , ▁' A ni Pal ' ▁which ▁is ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁programme ▁and ▁' W aste ▁Not ' ▁which ▁offers ▁waste ▁management ▁solutions . ▁They ▁have ▁set ▁up ▁ 1 9 ▁b iod iversity ▁par ks ▁in ▁schools . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 6 - month ▁project ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁provides ▁physical ▁garbage ▁removal ▁but ▁also ▁puts ▁f encing ▁in ▁the ▁la kes ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁human ▁activities ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁clean ing ▁beach ▁from ▁In j amb ak k am ▁to ▁Bes ant ▁Nag ar ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁further ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁introduced ▁animal ▁amb ul ance ▁for ▁street ▁animals ▁and ▁on ▁establish ing ▁one ▁animal ▁rescue ▁and ▁a ▁re h abil itation ▁centre ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁Hy der abad ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁follows ▁a ▁scientific ▁approach ▁towards ▁clean ing ▁and ▁saving ▁aqu atic ▁species . ▁On ▁wild life ▁conservation , ▁the ▁team ▁is ▁currently ▁foc using ▁on ▁fresh water ▁life ▁forms , ▁birds ▁that ▁are ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁la kes ▁where ▁many ▁t urt les ▁live . ▁Ar un ▁plans ▁blocking ▁access ▁to ▁any ▁lake ▁once ▁clean ing ▁is ▁completed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁aqu |
atic ▁plants ▁and ▁species ▁would ▁be ▁protected . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁won ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Imp act ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁for ▁rest oring ▁la kes ▁in ▁Hy der abad . ▁He ▁had ▁directed ▁document ary ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁‘ C aught ▁By ’ , ▁which ▁focus es ▁on ▁land ▁and ▁sea ▁connection ▁and ▁fish es ▁in ▁the ▁la kes ▁Kur ma ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award ▁for ▁showing ▁the ▁poor ▁condition ▁of ▁sea ▁t urt les ▁and ▁Eli x ir ▁Po ison ed ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁which ▁highlight s ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁aqu atic ▁environment . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 3 9 ▁la kes ▁and ▁ 4 8 ▁p onds ▁have ▁been ▁restored ▁in ▁states ▁such ▁as ▁Ker ala , ▁K arn ata ka , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁Tel ang ana ▁and ▁Gu jar at . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁ ▁Ar un ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team ▁E FI ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁clean ing ▁many ▁la kes ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁with ▁majority ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁district . ▁D ifferent ▁methods ▁were ▁employed ▁for ▁scientific ▁rest oration ▁such ▁as ▁including ▁" G " ▁sh aped ▁central ▁island ▁for ▁aqu atic ▁species , ▁per col ation ▁tren ches ▁for ▁effective ▁water ▁har vest ing , ▁re ef |
▁bed ▁for ▁growing ▁pl ank ton ▁and ▁installation ▁of ▁decent ral ised ▁water ▁treatment ▁plant ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁Sel v ach int am ani ▁K ul am ▁lake ▁in ▁Co imb atore . ▁It ▁had ▁also ▁included ▁entire ▁lake ▁division ▁into ▁patch es ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁was tes ▁such ▁as ▁glass , ▁pl astic , ▁p oul try ▁waste ▁and ▁construction ▁de br is ▁from ▁Mad amb ak k am ▁lake , ▁repeated ▁clean ▁up ▁of ▁physical ▁garbage ▁with ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁soil ▁pattern ▁and ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁K ee zh k att al ai ▁lake ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁mass ▁sens it isation ▁campaign ▁created ▁among ▁the ▁people . ▁The ▁fund ing ▁for ▁the ▁rest oration ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁done ▁through ▁crow ds our cing ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁corpor ation ▁as ▁well . ▁Similar ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁for ▁clean ing ▁other ▁la kes ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Pres ent ▁Sc enario ▁ ▁Ar un ' s ▁organisation ▁E FI ▁has ▁ 2 1 2 ▁volunte ers ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁membership ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁in ▁India ▁by ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁clean ing ▁ 1 7 ▁la kes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁including ▁five ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁by ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Ar un ▁had ▁mentioned ▁that ▁his ▁N GO ▁plans ▁to ▁clean ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁la |
kes ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Ar un ▁wants ▁to ▁initi ate ▁conservation ▁projects ▁for ▁the ▁corpor ate ▁and ▁start ▁activities ▁in ▁neighbour ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Bh ut an . ▁He ▁had ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁see ▁personal ▁success ▁in ▁winning ▁Ro lex ▁award ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁effort ▁and ▁had ▁stated ▁that ▁people ▁think ▁that ▁without ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁the ▁la kes ▁would ▁be ▁free ▁from ▁garbage ▁and ▁d irt , ▁with ▁lay ing ▁stress ▁on ▁public ▁support ▁through ▁aw aren ess ▁campaign s . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁has ▁received ▁volunt ary ▁support ▁from ▁cele brit ies ▁of ▁film ▁industry ▁as ▁well , ▁including ▁Kam al ▁Has an ▁and ▁Tr ish a ▁Kr ish nan . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁flo ods ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu , ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁relief ▁work ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁several ▁villages ▁in ▁C ud dal ore ▁District . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁ ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Imp act ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁Lake ▁Rest oration ▁efforts ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁▁ ▁Jane ▁Good all ▁Institute ▁Global ▁Youth ▁Le ad ership ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . |
▁▁ ▁Youth ▁Action ▁Net ▁Fellow . ▁ ▁P uth i ya ▁Th ala im ur ai ▁T amil an ▁Award ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁under ▁ 4 0 ▁young ▁leaders ▁by ▁The ▁New ▁Indian ▁Express ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁brand ▁amb ass adors ▁for ▁the ▁Ox emberg ▁brand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁# Make Your Move ▁campaign . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁E FI ▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁in ▁Environment al ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁environmental ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Chen na i ▁district ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁a ▁private , ▁se as ide ▁estate ▁in ▁P unta ▁M ita , ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁media ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁Joe ▁Francis . ▁ ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁in ▁P unta ▁M ita , ▁a ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 - acre ▁beach front ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁B ander as ▁Bay ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁state ▁of ▁N ay ar it , ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁( 1 6 km ) ▁north ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Vall arta , |
▁J alis co . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁residence ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Ar am ara , ▁the ▁Hu ich ol ▁Indian ▁god dess ▁of ▁life , ▁from ▁the ▁n atives ▁who ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁resort ▁is ▁now ▁located . ▁The ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 - square - foot ▁property ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Joe ▁Francis ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁Mart yn - L aw rence ▁Bull ard . ▁The ▁home ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Bra vo ' s ▁hit ▁television ▁show , ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Dec or ators , ▁and ▁E !' s ▁m ega ▁franch ise , ▁Keep ing ▁Up ▁with ▁the ▁K ard ash ians . ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁private ▁get away ▁for ▁Jenn ifer ▁An ist on , ▁Eva ▁Long oria , ▁Dem i ▁Moore , ▁and ▁the ▁K ard ash ian ▁family . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁boy friend ▁Scott ▁Dis ick ▁took ▁their ▁children ▁to ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ext ra ▁and ▁The ▁X ▁F actor ▁host ▁Mario ▁L ope z ▁used ▁the ▁property ▁as ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁his ▁wed ding ▁to ▁Court ney ▁Maz za , ▁which ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁the ▁cable ▁network ▁T LC ▁in ▁Mario ▁and ▁Court ney ' s ▁Wed ding ▁F i esta . ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁revis ited ▁the ▁resort ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁with |
▁her ▁partner , ▁Scott ▁Dis ick , ▁and ▁their ▁children , ▁Mason ▁and ▁Pen el ope ▁Dis ick ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁her ▁ 3 5 th ▁B irth day . ▁Kim ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁K any e ▁West ▁celebrated ▁their ▁h one ym oon ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁N ay ar it ▁Category : Hot els ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Mass ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁American ▁bi ographical ▁crime ▁drama ▁film ▁produced ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁But ter worth , ▁based ▁on ▁Dick ▁Lehr ▁and ▁Ger ard ▁O ' Ne ill ' s ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁book ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁F BI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob . ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁an ▁ensemble ▁cast ▁including ▁Johnny ▁De pp , ▁Jo el ▁Ed g erton , ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch , ▁Kevin ▁Ba con , ▁J esse ▁P lem ons , ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard , ▁R ory ▁C och rane , ▁Adam ▁Scott , ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son , ▁Dak ota ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Core y ▁St oll . ▁ |
▁The ▁film ▁follows ▁the ▁criminal ▁career ▁of ▁inf am ous ▁American ▁mob ster ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁( De pp ). ▁Princi pal ▁phot ography ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁began ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Boston ▁and ▁wrapped ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 2 nd ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁world wide ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁received ▁generally ▁positive ▁reviews ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 9 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁Gang , ▁controls ▁most ▁organized ▁crime ▁within ▁South ▁Boston , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁right - hand ▁man ▁Stephen ▁F lem mi , ▁new com er ▁Kevin ▁We eks , ▁and ▁call ous ▁hit man ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano . ▁Bul ger ▁lives ▁with ▁his ▁common - law ▁wife ▁Lind sey ▁C yr ▁and ▁their ▁young ▁son ▁Douglas . ▁ ▁Bul ger ' s ▁supre m acy ▁is ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁End - based ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers , ▁a ▁rival ▁gang ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁M af ia ▁family . ▁F BI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁area , ▁having ▁grown ▁up ▁in ▁South ▁Boston ▁as ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁White y ▁and ▁his |
▁brother ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ' s ; ▁Billy ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Senate ▁President . ▁Con n olly ▁tries ▁in fil tr ating ▁the ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁get ▁White y ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁F BI . ▁Although ▁White y ▁h ates ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁rat , ▁he ▁understand s ▁the ▁protection ▁doing ▁so ▁would ▁afford ▁him , ▁his ▁gang , ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁suff ers ▁from ▁Re ye ▁synd rome , ▁leading ▁the ▁dev ast ated ▁Lind sey ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁life ▁support ▁over ▁White y ' s ▁fur ious ▁ob jections . ▁When ▁the ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers ▁murder ▁a ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁soldier , ▁White y ▁becomes ▁an ▁inform ant . ▁ ▁Although ▁Con n olly ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁his ▁co - worker ▁John ▁Morris , ▁their ▁b oss , ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁is ▁susp icious . ▁White y ▁increasing ly ▁explo its ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁an ▁inform ant , ▁using ▁Con n olly ' s ▁" prote ction " ▁as ▁a ▁cover ▁for ▁his ▁cr imes . ▁When ▁Con n olly ▁dem ands ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁An gi ulos ' ▁ra ck ete ering ▁locations , ▁White y ▁gets ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁rival ▁gang ' s ▁hide outs , ▁allowing ▁the ▁F BI ▁to ▁plant ▁wire t aps . ▁The ▁F BI ▁arr ests ▁the ▁An gi ulos , ▁thus ▁elimin ating ▁the ▁remaining ▁opposition ▁to ▁White y ' s ▁power . ▁Con n |
olly , ▁blind ed ▁by ▁his ▁past , ▁grows ▁closer ▁to ▁White y ▁and ▁the ▁gang , ▁and ▁even ▁inv ites ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁house ▁for ▁a ▁cook out . ▁His ▁wife , ▁Marian ne , ▁sees ▁negative ▁changes ▁in ▁her ▁husband ▁as ▁his ▁agent - in form ant ▁relationship ▁with ▁White y ▁grows , ▁including ▁accepting ▁expensive ▁g ifts ▁and ▁money ▁from ▁the ▁gang . ▁ ▁An ▁associate , ▁Brian ▁Hall or an , ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁F BI ▁to ▁report ▁White y ' s ▁invol vement , ▁much ▁to ▁Con n olly ' s ▁dis ple asure . ▁Con n olly ▁then ▁tells ▁White y ▁of ▁Hall or an ' s ▁accus ation , ▁thereby ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁mur ders ▁of ▁Hall or an ▁and ▁an ▁un named ▁accomp lice . ▁Following ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁death , ▁White y ' s ▁behavior ▁becomes ▁increasing ly ▁violent ▁and ▁un predict able , ▁d eter ior ating ▁his ▁inform ant ▁relationship . ▁ ▁When ▁" bul ld og " ▁pro sec utor ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁is ▁appointed ▁the ▁new ▁assistant ▁U . ▁S . ▁Att orney ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Con n olly ▁attempts ▁to ▁make ▁friends ▁and ▁to ▁perhaps ▁di vert ▁his ▁attention ▁from ▁White y , ▁but ▁Wy sh ak ▁bl unt ly ▁ref uses ▁and ▁dem ands ▁the ▁F BI ▁arrest ▁him . ▁John ▁Mc Int y re , ▁an ▁inform ant ▁within ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁Gang , ▁inform s ▁on ▁an ▁attempt ▁by ▁White y ▁to ▁sm ug |
gle ▁weapons ▁for ▁the ▁I RA . ▁The ▁ship ment ▁is ▁seized , ▁but ▁White y ▁k ills ▁Mc Int y re ▁after ▁Con n olly ▁tips ▁him ▁off . ▁Wy sh ak ▁and ▁Mc Gu ire ▁investigate ▁Con n olly ' s ▁management ▁of ▁White y ' s ▁inform ant ▁role ▁and ▁realize ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁" ti ps " ▁provided ▁by ▁White y ▁were ▁already ▁obtained ▁from ▁other ▁sources . ▁Morris , ▁dis ill usion ed ▁and ▁fear ing ▁pro sec ution ▁for ▁his ▁association ▁with ▁Con n olly ' s ▁activities , ▁an onym ously ▁div ul ges ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁White y ' s ▁relationship ▁to ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be , ▁and ▁a ▁front - page ▁story ▁ex poses ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁links ▁to ▁organized ▁crime . ▁ ▁Con n olly , ▁F lem mi , ▁We eks , ▁and ▁Mart or ano ▁are ▁arrested . ▁White y ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁run , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁giving ▁Billy ▁a ▁final ▁good bye ▁from ▁a ▁pay ▁phone . ▁Morris ▁turns ▁state ' s ▁evidence ▁and ▁test ifies ▁against ▁Con n olly ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁imm unity . ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁characters ' ▁sentences ▁are ▁listed , ▁and ▁a ▁con cluding ▁sequence ▁shows ▁the ▁now - el der ly ▁White y ▁being ▁caught ▁by ▁the ▁F BI ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Johnny ▁De pp ▁as ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Jo |
el ▁Ed g erton ▁as ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁ ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁as ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁R ory ▁C och rane ▁as ▁Stephen ▁" The ▁R if le man " ▁F lem mi ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Ba con ▁as ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire ▁ ▁J esse ▁P lem ons ▁as ▁Kevin ▁We eks ▁ ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard ▁as ▁Brian ▁Hall or an ▁ ▁Dak ota ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Lind sey ▁C yr ▁ ▁Core y ▁St oll ▁as ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁ ▁David ▁Har bour ▁as ▁John ▁Morris ▁ ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son ▁as ▁Marian ne ▁Con n olly ▁( née ▁Lock ary ) ▁ ▁Adam ▁Scott ▁as ▁Robert ▁Fitz pat rick ▁ ▁Brad ▁Carter ▁as ▁John ▁Mc Int y re ▁ ▁W . ▁Earl ▁Brown ▁as ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano ▁ ▁Mark ▁Mah oney ▁as ▁Mic key ▁Mal oney ▁ ▁Jun o ▁Temple ▁as ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey ▁ ▁Er ica ▁Mc D erm ott ▁as ▁Mary ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Bill ▁Camp ▁as ▁John ▁Cal la han ▁ ▁Scott ▁Anderson ▁as ▁Tommy ▁King ▁ ▁David ▁De Be ck ▁as ▁Roger ▁Whe eler ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁D onn elly ▁as ▁M s . ▁C ody ▁ ▁Patrick ▁M . ▁Wal sh ▁as ▁Michael ▁Don ah ue ▁ ▁Jer emy ▁Str ong ▁as ▁Josh ▁Bond ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ ▁James ▁Rus so ▁as ▁Scott ▁Gar ri ola ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁An ▁idea ▁for ▁a ▁film |
▁adaptation ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁F BI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob ▁gar ner ed ▁interest ▁inter mitt ently ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Even ▁before ▁its ▁published ▁release , ▁the ▁book ' s ▁film ▁rights ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sold ▁to ▁Mir am ax , ▁when ▁Har vey ▁Wein stein ▁was ▁still ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁According ▁to ▁co - author ▁Dick ▁Lehr , ▁Wein stein ▁had ▁never ▁exerc ised ▁the ▁film ▁option ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons , ▁and ▁the ▁rights ▁exp ired . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁afterwards , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁film maker ▁Robert ▁Green wald ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁adapt ▁Black ▁Mass ▁into ▁a ▁ 4 - hour ▁min is eries ▁for ▁USA ▁Network , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁never ▁developed . ▁Event ually ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁film ▁producer ▁Brian ▁Oliver ▁acquired ▁the ▁film ▁rights ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁adaptation ▁with ▁CP ▁Production ▁partners ▁Michael ▁C eren zie ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Peters . ▁ ▁After ▁Oliver ' s ▁ac quisition , ▁Jim ▁Sher idan ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sher idan ▁had ▁finished ▁writing ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁adapted ▁screen play ▁with ▁N ye ▁Her on , ▁and ▁principal ▁phot ography ▁was ▁reported ly ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁However , ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁while |
▁discuss ing ▁the ▁trouble d ▁production ▁of ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁Dream ▁House , ▁Sher idan ▁hint ed ▁at ▁his ▁det achment ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Mass ▁project . ▁Oliver ' s ▁then - new ly ▁founded ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures ▁film ▁production ▁company ▁took ▁over ▁finan cing ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁Sher idan ' s ▁exit ▁was ▁confirmed ▁when ▁Russell ▁Gew irt z ▁was ▁h ired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁write ▁another ▁draft ▁for ▁the ▁adaptation , ▁and ▁Barry ▁Le vin son ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁instead . ▁The ▁finished ▁version ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass ▁was ▁script ed ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁But ter worth , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁bil led ▁as ▁the ▁" true ▁story ▁of ▁White y ▁Bul ger , ▁F BI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁and ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁witness ▁protection ▁program ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁J . ▁Ed gar ▁Ho over ." ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁re - write ▁and ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁film ' s ▁world wide ▁distribution ▁rights , ▁eye ing ▁an ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁release , ▁and ▁the ▁studio ▁co - fin anced ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁Cross ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁Johnny ▁De pp ' s ▁invol vement ▁with ▁Black ▁Mass ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 |