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▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁shall ▁be ▁again ▁appointed ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁any ▁public ▁institution ▁of ▁learning ▁in ▁another ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁union . ▁▁ 3 . ▁Those ▁laws ▁which ▁have ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁been ▁directed ▁against ▁secret ▁and ▁una ut hor ized ▁soci eties ▁in ▁the ▁univers ities ▁shall ▁be ▁strictly ▁enfor ced . ▁These ▁laws ▁apply ▁especially ▁to ▁that ▁association ▁established ▁some ▁years ▁since ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Universal ▁Stud ents ' ▁Union ▁( All geme ine ▁Bur sch enschaft ), ▁since ▁the ▁very ▁conception ▁of ▁the ▁society ▁implies ▁the ▁utter ly ▁un allow able ▁plan ▁of ▁permanent ▁fellow ship ▁and ▁constant ▁communication ▁between ▁the ▁various ▁univers ities . ▁The ▁duty ▁of ▁especial ▁watch ful ness ▁in ▁this ▁matter ▁should ▁be ▁im pressed ▁upon ▁the ▁special ▁agents ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁The ▁govern ments ▁mut ually ▁agree ▁that ▁such ▁persons ▁as ▁shall ▁here after ▁be ▁shown ▁to ▁have ▁remained ▁in ▁secret ▁or ▁una ut hor ized ▁associations , ▁or ▁shall ▁have ▁entered ▁such ▁associations , ▁shall ▁not ▁be ▁admitted ▁to ▁any ▁public ▁office . ▁▁ 4 . ▁No ▁student ▁who ▁shall ▁be ▁exp elled ▁from ▁a ▁university ▁by ▁a ▁decision ▁of ▁the ▁university ▁sen ate ▁which ▁was ▁rat ified ▁or ▁prompt ed ▁by ▁the ▁agent ▁of ▁the ▁government , ▁or ▁who ▁shall ▁have ▁left ▁the ▁institution ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁escape ▁exp ulsion ▁shall ▁be ▁received ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁university . ▁ ▁Press ▁Law ▁Ref : ▁▁ ▁§ 1 : ▁So ▁long ▁as ▁this ▁dec ree ▁shall ▁remain ▁in ▁force ▁no ▁publication
▁which ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁daily ▁issues , ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁serial ▁not ▁exceed ing ▁twenty ▁sheets ▁of ▁printed ▁matter , ▁shall ▁go ▁to ▁press ▁in ▁any ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁union ▁without ▁the ▁previous ▁knowledge ▁and ▁appro val ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁officials . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁which ▁do ▁not ▁belong ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁above - ment ioned ▁classes ▁shall ▁be ▁treated ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁laws ▁now ▁in ▁force , ▁or ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁en act ed , ▁in ▁the ▁individual ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁union . ▁ ▁§ 2 : ▁Each ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁union ▁is ▁responsible , ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁against ▁which ▁the ▁off ense ▁is ▁directly ▁committed , ▁but ▁to ▁the ▁whole ▁Confeder ation , ▁for ▁every ▁publication ▁appearing ▁under ▁its ▁super vision ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁honor ▁or ▁security ▁of ▁other ▁states ▁is ▁in fr ing ed ▁or ▁their ▁constitution ▁or ▁administration ▁attacked . ▁ ▁§ 3 : ▁The ▁Diet ▁shall ▁have ▁the ▁right , ▁moreover , ▁to ▁suppress ▁on ▁its ▁own ▁authority , ▁without ▁being ▁pet ition ed , ▁such ▁writ ings ▁included ▁in ▁Article ▁I , ▁in ▁whatever ▁German ▁state ▁they ▁may ▁appear , ▁as , ▁in ▁the ▁opinion ▁of ▁a ▁commission ▁appointed ▁by ▁it , ▁are ▁in im ical ▁to ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁union , ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁individual ▁states , ▁or ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁peace ▁and ▁quiet ▁in ▁Germany . ▁There ▁shall ▁be ▁no ▁appeal ▁from ▁such ▁dec isions , ▁and ▁the ▁govern ments ▁involved ▁are ▁bound ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁put
▁into ▁execution . ▁ ▁§ 7 : ▁When ▁a ▁newspaper ▁or ▁period ical ▁is ▁suppress ed ▁by ▁a ▁decision ▁of ▁the ▁Diet , ▁the ▁editor ▁there of ▁may ▁not ▁within ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁five ▁years ▁edit ▁a ▁similar ▁publication ▁in ▁any ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁union . ▁ ▁Investig ating ▁Committee ▁Ref : ▁▁▁ 1 . ▁Within ▁a ▁fort night , ▁reck oned ▁from ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁this ▁dec ree , ▁there ▁shall ▁conven e , ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ation , ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁federal ▁for tr ess ▁of ▁Main z , ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁commission ▁of ▁investigation ▁to ▁consist ▁of ▁seven ▁members , ▁including ▁the ▁chairman . ▁▁ 2 . ▁The ▁object ▁of ▁the ▁commission ▁shall ▁be ▁a ▁joint ▁investigation , ▁as ▁thorough ▁and ▁extensive ▁as ▁possible , ▁of ▁the ▁facts ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁origin ▁and ▁manifold ▁ram ifications ▁of ▁the ▁revolution ary ▁plots ▁and ▁dem agog ical ▁associations ▁directed ▁against ▁the ▁existing ▁constitution ▁and ▁the ▁internal ▁peace ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁union ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁states ; ▁of ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁which ▁plots ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁clear ▁evidence ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁had ▁already , ▁or ▁may ▁be ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁investigation . ▁ ▁... ▁▁ 1 0 . ▁The ▁central ▁investig ating ▁commission ▁is ▁to ▁furn ish ▁the ▁Diet ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time ▁with ▁a ▁report ▁of ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁investigation , ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁as ▁speed ily ▁as ▁possible . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Zur ▁Auf l ös
ung ▁der ▁J ena er ▁Bur sch enschaft ▁( W ir ▁hatten ▁geb au et ▁ein ▁statt liches ▁Haus ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁George ▁S . ▁William son , ▁" What ▁Kil led ▁August ▁von ▁Kot z eb ue ? ▁The ▁T empt ations ▁of ▁V irt ue ▁and ▁the ▁Political ▁The ology ▁of ▁German ▁National ism , ▁ 1 7 8 9 - 1 8 1 9 ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁Modern ▁History , ▁Dec ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Vol . ▁ 7 2 ▁Issue ▁ 4 , ▁pp ▁ 8 9 0 – 9 4 3 ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C ensor ship ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Kar lov y ▁V ary ▁Category : Dec rees ▁Category : G erman ▁Confeder ation ▁Category : 1 8 1 9 ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 8 1 9 ▁in ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁S ier vas ▁de ▁la ▁Nu estra ▁Sen ora ▁de ▁la ▁Paz , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁S NS P ▁Sister s ▁is ▁a ▁religious ▁con greg ation ▁of ▁sister s ▁of ▁Dioc es an ▁Right ▁founded ▁in ▁C eb u ▁by ▁a ▁lay man ▁named ▁Ex equ iel ▁Bar ang an ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁Its ▁foundation ▁began ▁in ▁An is lag an , ▁Gu ad alu pe , ▁Car car ▁City , ▁C eb u ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit , ▁Bro ther ▁Ex equ iel ▁started ▁to ▁inv ite ▁women ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁community ▁of ▁lay ▁women
▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁its ▁people . ▁ ▁Gr ounded ▁on ▁its ▁vision ▁of ▁- " A ▁religious ▁community ▁un ited ▁and ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁B less ed ▁Virgin ▁Mary , ▁hand ma id ▁of ▁the ▁Lord , ▁serving ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁poor ▁and ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁the ▁love ▁and ▁peace ▁of ▁Christ ▁for ▁the ▁Salv ation ▁of ▁all ▁and ▁the ▁Gl ory ▁of ▁God " - ▁the ▁sister s ▁are ▁gradually ▁growing ▁as ▁is ▁now ▁number ing ▁to ▁about ▁a ▁hundred ▁scattered ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁helping ▁the ▁b ish ops ▁on ▁dioc es an ▁works , ▁health ▁min istry ▁and ▁visit ing ▁the ▁sick . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁http :// www . ce bu arch di oc ese . org / rel ig ious / w omen / active / s ier bas - de - nu estra - sen ora - de - la - p az - sn sp / ▁ ▁Category : C atholic ▁female ▁orders ▁and ▁soci eties ▁Category : Rel ig ion ▁in ▁C eb u ▁Category : Car car <0x0A> </s> ▁Bright on ▁Town ▁Hall ▁stands ▁on ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁Square ▁in ▁Bright on , ▁East ▁Sus sex , ▁England . ▁Bu ilt ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s , ▁it ▁replaced ▁the ▁previous ▁town ▁hall ▁building . ▁The ▁town ▁hall ▁contains ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁police ▁cells ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁and ▁which
▁now ▁form ▁the ▁Old ▁Police ▁C ells ▁Museum . ▁The ▁town ▁hall ▁is ▁a ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁building . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Cooper ▁in ▁the ▁Greek ▁Rev ival ▁style . ▁The ▁foundation ▁stone ▁was ▁laid ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Read ▁K emp , ▁a ▁local ▁property ▁developer , ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁entered ▁by ▁activ ists , ▁notion ally ▁in ▁protest ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁G ulf ▁War . ▁They ▁caused ▁significant ▁damage ▁to ▁computers ▁and ▁furn iture . ▁ ▁Services ▁Three ▁rooms ▁within ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall ▁are ▁lic ensed ▁for ▁wed ding ▁cer emon ies , ▁these ▁are ▁the ▁Reg ency ▁Room , ▁The ▁Fitz her bert ▁Room ▁and ▁the ▁Council ▁Chamber . ▁ ▁The ▁city ' s ▁register ▁office ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁The ▁prison ▁cells ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁can ▁now ▁be ▁visited ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Police ▁C ells ▁Museum . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Old ▁Police ▁C ells ▁Museum ▁- ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Bright on ▁and ▁H ove ▁Category : City ▁and ▁town ▁h alls ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Virgin ian ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁American ▁silent ▁western ▁film ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁novel ▁The ▁Virgin ian ▁by ▁O wen ▁W ister . ▁The ▁film
▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁successful ▁ 1 9 0 3 - 4 ▁theatre ▁play , ▁The ▁Virgin ian , ▁W ister ▁had ▁collabor ated ▁on ▁with ▁play w right ▁Kir ke ▁La ▁Sh elle . ▁The ▁Virgin ian ▁star red ▁D ust in ▁Far num ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Cec il ▁B . ▁De M ille . ▁ ▁Cast ▁D ust in ▁Far num ▁as ▁The ▁Virgin ian ▁Hor ace ▁B . ▁Car p enter ▁as ▁Spanish ▁Ed ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Sydney ▁De ane ▁as ▁Uncle ▁H ug he y ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Cec ilia ▁de ▁M ille ▁as ▁Little ▁Girl ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Tex ▁D ris coll ▁as ▁Short y ▁( un cred ited ) ▁William ▁El mer ▁as ▁Tr amp as ▁( un cred ited ) ▁James ▁Gr is w old ▁as ▁Stage ▁Driver ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Jack ▁W . ▁John ston ▁as ▁Steve ▁( un cred ited ) ▁An ita ▁King ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Og den ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Win if red ▁King ston ▁as ▁Mol ly ▁Wood ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Dick ▁La ▁Ren o ▁as ▁B ala am ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Mrs . ▁Lewis ▁McC ord ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁B ala am ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Mon roe ▁Sal is bury ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Og den ▁( un cred ited ) ▁Russell ▁Sim pson ▁as ▁( un cred ited ) ▁H ose a ▁Ste el man ▁as ▁Lin ▁Mc
Le an ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Virgin ian ▁( 1 9 1 4 ) ▁at ▁Sil ent E ra ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁manuscript ▁of ▁O wen ▁W ister ' s ▁book ▁" The ▁Virgin ian " ▁is ▁preserved ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Heritage ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wy oming . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁nov els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Cec il ▁B . ▁De M ille ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Wy oming ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cli ps <0x0A> </s> ▁Silver ▁Creek ▁is ▁a ▁stream ▁in ▁southern ▁Indiana ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁dra ins ▁a ▁waters hed ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁cre ek ▁r ises ▁in ▁Scott ▁County ▁and ▁flows ▁, ▁dro pping ▁, ▁before ▁flow ing ▁into ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River . ▁ ▁It ▁forms ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁Clark ▁and ▁F loyd ▁count ies . ▁The ▁stream ▁was ▁called ▁Silver ▁Creek ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁land ▁granted ▁to ▁George ▁Rog ers ▁Clark , ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁log ▁cabin ▁near ▁the ▁cre ek '
s ▁mouth . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁Silver ▁Creek ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁rum or ▁that ▁silver ▁tre asure ▁was ▁hidden ▁by ▁cre ek , ▁and ▁that ▁silver ▁ore ▁could ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁cre ek ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁c ement ▁operation ▁in ▁Indiana , ▁at ▁Beach ' s ▁Mill ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁cre ek ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁Sh irt - T ail ▁B end , ▁a ▁popular ▁du eling ▁location ▁for ▁Kent uck ians , ▁as ▁the ▁practice ▁was ▁illegal ▁in ▁their ▁state . ▁The ▁Silver ▁Creek ▁banks ▁were ▁the ▁site ▁at ▁least ▁four ▁du els , ▁including ▁most ▁fam ously ▁one ▁between ▁Hum ph rey ▁Marshall ▁and ▁Henry ▁Clay ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 8 0 9 . ▁Both ▁men ▁suffered ▁slight ▁w ounds . ▁Marshall ▁opposed ▁Clay ' s ▁proposal ▁that ▁all ▁Kentucky ▁legisl ators ▁should ▁wear ▁domestic ▁hom esp un ▁rather ▁than ▁English ▁broad cl oth . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Indiana ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Indiana ▁Category : T rib ut aries ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁F loyd ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Clark ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Scott ▁County , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁John ▁Dav ie ▁ ▁( 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁
2 0 1 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁army ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁on ▁an ▁anti - air craft ▁battery ▁during ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Mal ta ▁and ▁later ▁won ▁the ▁Military ▁Cross ▁fighting ▁commun ist ▁ins urg ents ▁during ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency . ▁ ▁Life ▁Dav ie ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁his ▁Scottish ▁father ▁had ▁a ▁tim ber ▁importing ▁business . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁G res ham ' s ▁School , ▁Hol t , ▁Nor folk , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁briefly ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁East ▁Ang li an ▁Institute ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁where ▁he ▁arrived ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁In ▁November ▁it ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁invasion , ▁and ▁Dav ie ▁joined ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Art illery . ▁After ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁Mal ta ▁Camp aign , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁a ▁War ▁Office ▁Selection ▁Board ▁in ▁C airo ▁and ▁was ▁commission ed ▁into ▁the ▁Sea for th ▁High land ers . ▁Jo ining ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁ 6 th ▁Battalion , ▁he ▁saw ▁active ▁service ▁in ▁Mand ate ▁Palest ine , ▁the ▁Italian ▁Camp aign , ▁and ▁north - west ▁Europe , ▁finding ▁himself ▁in ▁Lü beck ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁he ▁married ▁Cor al ie ▁G arn ham , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁one ▁son ▁and ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Rem aining ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁soldier , ▁in ▁ 1 9
4 8 ▁Dav ie ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁the ▁Sea for th ▁High land ers ▁in ▁the ▁Mal aya ▁Emer gency , ▁command ing ▁a ▁company ▁in ▁j ung le ▁fighting ▁and ▁leading ▁it ▁for ▁eigh teen ▁months ▁in ▁operations ▁against ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁terror ists , ▁gain ing ▁the ▁Military ▁Cross . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁ten ▁years , ▁he ▁saw ▁served ▁in ▁West ▁Germany , ▁Singapore , ▁Br une i , ▁and ▁North ▁Bor neo . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁as ▁assistant ▁military ▁secretary ▁and ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁Curt is ▁and ▁H enson , ▁land ▁and ▁estate ▁agents , ▁in ▁London , ▁before ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Scotland , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁land ▁agent ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁Sav ills ▁office ▁to ▁open ▁there . ▁After ▁man aging ▁est ates ▁across ▁Scotland , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Trust ▁for ▁Scotland , ▁first ▁as ▁its ▁representative ▁in ▁the ▁north - east ▁and ▁then ▁as ▁its ▁deput y ▁director . ▁He ▁retired ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 5 ▁but ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁part - time ▁as ▁factor ▁on ▁an ▁estate ▁in ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Ar ran . ▁ ▁Dav ie ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ; ▁in ▁Scotland ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Company ▁of ▁Arch
ers , ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁Body guard . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Art illery ▁soldiers ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁from ▁London ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁G res ham ' s ▁School ▁Category : Se a for th ▁High land ers ▁officers ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Military ▁Cross ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Company ▁of ▁Arch ers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency <0x0A> </s> ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i ▁{ dd w - sb k ▁b b j } ▁was ▁a ▁high ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Th ir teenth ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁ancient ▁Egypt . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁" Gre at ▁S cribe ▁of ▁the ▁V iz ier " ▁{ ss ▁wr ▁n ▁t 3 ty }. ▁This ▁position ▁was ▁directly ▁under ▁the ▁viz ier ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁deput y . ▁ ▁Family ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁" st ew ard " ▁Sob ek h ote p ▁and ▁born ▁to ▁H apy u . ▁His ▁brother ▁was ▁Neb ank h ▁who ▁was ▁" king ' s ▁acquaint ance " ▁under ▁Ne fer h ote p ▁I ▁and ▁high ▁ste ward ▁under ▁Sob
ek h ote p ▁IV . ▁His ▁wife ▁was ▁Du at ne f ret . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁queen ▁N ub k ha es ▁who ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁an ▁un named ▁king . ▁She ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁buried ▁along ▁with ▁king ▁Sob ek ems af ▁II . ▁An ▁important ▁son ▁was ▁" Rep orter ▁of ▁The bes ", ▁Sob ek ems af . ▁Another ▁important ▁son ▁of ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i ▁was ▁the ▁" ro yal ▁se aler " ▁and ▁" scribe ▁of ▁the ▁personal ▁scri be ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁board " ▁Neb sum enu . ▁ ▁Att est ations ▁The ▁name ▁D ed us ob ek - B eb i ▁may ▁also ▁appear ▁in ▁literature ▁as ▁Sob ek d edu - B eb i . ▁ ▁D ed us ob ek ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁several ▁sources . ▁At ▁The bes , ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Sob ek ems af ▁mentions ▁" the ▁Great ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁T ens ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i " ▁as ▁his ▁father . ▁A ▁fragment ary ▁base ▁of ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁unknown ▁proven ance ▁mentions ▁" the ▁Great ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁T ens ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i , ▁true ▁of ▁[ voice ] ". ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁the ▁Great ▁S cribe ▁of ▁the ▁V iz ier . ▁At ▁A by d os ▁(? ), ▁he ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁the ▁Great ▁S cribe ▁of
▁the ▁V iz ier ▁on ▁a ▁st ela ▁with ▁a ▁h ymn ▁to ▁Os ir is . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : O fficial s ▁of ▁the ▁Th ir teenth ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁P ism ira ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁f lies ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁L esser ▁D ung ▁f lies . ▁ ▁Species ▁P . ▁cit rag o ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁P . ▁k ab are ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁P . ▁m w eng a ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁P . ▁u vi ra ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S pha er oc er idae ▁Category : D ip tera ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : S pha er oc ero idea ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( IO C ▁code : ▁SK N ) ▁is ▁the ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( NO C ) ▁representing ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁body ▁responsible ▁for ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ' s ▁representation ▁at ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games . ▁The ▁executive ▁board ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁president , ▁secretary ▁general , ▁vice ▁president , ▁assistant ▁secretary ▁general , ▁and ▁four ▁members . ▁The ▁president ▁is ▁Al ph onso ▁Bridge water ▁and ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁is ▁Glen ville ▁Jeff ers . ▁The ▁committee ▁has ▁o vers aw ▁six ▁Olympic ▁and
▁five ▁Commonwealth ▁Games , ▁winning ▁one ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games , ▁by ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Olympic ▁Association ▁was ▁founded ▁with ▁a ▁constitution ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Am ateur ▁Athletics ▁Association ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( IO C ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁The ▁Association ▁created ▁a ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( NO C ), ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁officially ▁recognized ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁The ▁NO C ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Association ▁( CG A ) ▁both ▁govern ed ▁multiple ▁sports ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Since ▁they ▁both ▁shared ▁the ▁same ▁member ▁organizations , ▁the ▁CG A ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁NO C , ▁making ▁the ▁NO C ▁responsible ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁and ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games . ▁The ▁constitution ▁was ▁re vised ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ; ▁rat ified ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁and ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁IO C ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁NO C ▁was ▁officially ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Charles ▁Wil kin ▁Building ▁in ▁Bass eter re , ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁when ▁it
▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Olympic ▁House . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁it ▁launched ▁a ▁strateg ic ▁plan ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁sport ▁in ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁nine ▁years ▁until ▁ 2 0 2 4 . ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁president ▁is ▁Al ph onso ▁Bridge water ▁and ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁is ▁Glen ville ▁Jeff ers . ▁The ▁NO C ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Sports ▁Organisation . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁particip ates ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁have ▁not ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Winter ▁Games . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁entered ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Games ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁deleg ation ▁featured ▁one ▁ath lete ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁ 1 0 0 - meter ▁s print s ▁and ▁three ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meter ▁relay ▁teams . ▁Both ▁spr inter s ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁of ▁the ▁respective ▁events , ▁with ▁the ▁relay ▁teams ▁not ▁adv ancing ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Games , ▁two ▁athlet es ▁were ▁sent , ▁with ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁reaching ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meter ▁event ; ▁placing ▁sevent h
. ▁At ▁the ▁following ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Collins ▁placed ▁one ▁better , ▁reaching ▁sixth ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁event . ▁Collins ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 ▁meters ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁also ▁finishing ▁fourth , ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 2 0 . 5 9 ▁seconds . ▁The ▁NO C ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁Collins ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁stating ▁had ▁viol ated ▁team ▁rules , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁comp ete . ▁The ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 1 0 0 ▁relay ▁team ▁of ▁Del way ne ▁Del an ey , ▁B rij esh ▁Lawrence , ▁Jason ▁Rog ers , ▁and ▁L est rod ▁Roland ▁made ▁a ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁ 3 8 . 4 1 ▁seconds ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Olympics ▁featured ▁seven ▁participants ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁led ▁by ▁team ▁captain ▁Antoine ▁Adams . ▁At ▁the ▁event , ▁Collins ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ 4 0 - year - old ▁to ▁run ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁under ▁ 1 0 ▁seconds , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁spr inter ▁at ▁the ▁Games . ▁Collins ▁advanced ▁the ▁fur th est ▁of ▁any ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁ath lete , ▁reaching ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁the ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁his ▁heat ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁
1 0 . 1 2 ▁seconds ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁final s . ▁Adams ▁and ▁Lawrence ▁both ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁event . ▁ ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁and ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Youth ▁Games ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Association . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁participation . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁joined ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Federation ▁and ▁first ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁where ▁they ▁participated ▁in ▁both ▁athlet ics ▁( 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 8 0 0 ▁meters ) ▁and ▁cy cling ▁( road ▁and ▁track ). ▁The ▁committee ▁has ▁subsequently ▁sent ▁teams ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁every ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁The ▁nation ▁has ▁won ▁just ▁one ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Games , ▁a ▁gold ▁for ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Games . ▁The ▁country ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁athlet ics , ▁cy cling ▁and ▁table ▁tennis . ▁ ▁Aff ili ates ▁ ▁The ▁NO C ' s ▁affili ates ▁feature : ▁ ▁St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Am ateur ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁( SK NA AA ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁– ▁Ne vis ▁Am ateur ▁Basketball ▁Association ▁( SK N AB A ) ▁St
▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Am ateur ▁Box ing ▁Association ▁( SK N AB A ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁– ▁Ne vis ▁Football ▁Association ▁( SK N FA ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Table ▁Tennis ▁Association ▁( SK NT TA ) ▁St ▁Christopher ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁Federation ▁( SC N TF ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁Am ateur ▁Vol ley ball ▁Association ▁( SK AVA ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁Net ball ▁Association ▁( SK NA ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁O ly ▁Category : Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁R ie uc ros ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ège ▁department ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁ ▁Population ▁In hab itants ▁are ▁called ▁R ie uc ros ains . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Ari ège ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Ari ège ▁( de partment ) ▁Category : A ri ège ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁first ▁cabinet ▁of ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁was ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁from ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1
3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁Minister s ▁The ▁minister s ▁of ▁the ▁cabinet ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior : ▁ ▁Constantin ▁Ol ă nes cu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs : ▁ ▁Alexand ru ▁Marg h il oman ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Fin ance : ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Justice : ▁T itu ▁Ma ior es cu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁War : ▁Gen . ▁I ac ob ▁L ah ov ari ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Public ▁Inst ruction : ▁Constantin ▁C . ▁Ar ion ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Public ▁Works : ▁I on ▁C . ▁Gr ă
di ște anu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁Indust ry , ▁Com merce , ▁and ▁Property : ▁Nicola e ▁Filip es cu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Roman ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Goth ic ▁Cru ise ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁annual ▁electronic ▁g oth ic ▁music ▁festival ▁operating ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁continu ously ▁from ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ports ▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁with ▁live ▁entertain ment ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 - 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁first ▁event ▁sa iled ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁and ▁average ▁ 1 4 0 ▁people ▁per ▁sail ing ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁They ▁sa iled ▁on ▁Premier ▁Cru ise ▁Line , ▁Reg al ▁Cru ise ▁L ines , ▁and ▁Royal ▁Car ib bean
▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁live ▁bands ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 6 ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 5 ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁sail ings . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁- ▁Col lide ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁play ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁live ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁cru ise , ▁but ▁that ▁sail ing ▁was ▁cancel led ▁due ▁to ▁H urr icane ▁K atr ina . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Gl ory ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 1 1 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act : ▁ ▁V N V ▁Nation ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Gl ory ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 7 4 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁▁ ▁Com b ich rist ▁ ▁Deep est ▁Sym phony ▁( No ▁Show ed ▁ ▁As mode us ▁X ▁ ▁Ph ase ▁Theory ▁ ▁Red ▁Flag ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Leg end ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 9 ▁ ▁Port : ▁T ampa , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Cr ü x sh adows
▁ ▁Cru c iform ▁In jection ▁ ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁ ▁Mod ulate ▁Deep est ▁Sym phony ▁had ▁been ▁scheduled , ▁but ▁cancel led , ▁and ▁were ▁replaced ▁with ▁Ph ase ▁Theory ▁and ▁As mode us ▁X ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Liber ty ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 3 7 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁C oven ant ▁ ▁F unker ▁Vog t ▁ ▁The ▁Cr ü x sh adows ▁ ▁Pan zer ▁AG ▁ ▁Du P ont ▁ ▁Pro gn osis ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Norwegian ▁Sun ▁on ▁Norwegian ▁Cru ise ▁Line ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 1 2 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁God ▁Module ▁ ▁Imper ative ▁Re action ▁ ▁System ▁Syn n ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Explorer ▁of ▁the ▁Se as ▁on ▁Royal ▁Car ib bean ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 9 1 ▁ ▁Port : ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁V N V ▁Nation ▁ ▁Icon ▁of ▁Co il ▁ ▁A est h etic ▁Per fection ▁ ▁S IT D ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁the ▁Se as ▁on ▁Royal ▁Car ib bean ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 2 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port
▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁Ay ria ▁ ▁B ella ▁Mor te ▁▁ 0 0 tz ▁ 0 0 tz ▁ ▁Son ik ▁Found ry ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁B ree ze ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 6 5 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁V N V ▁Nation ▁ ▁V N V ▁Classic ▁ ▁The ▁Cr ü x sh adows ▁ ▁E go ▁L iken ess ▁ ▁Ay ria ▁ ▁B ella ▁Mor te ▁ ▁Rain ▁Within ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Dream ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 7 ▁ ▁Port : ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁Ang els ▁& ▁Ag ony ▁ ▁E go ▁L iken ess ▁ ▁Vel vet ▁Ac id ▁Christ ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Leg end ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 6 8 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Seattle , ▁Washington ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁The ▁Goth s icles ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁ ▁Vol taire ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( pl anned ) ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Leg end ▁on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁
▁Pass engers : ▁N / A ▁ ▁Port : ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁C oven ant ▁ ▁H au job b ▁ ▁L ights ▁of ▁Eu ph oria ▁ ▁Hope ful ▁Mach ines ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( pl anned ) ▁ ▁V essel : ▁Car n ival ▁Gl ory on ▁Car n ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 8 4 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁The ▁B irth day ▁Mass acre ▁ ▁Di ary ▁of ▁Dream s ▁ ▁i V ard ens phere ▁ ▁The ▁Rain ▁Within ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁electronic ▁music ▁festiv als ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Music ▁cru ises ▁Category : G oth ▁festiv als ▁Category : Ind ust rial ▁music ▁festiv als ▁Category : Music ▁festiv als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁August ine ▁Marshall ▁( Se ptember ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁– ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Ut ah . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Born ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁near ▁W arr ent on , ▁Virginia , ▁Marshall ▁received ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁La ws ▁in ▁ 1 8 7
4 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia ▁School ▁of ▁Law . ▁He ▁entered ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁W arr ent on ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁He ▁continued ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁Ut ah ▁Territ ory ▁( State ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁from ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁Territ orial ▁Pro b ate ▁Court ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁territorial ▁representative ▁for ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁Federal ▁jud icial ▁service ▁ ▁Marshall ▁was ▁nominated ▁by ▁President ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Ut ah , ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁seat ▁author ized ▁by ▁ 2 8 ▁Stat . ▁ 1 0 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁received ▁his ▁commission ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁His ▁service ▁terminated ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁res ignation . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁res ignation ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁ben ch , ▁Marshall ▁res umed ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to
▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Virginia ▁al umn i ▁Category : J ud ges ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁jud ges ▁appointed ▁by ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁jud ges ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁T . ▁Oliver ▁( August ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁– ▁September ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁marine ▁engineer ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁York shire , ▁England , ▁Oliver ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁York shire . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁Oliver ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁rail road ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁and ▁Pennsylvania . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁De ▁Pere , ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁rail road ▁car ▁sh ops . ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Wisconsin ▁Rap ids , ▁Wisconsin . ▁Oliver ▁finally ▁returned ▁to ▁Green ▁Bay . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁marine ▁engineer ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 1
▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁Oliver ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁Republican . ▁Oliver ▁died ▁suddenly ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁marine ▁engine ers ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republic ans ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁River ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁river ▁located ▁in ▁central ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River , ▁which ▁flows ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Maine . ▁ ▁Cour se ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁River ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁out let ▁of ▁Cry stal ▁Lake ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Gil m anton , ▁New ▁Ham pshire . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Gil m anton ▁Iron works ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁lake ' s ▁out let . ▁ ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁flows ▁south ▁two ▁miles ▁to ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁L akes ▁( Upper ▁and ▁Lower ) ▁in ▁Bar n st ead . ▁ ▁Below ▁the ▁la kes , ▁the ▁river ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Center ▁Bar n st ead ▁and ▁enters ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Pitts field , ▁whose ▁village ▁is ▁centered ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 th ▁century
▁dam ▁on ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁The ▁river ▁continues ▁south ▁through ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Ch ich ester ▁and ▁E ps om , ▁and ▁then ▁forms ▁the ▁town ▁boundary ▁between ▁P embro ke ▁and ▁Allen st own . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River , ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁ ▁dro ps ▁ ▁in ▁, ▁a ▁natural ▁water power ▁site ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Sun cook . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁flo od ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁River , ▁respond ing ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁ra inf all ▁amounts ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁ 7 0 ▁years ▁( more ▁than ▁ 8 ▁inches ▁dropped ▁by ▁a ▁low - press ure ▁system ▁in ▁ 3 ▁days ▁on ▁Con cord , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ), ▁rose ▁to ▁flo od ▁level ▁( see ▁New ▁England ▁Flo od ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁back ed ▁up ▁behind ▁an ▁old ▁mill ▁dam , ▁which ▁produced ▁a ▁shall ow ly - s lop ing ▁pool ▁that ▁over to pped ▁a ▁sand ▁and ▁gra vel ▁quar ry , ▁connected ▁with ▁a ▁down stream ▁section ▁of ▁channel , ▁and ▁cut ▁a ▁new ▁shorter ▁channel ▁at ▁ 2 5 – 5 0 ▁meters ▁per ▁hour ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁E ps om . ▁Two ▁previous ▁channels , ▁around ▁Bear ▁Island , ▁were ▁left ▁dry . ▁The ▁new ▁river ▁course , ▁approximately ▁a ▁mile ▁long , ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁channel ▁change
▁in ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁since ▁system atic ▁top ographic ▁mapping ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁there ▁was ▁news ▁that ▁work ▁began ▁to ▁stabil ize ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁River ▁in ▁its ▁new ▁course . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁t ributes ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁the ▁American ▁composer ▁Alan ▁H ov han ess ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 2 0 0 0 ), ▁who ▁spent ▁time ▁with ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁family ▁members ▁in ▁Pitts field , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁during ▁his ▁youth , ▁wrote ▁a ▁fant asy ▁for ▁c ello ▁and ▁piano ▁entitled ▁Leg end ▁of ▁the ▁S unk ook ▁ ▁Valley ▁( Op . ▁ 1 , ▁no . ▁ 4 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T rib ut aries ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Bel kn ap ▁County , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁M err im ack ▁County , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Category : P embro ke , ▁New ▁Ham pshire <0x0A> </s> ▁Lucy ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Mos elle ▁department ▁in ▁Grand ▁Est ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Mos elle ▁department ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Mos elle ▁( de partment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The
▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Thor ough bre d ▁horse ▁race ▁held ▁ann ually ▁at ▁Wood bine ▁R ac et rack ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario . ▁A ▁Gra de ▁II ▁event ▁rac ed ▁in ▁early ▁June , ▁it ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁horses ▁aged ▁three ▁and ▁older ▁and ▁run ▁over ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁one ▁mile ▁on ▁tur f . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁offers ▁a ▁pur se ▁of ▁$ 1 5 3 , 5 4 0 . ▁ ▁In aug ur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁rac ed ▁on ▁d irt ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁shift ed ▁perman ently ▁to ▁the ▁tur f . ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁run ▁at ▁various ▁distances ▁both ▁at ▁the ▁Wood bine ▁R ac et rack ▁and ▁at ▁Fort ▁Er ie ▁Race ▁Track : ▁ ▁On ▁d irt : ▁▁ 7 ▁f url ongs ▁: ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 1 9 5 8 ▁at ▁Wood bine ▁▁ 1 ▁mile ▁: ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 6 6 ▁at ▁Wood bine , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁at ▁Fort ▁Er ie ▁ ▁On ▁tur f : ▁▁ 1 ▁mile ▁: ▁beginning ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁Wood bine ▁R ac et rack ▁▁ ▁miles ▁: ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁& ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁at ▁Fort ▁Er ie , ▁ 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 1
9 9 5 ▁to ▁present ▁at ▁ ▁Wood bine ▁ ▁The ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁was ▁run ▁in ▁two ▁divisions ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Records ▁Time ▁record : ▁ ▁( at ▁ ▁miles ▁on ▁tur f ) ▁▁ 1 : 3 9 . 6 0 ▁– ▁B old ▁R ur it ana ▁( 1 9 9 6 ▁on ▁Wood bine ▁R ac et rack ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins : ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Belle ▁G este ▁( 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁M om igi ▁( 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Po inte ▁A ux ▁P ins ▁( 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁E ternal ▁Search ▁( 1 9 8 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Lake ▁Country ▁( 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Rad i ant ▁Ring ▁( 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁B old ▁R ur it ana ▁( 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁- ▁Sol id ▁App e al ▁( 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1
4 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁an ▁owner : ▁▁ 6 ▁– ▁Sam - S on ▁Farm ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁a ▁j ockey : ▁▁ 5 ▁– ▁Tod d ▁K abel ▁( 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁a ▁tra iner : ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Don nie ▁Walker ▁( 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁James ▁E . ▁Day ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Mark ▁Fro stad ▁( 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Tom ▁Sk iff ington , ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁W inners ▁of ▁the ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Christ y ' s ▁Mount ▁finished ▁first ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁and ▁set ▁back ▁to ▁second . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Lady ▁Sh
irl ▁finished ▁first ▁but ▁following ▁a ▁positive ▁test ▁for ▁a ▁b anned ▁medic ation ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁and ▁placed ▁last . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁flat ▁horse ▁races ▁ ▁References ▁The ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁at ▁Ped ig ree ▁Query ▁ ▁Category : Gr aded ▁st akes ▁races ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Open ▁mile ▁category ▁horse ▁races ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Category : W ood bine ▁R ac et rack ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women ' s ▁League ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women ' s ▁League , ▁the ▁top ▁division ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁football ▁in ▁K yr gy z stan . ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁Alt yn - O l ko ▁B ish ke k ▁was ▁the ▁champion . ▁ ▁League ▁stand ings ▁ ▁\| - ▁\|\| 1 \|\| El ▁Dor ado ▁Alt yn - O l ko ▁B ish ke k \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 3 \|\| 2 \|\| ▁ 2 1 \|\| 1 5 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 2 \|\| Az ali ya ▁Bir in chi ▁B ish ke k \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 0 \|\| 4 \|\| ▁ 1 6 \|\| 1 2 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 3 \|\| Z hy ld yz ▁Kar ak ol \|\| 5
\|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 3 \|\| 1 1 \|\| ▁ 2 \|\| 9 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 4 \|\| Sh ol ok ov ▁S ok ul uk \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 9 \|\| 1 2 \|\| ▁- 3 \|\| 6 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 5 \|\| Ab dy zh - A ta ▁Kant \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 2 \|\| ▁- 1 6 \|\| 3 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 6 \|\| M ol ode z hn aya ▁S born aya ▁K R ▁\|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 4 \|\| ▁- 2 0 \|\| 0 ▁\| } ▁ ▁References ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women ▁Football ▁( R SS SF ) ▁▁▁ ▁K yr gy z stan ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁O ss ory ▁Par ish ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 2 ° 2 6 ′ 5 4 ″ S ▁ 1 4 7 ° 4 4 ′ 0 4 ″ ▁is ▁a ▁c adas tr al ▁parish ▁of ▁Kennedy ▁County ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁Par ish ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Bog an ▁River ▁between ▁Tul ly more ▁and ▁Albert , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Kennedy ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Nation ▁was ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁investig ative ▁journal ism ▁program mes ▁produced ▁by ▁Gran ada ▁Television ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁
▁Re ports ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁document ary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁British ▁document ary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁British ▁document ary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : IT V ▁document aries ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs <0x0A> </s> ▁Women ' s ▁strike ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁St rike ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁I cel and ic ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁ ▁International ▁Women ' s ▁St rike ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Day ▁Without ▁a ▁Woman ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Spanish ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Swiss ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁ ▁Global ▁Women ' s ▁St rike ▁ ▁Women ▁St rike ▁for ▁Peace ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Sex ▁strike ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁March ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Kam n je ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁S ava ▁Boh in j ka ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Boh in j ▁in ▁the ▁Upper ▁Car ni ola ▁region ▁of ▁Sloven ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Kam n je ▁at ▁Ge op edia ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the
▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Boh in j <0x0A> </s> ▁Ru ell ia ▁n ud if l ora , ▁the ▁vio let ▁wild ▁pet un ia , ▁is ▁a ▁per enn ial ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁ac anth us ▁family ▁( A can th aceae ) ▁found ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁mo ist ure ▁in ▁the ▁Son or an ▁Des ert . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁true ▁pet un ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁n ud if l ora <0x0A> </s> ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁official ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁P ole ▁V ault ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁competition , ▁on ▁Monday ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁Bob ▁Rich ards ▁entered ▁the ▁competition ▁as ▁the ▁def ending ▁champion ▁and ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁though ▁he ▁never ▁managed ▁to ▁beat ▁Dutch ▁War mer dam ' s ▁world ▁record ▁of ▁ ▁set ▁back ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁throughout ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Rich ards ▁stayed ▁in ▁first ▁place ▁throughout ▁the ▁competition , ▁with ▁a ▁first ▁attempt ▁clear ance ▁at ▁every ▁height ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 . 5 3 m . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁easy ▁for ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁when ▁Rich ards ▁strugg led ▁at ▁ 4 . 0 0 , ▁well ▁below ▁his ▁normal ▁opening ▁height , ▁missing ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁attempts
▁before ▁clear ing ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁last . ▁ ▁By ▁ 4 . 3 5 , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁four ▁athlet es ▁left ; ▁the ▁three ▁Americans ▁George ▁Matt os , ▁Bob ▁Gut owski ▁and ▁Rich ards , ▁and ▁U CLA ▁trained ▁Greek ▁ath lete ▁Georg ios ▁Rou ban is ▁using ▁a ▁fi berg lass ▁pole ▁in ▁major ▁international ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁ ▁Matt os ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁get ▁over ▁ 4 . 4 0 m ▁and ▁the ▁medal ists ▁were ▁settled . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁cleared ▁ 4 . 5 0 m ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁attempt , ▁though ▁by ▁that ▁point , ▁Rou ban is ▁had ▁two ▁miss es ▁a ▁lower ▁height s ▁and ▁Gut owski ▁had ▁four . ▁ ▁At ▁ 4 . 5 3 m , ▁again ▁Gut owski ▁and ▁Rich ards ▁cleared ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁attempt , ▁but ▁Rou ban is ▁couldn ' t ▁get ▁over ▁the ▁bar ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁sett le ▁for ▁bronze . ▁ ▁At ▁, ▁Rich ards ▁cleared ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁second ▁attempt ▁after ▁his ▁first ▁miss ▁of ▁the ▁competition . ▁ ▁When ▁Gut owski ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁get ▁over ▁the ▁height , ▁Rich ards ▁confirmed ▁his ▁title ▁defense . ▁ ▁No ▁other ▁man ▁has ▁ever ▁def ended ▁the ▁Olympic ▁pole ▁v ault ▁title , ▁though ▁Y el ena ▁Is in b aye va ▁did ▁defend ▁the ▁women ' s ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁several ▁men ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Olympics ▁to ▁achieve ▁silver ▁after ▁their ▁gold . ▁
▁Rich ards ▁was ▁reward ed ▁by ▁being ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Whe aties ▁on ▁their ▁c ere al ▁box ▁and ▁was ▁their ▁sp okes man ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁when ▁Bruce ▁Jen ner ▁became ▁the ▁next ▁Olympic ▁hero ▁on ▁the ▁box . ▁▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁Gut owski ▁who ▁finally ▁broke ▁War mer dam ' s ▁record ▁using ▁a ▁steel ▁pole . ▁ ▁Gut owski ▁finished ▁fourth ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Olympic ▁Tri als ▁and ▁only ▁received ▁his ▁spot ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁after ▁Jim ▁Graham ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁with ▁an ▁injury . ▁ ▁Final ▁classification ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Report ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁M ▁Category : P ole ▁v ault ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Bis car ros se ▁– ▁Parent is ▁Airport ▁( IC A O ▁code : ▁L F BS ) ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Parent is - en - B orn ▁in ▁Landes ▁département ▁of ▁Nouvelle - A qu itaine ▁region ▁at ▁ 3 , 5 km ▁south - east ▁of ▁Bis car ros se . ▁ ▁A ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁É cole ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁( F rench ▁civil ▁av iation ▁university ) ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁aer od rome . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁The ▁air port ▁has ▁three ▁run ways : ▁▁ 0 9 / 2 7 , ▁sur fac ed ▁with ▁as ph alt , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁ ▁a ▁grass ▁run way ▁also ▁designated ▁ 0 9 / 2
7 ▁and ▁used ▁only ▁for ▁gl ider ▁operations , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁▁ 1 4 / 3 2 , ▁also ▁grass , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁air ports ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁F lying ▁club ▁ ▁Director ate ▁General ▁for ▁Civil ▁A viation ▁( France ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Nouvelle - A qu itaine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁took ▁place ▁July ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁final ▁only ▁format , ▁no ▁he ats ▁or ▁qual ifying ▁j umps . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁Category : High ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁poor ▁person ▁is ▁a ▁legal ▁status ▁in ▁many ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁that ▁allows ▁an ▁individual ▁to ▁take ▁action ▁in ▁certain ▁legal ▁matters , ▁such ▁as ▁fil ing ▁a ▁law suit , ▁without ▁pay ing ▁fe es ▁to ▁the ▁court . ▁A ▁person ▁must ▁pet ition ▁the ▁court ▁for ▁a ▁Po or ▁Person ▁Order ▁that ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁avoid ▁these ▁fe es . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁formally ▁as ▁in ▁forma ▁pau per is ▁( lit . ▁" in ▁the ▁character ▁or ▁manner ▁of ▁a ▁pau per "). ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Po or ▁Person ▁How - To ▁ ▁Category : P over ty ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁by ▁legal ▁status ▁Category :
Un ited ▁States ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁A rip ov ▁( Russ ian : ▁А ри пов ▁or ▁О ри пов , ▁U z bek : ▁O rip ov ) ▁is ▁an ▁Asian ▁mascul ine ▁surname , ▁its ▁femin ine ▁counter part ▁is ▁A rip ova . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁Abd ulla ▁A rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 1 ), ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁U z bek istan ▁Abd ulla ▁O rip ov ▁( po et ) ▁( 1 9 4 1 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁U z bek ▁poet , ▁literary ▁transl ator , ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁D il sh od ▁A rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁U z bek ist ani ▁wrest ler ▁F ark hod ▁O rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁T aj ik ▁sw immer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁mer id ian ▁ 2 ° ▁east ▁of ▁Green wich ▁is ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁longitude ▁that ▁extends ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁P ole ▁across ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Ocean , ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean , ▁Europe , ▁Africa , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁Ant arct ica ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east ▁forms ▁a ▁great ▁circle ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 th ▁mer id ian ▁west . ▁ ▁From ▁P ole ▁to ▁P ole ▁Starting ▁at ▁the ▁North ▁P ole ▁and ▁heading ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east ▁passes
▁through : ▁ ▁{ \| ▁class =" wik itable ▁plain row headers " ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁width =" 1 2 5 " ▁\| ▁Co - ordinates ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁\| ▁Country , ▁territory ▁or ▁sea ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁\| ▁Notes ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Ar ctic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁North ▁Sea ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁Low esto ft , ▁England , ▁ ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Paris ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁L l í via ▁exc lave ▁- ▁for ▁about ▁ 1 km ▁\| - ▁\|
▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁For ▁about ▁ 9 km ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Barcelona ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Ni ame y ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Southern ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background :# b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope ="
row " ▁\| ▁Ant arct ica ▁\| ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land , ▁claimed ▁by ▁ ▁\| - ▁\| } ▁ ▁e 0 0 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east <0x0A> </s> ▁E lections ▁to ▁B irmingham ▁City ▁Council ▁in ▁England ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁One ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁was ▁up ▁for ▁election ▁and ▁the ▁council ▁stayed ▁under ▁no ▁overall ▁control ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁▁ 2 3 0 ▁candidates ▁stood ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁seats ▁that ▁were ▁cont ested . ▁Five ▁parties ▁cont ested ▁every ▁w ard ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁the ▁Conserv atives , ▁Labour , ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats , ▁British ▁National ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Gre ens . ▁Over all ▁turn out ▁across ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 3 1 . 2 % ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁saw ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁party ▁gain ▁significantly , ▁winning ▁ 6 ▁seats ▁from ▁the ▁Labour ▁party ▁and ▁Res pect ▁gain ▁an ▁independent ▁seat . ▁The ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁were ▁pleased ▁to ▁hold ▁all ▁their ▁seats . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Dem ocrat ▁r uling ▁coal ition ▁increased ▁their ▁majority ▁to ▁hold ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁seats ▁on ▁the ▁council . ▁Both ▁Conserv atives ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Democr ats ▁attributed ▁their ▁success ▁to ▁below ▁infl ation ▁council ▁tax ▁r ises ▁and ▁the ▁national ▁un pop ular ity ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁government . ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁ ▁Council ▁Com position ▁After ▁the
▁election ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁was : ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁B irmingham ▁City ▁Council ▁election ▁service ▁( with ▁links ▁to ▁results ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁B irmingham ▁Council ▁election ▁( B BC ) ▁Row ▁over ▁T ory ▁candidate ▁leaf let ▁B irmingham ▁local ▁election ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁English ▁local ▁elections ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁is ▁a ▁compact ▁pick up ▁tr uck ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁D ong f eng ▁N iss an ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁of ▁Chinese ▁auto ▁manufact urer ▁D ong f eng ▁Motor ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁First ▁Generation ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁generation ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁is ▁a ▁pick up ▁tr uck ▁and ▁a ▁SU V ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁N iss an ▁D 2 2 ▁pick up ▁tr uck ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁D ong f eng - N iss an ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁using ▁the ▁N iss an ▁F - Alpha ▁platform . ▁It ▁is ▁produced ▁as ▁a ▁pick up ▁and ▁an ▁SU V , ▁which ▁is ▁essentially ▁the ▁pick up ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁roof ▁bed ▁cover . ▁ ▁Second ▁Generation ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁generation ▁Rich ▁pick up ▁is ▁also ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁N iss an ▁platform , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁re bad ged ▁as ▁a ▁Pe uge ot ▁in ▁some ▁mark ets . ▁ ▁Pe uge ot ▁Pick ▁Up ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁D
ong f eng ▁Pe uge ot - C it ro ën ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁P SA ▁and ▁D ong f eng , ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁that ▁D ong f eng ▁will ▁manufact ure ▁a ▁bad ge - engine ered ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁double ▁cab ▁pick up ▁as ▁the ▁Pe uge ot ▁Pick up , ▁and ▁the ▁re bad ged ▁pick up ▁would ▁be ▁on ▁sell ▁in ▁Africa ▁starting ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁China ▁Auto ▁web ▁ ▁Net ▁Car ▁Show ▁ ▁Rich ▁Pick up ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : C ars ▁of ▁China ▁Category : P ick up ▁tr uck s ▁Category : S port ▁utility ▁vehicles ▁Category : R ear - w heel - drive ▁vehicles <0x0A> </s> ▁O OP ST AD ▁was ▁the ▁Object ▁Ori ented ▁Program ming ▁For ▁Small t alk ▁Application ▁Develop ers ▁Association . ▁ ▁It ▁published ▁the ▁period ical ▁HO OP LA ! ▁ ▁Category : Object - orient ed ▁programming <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H onda ▁X L 1 0 0 0 V ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁a ▁dual - s port ▁motor cycle ▁produced ▁by ▁H onda . ▁D ifferent ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁production ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁F uel ▁injection ▁was ▁introduced
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁which ▁offered ▁a ▁sm o other ▁motor ▁and ▁thro tt le ▁operation , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁A BS . ▁It ▁has ▁capabilities ▁for ▁long ▁road ▁tri ps ▁and ▁limited ▁off - road ▁use . ▁A ▁smaller ▁ ▁version , ▁the ▁X L 1 2 5 V ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁also ▁produced . ▁ ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁the ▁big ▁brother ▁of ▁the ▁Trans al p . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁a ▁newer ▁design , ▁the ▁Africa ▁T win ▁ 1 0 0 0 , ▁has ▁ ▁been ▁produced , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁mark ets ▁offering ▁a ▁D CT ▁transmission . ▁ ▁X L 1 0 0 0 VA ▁H onda ' s ▁earliest ▁X L 1 0 0 0 V ▁Var ad ero ▁flags hip ▁Advent ure ▁Tour ing ▁motor cycle ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 9 6 cc ▁V - t win ▁engine ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Mun ich ▁motor cycle ▁show . ▁First ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Model ▁Year , ▁its ▁engine ▁architecture ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁H onda ▁V TR 1 0 0 0 F ▁Fir est orm / Super h awk . ▁The ▁Advent ure ▁category ▁refers ▁to ▁motor cy cles ▁that ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁long - range ▁tour ing ▁with ▁basic ▁off - road ▁cap ability , ▁hence ▁the ▁term ▁Advent ure ▁used ▁by ▁H onda ▁as ▁opposed ▁to
▁D ual ▁Sport ▁as ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁H onda ▁X R 6 5 0 L . ▁ ▁All ▁versions ▁feature ▁a ▁liquid - co o led ▁V - t win ▁engine . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁H onda ▁introduced ▁its ▁H onda ▁Ign ition ▁Security ▁System ▁( HI SS ), ▁ ▁essentially ▁an ▁engine ▁imm obil izer ▁system ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁ones ▁used ▁in ▁autom ob iles . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Var ad ero ▁was ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Mont esa ▁H onda ▁factory ▁outside ▁of ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁For ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Var ad ero ▁received ▁some ▁major ▁changes . ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁move ▁to ▁fuel ▁injection ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁six - speed ▁g ear box , ▁some ▁cos met ic ▁alter ations ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁instrument ▁panel . ▁These ▁changes ▁benef ited ▁the ▁model ▁with ▁better ▁tor que ▁and ▁fuel ▁consumption . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁A BS ▁was ▁introduced , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁fitted ▁as ▁standard ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mark ets ▁based ▁on ▁H onda ' s ▁safety ▁commit ment . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁h onda . co . uk ▁ ▁Var ad ero ▁H onda ▁Category : D ual - s port ▁motor cy cles ▁Category : M ot or cy cles ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Raj r amb ha ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁H imal ay
an ▁mountain ▁peak , ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁P ith or agar h ▁district ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁state ▁of ▁India . ▁It ▁means ▁' cel est ial ▁n ym ph ' ▁( A ps ara ) ▁in ▁H indi . ▁This ▁peak ▁is ▁situated ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ab aland ▁Gla cier ▁in ▁eastern ▁K uma un ▁in ▁the ▁R al am ▁valley . ▁The ▁sum mit ▁of ▁the ▁peak ▁is ▁ 6 , 5 3 7 ▁m . ▁ ▁The ▁nearby ▁pe aks ▁which ▁form ▁the ▁north - s outh ▁mass if ▁are ▁Su it illa ▁ 6 , 3 7 3 ▁m , ▁Ch aud h ara ▁ 6 , 5 1 0 ▁m , ▁and ▁N gal ap hu ▁ 6 , 4 1 0 ▁m . ▁▁ ▁Raj r amb ha ▁forms ▁a ▁wall ▁between ▁L asser ▁Y ank ti ▁and ▁R al am ▁Valley . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁approached ▁through ▁the ▁U tt ari ▁Bal ati ▁gla cier ▁passing ▁the ▁Bal ati ▁plate au . ▁ ▁D h ak ar ▁or ▁T id ang ▁is ▁the ▁base ▁camp ▁from ▁where ▁one ▁can ▁clim b ▁the ▁Raj r amb ha ▁peak ▁( 6 5 3 7 m ). ▁ ▁D h ak ar ▁is ▁near ▁T aw ag hat ▁in ▁P ith or agar h ▁district ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁motor able ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁way . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁mountain ▁peak , ▁several ▁al pine ▁flowers ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁including , ▁I ris ▁k uma on
enis , ▁Prim ula ▁macro ph yl la ▁and ▁l ill ium ▁ox yp etal um . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁P ith or agar h ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Love World ▁USA ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Christian ▁cable ▁television ▁network ▁launched ▁by ▁Chris ▁O y akh il ome ▁ ▁and ▁Ben ny ▁H inn ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁available ▁on ▁Char ter ▁Spect rum ▁and ▁Dire c TV ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁small ▁cable ▁operators ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Al iso ▁Vie jo , ▁California ▁Category : Christ ian ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : American ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁television ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Louis - Ge org es - O ud ard - Fe ud rix ▁de ▁Br équ igny ▁( 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 7 9 5 ), ▁French ▁scholar , ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Gran ville , ▁Man che ▁in ▁Norm andy . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁publications ▁were ▁anonymous : ▁an ▁Histoire ▁des ▁revolution s ▁de ▁Gen es ▁jusqu ' à ▁la ▁pa ix ▁de ▁ 1 7 4 8 ▁( 7 5 0 ), ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁V ies ▁des ▁or ateurs ▁gre
cs ▁( 1 7 5 2 ). ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁comple ting ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁E us è be ▁de ▁Laur ière , ▁later ▁continued ▁by ▁Den is - Fran çois ▁Sec ous se , ▁on ▁the ▁Ord onn ances ▁des ▁Ro is ▁de ▁France ▁de ▁la ▁ 3 e ▁Race . ▁Sec ous se ▁had ▁published ▁nine ▁volumes ▁and ▁Br équ igny ▁published ▁five ▁more ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 7 9 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁Em manuel ▁de ▁Past oret ▁published ▁the ▁last ▁eleven ▁volumes . ▁Elect ed ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁des ▁In scri ptions ▁et ▁B elles - let tres ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 , ▁he ▁contributed ▁an ▁Histoire ▁de ▁Post h ume ▁emp ere ur ▁des ▁Ga ules ▁( vol . ▁XXX ., ▁ 1 7 6 0 ) ▁to ▁the ▁collected ▁works ▁of ▁that ▁ill ust ri ous ▁society , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁M ém oire ▁sur ▁l ' ét abl issement ▁de ▁la ▁religion ▁et ▁de ▁l ' emp ire ▁de ▁Mah omet ▁( vol . ▁XXX ii ., ▁ 1 7 6 1 – 1 7 6 3 ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁search ▁in ▁the ▁arch ives ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁documents ▁bearing ▁upon ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁France , ▁more ▁particularly ▁upon ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁provinces ▁which ▁once ▁belonged ▁to ▁England . ▁This ▁mission ▁( 1 7
6 4 – 1 7 6 6 ) ▁was ▁very ▁fruit ful ▁in ▁results ; ▁Br équ igny ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁it ▁copies ▁of ▁about ▁ 7 0 0 0 ▁documents , ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Bibliothèque ▁N ationale . ▁A ▁useful ▁selection ▁of ▁these ▁documents ▁was ▁published ▁( un fortunately ▁without ▁ade qu ate ▁critical ▁treatment ) ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Joseph ▁Champ oll ion - F ige ac , ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁Let tres ▁de ▁ro is , ▁re ines ▁et ▁autres ▁person ages ▁des ▁cours ▁de ▁France ▁et ▁d ' Angle terre , ▁depuis ▁Louis ▁VII . ▁jusqu ' à ▁Henri ▁IV ., ▁t ires ▁des ▁arch ives ▁de ▁Londres ▁par ▁Br équ igny ▁( collection ▁of ▁Document s ▁in éd its ▁rel at ifs ▁a ▁l ' histoire ▁de ▁France , ▁ 2 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Br équ igny ▁himself ▁drew ▁the ▁material ▁for ▁many ▁important ▁studies ▁from ▁the ▁rich ▁mine ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁thus ▁explo ited . ▁These ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁des ▁In scri ptions : ▁ ▁( vol . ▁x li .) ▁ ▁( vol . ▁x li i .) ▁four ▁ ▁( vol s . ▁x li ii . ▁and ▁L ) ▁ ▁( vol . ▁ 1 .) ▁This ▁last ▁was ▁read ▁to ▁the ▁Academy ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 3 , ▁the ▁mor row ▁of ▁Louis ▁XVI ' s ▁execution . ▁Meanwhile
, ▁Br équ igny ▁had ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁three ▁great ▁and ▁er ud ite ▁works . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁Table ▁chron ologique ▁des ▁di pl ô mes , ▁chart es , ▁let tres , ▁et ▁act es ▁im prim és ▁concern ant ▁l ' histoire ▁de ▁France ▁he ▁contributed ▁three ▁volumes ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁M ouch et ▁( 1 7 6 9 – 1 7 8 3 ). ▁Ch arg ed ▁with ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁documents ▁bearing ▁on ▁French ▁history , ▁analog ous ▁to ▁R ym er ' s ▁Fo ed era , ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁( Di plom ata , ▁chart ae , ▁ep ist ola e , ▁et ▁al ia ▁document a , ▁ad ▁res ▁Franc icas ▁spect ant ia , ▁etc ., ▁ 1 7 9 1 ). ▁The ▁Revolution ▁interrupted ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁M ém oires ▁concern ant ▁l ' histoire , ▁les ▁sciences , ▁les ▁let tres , ▁et ▁les ▁arts ▁des ▁Ch inois , ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁at ▁the ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁minister ▁Bert in , ▁when ▁fifteen ▁volumes ▁had ▁appeared . ▁ ▁See ▁the ▁note ▁on ▁Br équ igny ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁vol . ▁i . ▁of ▁the ▁M ém oires ▁de ▁l ' Ac adémie ▁des ▁In scri ptions ▁( 1 8 0 8 ); ▁the ▁Introduction ▁to ▁vol . ▁iv . ▁of ▁the ▁Table ▁chron ologique ▁des ▁di pl ô mes ▁( 1 8 3 6 ); ▁Champ oll ion
- F ige ac ' s ▁pre face ▁to ▁the ▁Let tres ▁des ▁ro is ▁et ▁re ines ; ▁the ▁Comité ▁des ▁travaux ▁historiques , ▁by ▁X ▁Ch arm es , ▁vol . ▁i . ▁pass im ; ▁N ▁O urs el , ▁Nouvelle ▁bi ographie ▁norm ande ▁( 1 8 8 6 ); ▁and ▁the ▁Catalogue ▁des ▁manus crit s ▁des ▁collections ▁Duch es ne ▁et ▁Br équ igny ▁( in ▁the ▁Bibliothèque ▁N ationale ), ▁by ▁René ▁P oup ardin ▁( 1 9 0 5 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 9 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Man che ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁française ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁des ▁In scri ptions ▁et ▁B elles - Let tres <0x0A> </s> ▁J ón ▁At li ▁J ón ass on ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Re yk jav ík ) ▁is ▁an ▁I cel and ic ▁play w right ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁for ▁several ▁films . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mind group , ▁a ▁European ▁um bre lla ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁involved ▁in ▁experimental ▁the ater . ▁Consider ed ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for em ost ▁I cel and ic ▁play w right s , ▁he ▁has ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁nomin ations ▁from ▁Gr í man , ▁the ▁I cel and ic ▁Theater ▁Awards . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁J
ón ▁At li ▁J ón ass on ' s ▁Face Book ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁writers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Re yk jav ík <0x0A> </s> ▁Andrea ▁Feld man ▁is ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁historian ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Andrea ▁Feld man ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁in ▁Zag reb . ▁After ▁finishing ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁her ▁h omet own , ▁she ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁Zag reb ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁from ▁which ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁history . ▁She ▁attended ▁post grad u ation ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Y ale ▁University ▁where ▁she ▁obtained ▁M . A . ▁and ▁M . Ph il . ▁degrees . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Feld man ▁obtained ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁Y ale ▁University ▁with ▁the ▁doctor al ▁th esis ▁- ▁" Im bro ▁I . ▁T kal ac ▁and ▁Liberal ism ▁in ▁Cro atia ". ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁was ▁awarded ▁several ▁scholar ships ▁for ▁scientific ▁research ▁in ▁various ▁countries ▁which ▁included ▁scholar ships ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁Sloven ian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Arts ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁Open ▁Society ▁Found ations ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 ), ▁Y ale ▁University ▁( 1 9 9
0 – 9 3 ; ▁ 1 9 9 4 – 9 5 ), ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁( 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ). ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Professional / res earch ▁work ▁Feld man ▁participated ▁at ▁many ▁international ▁con ferences ▁in ▁Cro atia , ▁US , ▁Italy , ▁Austria , ▁Hung ary , ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina , ▁Bulg aria , ▁Germany , ▁Spain , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁UK , ▁Poland , ▁Turkey , ▁Slov ak ia , ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁Italy . ▁During ▁her ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁she ▁regularly ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁S lav ic , ▁East ▁European , ▁and ▁E uras ian ▁Studies . ▁She ▁is ▁Cro at ian ▁representative ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁for ▁Research ▁in ▁Women ' s ▁History ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁For ▁ten ▁years ▁she ▁co - organ ized ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁" W omen ▁and ▁Polit ics " ▁at ▁Inter - Univers ity ▁Center ▁in ▁Dub rov nik . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁research er ▁and ▁associate ▁at ▁U CL ▁School ▁of ▁S lav onic ▁and ▁East ▁European ▁Studies , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁a ▁junior ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Institut ▁für ▁die ▁Wissenschaft en ▁vom ▁Menschen . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Ster ling ▁Memorial ▁Library ▁trans cri bing , ▁transl ating ▁and ▁catalog
ing ▁test imon ies ▁of ▁Hol oca ust ▁surv iv ors ▁from ▁Cro atia , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁for ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁Archives . ▁As ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁V l ado ▁Got ov ac , ▁she ▁organized ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁" Min or ities ▁as ▁a ▁Cross - border ▁Co operation ▁Bridge " ▁in ▁Os ij ek ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Fried man ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁the ▁Y ale ▁Psych iat ric ▁Institute , ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁transl ator ▁and ▁co - worker ▁on ▁a ▁post tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁research . ▁She ▁conducted ▁and ▁translated ▁convers ations ▁with ▁refuge es ▁from ▁Bi H , ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁as ▁patients . ▁She ▁also ▁analyz ed ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁political ▁and ▁historical ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁successor ▁countries ▁of ▁the ▁S FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁for ▁the ▁conduct ors ▁of ▁research ▁prof . ▁D ori ▁La ub ▁and ▁prof . ▁Steven ▁Wein . ▁She ▁translated ▁th era pe ut ic ▁sessions ▁from ▁Bos n ian ▁and ▁Cro at ian ▁to ▁English ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁University ▁work ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Feld man ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Y ale ▁where ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subjects ▁Russian ▁Culture ▁( 1 8 2 4 - 9 0 ), ▁Form ation ▁of ▁American ▁Culture ▁( 2 0 th ▁Century ), ▁History ▁of ▁International ▁Commun ism ▁and ▁History ▁of
▁the ▁Working ▁Class ▁in ▁America . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁the ▁initial ▁degree ▁of ▁Cro at ian , ▁Ser bian ▁and ▁Bos n ian ▁languages ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁S lav ic ▁Studies ▁at ▁the ▁Y ale ▁University . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁sem ester ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁- ▁E volution ▁of ▁Mult icult ural ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁became ▁assistant ▁to ▁prof . ▁Mark ▁Stein berg ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁Russian ▁Culture ▁( 1 8 2 4 - 1 9 9 0 ). ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Feld man ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Institute ▁of ▁History . ▁In ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁History ▁of ▁Ser bs ▁for ▁students ▁of ▁a ▁special ▁program ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁language , ▁history , ▁and ▁culture ▁at ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Te acher ▁Education ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Zag reb . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁she ▁ad vised ▁Foreign ▁Minister s ▁Ton ino ▁Pic ula ▁and ▁Mi om ir ▁Ž už ul ▁on ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁civil ▁society . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁she ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Open ▁Society ▁Institute ▁- ▁Cro atia . ▁She ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁position ▁until
▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁she ▁became ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Dem ocracy '. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁deput y ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Institute ▁for ▁Life ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁external ▁associate ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁Department ▁for ▁Cro at ian ▁Studies ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Zag reb , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁Women / G ender ▁History ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁She ▁also ▁taught ▁courses ▁in ▁History ▁and ▁Culture ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁( from ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁to ▁the ▁Fall ▁of ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ) ▁and ▁the ▁Political ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Form ations ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁S lav ic ▁Nations ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Business ▁Studies ▁in ▁Ban ja ▁Lu ka . ▁In ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁of ▁Compar ative ▁Polit ics ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sar aje vo . ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁also ▁lect ured ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London , ▁University ▁College ▁London ▁and ▁King ' s ▁College . ▁ ▁Feld man ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Writ ers ' ▁Society '' ▁( H DP ), ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Board ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁branch ▁of ▁P EN ▁International . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁Feld man ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁govern ed ▁by ▁her ▁future
▁husband ▁I vo ▁Ban ac . ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁party ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁associ ates ▁of ▁Z lat ko ▁K ram ari ć ▁with ▁whose ▁politics ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁agree . ▁Feld man ▁was ▁polit ically ▁in active ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁when ▁she ▁joined ▁M ire la ▁Holy ▁in ▁found ing ▁S ust ain able ▁Development ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁party ▁( OR a H ). ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁party ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁cit ing ▁disag re ement ▁with ▁the ▁political ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁party , ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁support ▁to ▁I vo ▁Jos ip ović ▁( with ▁whom ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁agree ) ▁and ▁bad ▁inter person al ▁relations ▁between ▁members . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁she ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁OR a H ' s ▁elect oral ▁list , ▁and ▁was ▁short ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁votes ▁to ▁get ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁Private ▁life ▁Feld man ▁married ▁historian ▁I vo ▁Ban ac ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁She ▁speak s ▁English , ▁German ▁and ▁Italian . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Liberal na ▁mis ao ▁u ▁Hr vat sk oj . ▁Pr il oz i ▁pov ij esti ▁liberal iz ma ▁od ▁kra ja ▁ 1 8 . ▁do ▁s red ine ▁ 2 0 . ▁st ol je ć a ▁[ L iber al ▁Th ought ▁in ▁Cro atia . ▁Cont ribution s ▁to ▁the
▁History ▁of ▁Liberal ism ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁to ▁mid ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ], ▁Friedrich - Na umann - St iftung , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Ž ene ▁u ▁Hr vat sk oj . ▁Ž enska ▁i ▁kult urn a ▁pov ij est ▁[ W omen ▁in ▁Cro atia . ▁Women ' s ▁and ▁Cultural ▁History ], ▁Institut ▁„ V l ado ▁Got ov ac “, ▁Ž enska ▁inf ote ka , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁( pre ved ena ▁na ▁ma đ ar ski ▁" A . ▁Feld man , ▁S zer kes zt ette . ▁( 2 0 0 8 .): ▁A ▁n ők ▁Hor v át ország ban : ▁N ő t ör té ne lem ▁és ▁n ő i ▁mű vel őd és , ▁Bal ass i ▁Ki adó , ▁Budapest ") ▁ ▁Z ov ▁S ira ku ze ▁ili ▁za š to ▁sam ▁u ▁polit ici ▁[ C ry ▁of ▁S ira ku ze ▁or ▁Why ▁I ' m ▁in ▁Polit ics ], ▁Ž enska ▁inf ote ka , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁P ov ij es no ▁g led amo . ▁Raz gov ori ▁s ▁pov jes ni č ar ima ▁[ We ▁look ▁Histor ically . ▁Inter views ▁with ▁Histor ians ], ▁I zd anja ▁Ant ib ar bar us , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Im bro ▁I
. ▁T kal ac ▁( 1 8 2 4 .- 1 9 1 2 .): ▁Euro ps ko ▁is k ust vo ▁hr vat skog ▁liber ala , ▁I zd anja ▁Ant ib ar bar us , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁political ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Zag reb ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Zag reb ▁al umn i ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁histor ians ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Ve js il ▁Var up a ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Bos n ian ▁footballer . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁War , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁and ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁killed . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁V ite z ▁Category : B os nia ks ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : F K ▁Sar aje vo ▁players ▁Category : Y ug oslav ▁football ers ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁Th an ▁S ina ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Camb od ian ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁elected
▁to ▁represent ▁K amp ot ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Camb odia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁( C amb odia ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁T et rag on op orus ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁c est odes ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁Pseud oph yl lide a . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁monot yp ic ▁genus , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁species ▁is ▁T et rag on op orus ▁cal y pto ce phal us , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Pol ygon op orus ▁gig antic us . ▁This ▁t ape w orm ▁is ▁a ▁gut ▁par as ite ▁of ▁wh ales . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁adult ▁T . ▁cal y pto ce phal us ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁gut ▁of ▁wh ales ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁s perm ▁wh ale . ▁It ▁is ▁normally ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁int est ine , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁b ile ▁du ct . ▁The ▁t ape w orm ▁can ▁be ▁almost ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁with ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 4 5 , 0 0 0 ▁pro gl ott ids ▁( seg ments ). ▁The ▁sc ole x ▁( head ) ▁of ▁the ▁t ape w orm ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁l ining ▁of ▁the ▁gut ▁and ▁the ▁pro gl ott ids ▁continu ously ▁develop ▁from ▁behind ▁the ▁sc ole x . ▁As ▁more ▁segments ▁are ▁produced , ▁the ▁older
▁ones ▁become ▁larger ▁and ▁more ▁m ature . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁species , ▁the ▁sc ole x ▁is ▁short ▁and ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁two ▁su ck ers , ▁and ▁the ▁pro gl ott ids ▁develop ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁three ▁different ▁sizes ▁– ▁small , ▁medium ▁and ▁large ▁– ▁which ▁are ▁repeated ▁throughout ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁st rob ila ▁( segment ed ▁body ). ▁The ▁cut icle ▁is ▁thin ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁longitud inal ▁and ▁trans verse ▁mus cles ▁under ne ath . ▁The ▁internal ▁longitud inal ▁mus cle ▁is ▁very ▁well - develop ed . ▁The ▁front ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁t ape w orm ▁is ▁mil ky - white ▁but ▁further ▁back ▁it ▁is ▁grey . ▁Each ▁segment ▁has ▁several ▁sets ▁of ▁o var ies ▁and ▁test es ▁and ▁produces ▁very ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁eggs ▁( pro bably ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁a ▁day ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁be ef ▁t ape w orm , ▁Ta enia ▁sag in ata ). ▁In ▁one ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁zo ologist ▁A . ▁Sk ry ab in , ▁who ▁described ▁T . ▁cal y pto ce phal us ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁the ▁largest ▁pro gl ott ids ▁were ▁ ▁wide ▁and ▁contained ▁four teen ▁g on ads . ▁ ▁M ating ▁takes ▁place ▁between ▁two ▁pro gl ott ids ▁from ▁either ▁the ▁same ▁or ▁different ▁t ape w orm s . ▁When ▁sufficiently ▁m ature , ▁the ▁terminal ▁pro gl ott ids ▁are ▁shed
, ▁being ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁host ▁with ▁the ▁wh ale ' s ▁f æ ces . ▁Comp ared ▁with ▁their ▁free - l iving ▁relatives , ▁par as ites ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁f ec und , ▁and ▁the ▁wh ale ▁t ape w orm ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁produce ▁bill ions ▁of ▁eggs ▁during ▁its ▁lifetime . ▁Consider ing ▁why ▁the ▁w orm s ▁should ▁have ▁evol ved ▁this ▁enorm ous ▁f ec und ity , ▁Ger ald ▁D . ▁Schmidt ▁and ▁Larry ▁S . ▁Roberts ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁reflected ▁that ▁" There ▁are ▁few ▁wh ales ▁and ▁the ▁ocean ▁is ▁large ". ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁t ape w orm ▁occurs ▁exclus ively ▁in ▁Ar ctic ▁waters . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁to oth ed ▁wh ales ▁such ▁as ▁s perm ▁wh ales . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : E uc est oda ▁Category : Par as it ic ▁animals ▁of ▁m amm als ▁Category : C est oda ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mount ▁R enn ie ▁ra pe ▁case ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁gang ▁ra pe ▁in ▁Sydney ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁full ▁conv iction ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁crime — you ng ▁lar rik ins ▁of ▁the ▁" W ater lo o ▁P ush ". ▁The ▁attack ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" Mount ▁R enn ie ▁Out rage " ▁or ▁the ▁" W ater lo o ▁Out rage ". ▁The ▁crime ▁was ▁a ▁p iv
otal ▁point ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁history , ▁coming ▁after ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁failure ▁of ▁other ▁gang - ra pe ▁tri als ▁in ▁that ▁time ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁crime ▁The ▁gang ▁ra pe ▁occurred ▁on ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁Six teen - year - old ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks ▁had ▁been ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Bath urst ▁convent ▁school , ▁then ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁domestic ▁servant ▁at ▁K ato om ba , ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁hotel ▁and ▁private ▁houses ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁While ▁walking ▁to ▁a ▁city ▁employ ment ▁registry , ▁she ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁lift ▁by ▁Charles ▁S weet man , ▁the ▁driver ▁of ▁a ▁hans om ▁cab , ▁who ▁instead ▁drove ▁her ▁in ▁his ▁cab ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Moore ▁Park ▁area , ▁then ▁an ▁isolated ▁piece ▁of ▁bush land ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁and ▁called ▁Mount ▁R enn ie . ▁He ▁attempted ▁to ▁mol est ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁cab ▁but ▁she ▁sc ream ed ▁for ▁help . ▁Two ▁young ▁men ▁approached ▁and ▁took ▁her ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁cab , ▁pur port ing ▁to ▁save ▁her ▁from ▁dis gra ce . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁S weet man ▁depart ed ▁with ▁his ▁cab . ▁ ▁The ▁young ▁men ▁walked ▁her ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁isolated ▁location ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁several ▁others , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁turns ▁in ▁rap ing ▁her . ▁The ▁girl ' s ▁sc ream ing ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁a ▁passer - by , ▁William
▁Stanley , ▁who ▁attempted ▁to ▁rescue ▁her ▁but ▁was ▁driven ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁gang ▁with ▁br icks , ▁stones ▁and ▁bott les . ▁Stanley ▁ran ▁to ▁distant ▁Red fern ▁police ▁station , ▁where ▁he ▁reported ▁the ▁crime ▁at ▁about ▁ 4 ▁p . m . ▁When ▁the ▁police ▁arrived ▁on ▁the ▁scene ▁at ▁ 5 ▁p . m ., ▁they ▁interrupted ▁the ▁crime ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁progress , ▁but ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁app reh end ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁fle eing ▁off enders . ▁Following ▁in qui ries , ▁twelve ▁men ▁were ▁identified ▁and ▁eventually ▁arrested , ▁including ▁Charles ▁S weet man , ▁the ▁cab man . ▁At ▁least ▁one ▁rep orter ▁formed ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁S weet man ▁had ▁deliber ately ▁planned ▁to ▁deliver ▁a ▁girl ▁to ▁the ▁push ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁assemble d ▁and ▁waiting ▁for ▁the ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁victim , ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks , ▁test ified ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁during ▁the ▁or de al , ▁but ▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁eight ▁men ▁held ▁her ▁down ▁and ▁took ▁turns ▁to ▁ra pe ▁her , ▁and ▁that ▁many ▁others ▁were ▁present , ▁including ▁some ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁app reh ended . ▁ ▁Public ▁reaction ▁The ▁ra pe ▁caused ▁a ▁" f ren zy " ▁of ▁out rage ▁and ▁sens ation ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁The ▁Sydney ▁press ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁brut al ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁perpet rat ors . ▁ ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Daily ▁Te legraph ▁newspaper ▁described ▁the ▁crime ▁as ▁one
▁" which ▁no ▁parallel ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁cr imes ▁of ▁civil ized ▁life ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁sav ager ies ▁of ▁bar bar ism ". ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Bul letin ▁newspaper ▁instead ▁argued ▁that ▁H icks ▁was ▁an ▁" un fortun ate ", ▁or ▁in ▁other ▁words , ▁a ▁prost itute . ▁It ▁focused ▁on ▁her ▁lack ▁of ▁vir gin ity . ▁Cru cially , ▁though , ▁it ▁ignored ▁H icks ' s ▁claim ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁ra ped ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four teen ▁by ▁a ▁married ▁man . ▁Geoff rey ▁Part ington ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁Bul letin ▁li ken ed ▁the ▁incident ▁to ▁British ▁opp ression ▁of ▁the ▁Irish . ▁He ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁Bul letin ▁accused ▁the ▁then ▁Governor ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Lord ▁Car r ington , ▁as ▁" drag ging ▁from ▁the ▁grave ▁the ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁the ▁poor ▁w retch ed ▁ignor ant ▁boys ▁whom ▁he ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁gall ows ▁in ▁de ference ▁to ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁a ▁conv ict ▁col ony ▁that ▁has ▁not ▁even ▁yet ▁emer ged ▁from ▁beneath ▁the ▁shadow ▁of ▁the ▁ga ol ▁wall ". ▁However , ▁in ▁an ▁editor ial ▁leader , ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Mor ning ▁Her ald ▁maintained ▁that ▁the ▁youth s ▁had ▁received ▁a ▁fair ▁trial , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁for ▁ra pe ▁had ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁legisl ation ▁only ▁three ▁years ▁earlier . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁sentences ▁should ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁unless ▁there ▁were ▁legit imate ▁grounds ▁for ▁repr ieve ▁in ▁any ▁individual
▁case . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁The ▁trial ▁of ▁the ▁accused ▁youth s ▁was ▁conducted ▁over ▁six ▁consecutive ▁days , ▁ 2 2 – 2 7 ▁November ▁inclus ive . ▁D etailed ▁reports ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁Her ald ▁and ▁are ▁available ▁online . ▁ ▁William ▁Hill , ▁George ▁D uff y , ▁William ▁New man , ▁Michael ▁D onn ellan , ▁Joseph ▁Martin , ▁William ▁Boy ce , ▁Hugh ▁Miller , ▁George ▁Ke eg an , ▁Robert ▁Read , ▁Thomas ▁O sc ro ft ▁and ▁Michael ▁Mang an ▁were ▁tried ▁for ▁the ▁crime . ▁Justice ▁Win de yer ▁declared ▁the ▁crime ▁as ▁a ▁" most ▁at ro cious ▁crime , ▁a ▁crime ▁so ▁hor rible ▁that ▁every ▁lo ver ▁of ▁his ▁country ▁must ▁feel ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dis gra ce ▁to ▁our ▁civil ization ". ▁The ▁first ▁nine ▁men ▁were ▁conv icted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ; ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁were ▁acqu itted . ▁All ▁but ▁one ▁were ▁reported ly ▁under ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁separate ▁trial , ▁Charles ▁S weet man ▁received ▁four teen ▁years ' ▁prison ▁for ▁his ▁part , ▁plus ▁ 5 0 ▁l ash es , ▁to ▁be ▁handed ▁out ▁on ▁two ▁separate ▁occasions . ▁ ▁App e als ▁for ▁cle men cy ▁A ▁public ▁campaign ▁was ▁w aged , ▁advoc ating ▁that ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁was ▁too ▁har sh ▁for ▁the ▁nine ▁condem ned ▁youth s . ▁Before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁state ' s ▁Executive ▁Council
▁review ed ▁all ▁the ▁sentences ▁and ▁comm uted ▁three ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁" mit ig ating ▁circumstances ". ▁ ▁A ▁public ▁meeting ▁was ▁conven ed ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Town ▁Hall ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁with ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁pet ition ing ▁the ▁Governor ▁to ▁exercise ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁repr ieve ▁all ▁the ▁condem ned ▁youth s . ▁ ▁A ▁de putation ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁citizens ▁attended ▁the ▁Governor ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁h anging . ▁They ▁succeeded ▁in ▁having ▁two ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁sentences ▁comm uted ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment , ▁though ▁their ▁first ▁three ▁years ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁served ▁in ▁fet ters . ▁The ▁remaining ▁four — Read , ▁D uff y , ▁Martin ▁and ▁Boy ce — w ere ▁to ▁be ▁h anged ▁on ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Exec utions ▁Some ▁two ▁thousand ▁people ▁were ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁mass ed ▁outside ▁the ▁prison ▁on ▁the ▁day , ▁but ▁only ▁persons ▁with ▁re put able ▁credentials ▁were ▁admitted ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁execution s . ▁The ▁execution er , ▁Robert ▁Howard , ▁bot ched ▁the ▁hang ings ▁when ▁he ▁mis calcul ated ▁the ▁drop ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁youth s . ▁One ▁died ▁instantly ▁but ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁strugg led ▁for ▁several ▁minutes . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁trial ▁was ▁dram at ised ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ABC ▁doc ud rama , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁three - part ▁series ▁entitled ▁Australia ▁on ▁Tri al . ▁Pres
ented ▁by ▁historian ▁Michael ▁C ath cart , ▁the ▁script ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁official ▁court ▁trans cript s ▁of ▁the ▁trial . ▁ ▁E min ent ▁Histor ian , ▁Professor ▁Bre tt ▁Hin ch , ▁trac ed ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks ▁life ▁after ▁the ▁trial ▁and ▁documented ▁that ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁where ▁she ▁died ▁ 6 ▁years ▁later ▁aged ▁ 2 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁G le es on , ▁Kate . ▁From ▁Cent en ary ▁to ▁the ▁Olympics , ▁Gang ▁R ape ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Pe ers , ▁Jul iet . ▁Accept ▁any ▁Woman ' s ▁Word ? ▁R ape ▁and ▁Republican ism . ▁ ▁Category : Cr ime ▁in ▁Sydney ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Sydney ▁Category : G ang ▁ra pe ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁cr imes ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Sydney ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 s ▁in ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Ric c ardo ▁More o ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁for ▁Mon op oli ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Cos enza . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Serie ▁C ▁debut ▁for ▁Alb ino Le ffe ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Fer al pi Sal ò . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁ 3
- year ▁contract ▁with ▁Cos enza . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Mon op oli ▁on ▁loan . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Milan ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ital ian ▁football ers ▁Category : U . C . ▁Alb ino Le ffe ▁players ▁Category : S . S . ▁Ak rag as ▁C itt à ▁dei ▁Temp li ▁players ▁Category : C os enza ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : S . S . ▁Mon op oli ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁( E WN ) ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁English ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁▁ ▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁is ▁Spain ' s ▁largest ▁group ▁of ▁free ▁English ▁language ▁newsp apers ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁operating ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁publication ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁husband ▁and ▁wife , ▁Steven ▁and ▁Michel ▁E ues den . ▁The ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁six ▁newsp apers ▁that ▁cover ▁Costa ▁Blan ca ▁North , ▁Costa ▁Blan ca ▁South , ▁Al mer ia , ▁Ax arqu ia ▁Costa ▁Trop ical ▁( east ▁of ▁M ál aga ), ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁and ▁Mall or ca . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 4 , 0
0 0 ▁copies ▁are ▁distributed ▁week ly ▁across ▁the ▁region . ▁Its ▁target ▁audience ▁is ▁the ▁English ▁speaking ▁imm igr ants ▁living ▁in ▁Spain ▁and ▁it ▁offers ▁a ▁traditional ▁British ▁style ▁newspaper ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁local ▁news ▁and ▁issues . ▁ ▁Its ▁distribution ▁covers ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁exp atri ate ▁communities ▁in ▁Spain ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁Val encia ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁to ▁Gib ral tar / La ▁Line a . ▁Its ▁rem it ▁is ▁stated ▁as ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁exp atri ate ▁communities ▁in ▁Spain ▁all ▁their ▁local ▁news ▁and ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁a ▁voice . ▁The ▁Euro Week ly ▁news ▁is ▁a ▁free ▁online ▁medium ▁operating ▁sole ly ▁on ▁advert ising ▁re venue . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁website ▁which ▁covers ▁not ▁just ▁local ▁news ▁but ▁also ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁events . ▁Another ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁business ▁directory , ▁E wn gets it . com . ▁ ▁Layout ▁and ▁format ▁▁ ▁Each ▁edition ▁is ▁in ▁tab lo id ▁format ▁although ▁re lies ▁heavily ▁on ▁advert ising ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁publication . ▁P ag ination ▁var ies ▁with ▁each ▁issue ▁and ▁edition . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁largest ▁edition ▁is ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁( 1 2 8 ▁pages ) ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Costa ▁Blan ca ▁North ▁( 8 8 ▁pages ) ▁Costa ▁Blan ca ▁South ▁( 9 6 ▁pages ), ▁Mall or ca ▁( 6 4 ▁pages ) ▁and ▁Ax arqu ia ▁Costa ▁Trop ical ▁( 4 8 ▁pages ). ▁The ▁largest ▁edition ▁ever ▁at ▁ 2 0
0 ▁pages ▁was ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁issue ▁published ▁October ▁ 2 – 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( I ss ue ▁ 1 5 2 6 ). ▁ ▁Each ▁newspaper ▁follows ▁a ▁traditional ▁British ▁newspaper ▁format , ▁starting ▁with ▁news ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁through ▁to ▁a ▁regional ▁news ▁page ▁and ▁European / Russ ian ▁news . ▁ ▁The ▁back ▁starts ▁with ▁a ▁six - page ▁fin ance ▁section ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁TV ▁guide ▁and ▁a ▁cross words / p uzz les ▁section ▁called ▁Time ▁Out . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁Health ▁and ▁Beaut y , ▁Hom es ▁and ▁Gard ens , ▁and ▁Mot oring ▁sections ▁before ▁Class ified ▁Ad ver ts ▁and ▁sports ▁pages . ▁The ▁emphas is ▁of ▁the ▁papers ▁is ▁on ▁local ▁news ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁story ▁count . ▁ ▁Op in ion ▁section ▁▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁local ▁news , ▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁quality ▁and ▁controvers ial ▁nature ▁of ▁its ▁column ists . ▁Poss ibly ▁the ▁most ▁controvers ial ▁column ist ▁is ▁Le apy ▁Lee , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁hit ▁single ▁with ▁his ▁song ▁Little ▁Ar rows ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁writing ▁a ▁week ly ▁column ▁in ▁all ▁ed itions ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁since ▁its ▁start . ▁He ▁has ▁forth right ▁views ▁on ▁many ▁subjects , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁draw ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁much ▁pra ise . N ora ▁Johnson ▁also ▁cont ributes ▁a ▁week ly ▁column ▁in ▁some ▁ed itions . ▁She ▁has
▁also ▁written ▁several ▁nov els ▁with ▁prof its ▁going ▁to ▁char ity . ▁ ▁Rel atively ▁new ▁to ▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁Col in ▁Bird ▁who ▁writes ▁hum orous ▁articles ▁on ▁a ▁week ly ▁basis . ▁Cart oon ist ▁Peter ▁M add ock s ▁is ▁a ▁Fle et ▁Street ▁stal wart ▁who ▁provides ▁a ▁week ly ▁cart oon ▁in ▁the ▁Time out ▁section . ▁Peter ▁Field man ▁provides ▁irregular ▁features ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁experienced ▁N U J ▁journalist ▁with ▁a ▁wide ▁rem it . ▁A ▁week ly ▁column ▁on ▁the ▁Spanish ▁political ▁scene ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁Cass andra ▁Nash . ▁ ▁News room ▁rest ruct uring ▁▁ ▁The ▁head ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁in ▁Fu eng iro la , ▁M ál aga , ▁where ▁the ▁main ▁production ▁hub ▁is ▁based . ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁all ▁six ▁ed itions ▁are ▁designed ▁and ▁edited , ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁editor ▁is ▁based . ▁There ▁were ▁another ▁nine ▁regional ▁offices ▁although ▁some ▁recently ▁closed , ▁four ▁of ▁which ▁opened ▁since ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁These ▁offices ▁are ▁in ▁Ben id orm ▁Ind oor ▁Market ▁( Now ▁Cl osed ), ▁Cal pe ▁( Now ▁Cl osed ), ▁Alb ir , ▁Al box , ▁M oj ac ar , ▁Tor rev ie ja , ▁Mar b ella , ▁Pal ma ▁de ▁Mall or ca ▁and ▁N er ja . ▁The ▁newsp apers ▁and ▁website ▁were ▁recently ▁red es igned ▁to ▁update ▁its ▁image . ▁ ▁TV ▁Section ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁larger
▁papers ▁there ▁are ▁seven ▁pages ▁of ▁TV ▁list ings ▁which ▁fall ▁to ▁one ▁page ▁in ▁the ▁smallest ▁ed itions . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁The ▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁Media ▁Group ▁was ▁nominated ▁in ▁the ▁A E EP P ▁( As ocia ci ò n ▁Españ ola ▁de ▁Public aciones ▁Per i ò d icas ) ▁ 9 th ▁annual ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁held ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁Euro Week ly ▁News . ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁Ig na cio ▁Gonz ale z , ▁presented ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁of ▁Hon our ▁to ▁E WN ▁Oper ations ▁Manager ▁Nick i ▁Burg ess . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁English ▁language ▁publication ▁to ▁be ▁hon oured . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁Business ▁awards ▁by ▁CA DE ▁( ▁Centre ▁for ▁Entre pr ene ur ial ▁Development ▁of ▁Mar b ella ) ▁the ▁E WN ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁▁ ▁The ▁E ues dens , ▁in ▁their ▁capacity ▁as ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁appeared ▁on ▁TV ▁being ▁interview ed ▁by ▁P iers ▁Morgan ▁for ▁an ▁I TV ▁document ary ▁on ▁Mar b ella ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁appearances ▁on ▁the ▁Jer emy ▁V ine ▁Show ▁and ▁BBC ▁News ▁about ▁benefit ▁fra ud sters . ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁Ben id orm ’ s ▁Got ▁Tal ent , ▁a ▁talent ▁show ▁based
▁in ▁the ▁Costa ▁Blan ca ▁city . ▁After ▁the ▁opening ▁act , ▁co - present ers ▁Steve ▁Sh app elle ▁and ▁David ▁Cl iment ▁( Enter tain ment ▁Director ▁for ▁Ben id orm ▁Palace ) ▁introduced ▁the ▁jud ges : ▁E WN ▁publish ers ▁Michel ▁and ▁Steven ▁E ues den . ▁The ▁E WN ▁has ▁and ▁continues ▁also ▁to ▁spons or ▁the ▁Mar b ella ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁which ▁brings ▁‘ in dependent ’ ▁film ▁mak ers ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁glo be ▁together ▁each ▁year . ▁The ▁E WN ▁also ▁continues ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁char ities . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁many ▁forms ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁subjects ▁from ▁big ▁UK ▁based ▁char ities ▁to ▁individuals ▁and ▁organis ations ▁in ▁Spain . ▁These ▁have ▁included ▁the ▁But ter fly ▁Ball ▁in ▁Mar b ella ▁for ▁the ▁UK ’ s ▁Rh ys ▁Daniel s ▁Trust ▁which ▁provides ▁‘ hom es ▁from ▁home ’ ▁for ▁children ▁who ▁require ▁long ▁periods ▁of ▁hospital ▁care ▁a ▁long ▁way ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁their ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁Pos it ively ▁P ink ▁Ball , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol , ▁ra ises ▁money ▁for ▁Pos it ively ▁P ink ▁char ity ▁which ▁offers ▁free ▁breast ▁cancer ▁screen ing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁support ▁to ▁cancer ▁suff ers . ▁M AB S , ▁which ▁offers ▁support ▁to ▁cancer ▁suffer ers ▁on ▁the ▁Costa ▁Blan ca . ▁Sever ely ▁disabled ▁children ▁including ▁Tom as ▁Le ight on ▁and ▁Ke ira ▁Al vare z ▁Turner
▁have ▁also ▁been ▁supported ▁in ▁newspaper ▁campaign s . ▁ ▁Column s ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁market ▁research ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁E WN , ▁its ▁readers ’ ▁favour ite ▁pages ▁are ▁the ▁local ▁news ▁pages ▁with ▁ 9 8 ▁per ▁cent ▁listing ▁them ▁as ▁fav oured . ▁Second ▁favour ite ▁section ▁is ▁letters ▁( 8 3 ▁per ▁cent ) ▁followed ▁by ▁Le apy ▁Lee ’ s ▁column ▁( 6 4 . 8 7 ▁per ▁cent ) ▁and ▁other ▁column ists ▁( ▁ 6 3 . 2 2 ▁per ▁cent ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : English - language ▁newsp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁American ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak iva ▁Sch af fer ▁( in ▁his ▁director ial ▁debut ) ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Andy ▁Sam berg ▁as ▁amateur ▁st unt man ▁Rod ▁Kim ble , ▁whose ▁step - father , ▁Frank ▁( I an ▁Mc Sh ane ) ▁continu ously ▁mock s ▁and ▁dis res pect s ▁him . ▁When ▁Frank ▁becomes ▁ill , ▁Rod ▁ra ises ▁money ▁for ▁his ▁heart ▁operation ▁by ▁executing ▁his ▁largest ▁st unt ▁yet . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁stars ▁J orm a ▁T ac con e , ▁S iss y ▁Space k , ▁Will ▁Ar nett , ▁D anny ▁Mc B ride ,
▁Is la ▁Fish er ▁and ▁Bill ▁H ader . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁originally ▁draft ed ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady ▁( who ▁retain s ▁full ▁writing ▁credit ) ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁Saturday ▁Night ▁Live ▁star ▁Will ▁Fer rell , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁never ▁comm enced . ▁Lor ne ▁Mich a els ▁convinced ▁Param ount ▁to ▁let ▁The ▁L on ely ▁Island , ▁who ▁were ▁growing ▁famous ▁for ▁their ▁work ▁on ▁SN L , ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁group ▁subsequently ▁re - w rote ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁a ▁heavy ▁emphas is ▁on ▁off be at ▁sur real ▁humor . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁over ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁former ▁Yes ▁guitar ist ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in , ▁and ▁its ▁sound track ▁features ▁several ▁songs ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁band ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁box ▁office ▁failure , ▁gross ing ▁only ▁$ 1 4 ▁million ▁of ▁its ▁$ 2 5 ▁million ▁budget . ▁As ▁the ▁film ' s ▁produ cers ▁predicted , ▁it ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews , ▁with ▁critics ▁critic izing ▁the ▁film ' s ▁script ▁and ▁humor . ▁It ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁popular ▁cult ▁film ▁on ▁home ▁video . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Through out ▁his ▁entire ▁life , ▁Rod ▁Kim ble ▁has ▁believed ▁his ▁father , ▁now ▁dece ased , ▁was ▁both ▁a ▁successful
▁and ▁respect able ▁st unt man ▁working ▁for ▁E vel ▁K nie vel . ▁He ▁asp ires ▁to ▁follow ▁in ▁his ▁father ' s ▁foot steps ▁and ▁become ▁a ▁famous ▁st unt man ▁himself . ▁Meanwhile , ▁his ▁step father ▁Frank ▁fails ▁to ▁respect ▁Rod ▁as ▁a ▁man , ▁often ▁going ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁beat ▁him ▁in ▁sp arring ▁sessions ▁and ▁mock ing ▁his ▁st unt man ▁dream s . ▁Rod ▁makes ▁many ▁attempts ▁at ▁landing ▁j umps ▁with ▁his ▁Tom os ▁m oped , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁ending ▁un success fully . ▁After ▁another ▁failed ▁jump ▁attempt ▁at ▁the ▁public ▁pool , ▁he ▁returns ▁home ▁to ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁Frank ▁is ▁in ▁ur gent ▁need ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁trans plant ▁that ▁the ▁family ' s ▁health ▁ins urance ▁will ▁not ▁cover . ▁An ger ed ▁at ▁the ▁thought ▁of ▁his ▁step father ▁dying ▁without ▁getting ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁gain ▁his ▁respect ▁and ▁beat ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁at ▁least ▁once , ▁Rod ▁runs ▁into ▁the ▁woods ▁to ▁let ▁out ▁his ▁f ury ▁and ▁an gr ily ▁t umb les ▁and ▁falls ▁down ▁a ▁ste ep ▁hill . ▁At ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁Rod ▁sees ▁an ▁inspir ational ▁bill board ▁and ▁he ▁gets ▁an ▁idea . ▁Rod ▁quickly ▁heads ▁over ▁to ▁his ▁team ▁( his ▁child hood ▁friends ▁Rico , ▁Dave , ▁and ▁his ▁half - bro ther ▁Kevin ), ▁telling ▁them ▁that ▁he ▁plans ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁jump ▁over ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁fifteen ▁school ▁bus es , ▁and ▁to
▁use ▁the ▁proceed s ▁to ▁fund ▁his ▁step father ' s ▁surg ery . ▁He ▁also ▁adds ▁Den ise , ▁his ▁neighbor ▁on ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush , ▁to ▁his ▁crew . ▁ ▁To ▁promote ▁his ▁st unt ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁raise ▁funds , ▁Rod , ▁who ▁" lik es ▁to ▁party ", ▁works ▁parties , ▁corpor ate ▁get - t og eth ers , ▁and ▁other ▁events , ▁performing ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁tap ing ▁pill ows ▁to ▁his ▁body ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁was hing ▁machine ▁— ▁susp ended ▁by ▁a ▁c rane ▁— ▁swing ▁to ▁hit ▁him . ▁As ▁Rod ▁is ▁doing ▁his ▁la und ry ▁with ▁no ▁p ants ▁on , ▁he ▁gets ▁curious ▁to ▁see ▁what ▁Kevin ▁is ▁editing ▁as ▁he ▁he ars ▁music ▁coming ▁from ▁his ▁computer . ▁Kevin ▁says ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁just ▁mess ing ▁around ▁with ▁editing ▁foot age , ▁and ▁Rod ▁asks ▁Kevin ▁to ▁show ▁him ▁the ▁video . ▁Rod ▁is ▁im pressed ▁with ▁what ▁Kevin ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁and ▁subsequently ▁has ▁a ▁great ▁idea ▁to ▁release ▁a ▁st unt man ▁film ▁in ▁another ▁attempt ▁to ▁raise ▁money . ▁Kevin ▁releases ▁the ▁movie ▁using ▁his ▁foot age ▁of ▁Rod ' s ▁st un ts ▁and ▁s ells ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁tick ets ▁to ▁the ▁screen ing , ▁but ▁everyone ▁at ▁the ▁movie ▁laugh s ▁at ▁Rod ' s ▁exp ense ▁as ▁the ▁film ▁dep ict s ▁his ▁failed ▁training ▁attempts . ▁Rod ▁gets ▁angry ▁and ▁throws ▁the ▁the ater ' s ▁project
or ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁window , ▁sm ash ing ▁the ▁projection ist ' s ▁car ▁below . ▁Rod ▁ends ▁up ▁giving ▁up ▁all ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁has ▁raised ▁so ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁projection ist ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁dam ages ▁and ▁to ▁avoid ▁arrest . ▁U ps et , ▁he ▁returns ▁home , ▁where ▁his ▁mother ▁reve als ▁to ▁him ▁that ▁his ▁bi ological ▁father ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁st unt man ▁he ▁thought ▁he ▁was . ▁Hum ili ated , ▁Rod ▁qu its ▁the ▁crew ▁and ▁ends ▁his ▁dream ▁to ▁beat ▁up ▁Frank , ▁despite ▁his ▁friends ' ▁inter vent ions . ▁However , ▁he ▁takes ▁up ▁the ▁jump ▁again ▁when ▁Dave ▁asks ▁Rod ▁to ▁take ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁hospital ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁injury ▁while ▁" tri pp in ' ▁balls " ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁acid ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁his ▁friend ▁D erek . ▁When ▁he ▁does , ▁Dave ▁gives ▁him ▁advice ▁that ▁insp ires ▁Rod ▁to ▁apolog ize ▁to ▁Kevin . ▁As ▁Kevin ▁accepts ▁his ▁ap ology , ▁he ▁also ▁reve als ▁that ▁Rod ' s ▁st unt ▁foot age ▁has ▁got ten ▁popular ▁through ▁the ▁Internet , ▁and ▁a ▁show ▁on ▁a ▁local ▁AM ▁radio ▁station , ▁hosted ▁by ▁Barry ▁Pas tern ak , ▁offers ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁exp enses ▁of ▁the ▁planned ▁jump . ▁ ▁Rod ▁gets ▁the ▁crew ▁back ▁together ▁and ▁they ▁start ▁setting ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁jump . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁his ▁friends ▁give ▁him ▁a ▁new ▁suit , ▁a ▁rock ▁( to
▁represent ▁extensive ▁py rote chn ic ▁work ▁done ▁by ▁Rico ), ▁and ▁a ▁motor bi ke . ▁He ▁also ▁receives ▁a ▁kiss ▁from ▁Den ise , ▁who ▁broke ▁up ▁with ▁Jonathan , ▁her ▁ins ens itive ▁and ▁call ous ▁boy friend . ▁As ▁Rod ▁j umps ▁off ▁the ▁r amp , ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁motor bi ke ▁enables ▁him ▁to ▁jump ▁over ▁the ▁bus es , ▁but ▁the ▁bi ke ▁sm ash es ▁through ▁a ▁stage ▁and ▁goes ▁flying . ▁Rod ▁lands ▁square ly ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁un cons cious ▁out - of - body ▁experience . ▁When ▁he ▁aw akes , ▁Rod , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Kevin ▁and ▁Den ise , ▁triumph antly ▁gets ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁app la use ▁of ▁the ▁crowd , ▁and ▁sees ▁that ▁the ▁don ations ▁have ▁accum ulated ▁over ▁$ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁Frank ' s ▁" con ven ient ly ▁pr iced " ▁surg ery . ▁The ▁film ▁ends ▁on ▁a ▁scene ▁six ▁months ▁later , ▁as ▁Rod ▁again ▁sp ars ▁with ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Rod ▁g ains ▁the ▁upper ▁hand ▁and ▁successfully ▁g ains ▁his ▁step father ' s ▁respect . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁cred its ▁Rod ▁is ▁seen ▁bow ing ▁down ▁to ▁his ▁m oped ▁with ▁the ▁sun set ▁in ▁the ▁background . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady , ▁a ▁former ▁South ▁Park ▁writer , ▁as ▁a ▁project ▁intended ▁for ▁Will ▁Fer
rell ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Saturday ▁Night ▁Live . ▁The ▁project ▁never ▁comm enced , ▁and ▁the ▁script ▁remained ▁in ▁lim bo ▁at ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁In ▁the ▁meant ime , ▁The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁were ▁h ired ▁at ▁SN L ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁break through ▁with ▁their ▁short ▁" L azy ▁Sunday ". ▁The ▁sketch , ▁dub bed ▁an ▁" SN L ▁Digital ▁Short ", ▁received ▁millions ▁of ▁views ▁online ▁( es pecially ▁on ▁the ▁then - f led g ling ▁video ▁site ▁YouTube ), ▁turning ▁the ▁tri o , ▁particularly ▁Sam berg , ▁into ▁stars . ▁Lor ne ▁Mich a els , ▁the ▁cre ator ▁of ▁SN L , ▁convinced ▁Param ount ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁tr oupe ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁tri o ▁had ▁no ▁prior ▁experience ▁with ▁feature - length ▁films , ▁but ▁Mich a els ▁had ▁confidence , ▁en vision ing ▁the ▁film ▁as ▁a ▁" d ifferent ▁generation ' s ▁comedy ." ▁The ▁studio ▁wanted ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁remain ▁less ▁co arse ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁P G - 1 3 ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁Association ▁of ▁America ▁( MP AA ), ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁film ▁D odge B all : ▁A ▁True ▁Und erd og ▁Story . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁initially ▁rel uct ant , ▁as ▁the ▁script ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁Fer rell ▁and ▁the
▁summer ▁film ing ▁schedule ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁ideal . ▁Param ount ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁re - write ▁the ▁script , ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁b izar re , ▁off be at ▁humor ▁and ▁abs ur dist ▁comedy . ▁The ▁script ▁had ▁to ▁" match ▁their ▁standards ": ▁" Wh ich ▁is ▁another ▁way ▁of ▁saying , ▁just ▁d umb ▁it ▁down ," ▁said ▁Sch af fer . ▁This ▁involved ▁deleting ▁comedy ▁designed ▁for ▁Fer rell ▁( which ▁Sam berg ▁character ized ▁as ▁" so ▁well - written ") ▁and ▁replacing ▁it ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁humor . ▁" We ▁didn ' t ▁want ▁it ▁to ▁seem ▁like ▁I ▁was ▁doing ▁a ▁Fer rell ▁impression ," ▁said ▁Sam berg . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁a ▁balance ▁between ▁" we ird " ▁humor ▁and ▁what ▁Param ount ▁considered ▁accessible . ▁Sam berg ▁was ▁very ▁inspired ▁by ▁W et ▁Hot ▁American ▁Summer , ▁which ▁was , ▁according ▁to ▁him , ▁" des igned ▁to ▁f uck ▁around ▁with ▁what ' s ▁expected ▁from ▁a ▁movie ." ▁Many ▁j okes ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁de emed ▁" to o ▁weird " ▁were ▁cut , ▁including ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁Rod ▁" j ok ingly " ▁asks ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Kevin ▁to ▁pull ▁out ▁his ▁gen ital ia . ▁Sam berg ▁aim ed ▁for ▁a ▁performance ▁that ▁was : ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁largely ▁fil med ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁over ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Sho oting ▁locations ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁include ▁Clo ver dale ▁in
▁Sur rey , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁P att ul lo ▁Bridge , ▁just ▁sout heast ▁of ▁V ancouver . ▁Other ▁locations ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁include ▁Co quit lam , ▁North ▁V ancouver , ▁Burn aby ▁and ▁Dow nt own ▁V ancouver . ▁Sam berg ▁had ▁a ▁st unt ▁double , ▁but ▁did ▁as ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁st un ts ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁allowed ▁to . ▁ ▁The ▁MP AA ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" s emen " ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁Chris ▁Par nell ▁reve als ▁a ▁prof ane ▁t atto o ▁on ▁his ▁st om ach , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁it ▁being ▁changed ▁to ▁" res id ue ." ▁Another ▁scene ▁that ▁bare ly ▁made ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁film ▁involved ▁Sam berg ▁and ▁T ac con e ▁repeating ▁the ▁phrase ▁" co ol ▁be ans " ▁until ▁it ▁evol ves ▁into ▁a ▁" b izar re ▁pseudo - rap ." ▁Sch af fer ▁had ▁initially ▁cut ▁the ▁scene , ▁but ▁Sam berg ▁and ▁T ac con e ▁edited ▁the ▁scene ▁themselves . ▁Sch af fer ▁re insert ed ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁test ▁screen ing ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁where ▁it ▁received ▁high ▁marks ▁from ▁aud ien ces ▁as ▁one ▁their ▁favorite ▁bits ▁from ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁original ▁poster ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁the ▁tr oupe ▁preferred ▁featured ▁sil hou ett ed ▁Sam berg ▁at op ▁a ▁hill ▁beside ▁his ▁motor bi ke ▁in ▁a ▁mart ial
- arts ▁pose . ▁Param ount ▁changed ▁the ▁poster ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁close - up ▁of ▁Sam berg ' s ▁face ▁instead . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁the ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁promoted ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁inter st it ial s ▁during ▁Com edy ▁Central ▁movie ▁mar ath ons . ▁In ▁the ▁prom os , ▁the ▁tri o ▁attempt ▁to ▁conv ince ▁view ers ▁that ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁sex ▁off ender ▁(" He ▁does ▁st un ts ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁to ▁sex - off end ") ▁and ▁spo of ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁films ▁run ▁during ▁day time ▁mar ath ons ▁(" St ay ▁tun ed ▁for ▁Te en ▁Wolf ▁To o ! "). ▁The ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁John ▁Ford ▁Am ph it he atre ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Sam berg ▁predicted ▁the ▁film ▁would ▁not ▁do ▁well , ▁remark ing ▁to ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly , ▁" It ▁will ▁get ▁bad ▁reviews . ▁Com edy ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁not ▁review ed ▁that ▁well ." ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁added ▁that ▁if ▁future ▁gener ations ▁viewed ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁with ▁a ▁similar ▁rever ence ▁to ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Billy ▁Mad ison , ▁he ▁would ▁consider ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁" p unch d ance " ▁term ▁the ▁film ▁introduced ▁applied ▁to ▁Foot lo ose . ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁performance ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁at ▁# 9 ▁at ▁the ▁U . S .
▁box ▁office ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 5 . 3 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁opening ▁week end . ▁Over all , ▁it ▁bom bed ▁in ▁the aters , ▁leaving ▁after ▁ 6 8 ▁days ▁and ▁having ▁gross ed ▁just ▁under ▁$ 1 4 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁entire ▁run . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁film ▁critics ▁upon ▁its ▁initial ▁release . ▁ ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁the ▁film ▁achieved ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 4 3 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁reviews , ▁sign ifying ▁" gener ally ▁mixed ▁reviews ". ▁On ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes , ▁it ▁holds ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 3 9 % ▁from ▁ 1 1 7 ▁reviews , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 4 . 9 2 / 1 0 . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁cons ensus ▁reads ▁" Hot ▁Rod ▁has ▁bra zen ▁s ill iness ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁hum orous ▁set ▁pieces ▁on ▁its ▁side , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁far ▁too ▁incons istent ▁to ▁satisfy ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁least ▁demand ing ▁s lap st ick ▁lo vers ". ▁Following ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁P aper ▁described ▁the ▁film ' s ▁reception : ▁" Dep ending ▁on ▁whom ▁you ▁talk ▁to , ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁either ▁a ▁terrible ▁st ink er ▁or ▁a ▁really ▁strange ▁and ▁wonderful ▁movie ▁that ▁you ▁can ' t ▁believe ▁they ▁got ▁away ▁with ▁making ." ▁ ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁Frank
▁Sche ck ▁critic ized ▁the ▁film ' s ▁" form ula ic " ▁script ▁and ▁humor , ▁but ▁comm ending ▁Sam berg ' s ▁" reason ably ▁eng aging ▁and ▁sweet ▁com edic ▁screen ▁presence ." ▁" No ▁one ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁told ▁the ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁boys ▁that ▁the ▁st akes ▁are ▁a ▁little ▁higher ▁in ▁features ▁than ▁they ▁are ▁in ▁music ▁videos ▁and ▁that ▁under light ed ▁sh ots ▁and ▁slo ppy ▁editing ▁are ▁more ▁dist ract ing ▁on ▁the ▁big ▁screen ▁than ▁on ▁television ," ▁wrote ▁Mar jor ie ▁Ba um g arten ▁of ▁The ▁Austin ▁Chron icle . ▁Wes ley ▁Morris ▁of ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be ▁character ized ▁the ▁film ▁as ▁" play fully ▁d umb ," ▁comment ing , ▁" The ▁film m akers ▁[...] ▁have ▁ski pped ▁right ▁past ▁the ▁k itsch ▁of ▁t ribute ▁and ▁gone ▁straight ▁for ▁jo key ▁del usion ▁[...] ▁And ▁in ▁that ▁sense , ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁post - par ody , ▁taking ▁nothing ▁seriously , ▁not ▁even ▁being ▁a ▁movie ." ▁Peter ▁Tra vers ▁of ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁wrote , ▁" The ▁film ' s ▁low - key ▁Wayne ' s ▁World ▁v ibe ▁takes ▁it ▁only ▁so ▁far . ▁I ▁laughed , ▁then ▁I ▁wished ▁it ▁was ▁fun nier , ▁then ▁I ▁just ▁wished ▁it ▁would ▁end . ▁Peter ▁D ebru ge ▁of ▁Vari ety ▁called ▁the ▁movie ▁" y et ▁another ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁comedy ▁that ▁ref uses ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁seriously ▁— ▁concept ▁as ▁clothes line ▁for
▁all ▁manner ▁of ▁s ill iness ." ▁Nick ▁Sch ager ▁of ▁Sl ant ▁Magazine ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁tri o ▁" care ▁far ▁less ▁about ▁clever ▁plot ting ▁than ▁random ▁rid icul ous ness ," ▁de em ing ▁the ▁film ▁" a ▁tired ▁re hash ▁of ▁every ▁SN L ▁al um ' s ▁big - screen ▁debut ▁since ▁Adam ▁Sand ler ' s ▁Billy ▁Mad ison ." ▁ ▁For ▁their ▁part , ▁the ▁film ' s ▁produ cers ▁remained ▁optim istic ▁about ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁the ▁press . ▁" The ▁mov ies ▁I ' ve ▁always ▁liked , ▁comedy - wise ▁— ▁Billy ▁Mad ison , ▁The ▁Jer k ▁— ▁always ▁got ▁terrible ▁reviews . ▁When ▁our ▁reviews ▁came ▁in , ▁it ▁was ▁like , ▁' Oh , ▁we ' re ▁right ▁on ▁track ,' " ▁said ▁Sam berg . ▁ ▁Lor ne ▁Mich a els ▁predicted ▁it ▁would ▁find ▁a ▁different ▁audience ▁in ▁the ▁future : ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁Chicago ▁Sun - Times ▁critic ▁Roger ▁E bert ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁three ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁stars : ▁▁ ▁The ▁A . V . ▁Club ▁later ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁differenti ated ▁itself ▁from ▁other ▁Lor ne ▁Mich a els – produ ced ▁com ed ies : ▁" They ▁may ▁be ▁just ▁as ▁poor ly ▁received , ▁but ▁their ▁rh yth ms ▁are ▁un predict able ▁and ▁exc iting , ▁shock ed ▁to ▁life ▁by ▁moments ▁of ▁anti - com edy ▁and ▁w ack y ▁de const ruction . ▁Hard core ▁comedy
▁dev ote es ▁pick ▁up ▁on ▁them ▁like ▁a ▁dog ▁wh ist le ." ▁ ▁Home ▁release ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Region ▁One ▁DVD ▁and ▁HD ▁DVD ▁ ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁in ▁Region ▁Two ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁made ▁$ 2 4 ▁million ▁on ▁DVD ▁rent als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States — 4 6 % ▁over ▁its ▁box ▁office ▁gross . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁December ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁but ▁the ▁disc ▁went ▁out - of - print ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁DVD ▁remained ▁in ▁print . ▁The ▁Bl u - ray ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁by ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁and ▁remains ▁in ▁print ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁deal ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁Param ount ▁catalog ▁titles . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁The ▁sound track ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁ex - Yes ▁guitar ist ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in . ▁Several ▁songs ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁band ▁Europe ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁movie , ▁including ▁" Ch ero kee " ▁and ▁" R ock ▁the ▁Night ". ▁The ▁tra iler ▁contains ▁three ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁songs , ▁Europe ' s ▁" Ch ero kee " ▁and ▁" The ▁Final ▁Count down ", ▁and ▁The ▁H ives ' ▁" See ▁Through ▁Head ". ▁It ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁UK ▁rock ▁band ▁Test ▁I c
icles ' ▁" Circ le . ▁Square . ▁Tri angle " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁American ▁Hi - Fi ' s ▁" The ▁Art ▁of ▁Los ing ". ▁The ▁band ▁called ▁G own ▁that ▁plays ▁at ▁Rod ' s ▁final ▁jump ▁is ▁actually ▁Queens ▁of ▁the ▁Stone ▁Age . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" D anger ▁on ▁the ▁Track " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" A ▁Gr ingo ▁Like ▁Me " ▁– ▁En nio ▁Mor ric one ▁" N ever " ▁– ▁Mov ing ▁Pictures ▁" Two ▁of ▁He arts " ▁– ▁St ace y ▁Q ▁" Ch ero kee " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" Sk ull s " ▁– ▁The ▁N ut ley ▁Br ass ▁( W ritten ▁by ▁Gl enn ▁Dan zig ) ▁" St reet ▁Lu ge " ▁– ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in ▁" You ' re ▁the ▁Vo ice " ▁– ▁John ▁F arn ham ▁" Head ▁Hon cho " ▁– ▁G own ▁" Ch ase " ▁– ▁Giorg io ▁Mor oder ▁" C ool ▁Be ans " ▁– ▁J orm a ▁T ac con e ▁& ▁Andy ▁Sam berg ▁"( I ▁Just ) ▁D ied ▁in ▁Your ▁Ar ms " ▁– ▁C ut ting ▁C rew ▁" D ave ▁on ▁Ac id " ▁– ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in ▁" R ock ▁the ▁Night " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" St unt ▁Su ite " ▁– ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in ▁" Time ▁Has ▁Come " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" The ▁Real ▁Bass " ▁– ▁Brook lyn ▁B ounce ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁
▁Official ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁iOS ▁App ▁ ▁Category : The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁action ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁sports ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : American ▁action ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak iva ▁Sch af fer ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Tre vor ▁Rab in ▁Category : The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Lor ne ▁Mich a els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁instrument ▁of ▁Jesus ' ▁cru c if ix ion ▁( known ▁in ▁Latin ▁as ▁cru x , ▁in ▁Greek ▁as ▁st au ros ) ▁is ▁generally ▁taken ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁of ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁wooden ▁beam ▁to ▁which ▁was ▁added ▁a ▁trans om , ▁thus ▁forming ▁a ▁" c ru c iform " ▁or ▁T - sh aped ▁structure . ▁ ▁Most ▁Christian ▁denomin ations ▁present ▁the ▁Christian ▁cross ▁in ▁this ▁form , ▁and ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁T - shape ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁to ▁early ▁Christian ity ▁and ▁the ▁Church ▁f athers . ▁Non eth eless , ▁some ▁late - 1 9 th ▁century ▁sch ol ars ▁maintained ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁st ake ▁( c ru x
▁simple x ). ▁ ▁Pres ence ▁or ▁absence ▁of ▁cross bar ▁ ▁Am big u ity ▁of ▁terms ▁used ▁The ▁Ko ine ▁Greek ▁terms ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁are ▁st au ros ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ) ▁and ▁x yl on ▁( ξ ύ λ ο ν ). ▁Those ▁words , ▁which ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁many ▁different ▁things , ▁do ▁not ▁indicate ▁the ▁precise ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁structure . ▁Sch ol ars ▁have ▁long ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁st au ros ▁and ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁cru x ▁did ▁not ▁uniqu ely ▁mean ▁a ▁cross . ▁They ▁have ▁known ▁too ▁that ▁the ▁words ▁had ▁that ▁meaning ▁also , ▁and ▁so ▁have ▁not ▁considered ▁necessarily ▁incorrect ▁the ▁traditional ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁cross ▁with ▁trans om . ▁ ▁The ▁ambigu ity ▁of ▁the ▁terms ▁was ▁noted ▁by ▁Just us ▁Li ps ius ▁in ▁his ▁De ▁Cru ce ▁( 1 5 9 4 ), ▁Jacob ▁G ret ser ▁in ▁his ▁De ▁Cru ce ▁Christ i ▁( 1 5 9 8 ) ▁and ▁Thomas ▁God w yn ▁in ▁his ▁Mos es ▁and ▁A aron ▁( 1 6 6 2 ). ▁ ▁John ▁Pear son , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ch ester ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 6 0 ) ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁Apost les ' ▁Cre ed ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁st au ros ▁originally ▁sign ified ▁" a ▁straight ▁standing ▁St ake , ▁Pale , ▁or ▁Pal is ador ", ▁but
▁that , ▁" when ▁other ▁trans verse ▁or ▁prominent ▁parts ▁were ▁added ▁in ▁a ▁perfect ▁Cross , ▁it ▁retained ▁still ▁the ▁Original ▁Name ", ▁and ▁he ▁declared : ▁" The ▁Form ▁then ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁on ▁which ▁our ▁Sav iour ▁suffered ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁simple , ▁but ▁a ▁comp ounded , ▁Figure , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Custom ▁of ▁the ▁Rom ans , ▁by ▁whose ▁Pro cur ator ▁he ▁was ▁condem ned ▁to ▁die . ▁In ▁which ▁there ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁straight ▁and ▁ere cted ▁piece ▁of ▁Wood ▁fixed ▁in ▁the ▁Earth , ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁trans verse ▁Be am ▁fast ned ▁unto ▁that ▁towards ▁the ▁top ▁there of ". ▁ ▁Just us ▁Li ps ius ▁invent ed ▁a ▁specific ▁termin ology ▁to ▁distinguish ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁what ▁could ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁cross ▁or ▁cru x . ▁His ▁basic ▁two fold ▁distinction ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁cru x ▁simple x ▁( a ▁simple ▁st ake ) ▁and ▁the ▁cru x ▁compact a ▁( a ▁composite ▁of ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁wood ). ▁The ▁victim ▁could ▁be ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁cru x ▁simple x ▁or ▁could ▁be ▁imp aled ▁on ▁it . ▁Li ps ius ▁then ▁sub div ided ▁the ▁cru x ▁compact a ▁into ▁three ▁types : ▁the ▁cru x ▁dec uss ata ▁( X - sh aped ), ▁cru x ▁comm issa ▁( T - sh aped ) ▁and ▁cru x ▁imm issa ▁(† - sh aped ). ▁ ▁Li ps ius ▁himself , ▁as ▁also ▁G ret ser ▁and ▁God w yn
, ▁held ▁that ▁Jesus ▁was ▁na iled ▁not ▁to ▁a ▁cru x ▁simple x , ▁but ▁to ▁a ▁cru x ▁imm issa . ▁However , ▁W . ▁E . ▁V ine ▁and ▁E . ▁W . ▁Bull inger , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Henry ▁D ana ▁Ward , ▁considered ▁that ▁the ▁" cross " ▁( G reek ▁st au ros , ▁in ▁its ▁original ▁sense ▁literally ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁pale ▁or ▁st ake ) ▁had ▁no ▁cross bar , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁traditional ▁picture ▁of ▁Jesus ▁on ▁a ▁cross ▁with ▁a ▁cross bar ▁was ▁incorrect . ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁st ake ▁only ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁Epis cop al ▁pre acher ▁Henry ▁D ana ▁Ward ▁accepted ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁g ib bet ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁" a ▁pale , ▁a ▁strong ▁st ake , ▁a ▁wooden ▁post ". ▁ ▁Ang lic an ▁the olog ian ▁E . ▁W . ▁Bull inger , ▁in ▁The ▁Comp an ion ▁Bible ▁( which ▁was ▁completed ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁nine ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁death ), ▁was ▁em ph atic ▁in ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁st au ros ▁never ▁meant ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ▁placed ▁across ▁one ▁another ▁at ▁any ▁angle , ▁" but ▁always ▁of ▁one ▁piece ▁alone ▁... ▁There ▁is ▁nothing ▁[ of ▁the ▁word ▁st au ros ] ▁in ▁the ▁Greek ▁of ▁the
▁N . T . ▁even ▁to ▁imply ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ." ▁Bull inger ▁wrote ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁c ata com bs ▁of ▁Rome ▁Christ ▁was ▁never ▁represented ▁there ▁as ▁" h anging ▁on ▁a ▁cross " ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁was ▁a ▁pag an ▁symbol ▁of ▁life ▁( the ▁an kh ) ▁in ▁Egypt ian ▁churches ▁that ▁was ▁borrow ed ▁by ▁the ▁Christians . ▁He ▁c ited ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁English ▁Dean ▁John ▁William ▁Burg on , ▁who ▁question ed ▁whether ▁a ▁cross ▁occurred ▁on ▁any ▁Christian ▁monument ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁four ▁centuries ▁and ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁' in vention ' ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁pre - Christ ian ▁times , ▁and ▁the ▁' in vention ' ▁of ▁its ▁use ▁in ▁later ▁times , ▁are ▁truth s ▁of ▁which ▁we ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁rem ind ed ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁The ▁evidence ▁is ▁thus ▁complete , ▁that ▁the ▁Lord ▁was ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁upon ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁st ake , ▁and ▁not ▁on ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ▁placed ▁in ▁any ▁manner ." ▁ ▁With ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁" primary " ▁or ▁" original " ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς , ▁William ▁Ed wy ▁V ine ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁Ex pository ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁New ▁Testament ▁W ords , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 : ▁" st au ros ▁denotes , ▁primarily , ▁' an ▁u pr ight ▁pale
▁or ▁st ake '. ▁On ▁such ▁male fact ors ▁were ▁na iled ▁for ▁execution . ▁Both ▁the ▁n oun ▁and ▁the ▁verb ▁st au ro o , ▁' to ▁fast en ▁to ▁a ▁st ake ▁or ▁pale ', ▁are ▁originally ▁to ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁ecc les iast ical ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁two ▁be amed ▁cross ". ▁He ▁said ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁ecc les iast ical ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁two - be amed ▁cross ▁" had ▁its ▁origin ▁in ▁ancient ▁Chal de a , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁god ▁Tam mu z ▁( be ing ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁myst ic ▁T au , ▁the ▁initial ▁of ▁his ▁name ) ▁in ▁Chal de a ▁and ▁nearby ▁lands , ▁including ▁Egypt ". ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁third - century ▁churches , ▁which ▁by ▁then ▁had ▁depart ed ▁from ▁certain ▁do ctr ines ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁faith , ▁accepted ▁pag ans ▁into ▁the ▁faith ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁prest ige ▁and ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁retain ▁their ▁pag an ▁signs ▁and ▁symbols . ▁" H ence ▁the ▁T au ▁or ▁T , ▁in ▁its ▁most ▁frequent ▁form , ▁with ▁the ▁cross - pie ce ▁lower ed , ▁was ▁adopted ▁to ▁stand ▁for ▁the ▁' cross ' ▁of ▁Christ ." ▁This ▁association ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁symbol ▁with ▁Tam mu z ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁made ▁by ▁Abr am ▁Herbert ▁Lewis ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁book ▁P agan ism ▁Sur v iving ▁in ▁Christian ity . ▁ ▁" St au ros
" ▁interpreted ▁as ▁pat ib ul um ▁Andreas ▁J . ▁Kö sten berger ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁notes ▁that ▁traditional ▁academic ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁has ▁first ▁Jesus , ▁then ▁Simon ▁of ▁Cy rene ▁bear ▁the ▁" st au ros ," ▁i . e . ▁only ▁the ▁horizontal ▁cross bar , ▁Latin ▁pat ib ul um . ▁Yet ▁when ▁Simon ▁car ries ▁the ▁pat ib ul um ▁to ▁Gol g oth a , ▁the ▁cross bar ▁is ▁then ▁ho isted ▁to ▁the ▁st ake ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁traditional ▁cru c if ix ▁shape . ▁Sch r ö ter ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁references ▁in ▁ancient ▁sources , ▁aside ▁from ▁Pla ut us ▁( The ▁Char co al ▁Woman ▁ 2 ▁ ▁and ▁The ▁B rag gart ▁War rior ▁ 2 . 4 . 6 - 7 ) ▁and ▁Pl ut arch ▁( M oral ia ▁ 5 5 4 AB ), ▁to ▁" b ear ing ▁the ▁cross " ▁implies ▁that ▁a ▁criminal ▁carrying ▁his ▁own ▁pat ib ul um ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁common . ▁ ▁James ▁B . ▁Tor rance ▁in ▁the ▁article ▁" C ross " ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Bible ▁Dictionary ▁writes ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁for ▁" cross " ▁( st au ros ; ▁verb ▁st au ro ō ; ▁Lat . ▁cru x , ▁cru c if igo , ▁" I ▁fast en ▁to ▁a ▁cross ") ▁means ▁primarily ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁st ake ▁or ▁beam , ▁but
▁also ▁allows ▁the ▁construction ▁that ▁Jesus ▁and ▁Simon ▁of ▁Cy rene ▁carried ▁a ▁pat ib ul um ▁to ▁Gol g oth a . ▁ ▁In ▁applying ▁the ▁word ▁st au ros ▁to ▁the ▁cross be am , ▁these ▁writers ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁complete ▁structure ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁u pr ight ▁post ▁but ▁formed ▁what ▁is ▁normally ▁called ▁a ▁cross . ▁ ▁Raymond ▁Edward ▁Brown ▁remarks ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁canonical ▁g osp els ▁" not ▁a ▁word ▁is ▁reported ▁about ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁about ▁how ▁he ▁was ▁aff ixed , ▁about ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁pain ", ▁but ▁ex cludes ▁the ▁use ▁for ▁Jesus ▁of ▁a ▁cru x ▁simple x , ▁" since ▁he ▁carried ▁a ▁cross [ be am ] ▁to ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁execution ". ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁ambigu ous ▁in ▁meaning ▁The ▁Greek - English ▁Lex icon ▁of ▁L idd ell ▁and ▁Scott ▁reports ▁that ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" σ τ α υ ρ ό ς " ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁H omer ic ▁form ▁of ▁Greek , ▁possibly ▁of ▁the ▁e ighth ▁to ▁sixth ▁century ▁BC , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁the ▁fifth - century ▁BC ▁writers ▁Her odot us ▁and ▁Th u cy d ides ▁and ▁the ▁early - 4 th ▁century ▁BC ▁X en oph on , ▁is ▁" an ▁u pr ight ▁pale ▁or ▁st ake " ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁pal is ade ▁or ▁" a ▁p ile ▁driven