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▁We ▁Go " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁albums ▁Category : Tom ▁Lehr er ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁comedy ▁albums ▁Category : Self - re leased ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁M MA ▁glo ves ▁or ▁gra pp ling ▁glo ves ▁are ▁small , ▁open - f inger ed ▁glo ves ▁used ▁in ▁mixed ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁b outs . ▁They ▁usually ▁have ▁around ▁ 4 – 6 ▁o z ▁of ▁padding ▁and ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁provide ▁some ▁protection ▁to ▁the ▁person ▁we aring ▁the ▁glo ve , ▁but ▁leave ▁the ▁fingers ▁available ▁for ▁gra pp ling ▁man eu vers ▁such ▁as ▁cl inch ▁fighting ▁and ▁subm issions . ▁ ▁History ▁Small , ▁open - f inger ed ▁glo ves ▁were ▁first ▁mand atory ▁in ▁Japan ' s ▁Sho oto ▁promotion ▁and ▁were ▁later ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁U FC ▁as ▁it ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁reg ulated ▁sport . ▁Glo ves ▁were ▁introduced ▁to ▁protect ▁f igh ters ' ▁f ists ▁from ▁inj uries , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁fa cial ▁la cer ations ▁( and ▁sto pp ages ▁due ▁to ▁cut s ) ▁that ▁f igh ters ▁experienced ▁without ▁glo ves . ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁glo ves ▁was ▁also ▁intended ▁to ▁encou rage ▁f igh ters ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁hands ▁for ▁striking ▁to ▁allow ▁more ▁capt iv ating ▁matches ▁for ▁fans . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁similar ities ▁to ▁the ▁w rist - support ing , ▁closed - th umb , ▁broken - kn uck
le ▁k em po ▁glo ves ▁popular ized ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Lee ' s ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁movie ▁Enter ▁the ▁Dragon . ▁ ▁Types ▁and ▁use ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁glo ves ▁- ▁Most ▁professional ▁f ights ▁have ▁the ▁f igh ters ▁wear ▁ 4 ▁ ounce ▁( 1 1 0 ▁g ) ▁glo ves , ▁whereas ▁am ateurs ▁may ▁wear ▁a ▁slightly ▁heav ier ▁ 6 ▁ ounce ▁( 1 7 0 ▁g ) ▁glo ve ▁for ▁increased ▁protection . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁rules , ▁U FC ▁allows ▁glo ves ▁between ▁ 4 - 6 ▁ oun ces , ▁and ▁even ▁heav ier ▁for ▁certain ▁larger ▁s ized ▁glo ves , ▁e . g . ▁ 2 ▁X L ▁– ▁ 4 ▁X L . ▁ ▁S par ring ▁glo ves ▁- ▁Gener ally ▁speaking ▁M MA ▁sp arring ▁glo ves ▁weight ▁is ▁usually ▁ 7 ▁ oun ces . ▁When ▁sp arring ▁there ▁is ▁obviously ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁p unch ing ▁involved , ▁from ▁working ▁the ▁bag ▁to ▁actual ▁sp arring ▁with ▁a ▁partner . ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁require ▁that ▁your ▁kn uck les ▁are ▁ade qu ately ▁protected ▁and ▁c ush ioned ▁from ▁the ▁forces ▁put ▁upon ▁them . ▁The ▁ 7 oz ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁padding ▁inside ▁the ▁glo ves ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁overall ▁weight . ▁ ▁Gra pp ling ▁glo ves ▁- ▁ ▁Otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁hy brid ▁or ▁training ▁glo ves ▁these ▁are ▁used ▁mainly ▁for ▁cl inch ▁work / gra pp ling .
This ▁type ▁of ▁glo ve ▁has ▁less ▁padding ▁than ▁sp arring ▁or ▁competition ▁glo ves . ▁In ▁addition ▁each ▁finger ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁independently ▁allowing ▁for ▁more ▁g ri pping ▁ability . ▁ ▁Imp act ▁of ▁glo ves ▁on ▁safety ▁and ▁inj uries ▁The ▁impact ▁of ▁glo ves ▁on ▁the ▁inj uries ▁caused ▁during ▁a ▁fight ▁is ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁issue , ▁mostly ▁looked ▁at ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁box ing . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁p added ▁glo ves ▁in ▁f ights ▁protect ▁the ▁f ists ▁of ▁the ▁wear er ▁but ▁don ' t ▁prevent ▁brain ▁injury ▁unless ▁they ▁are ▁so ▁large ▁that ▁they ▁become ▁difficult ▁to ▁use . ▁These ▁glo ves ▁protect ▁the ▁f ists ▁of ▁the ▁wear er ▁and ▁allow ▁stronger ▁p unch es ▁than ▁in ▁bare - kn uck le ▁f ights , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁changes ▁in ▁acceleration ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁that ▁tears ▁the ▁blood ▁vessels , ▁not ▁the ▁impact ▁with ▁the ▁glo ve . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁C est us ▁Box ing ▁glo ve ▁Types ▁of ▁glo ve ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ixed ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁M MA ▁glo ves ▁M MA ▁glo ves ▁Category : S ports ▁glo ves <0x0A> </s> ▁T sum k we ▁( J u <0xC7> <0x80> ' H o an : ▁T j um <0xC7> <0x83> k ui ) ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁Ot j oz ond j up a ▁Region ▁of ▁Nam ib ia ▁and ▁the ▁district ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁T sum k we ▁elect
oral ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁Nature ▁and ▁wild life ▁The ▁area ▁associated ▁with ▁T sum k we ▁exhib its ▁notable ▁veget ation ▁and ▁wild life . ▁Part icular ly ▁within ▁the ▁K ha ud om ▁Game ▁Reserve ▁( K aud w ane ▁in ▁T sw ana ), ▁l ions , ▁che et ah s , ▁hy enas ▁and ▁other ▁large ▁m amm als ▁can ▁be ▁found . ▁The ▁African ▁wild ▁dog ▁has ▁notable ▁pack s ▁within ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Ot j oz ond j up a ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Mon od ont ides ▁a pon a ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁Mind ana o ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁, ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Blue ▁But ter f lies ▁of ▁the ▁Ly ca en opsis ▁Group : ▁ 1 - 3 0 9 , ▁ 6 ▁pl s . ▁London ▁, ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁Neue ▁Cy an ir is - R assen ▁und ▁Übers icht ▁der ▁bekannt en ▁Arten . ▁St ett iner ▁Ent om ologische ▁Zeitung ▁ 7 1 ▁( 1 9 0 9 ): ▁ 2 8 2 - 3 0 5 . ▁, ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁Re vision ▁der ▁Ly ca en id eng attung ▁Ly ca en opsis . ▁Arch . ▁Natur gesch . ▁ 8 2 ▁( A ) ▁( 1 ) ▁( 1 9 1
6 ): ▁ 1 - 4 2 , ▁ 2 ▁pl s . ▁, ▁ 1 9 2 7 b - 1 9 2 8 : ▁Eine ▁Re vision ▁der ▁jav an ischen , ▁zu ▁Ly ca en opsis ▁und ▁verw and ten ▁Gener a ▁gehör igen ▁Arten . ▁T ijd schrift ▁Voor ▁Ent om ologie ▁ 7 0 : ▁ 2 3 2 - 3 0 2 , ▁ 1 pl ., ▁ 2 7 ▁fig s ; ▁i bid . ▁ 7 1 : ▁ 1 7 9 - 2 6 5 , ▁ 1 ▁pl ., ▁ 2 9 ▁fig s . ▁ ▁Category : Mon od ont ides ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Re ub ke ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surname . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Adolf ▁Re ub ke , ▁German ▁organ ▁builder , ▁father ▁of ▁Julius ▁Re ub ke ▁ ▁Julius ▁Re ub ke , ▁German ▁composer , ▁son ▁of ▁Adolf ▁Re ub ke ▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁L ara ▁Gr ice ▁( born ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actress ▁known ▁for ▁The ▁Mechan ic ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁The ▁Final ▁Dest ination ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁and ▁Dé jà ▁V u ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana . ▁Gr ice ▁began ▁her
▁career ▁studying ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Dallas , ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁acting . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁mov ies ▁with ▁W WE ▁stars ▁John ▁C ena , ▁Rob ▁Van ▁Dam ▁and ▁Paul ▁W ight ▁( aka ▁The ▁Big ▁Show ). ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Dallas ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Senator ▁In nes ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Charles ▁H iller ▁In nes ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Senate ▁Charles ▁John ▁In nes ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 7 1 ), ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Senate ▁Daniel ▁In nis ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁State ▁Senate <0x0A> </s> ▁Li ▁Ch un j ian ▁( ; ▁ ▁; ▁born ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁b obs led der . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁two - man ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ch inese ▁male ▁b obs led ders
▁Category : O lymp ic ▁b obs led ders ▁of ▁China ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Emb ass y ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁in ▁D h aka ▁is ▁the ▁diplom atic ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁Bang l adesh . ▁The ▁emb ass y ▁has ▁ 4 0 0 ▁staff ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Bang l adesh . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁established ▁its ▁cons ulate - general ▁in ▁D ac ca ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁East ▁Beng al ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁of ▁Pakistan . ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Bang l adesh , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁Blood ▁Tele gram ▁sent ▁by ▁then - Cons ul - general ▁Arch er ▁Blood ▁detail ing ▁at roc ities ▁committed ▁by ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁Army ▁during ▁Operation ▁Search light . ▁▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁recognized ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Herbert ▁D . ▁Sp iv ack ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁American ▁diplom atic ▁officer ▁in ▁D h aka ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Four ▁days ▁later , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Bang l adesh ▁agreed ▁to ▁establish ▁diplom atic ▁relations ▁at ▁the ▁emb ass y ▁level . ▁The ▁cons ulate - general ▁was ▁officially ▁upgrad ed ▁to ▁an ▁emb ass
y ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁emb ass y ▁buildings ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁The ▁US ▁Emb ass y ▁complex ▁is ▁inspired ▁by ▁M ug hal ▁Beng ali ▁architecture . ▁The ▁exterior ▁surface ▁walls ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁ter rac otta ▁brick ▁t iles . ▁A ▁la wn ▁filled ▁with ▁pal m ▁trees ▁and ▁a ▁mo at ▁surr ounds ▁the ▁main ▁building . ▁The ▁complex ▁is ▁sometimes ▁nick named ▁as ▁the ▁" Red ▁Fort ". ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Boston ▁architect ural ▁firm ▁of ▁K all mann , ▁McK inn ell ▁and ▁Wood . ▁ ▁Branch es ▁Arch er ▁K ▁Blood ▁American ▁Library , ▁D h aka ▁Edward ▁M ▁Kennedy ▁Centre ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁and ▁the ▁Arts , ▁D h aka ▁American ▁Cor ner , ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁American ▁Cor ner , ▁Jess ore ▁American ▁Cor ner , ▁Raj sh ah i ▁American ▁Cor ner , ▁Syl het ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bang l adesh - Un ited ▁States ▁relations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁D h aka ▁Category : Foreign ▁relations ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁United ▁States ▁Category : B ang l adesh – Un ited ▁States ▁relations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Spring ▁River ▁Bridge , ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁bridge ▁carrying ▁River view ▁Drive ▁over ▁the ▁Spring ▁River ▁south ▁of ▁M amm oth ▁Spring , ▁Ark ansas . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁a ▁concrete ▁gir der ▁structure ▁with ▁five ▁sp ans , ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁
▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁wide , ▁with ▁simple ▁cast ▁concrete ▁guard ▁rails . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁rest s ▁on ▁concrete ▁ab ut ments ▁and ▁pi ers . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁by ▁H . ▁B . ▁Wal ton ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁county ▁effort ▁to ▁improve ▁its ▁road ▁infrastr ucture ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁well - pres erved ▁local ▁example ▁of ▁early ▁concrete ▁bridge ▁construction . ▁ ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Ark ansas ▁List ▁of ▁brid ges ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ro ad ▁brid ges ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : B rid ges ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : Ro ad ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : G ir der ▁brid ges ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Con crete ▁brid ges ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Green wood ▁Avenue ▁Historic ▁District ▁in ▁Beth el , ▁Connecticut ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁district ▁representing ▁the ▁commercial ▁and ▁civ ic ▁center ▁of ▁that ▁town . ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in
▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁includes ▁ 2 9 ▁contrib uting ▁buildings , ▁ 5 ▁non - contrib uting ▁buildings , ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁green , ▁P . ▁T . ▁Bar num ▁Square . ▁ ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁Beth el ▁Public ▁Library , ▁a ▁former ▁rail road ▁station ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁bre wer y , ▁and ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁D ough boy ▁bronze ▁statue ▁sculpt ed ▁by ▁Ernest ▁Moore ▁V iques ney ▁in ▁P . ▁T . ▁Bar num ▁Square . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Fair field ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Beth el , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Fair field ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : Ital ian ate ▁architecture ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : G reek ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁in ▁Fair field ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁Z alog ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁north ▁of ▁K ran j ▁in ▁the ▁Upper ▁Car ni ola ▁region ▁of ▁Sloven ia . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁ham let ▁of ▁S var je . ▁ ▁Name ▁Z alog ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁common ▁place ▁name ▁in ▁Sloven ia . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁f used ▁pre pos itional ▁phrase ▁that ▁has ▁lost ▁case ▁inf lection , ▁derived ▁from ▁za ▁' be hind ' ▁+ ▁log ▁' ( w et
) ▁partially ▁wood ed ▁me adow ▁near ▁water ' ▁or ▁' wood s ▁( near ▁a ▁settlement ) '. ▁The ▁name ▁therefore ▁originally ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁settlement ' s ▁location ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁a ▁local ▁ge ographical ▁feature . ▁Near by ▁Mount ▁Z alog ▁( , ▁), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁F at ▁Pe ak ▁( T ol st i ▁vr h ), ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Z alog . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁Z alog ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁center ▁of ▁h og ▁far ming . ▁P igs ▁from ▁Z alog ▁were ▁sold ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁Car inth ia . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁many ▁vac ation ▁houses ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁by ▁residents ▁of ▁K ran j , ▁L jub lj ana , ▁and ▁Zag reb . ▁ ▁Church ▁The ▁local ▁church ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Lam bert . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁late ▁Goth ic ▁structure ▁that ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁written ▁sources ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 3 ▁and ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁pil gr image ▁destination . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Z alog ▁at ▁Ge op edia . si ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁K ran j <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh eli ▁Marine ▁Park ▁in ▁the ▁Moz amb ique ▁Channel ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁protected ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁Com or os . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Most ▁notable ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁is ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁co ele can th
s , ▁and ▁the ▁park ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁vari eties ▁of ▁sh arks ▁and ▁hum p back ▁wh ales . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Com or os <0x0A> </s> ▁Ep im act is ▁tal ant ias ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁L ec ith oc er idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Mey rick ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁and ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 1 4 – 1 9 mm . ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁are ▁white , ▁in ▁males ▁thin ly ▁and ▁in ▁females ▁more ▁closely ▁ir ror ated ▁with ▁fine ▁fus c ous ▁or ▁pale ▁fus c ous ▁spe cks . ▁The ▁st ig m ata ▁are ▁black , ▁the ▁p lic al ▁ob liqu ely ▁beyond ▁the ▁first ▁dis cal . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁row ▁of ▁black ▁d ots ▁immediately ▁before ▁the ▁margin ▁around ▁the ▁ap ical ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁costa ▁and ▁term en ▁to ▁the ▁torn us . ▁The ▁h ind w ings ▁are ▁grey - wh it ish , ▁the ▁a pe x ▁slightly ▁gre yer . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Category : E p im act is <0x0A> </s> ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁parish ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Louisiana . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 1
, 5 9 4 . ▁The ▁parish ▁seat ▁is ▁Jenn ings . ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁Jefferson ▁Davis . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁south western ▁Louisiana ▁and ▁forms ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ac ad iana ▁region . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁dam aged ▁significantly ▁by ▁H urr icane ▁R ita , ▁which ▁caused ▁much ▁wind ▁damage ▁and ▁flo oding ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁The ▁storm ▁also ▁caused ▁Lac ass ine ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Ref uge ▁to ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁salt water ▁intr usion . ▁ ▁History ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁par ishes ▁to ▁be ▁organized ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Louisiana . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Imperial ▁Cal cas ieu ▁Par ish , ▁which ▁contributed ▁to ▁five ▁other ▁par ishes ▁as ▁the ▁population ▁increased ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁bill ▁creating ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁was ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁effect ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁large , ▁ 2 2 - count y ▁Ac ad iana ▁region ▁of ▁Louisiana , ▁which ▁is ▁influenced ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁Franc oph one ▁population . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Jefferson ▁Davis , ▁a ▁prominent ▁plan ter ▁and ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁States ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁oil ▁in
▁Louisiana ▁was ▁d ril led ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁in ▁Ev ang eline , ▁Ac ad ia ▁Par ish , ▁by ▁W . ▁Scott ▁Hey wood , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁Senate . ▁The ▁oil ▁field ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Jenn ings ▁O il ▁Field ▁because ▁Jenn ings ▁was ▁the ▁nearest ▁rail road ▁stop ▁to ▁the ▁oil ▁field . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁parish ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁( 1 . 1 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁compr ises ▁five ▁incorpor ated ▁towns ▁including ▁El ton , ▁F ent on , ▁Jenn ings , ▁Lake ▁Arthur , ▁and ▁Wel sh . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁many ▁un in cor por ated ▁areas ▁that ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁interest ▁and ▁economic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁including ▁Bar ns d all , ▁Bull er , ▁China , ▁Cover dale , ▁Ed na , ▁Font en ot , ▁For eman ' s ▁Hall , ▁H ath away , ▁Illinois ▁Plant , ▁Lac ass ine , ▁La ud erd ale , ▁Pan ch ov ille , ▁P ine ▁Island , ▁Raymond , ▁Ro ano ke , ▁Silver wood , ▁Th orn well , ▁T ops y , ▁Ver ret , ▁and ▁Wood la wn . ▁Inter state ▁ 1 0 ▁runs ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁parish , ▁providing ▁access ▁to ▁local ▁mark
ets . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁Union ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁is ▁cent r ally ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁parish ▁and ▁the ▁Mer ment au ▁River , ▁which ▁connect s ▁to ▁the ▁Int rac o ast al ▁Water way ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁channel ▁depth ▁of ▁nine ▁feet , ▁provides ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Port ▁of ▁Mer ment au . ▁The ▁Jenn ings ▁Airport , ▁with ▁a ▁run way ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁landing ▁a ▁small ▁jet ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Inter state ▁ 1 0 . ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁also ▁attract s ▁sports men ▁to ▁the ▁Lac ass ine ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Ref uge . ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁par ishes ▁ ▁Allen ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( n orth ) ▁ ▁Ev ang eline ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( n ortheast ) ▁ ▁Ac ad ia ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( east ) ▁ ▁Verm il ion ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( s out heast ) ▁ ▁Camer on ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( s outh ) ▁ ▁Cal cas ieu ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( west ) ▁ ▁Be a ure g ard ▁Par ish ▁ ▁( n orth west ) ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁ ▁Major ▁high ways ▁▁▁ ▁Inter state ▁ 1 0 ▁▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁ 9 0 ▁▁ ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁ 1 6 5 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 1 4 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 2 6 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 9 7 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 9 9 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 1 0 1 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway
▁ 1 0 2 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 3 8 0 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 3 8 2 ▁▁ ▁Louisiana ▁Highway ▁ 3 9 5 ▁ ▁Air ports ▁ ▁Jenn ings , ▁( 3 R 7 ) ▁ ▁Wel sh ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 1 , 4 3 5 ▁people , ▁ 1 1 , 4 8 0 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 8 , 5 2 9 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 4 8 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 9 / km ²). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 2 , 8 2 4 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁per ▁square mile ▁( 8 / km ²). ▁ ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁ 8 0 . 6 0 % ▁White , ▁ 1 7 . 7 9 % ▁Black ▁or ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 8 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 1 9 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 1 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 2 0 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 0 . 8 2 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁▁ 0 . 9 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race . ▁ 1 6 . 1 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁reported ▁speaking ▁French ▁or ▁C
aj un ▁French ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 1 , 4 8 0 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 7 . 2 0 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 6 . 8 0 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 3 . 7 0 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 7 0 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 2 . 6 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 7 0 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 0 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 1 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁parish ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 9 . 3 0 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 9 . 1 0 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 7 . 3 0 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 1 . 0 0 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 3 0 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 4 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0
▁females ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 2 . 5 0 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 7 . 5 0 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁$ 2 7 , 7 3 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 3 , 1 2 9 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 2 8 , 2 7 9 ▁versus ▁$ 1 8 , 6 6 8 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁$ 1 3 , 3 9 8 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 1 8 . 1 0 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 2 0 . 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 2 5 . 4 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 . 9 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Education ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁Public ▁School s ▁oper ates ▁the ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁El ton ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 5 ) ▁( El ton ) ▁ ▁El ton ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 6 - 1 2 ) ▁( El ton ) ▁ ▁F ent on ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 8 ) ▁( F ent on ) ▁ ▁H ath away ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr
ades ▁K - 1 2 ) ▁( J enn ings ) ▁ ▁Jenn ings ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 3 - 6 ) ▁( J enn ings ) ▁ ▁Jenn ings ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 7 - 1 2 ) ▁( J enn ings ) ▁ ▁Lac ass ine ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁K - 1 2 ) ▁( L ac ass ine ) ▁ ▁Lake ▁Arthur ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 6 ) ▁( L ake ▁Arthur ) ▁ ▁Lake ▁Arthur ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 7 - 1 2 ) ▁( L ake ▁Arthur ) ▁ ▁James ▁Ward ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 2 ) ▁( J enn ings ) ▁ ▁Wel sh ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 5 ) ▁( Wel sh ) ▁ ▁Wel sh ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 8 - 1 2 ) ▁( Wel sh ) ▁ ▁Wel sh - Ro ano ke ▁Jr . ▁High ▁School ▁( Gr ades ▁ 6 - 8 ) ▁( Ro ano ke ) ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁La f ay ette ▁which ▁has ▁one ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁parish : ▁ ▁Our ▁Lady ▁Im mac ulate ▁( Gr ades ▁PK - 8 ) ▁( J enn ings ) ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁one ▁una ff ili ated ▁private ▁school ▁ ▁Beth el ▁Christian ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁Pre K - 1
2 ▁Christian ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁un in cor por ated ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish , ▁near ▁Jenn ings . ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁one ▁institution ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁ ▁The ▁Morgan ▁Smith ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁S ow ela ▁Techn ical ▁Community ▁College ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Jenn ings . ▁ ▁National ▁Guard ▁C ▁Company ▁ 3 - 1 5 6 TH ▁Infantry ▁Battalion ▁res ides ▁in ▁Jenn ings , ▁Louisiana . ▁ ▁This ▁unit ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 6 th ▁IB CT ▁deployed ▁twice ▁to ▁Ira q ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 - 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Commun ities ▁ ▁City ▁▁ ▁Jenn ings ▁( par ish ▁seat ▁and ▁largest ▁municipality ) ▁ ▁Town s ▁ ▁El ton ▁ ▁Lake ▁Arthur ▁ ▁Wel sh ▁ ▁Village ▁ ▁F ent on ▁ ▁Un in cor por ated ▁areas ▁ ▁Census - design ated ▁places ▁▁ ▁Lac ass ine ▁ ▁Ro ano ke ▁ ▁Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁▁▁ ▁Bar ns d all ▁ ▁Bull er ▁ ▁China ▁ ▁Cover dale ▁ ▁Ed na ▁ ▁Font en ot ▁ ▁For eman ' s ▁Hall ▁ ▁Gra vel ▁Point ▁ ▁H ath away ▁ ▁La ud erd ale ▁ ▁N ible tt ▁ ▁Pan ch ov ille ▁ ▁P ine ▁Island ▁ ▁Raymond ▁ ▁Silver wood ▁ ▁So ile au ▁ ▁Th orn well ▁ ▁T ops y ▁ ▁Ver rett ▁ ▁Wood la wn ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁A . C
. ▁C lem ons ▁ ▁Al ▁Wood s ▁ ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁" Tom " ▁Gre ene ▁ ▁John ▁E . ▁Gu inn ▁ ▁Charles ▁Franklin ▁H ilde brand ▁ ▁Dan ▁Mor r ish ▁ ▁Claude ▁Kirk pat rick ▁ ▁Ed ith ▁Kill g ore ▁Kirk pat rick ▁ ▁Guy ▁So ck r ider ▁ ▁Ger ald ▁The un issen ▁ ▁Bernard ▁N . ▁Marc ant el , ▁District ▁Att orney ▁and ▁City ▁Judge ▁of ▁Jenn ings ▁and ▁Ward ▁II . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁ 8 ▁string ▁of ▁un sol ved ▁mur ders ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁Sher iff ' s ▁Office ▁ ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish ▁Econom ic ▁Development ▁& ▁Tour ist ▁Commission ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁ ▁Heinrich , ▁P . ▁V ., ▁J . ▁S ne ad , ▁and ▁R . ▁P . ▁McC ul lo h , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Lake ▁Charles ▁ 3 0 ▁x ▁ 6 0 ▁minute ▁ge olog ic ▁quad rangle . ▁Louisiana ▁Ge ological ▁Survey , ▁Bat on ▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana . ▁ ▁Heinrich , ▁P . ▁V ., ▁J . ▁S ne ad , ▁and ▁R . ▁P . ▁McC ul lo h , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Crow ley ▁ 3 0 ▁x ▁ 6 0 ▁minute ▁ge olog ic ▁quad rangle . ▁Louisiana ▁Ge ological ▁Survey , ▁Bat on
▁Rou ge , ▁Louisiana . ▁ ▁H ydro log y ▁ ▁Water ▁Resources ▁of ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁United ▁States ▁Ge ological ▁Survey . ▁ ▁Category : Louis iana ▁par ishes ▁Category : Ac ad iana ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Mon uments ▁and ▁mem orial s ▁to ▁Jefferson ▁Davis ▁Category : P laces ▁named ▁for ▁Confeder ate ▁hero es ▁in ▁Louisiana <0x0A> </s> ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Southern ▁Russia . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁city ▁and ▁capital ▁of ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai ▁by ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁by ▁area . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 7 th - larg est ▁city ▁in ▁Russia ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Kub an ▁River . ▁It ▁is ▁cv t \| 1 3 0 0 \| km }} ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁capital ▁and ▁largest ▁city ▁Moscow . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sea ▁is ▁just ▁ 1 2 0 km ▁west ▁of ▁it . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁it ▁forms ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁City ▁District . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁" S ou thern ▁Capital ▁of ▁Russia ". ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁European ▁P lain
▁in ▁the ▁P rik ub ansk aya ▁P lain ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai , ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁P rik ub ansk aya ▁P lain , ▁in ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁Kub an ▁River ▁( on ▁the ▁right ▁bank ), ▁that ▁is , ▁ge omorph olog ically ▁– ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Kub an ▁all uv ial ▁and ▁pro l uv ial ▁plain , ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁terra ce ▁above ▁the ▁flo od plain . ▁The ▁elev ation ▁of ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁low , ▁with ▁an ▁even ▁slope ▁to ▁the ▁north - west . ▁The ▁elev ation ▁is ▁ 1 9 ▁metres ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁The ▁latter ▁has ▁a ▁sub lime ▁h ollow - rel ief ▁relief ▁and ▁is ▁disse cted ▁by ▁numerous ▁left - bank ▁channels ▁of ▁the ▁Kub an ▁River . ▁The ▁Kub an ▁itself ▁b ends ▁around ▁the ▁city ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁south west , ▁forming ▁a ▁wide ▁( up ▁to ▁ 1 5 km ) ▁tra pe zo idal ▁shape ▁at ▁this ▁place ; ▁the ▁right ▁bank ▁is ▁ste ep ▁and ▁high ▁( up ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁m ), ▁the ▁left ▁one ▁is ▁low ▁and ▁s lop ing . ▁The ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁Kub an ▁river bed ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 5 0 ▁meters , ▁the ▁depth ▁is ▁from ▁ 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 6 . 5 ▁metres . ▁ ▁Ge ographical ▁coordinates : ▁ 4 5 ▁° ▁
0 2 ▁ ′ ▁north ▁latitude , ▁ 3 8 ▁° ▁ 5 9 ▁ ′ ▁east ▁longitude . ▁From ▁north ▁to ▁south ▁( with in ▁the ▁city ▁limits ) ▁K ras n od ar ▁st ret ches ▁for ▁ 2 0 . 6 km , ▁and ▁from ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁for ▁ 3 0 . 1 km . ▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁zone ▁of ▁se ism ic ▁activity . ▁O ften ▁the ▁ep ic enter ▁of ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁and ▁se ism ic ▁waves ▁reach ▁the ▁coast al ▁cities ▁and ▁even ▁K ras n od ar . ▁The ▁entire ▁history ▁of ▁observations ▁of ▁strong ▁earth qu akes ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁not ▁recorded , ▁however , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁earth qu akes ▁with ▁an ▁intensity ▁of ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁points ▁were ▁observed . ▁ ▁Time ▁zone ▁▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁comes ▁under ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Time ▁( MS K ), ▁UTC + 0 3 : 0 0 . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁▁▁ ▁A verage ▁annual ▁temperature : ▁ 1 2 ° C ▁ ▁Max imum ▁temperature : ▁ 4 0 . 7 ° C ▁ ▁Min imum ▁temperature : ▁- 3 2 . 9 ° C ▁ ▁Rain fall , ▁mm : ▁ 7 3 5 ▁ ▁A verage ▁wind ▁speed : ▁ 2 . 4 ▁meter ▁per ▁second ▁
▁Air ▁hum id ity : ▁ 7 2 % ▁ ▁Sun sh ine ▁hours : ▁ 2 , 1 3 9 ▁ ▁General ▁Character istics ▁ ▁The ▁climate ▁of ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁trans itional , ▁from ▁temper ate ▁contin ental ▁( D fa ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Kö ppen ▁climate ▁classification ) ▁to ▁dry ▁subt rop ical ▁( C fb ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Kö ppen ▁classification ). ▁The ▁climate ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Paris , ▁Milan ▁and ▁New ▁York , ▁with ▁m ild ▁winter s ▁without ▁steady ▁snow ▁cover ▁and ▁hot ▁sum mers . ▁ ▁Summer ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁the ▁longest ▁season ▁and ▁last s ▁for ▁ 5 ▁months ▁( May – Se ptember ). ▁Winter ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁short , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁duration ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁days , ▁from ▁about ▁mid - J anu ary ▁to ▁late ▁February . ▁The ▁short est ▁seasons ▁are ▁aut umn ▁and ▁spring . ▁ ▁Tem per ature ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁air ▁temperature ▁in ▁K ras n od ar , ▁according ▁to ▁many ▁years ▁of ▁observations , ▁is ▁+ 1 2 . 0 ° C ▁( in ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 0 ▁years , ▁the ▁average ▁annual ▁temperature ▁has ▁been ▁kept ▁at ▁ 1 3 . 3 ° C ). ▁The ▁col dest ▁month ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁January ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁temperature ▁of ▁+ ▁ 0 . 8 ° C . ▁The ▁warm est ▁month ▁is ▁July , ▁with
▁an ▁average ▁daily ▁temperature ▁of ▁ 2 4 . 1 ° C . ▁The ▁highest ▁temperature ▁recorded ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁observation ▁period ▁is ▁+ 4 0 . 7 ° C , ▁and ▁the ▁lowest ▁is ▁ 3 2 . 9 ° C ▁( J anu ary ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ). ▁ ▁Rain ▁and ▁hum id ity ▁ ▁Rain fall ▁during ▁the ▁year ▁falls ▁approximately ▁even ly , ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁maximum ▁and ▁minimum . ▁The ▁absolute ▁maximum ▁occurs ▁in ▁June ▁( 8 6 mm ), ▁with ▁a ▁secondary ▁maximum ▁in ▁December ▁( 7 7 mm ). ▁The ▁minimum ▁precip itation ▁falls ▁in ▁August ▁( 4 4 mm ). ▁During ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁days ▁with ▁precip itation ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 3 4 ▁( from ▁ 9 ▁days ▁in ▁August ▁to ▁ 1 9 ▁days ▁in ▁December ). ▁The ▁ra ini est ▁month ▁was ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁when ▁ 3 0 7 mm ▁of ▁rain ▁fell ▁( at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 8 6 mm ). ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁dri est ▁month ▁– ▁then ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁precip itation ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁average ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁about ▁ 7 3 5 mm . ▁Air ▁hum id ity ▁is ▁about ▁ 7 2 %, ▁in ▁the ▁summer
▁- ▁ 6 4 – 6 6 %, ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁- ▁ 7 8 – 8 0 %. ▁ ▁We athers ▁ ▁Winter ▁ ▁Winter ▁is ▁usually ▁m ild , ▁change able , ▁with ▁un stable ▁snow ▁cover . ▁The ▁average ▁daily ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 0 ▁... ▁+ ▁ 2 ▁° ▁С ; ▁However , ▁ann ually ▁there ▁are ▁both ▁fro st s ▁( most ▁often ▁in ▁clear ▁weather ▁during ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁ant icy clone ) ▁and ▁war ming ▁up ▁to ▁+ 1 5 ° C ▁and ▁above ▁( us ually ▁when ▁carrying ▁warm ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁south - west ). ▁In ▁some ▁cold ▁winter s , ▁temper atures ▁can ▁drop ▁to ▁− 2 0 ° C . ▁The ▁winter ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁short ▁- ▁on ▁average , ▁it ▁begins ▁in ▁early ▁January ▁and ▁ends ▁in ▁mid - F ebru ary , ▁however , ▁in ▁fact , ▁these ▁periods ▁can ▁vary ▁greatly . ▁P reci p itation ▁can ▁fall ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁rain , ▁rarely ▁snow , ▁sle et ▁and ▁rain . ▁Rec ently , ▁the ▁cases ▁of ▁" free zing ▁rain ", ▁which ▁lead ▁to ▁serious ▁consequences . ▁ ▁Spring ▁ ▁The ▁beginning ▁of ▁spring ▁usually ▁falls ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁end ▁of ▁February , ▁however , ▁from ▁year ▁to ▁year ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁spring ▁can ▁vary ▁greatly : ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁with ▁warm ▁winter s , ▁the ▁spring ▁begins ▁almost ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of
▁January , ▁smooth ly ▁“ flow ing ” ▁from ▁deep ▁aut umn , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁with ▁severe ▁winter s ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁spring ▁may ▁be ▁already ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March . ▁March , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁winter , ▁is ▁very ▁un stable ▁in ▁the ▁weather ▁plan : ▁war ming ▁can ▁be ▁sharp ly ▁replaced ▁by ▁cold , ▁often ▁fro st , ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Wind ▁is ▁also ▁characteristic ▁of ▁March , ▁often ▁strong . ▁The ▁weather ▁becomes ▁more ▁stable ▁only ▁in ▁April , ▁when ▁trees ▁begin ▁to ▁blo om ▁( us ually ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁April , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁in ▁mid - M arch ), ▁and ▁the ▁wind s ▁sub side ▁only ▁by ▁May . ▁Al ready ▁in ▁early ▁May , ▁the ▁average ▁daily ▁temperature ▁begins ▁to ▁exceed ▁+ 1 5 ° C ▁- ▁summer ▁is ▁coming . ▁ ▁Summer ▁ ▁Summer ▁is ▁the ▁longest ▁season ▁in ▁K ras n od ar . ▁On ▁average , ▁its ▁duration ▁is ▁ 1 5 5 − 1 6 0 ▁days , ▁which ▁is ▁ 5 ▁months . ▁Character ized ▁by ▁sun sh ine . ▁In ▁May ▁- ▁June ▁temperature ▁rarely ▁exceed s ▁+ 3 0 ° C , ▁however , ▁hum id ity ▁and ▁natural ▁con ve ction ▁lead ▁to ▁frequent ▁short - term ▁th under st orm ▁show ers . ▁In ▁July ▁– ▁August , ▁the ▁air ▁becomes ▁much ▁d rier , ▁rain ▁and ▁th under st orm s ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁are ▁most ▁often
▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁activity ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁front s , ▁so ▁the ▁precip itation ▁becomes ▁much ▁less . ▁The ▁average ▁temperature ▁in ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁is ▁about ▁+ 2 5 ▁° ▁С , ▁while ▁the ▁daily ▁maximum ▁often ▁exceed s ▁the ▁ 3 0 - deg ree ▁mark . ▁Most ▁often , ▁it ▁is ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁that ▁ 4 0 - deg ree ▁heat ▁waves ▁are ▁observed . ▁In ▁September , ▁the ▁most ▁comfortable ▁weather ▁is ▁usually ▁observed : ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁the ▁air ▁is ▁still ▁war ming ▁up ▁to ▁+ ▁ 2 5 ▁... ▁+ ▁ 3 0 ▁° ▁С , ▁however , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁strong ▁sun , ▁and ▁at ▁night ▁a ▁pleasant ▁cool ness ▁falls . ▁Usually , ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁September ▁( in ▁recent ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁October ), ▁cool ▁days ▁with ▁cloud y ▁and ▁ra iny ▁weather ▁occur ▁- ▁this ▁indicates ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁aut umn . ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁comes ▁in ▁early ▁to ▁mid - Oct ober . ▁It ▁usually ▁continues ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁December , ▁only ▁in ▁warm ▁years ▁it ▁can ▁last ▁until ▁mid - J anu ary ▁and ▁slowly ▁move ▁into ▁spring . ▁The ▁average ▁temperature ▁does ▁not ▁exceed ▁ 1 5 ▁° ▁С . ▁There ▁are ▁much ▁more ▁cloud y ▁days , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁precip itation . ▁Up ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁December , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁return ▁warm ▁( up ▁to ▁+ ▁ 2 0 ▁...
▁+ ▁ 2 5 ▁° ▁С ), ▁dry ▁and ▁sun ny ▁weather ▁- ▁“ Ind ian ▁summer ”. ▁In ▁November , ▁wind s ▁begin ▁to ▁blow , ▁although ▁not ▁as ▁strong ▁as ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁spring . ▁In ▁December , ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁over cast ▁with ▁slight ▁but ▁periodic ▁precip itation . ▁The ▁first ▁fro st s ▁can ▁be ▁observed ▁in ▁time ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁November ▁to ▁mid - Dec ember , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁snow ▁most ▁often ▁occurs ▁in ▁late ▁November - mid - Dec ember . ▁However , ▁the ▁first ▁snow ▁often ▁does ▁not ▁lie ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁days ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁positive ▁temper atures , ▁so ▁the ▁New ▁Year ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁snow less . ▁ ▁H ydro graph y ▁ ▁The ▁Kub an ▁River , ▁the ▁longest ▁river ▁in ▁the ▁entire ▁North ▁C au cas ian ▁region , ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁city . ▁Its ▁length ▁is ▁ 8 7 0 km , ▁and ▁the ▁bas in ▁area ▁is ▁ 5 7 9 0 0 km ². ▁On ▁the ▁flat ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁created ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁artificial ▁res er voir s . ▁In ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Kub an ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁tort u os ity ▁of ▁the ▁channel . ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁its ▁natural ▁movement , ▁the ▁river ▁broke ▁through ▁the ▁neck ▁loops , ▁straight ening ▁its ▁course . ▁The ▁former ▁root ▁formed ▁flo od plain ▁la kes ▁- ▁old ▁ladies
. ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁lake ▁is ▁the ▁Lake ▁Old ▁Kub an ▁near ▁K ras n od ar . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁significant ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁channel , ▁the ▁Kub an ▁is ▁distinguished ▁by ▁a ▁fast ▁current , ▁a ▁great ▁destruct ive ▁force ▁during ▁flo ods ▁and ▁flo ods . ▁The ▁amplitude ▁of ▁fl uct u ations ▁in ▁the ▁water ▁level ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁reaches ▁ 5 ▁meters . ▁To ▁reg ulate ▁flow ▁built ▁res er voir s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁filling ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁artificial ▁res er voir ▁of ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai ▁– ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁res er voir , ▁which ▁finally ▁reg ulated ▁the ▁Kub an ▁river ▁flow . ▁Ear lier , ▁the ▁Kar as un ▁river ▁flow ed ▁through ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁Now ▁it ▁is ▁Pok rov sky ▁L akes . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁situation ▁ ▁he ▁environmental ▁situation ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁research ers ▁as ▁t ense . ▁Of ▁particular ▁relev ance ▁is ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁air ▁poll ution ▁by ▁road . ▁In ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁through ▁which ▁large ▁high ways ▁pass , ▁the ▁excess ▁of ▁the ▁perm iss ible ▁rate ▁of ▁hydro car b ons , ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁and ▁nit ro gen ▁ox ide ▁ ▁is ▁recorded ▁- ▁from ▁ 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁times . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5
▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁K ras n od ar ▁registered ▁the ▁most ▁cars ▁per ▁cap ita ▁among ▁Russian ▁cities . ▁If ▁for ▁Moscow ▁this ▁figure ▁is ▁ 8 4 6 ▁cars ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁it ▁is ▁ 1 , 0 6 3 ▁cars . ▁In ▁the ▁summer , ▁trans it ▁transport ▁begins ▁to ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role , ▁when ▁car ▁traffic ▁increases ▁to ▁ 2 ▁million ▁cars . ▁ ▁Scient ists ▁have ▁noted ▁a ▁very ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁air ▁poll ution ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁electric ▁power ▁facilities , ▁enter pr ises ▁of ▁the ▁pet ro chem ical , ▁oil ▁ref ining ▁and ▁fuel ▁indust ries . ▁In ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁content ▁of ▁nit ro gen ▁and ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁is ▁ 1 . 5 – 2 ▁times ▁higher ▁than ▁in ▁other ▁areas . ▁This ▁situation ▁is ▁explained ▁by ▁the ▁constant ▁flow ▁of ▁these ▁subst ances ▁from ▁enter pr ises ▁located ▁in ▁other ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁with ▁prev ail ing ▁w ester ly , ▁n ort he astern ▁and ▁e aster ly ▁wind s . ▁The ▁industrial ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁suff ers ▁the ▁most ▁from ▁poll ution , ▁often ▁due ▁to ▁impro per ▁operation ▁or ▁mal function ▁of ▁dust ▁collect ing ▁and ▁gas ▁clean ing ▁equipment . ▁Nevertheless , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁a ▁study ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and
▁Environment ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁K ras n od ar ▁ranks ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁pur ity ▁of ▁air ▁among ▁cities ▁in ▁Russia ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 ▁thousand ▁people . ▁ ▁Water ▁bodies ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁experience ▁a ▁high ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁load . ▁In ▁water , ▁the ▁perm iss ible ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁harm ful ▁subst ances , ▁including ▁comp ounds ▁of ▁co pper , ▁iron , ▁pet role um ▁hydro car b ons , ▁and ▁nit r ates , ▁are ▁several ▁times ▁exceed ed . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁City ▁District ▁and ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai . ▁K ras n od ar ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 4 ▁districts . ▁ ▁The ▁formation ▁or ▁mer ger ▁of ▁districts ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁K ras n od ar ▁City ▁D uma ▁on ▁the ▁proposal ▁of ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁K ras n od ar . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁ ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : K ras n od ar ▁K ras n od ar <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁coffee ▁production ▁catalog ues ▁so ver eign ▁states ▁that ▁have ▁condu ci ve ▁climate ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁to ▁fost er ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁coffee ▁be ans . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁countries ▁maintain ▁substantial ▁supply - chain
▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁coffee house ▁ch ains ▁and ▁enter pr ises . ▁These ▁coffee h ouses ▁play ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁supporting ▁developing ▁econom ies ▁by ▁w aging ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁coffee ▁wars ▁to ▁gain ▁market ▁share . ▁O ften ▁these ▁coffee house ▁ch ains ▁pay ▁a ▁prem ium ▁above ▁market ▁price ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁alle vi ate ▁fair ▁trade ▁and ▁sust ain able ▁far ming ▁concerns . ▁Develop ing ▁countries ▁that ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁coffee ▁market ▁w ield ▁consider ate ▁influence ▁on ▁global ▁coffee ▁econom ics . ▁ ▁Main ▁exp or ters ▁by ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁World ▁Atlas , ▁the ▁main ▁exp or ters ▁of ▁coffee ▁be ans ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁are : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁C off ee ▁wars ▁List ▁of ▁coffee house ▁ch ains ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Colombia ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Brazil ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Ken ya ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁Mexico ▁C off ee ▁production ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁C off ee <0x0A> </s> ▁Low ell ▁Jay ▁Mil ken ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁business man , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁and ▁co - found er ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation . ▁He ▁is ▁also
▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁T AP ▁System ▁for ▁Te acher ▁and ▁Student ▁Ad van cement ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse , ▁a ▁provider ▁of ▁early ▁child hood ▁education . ▁Mil ken ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁senior ▁vice - pres ident ▁in ▁the ▁j unk ▁bond - tr ading ▁operation ▁of ▁Dre x el ▁Burn ham ▁Lam bert , ▁head ed ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Michael ▁Mil ken . ▁ ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁has ▁founded ▁several ▁more ▁non pro fit ▁organizations , ▁including ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation ▁and ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Center . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁America ' s ▁most ▁gener ous ▁phil anth rop ists ▁by ▁W orth ▁magazine . ▁As ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation , ▁he ▁presents ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Edu c ator ▁Awards ▁several ▁times ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Low ell ▁Jay ▁Mil ken ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Enc ino , ▁California . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁Bernard ▁and ▁Fer ne ▁Mil ken ; ▁his ▁older ▁brother ▁Michael ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁a ▁sister ▁J oni ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Fernando ▁Valley ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁where ▁Low ell ▁attended ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁public ▁school ▁system
▁including ▁H es by ▁Element ary ▁School ▁in ▁Enc ino , ▁Port ola ▁Junior ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁T arz ana , ▁and ▁B irmingham ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Van ▁Nu ys . ▁ ▁Mil ken ▁graduated ▁Ph i ▁B eta ▁K appa ▁and ▁sum ma ▁cum ▁la ude ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley . ▁He ▁earned ▁a ▁J . D . ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Co if ▁honor ▁society ▁and ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁U CLA ▁Law ▁Review . ▁Mil ken ▁graduated ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁percent ▁of ▁his ▁class ▁at ▁U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Law . ▁ ▁Business ▁career ▁▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁U CLA ▁Law , ▁Mil ken ▁joined ▁the ▁law ▁firm ▁of ▁I rell ▁& ▁Man ella , ▁where ▁he ▁special ized ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁tax ▁law . ▁He ▁spent ▁four ▁years ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁at ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles - based ▁firm . ▁Mil ken ▁particularly ▁enjoyed ▁and ▁excel led ▁at ▁the ▁tax - stud y ▁l unch es ▁at ▁I rell ▁& ▁Man ella , ▁where ▁a ▁senior ▁att orney ▁at ▁the ▁firm ▁presented ▁a ▁complicated ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁law y ers ▁in ▁attend ance ▁attempted ▁to ▁come ▁up ▁with ▁unique ▁solutions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Dre x el ▁Burn ham ▁Lam bert ' s ▁High ▁Y ield ▁and ▁Convert ible ▁Bond ▁Department , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" j unk ▁bond
" ▁department . ▁His ▁brother ▁Michael ▁Mil ken ▁had ▁moved ▁the ▁operation ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁the ▁year ▁before , ▁and ▁he ▁h ired ▁Low ell ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁department al ▁senior ▁vice - pres ident ▁until ▁he ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁His ▁duties ▁were ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁" most ly ▁administrative ", ▁but ▁he ▁also ▁provided ▁financial ▁analysis ▁of ▁companies . ▁Low ell ▁was ▁most ▁interested ▁in ▁bank rupt cies ▁and ▁dist ress ed ▁fin ances ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁util ize ▁his ▁tax ▁policy ▁experience ▁from ▁I rell ▁& ▁Man ella . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁registered ▁representative ▁with ▁any ▁se cur ities ▁exchange . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁investigation , ▁the ▁government ▁ind icted ▁Michael ▁with ▁ 9 8 ▁counts ▁of ▁ra ck ete ering ▁and ▁fra ud . ▁The ▁ind ict ment ▁also ▁named ▁Low ell ▁in ▁two ▁charges ▁of ▁ra ck ete ering ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁counts ▁of ▁fra ud . ▁Michael ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁prison . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁that ▁deal , ▁the ▁government ▁dropped ▁charges ▁against ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken , ▁but ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁bar red ▁from ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁se cur ities ▁industry ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁settlement ▁with ▁the ▁Sec ur ities ▁and ▁Exchange ▁Commission . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁ind icted ▁Low ell ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁put ▁pressure ▁on ▁Michael ▁to ▁sett le ▁the
▁case ▁against ▁him , ▁a ▁t actic ▁condem ned ▁as ▁un eth ical ▁by ▁some ▁legal ▁sch ol ars . ▁" I ▁am ▁trouble d ▁by ▁– ▁and ▁other ▁sch ol ars ▁are ▁trouble d ▁by ▁– ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁putting ▁relatives ▁on ▁the ▁b arg aining ▁table ," ▁said ▁Viv ian ▁Ber ger , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Law ▁School , ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁In ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁and ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Low ell ▁was ▁character ized ▁as ▁an ▁" un ass uming ▁family ▁man " ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁" b arg aining ▁chip ", ▁ind icted ▁only ▁to ▁put ▁pressure ▁on ▁his ▁brother . ▁ ▁Low ell ▁later ▁became ▁chairman ▁and ▁a ▁share holder ▁of ▁Her on ▁International , ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁firm ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁He ▁acquired ▁a ▁majority ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Low ell ▁co - f ounded ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse ▁with ▁Michael ▁Mil ken ▁and ▁Larry ▁Ell ison . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁sole ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁early ▁child hood ▁education ▁company ▁and ▁oper ates ▁under ▁the ▁Kinder C are ▁Learning ▁Cent ers , ▁Know ledge ▁Begin nings , ▁C CLC ,
▁The ▁Gro ve ▁School , ▁Champions ▁and ▁Cambridge ▁School s ▁br ands . ▁Intern ation ally , ▁it ▁over se es ▁early ▁child hood ▁education , ▁K - 1 2 ▁education ▁and ▁post - second ary ▁education ▁programs ▁and ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁Low ell ▁served ▁as ▁vice - ch air man ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse ▁Education ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse ▁Education ▁Hold ings ▁Inc . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Know ledge ▁Un iverse ▁Education ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Switzerland - based ▁Part ners ▁Group ▁for ▁und is closed ▁terms . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁▁ ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁co - f ounded ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁its ▁chairman . ▁He ▁also ▁established ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁support ▁and ▁provide ▁fund ing ▁for ▁organizations ▁and ▁initi atives ▁that ▁strength en ▁communities ▁through ▁education ▁and ▁lif el ong ▁learning . ▁ ▁He ▁created ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Edu c ator ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁First ▁presented ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁the ▁award ▁program ▁works ▁with ▁state ▁depart ments ▁of ▁education ▁to ▁identify ▁teachers , ▁princip als ▁and ▁education ▁special ists ▁who ▁are ▁impro ving ▁student ▁achiev ement , ▁making ▁significant ▁contributions ▁to ▁a ▁school ' s ▁level ▁of ▁excell ence ▁and ▁elev ating ▁the ▁teaching ▁profession . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7
– 1 8 ▁school ▁year , ▁the ▁National ▁Mil ken ▁Edu c ator ▁Network ▁counts ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 7 0 0 ▁educ ators ▁among ▁the ▁recip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Edu c ator ▁Award . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Mil ken ▁founded ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Archive ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Music , ▁a ▁project ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Jewish ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Mil ken ▁founded ▁the ▁T AP ▁System ▁for ▁Te acher ▁and ▁Student ▁Ad van cement , ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁school ▁reform ▁currently ▁impact ing ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁educ ators ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁students ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁system ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁four ▁integrated ▁and ▁aligned ▁elements : ▁Multiple ▁care ers ▁paths , ▁continuous ▁school - based ▁professional ▁development , ▁instruction ally - f oc used ▁teacher ▁evaluation , ▁and ▁performance - based ▁compens ation ▁for ▁educ ators . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Mil ken ▁founded ▁an ▁independent ▁public ▁char ity ▁to ▁support ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁T AP ▁System , ▁The ▁National ▁Institute ▁for ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Te aching ▁( NI ET ), ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁served ▁as ▁its ▁chairman . ▁ ▁The ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Center ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Kansas ▁Mil ken ▁Edu c ator ▁Norman ▁Con ard . ▁The ▁public ▁non pro fit ▁organization ▁disco
vers , ▁develop s ▁and ▁communic ates ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁uns ung ▁hero es ▁who ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁prof ound ▁and ▁positive ▁difference ▁on ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁history ▁and ▁includes ▁a ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 - square - foot ▁museum ▁space ▁with ▁permanent ▁and ▁rot ating ▁exhib itions . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Center ▁for ▁Un s ung ▁Hero es ▁opened ▁a ▁museum ▁in ▁Fort ▁Scott , ▁Kansas . ▁ ▁Mil ken ▁has ▁partner ed ▁with ▁the ▁Pro state ▁Can cer ▁Foundation ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Pro state ▁Can cer ▁Foundation ▁Young ▁Investig ator ▁Award ▁to ▁scient ists ▁for ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁pro state ▁cancer . ▁ ▁The ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Institute ▁for ▁Business ▁Law ▁and ▁Policy ▁was ▁founded ▁at ▁U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁an ▁initial ▁end ow ment ▁of ▁two ▁million ▁dollars ▁from ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation , ▁the ▁Hoff mit z ▁Mil ken ▁Center ▁for ▁Typ ography ▁was ▁established ▁at ▁Art Center ▁College ▁of ▁Design ▁in ▁Pas ad ena , ▁California . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mil ken ▁gave ▁an ▁additional ▁$ 2 ▁million ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁Hoff mit z ▁Mil ken ▁Center . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁ ▁Ch arg es ▁of ▁illegal ▁se cur ities ▁trad ing ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁was
▁charged ▁with ▁ 1 1 ▁counts ▁of ▁ill ic it ▁activity ▁related ▁to ▁illegal ▁se cur ities ▁trad ing , ▁stock ▁manip ulation ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁mer gers ▁and ▁ac quis itions ▁related ▁to ▁un law ful ▁se cur ities ▁trad ing . ▁While ▁Low ell ' s ▁brother ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁and ▁f ined ▁$ 6 0 0 ▁million , ▁charges ▁against ▁Low ell ▁were ▁eventually ▁dropped ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ple a ▁deal . ▁ ▁Law suit ▁against ▁author ▁of ▁" Den ▁of ▁Th ieves " ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁fund ed ▁$ 1 . 6 ▁million ▁to ▁back ▁a ▁law suit ▁against ▁best - s elling ▁author ▁James ▁B . ▁Stewart ▁for ▁a ▁passage ▁written ▁in ▁Stewart ' s ▁book , ▁" Den ▁of ▁Th ieves ", ▁which ▁was ▁about ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁Low ell ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Michael ▁in ▁ins ider ▁trad ing ▁sc and als ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁law suit , ▁Michael ▁F . ▁Arm strong , ▁the ▁criminal ▁defense ▁lawyer ▁who ▁represented ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken , ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁the ▁book ▁wrong ly ▁accused ▁Arm strong ▁of ▁prepar ing ▁a ▁false ▁aff id av it ▁for ▁a ▁witness ▁to ▁sign ▁to ▁ex on er ate ▁Low ell ▁Mil ken ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁viol ating ▁security ▁laws . ▁ ▁An ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁found ▁that ▁the
▁passage ▁concerning ▁Arm strong ' s ▁lies ▁were ▁substantial ly ▁true ▁and ▁dismiss ed ▁the ▁charges . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Mil ken ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁America ' s ▁most ▁gener ous ▁phil anth rop ists ▁by ▁W orth ▁magazine . ▁His ▁work ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁phil anth ropy ▁has ▁been ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁State ▁Bo ards ▁of ▁Education , ▁the ▁Hor ace ▁Mann ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Second ary ▁School ▁Princi p als . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁event ▁" Only ▁in ▁America : ▁Jewish ▁Music ▁in ▁a ▁Land ▁of ▁Fre edom ", ▁Mil ken ▁was ▁hon ored ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁his ▁contribution ▁to ▁Jewish ▁culture ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁Mil ken ▁Archive . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁Union ▁College ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁presented ▁Mil ken ▁with ▁a ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Hum ane ▁Let ters , ▁honor is ▁causa . ▁Mil ken ▁was ▁hon ored ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Law ' s ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Al umn us ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁for ▁his ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁public ▁and ▁community ▁service , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁education ▁and ▁school ▁reform . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Mil ken ▁accepted ▁an ▁honor ary ▁Doctor ate ▁of ▁Hum ane ▁Let ters ▁from ▁Chap man ▁University ' s ▁George ▁L . ▁Ar gy ros ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁and
▁Econom ics ▁at ▁Chap man ▁University . ▁The ▁Education ▁Commission ▁of ▁the ▁States ▁hon ored ▁Mil ken ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁James ▁Bry ant ▁Con ant ▁Award . ▁The ▁award ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Education ▁Commission ▁of ▁the ▁States ▁and ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁and ▁recogn izes ▁out standing ▁individual ▁contributions ▁to ▁American ▁education . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁billion aires ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Ph il anth rop ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Fernando ▁Valley <0x0A> </s> ▁Bra chia can tha ▁ste ph ani , ▁or ▁Ste phan ' s ▁lady ▁be et le , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁lady ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C occ in ell idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C occ in ell idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁S low ▁television , ▁or ▁slow ▁TV ▁( N or weg ian : ▁S akte - TV ), ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁genre
▁of ▁" mar athon " ▁television ▁coverage ▁of ▁an ▁ordinary ▁event ▁in ▁its ▁complete ▁length . ▁Its ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁both ▁from ▁the ▁long ▁end urance ▁of ▁the ▁broadcast ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁from ▁the ▁natural ▁slow ▁pace ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁program ' s ▁progress . ▁It ▁was ▁popular ised ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation ▁( NR K ), ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁broadcast ▁of ▁a ▁ 7 - hour ▁train ▁journey ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Background ▁An ▁early ▁example ▁of ▁extended ▁length ▁cinemat ography ▁was ▁artist ▁Andy ▁War hol ' s ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁film ▁S leep , ▁which ▁showed ▁poet ▁John ▁G ior no ▁sleep ing ▁for ▁five ▁hours ▁and ▁twenty ▁minutes . ▁ ▁War hol ' s ▁production ▁process ▁involved ▁sp lic ing ▁and ▁looping ▁of ▁film ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁originally ▁shot ▁in ▁ 3 - 4 ▁minute ▁lengths . ▁ ▁The ▁concept ▁was ▁adapted ▁to ▁slow ▁television ▁on ▁local ▁TV ▁broadcast ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁by ▁W PI X , ▁to ▁V HS ▁video ▁t ape ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁company ▁Video 1 2 5 , ▁to ▁satellite ▁TV ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁by ▁Bahn ▁TV , ▁and ▁to ▁live ▁TV ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation ▁( NR K ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁latest ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁started ▁with ▁the ▁NR K ' s ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁driver '
s ▁eye ▁view ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁showing ▁the ▁complete ▁ 7 - hour ▁train ▁ride ▁along ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Line ▁() ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁live ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁H urt igr uten ▁ship ▁ ▁during ▁its ▁ 1 3 4 - hour ▁voyage ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁to ▁Kir ken es ▁starting ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Both ▁events ▁received ▁extensive ▁attention ▁in ▁both ▁Norwegian ▁and ▁foreign ▁media , ▁and ▁were ▁considered ▁a ▁great ▁success ▁with ▁coverage ▁numbers ▁exceed ing ▁all ▁expect ations ▁and ▁record ▁ratings ▁for ▁the ▁NR K 2 ▁channel . ▁ ▁Ear lier ▁examples ▁ ▁The ▁Y ule ▁Log ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁Christmas ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁television ▁station ▁W PI X ▁showed ▁a ▁film ▁of ▁a ▁y ule ▁log ▁burning ▁in ▁a ▁fire place , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁classic ▁Christmas ▁music ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁and ▁broadcast ▁without ▁commercial ▁inter ruption . ▁ ▁It ▁does ▁not , ▁however , ▁strictly ▁qual ify ▁as ▁slow ▁television ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁made ▁artificial ly ▁long ▁by ▁looping ▁the ▁original ▁film . ▁ ▁Night ▁Walk / N ight ▁Mov es / N ight ▁R ide ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁for ay ▁into ▁slow ▁television ▁was ▁Night ▁Walk , ▁Night ▁R ide ▁and ▁Night ▁Mov es , ▁a ▁tri o ▁of ▁late ▁night ▁programs ▁which ▁a ired ▁on ▁the ▁Global ▁Television ▁Network ▁in ▁Canada ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8
0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Air ing ▁in ▁the ▁over night ▁hours ▁when ▁most ▁television ▁stations ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁running ▁a ▁test ▁pattern , ▁the ▁three ▁programs ▁each ▁dep icted ▁a ▁different ▁first - person ▁view ▁of ▁a ▁walking ▁or ▁driving ▁trip ▁through ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Toronto , ▁with ▁a ▁m ellow ▁jazz ▁sound track . ▁Only ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁Night ▁Walk ▁and ▁one ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁others ▁were ▁ever ▁actually ▁produced , ▁although ▁they ▁were ▁r er un ▁every ▁night ▁from ▁their ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁their ▁can cellation ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Fish cam ▁ ▁NR K ▁( N or way ) ▁▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁NR K , ▁Norway ' s ▁public ▁service ▁broad c aster , ▁has ▁produced ▁several ▁slow ▁television ▁programs ▁that ▁have ▁gained ▁high ▁ratings . ▁ ▁() ▁was ▁named ▁Word ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁Norway ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Berg ens ban en ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁▁ ▁NR K ' s ▁first ▁for ay ▁into ▁slow ▁television ▁was ▁the ▁program ▁Berg ens ban en ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁– ▁train ▁journey ▁across ▁Southern ▁Norway , ▁which ▁dep icted ▁the ▁ 7 - hour ▁train ▁journey ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁to ▁Os lo ▁along ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Line ▁( ). ▁It ▁was ▁a ired ▁on ▁NR K 2 ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0
0 9 ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁icon ic ▁slow - TV ▁program ". ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁planned ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 - year ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Line . ▁Four ▁cam eras ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁document ary , ▁showing ▁both ▁exterior ▁and ▁interior ▁views , ▁along ▁with ▁inter views ▁with ▁crew , ▁train ▁conduct ors , ▁histor ians , ▁past ▁workers ▁and ▁passengers . ▁The ▁train ▁went ▁through ▁ 1 8 2 ▁t unn els . ▁Arch ival ▁cli ps ▁from ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Railway ' s ▁ 1 0 0 - year ▁history ▁were ▁shown ▁when ▁the ▁train ▁passed ▁through ▁t unn els , ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁show ▁last ▁exactly ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁train ▁trip . ▁The ▁show ▁was ▁first ▁broadcast ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁while ▁the ▁recording ▁had ▁been ▁done ▁earlier ▁during ▁summer . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 7 6 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers , ▁and ▁ 1 , 2 4 6 , 0 0 0 ▁Norwegian ▁view ers ▁( 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁were ▁watching ▁the ▁event ▁at ▁least ▁once ▁during ▁its ▁screen ing ▁time . ▁The ▁event ▁received ▁attention ▁in ▁both ▁Norwegian ▁and ▁foreign ▁media , ▁and ▁has ▁received ▁renew ed ▁attention ▁and ▁appreci ation , ▁mainly ▁among ▁its ▁Norwegian ▁follow ers . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁By ban en ▁i
▁Ber gen ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 8 - min ute ▁presentation ▁By ban en ▁i ▁Ber gen ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁showed ▁a ▁trip ▁on ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Light ▁Rail ▁from ▁N est t un ▁to ▁Ber gen , ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁Fl å ms b ana ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁success ▁from ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Line , ▁NR K ▁also ▁fil med ▁the ▁Fl å m ▁Line ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Fl å ms b ana ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁– ▁scen ic ▁tour ist ▁route , ▁train ▁journey ▁dep icted ▁the ▁trip ▁along ▁the ▁Fl å m ▁Line , ▁a ▁ ▁railway ▁that ▁desc ends ▁ ▁from ▁My rd al ▁to ▁Fl å m ▁on ▁the ▁S ogne f j ord . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁NR K 1 ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September ▁at ▁ 0 8 . 0 5 , ▁last ing ▁ 5 8 ▁minutes , ▁and ▁around ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers ▁watched ▁the ▁entire ▁program , ▁for ▁a ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁ 4 0 %. ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁H urt igr uten ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁▁ ▁H urt igr uten ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁– ▁a ▁coast al ▁voyage ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁to ▁Kir ken es ▁dep icted ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Coast al
▁Express ▁() ▁ship ▁ ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 3 4 - hour ▁voyage ▁from ▁Ber gen ▁to ▁Kir ken es . ▁The ▁program ▁started ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁at ▁ 1 9 : 4 5 ▁C ET ▁on ▁NR K ▁and ▁transm itted ▁the ▁entire ▁journey ▁live ▁and ▁non - stop . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁cam eras — three ▁fixed , ▁a ▁bow ▁camera ▁and ▁a ▁gy ro ▁stabil ized ▁C ine flex ▁camera — record ed ▁the ▁boat . ▁ ▁The ▁broadcast ▁was ▁shown ▁live ▁on ▁NR K 2 ▁in ▁Norway , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁for ▁international ▁view ers ▁and ▁Norweg ians ▁abroad , ▁available ▁in ▁Norwegian ▁and ▁English . ▁The ▁broadcast ▁received ▁greater ▁attention ▁and ▁popular ity ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁Berg ens ban en ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁show , ▁both ▁in ▁media ▁and ▁by ▁view ers . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁week end ▁of ▁ 1 7 – 1 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 , 5 4 2 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁or ▁approximately ▁half ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁population , ▁visited ▁the ▁live ▁broadcast . ▁At ▁its ▁peak , ▁ 6 9 2 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁followed ▁the ▁broadcast ▁at ▁ 2 3 : 4 5 ▁Sunday ▁night , ▁as ▁the ▁boat ▁was ▁heading ▁into ▁the ▁T roll f j ord ▁in ▁L of oten . ▁The ▁broadcast ▁has ▁set ▁a ▁world ▁record ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁world ' s ▁longest ▁live
▁television ▁document ary ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁Book ▁of ▁Records . ▁The ▁previous ▁record ▁was ▁ 1 3 ▁hours ▁against ▁their ▁ 1 3 4 ▁hours . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁H urt igr uten ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁Nor sk ▁Dokument ar v ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Memory ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Program me . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Lak se el va ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Sal mon ▁river ▁– ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 4 - hour - long ▁live ▁broadcast ▁on ▁NR K 1 ▁and ▁NR K 2 ▁that ▁dep icted ▁the ▁opening ▁day ▁of ▁fish ing ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁Ga ula ▁River ▁in ▁Tr ø nd el ag ▁and ▁last ed ▁from ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁to ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁It ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁ 4 0 - min ute ▁introduction ▁on ▁NR K 1 , ▁ 1 8 ▁hours ▁of ▁live ▁sal mon ▁fish ing ▁on ▁NR K 2 , ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 - hour ▁regular ▁broadcast ▁on ▁NR K 1 . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 . 6 ▁million ▁watched ▁the ▁broadcast , ▁ear ning ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁market ▁share . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Te lem ark sk anal en ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Te lem ark sk anal en ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁– ▁channel ▁boat ▁trip ▁was ▁a ▁
1 2 - hour ▁cru ise ▁along ▁the ▁Te lem ark ▁Canal ▁that ▁was ▁broadcast ▁live ▁on ▁NR K 2 ▁on ▁Sunday ▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ 1 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁watched ▁the ▁broadcast ▁in ▁Norway , ▁for ▁a ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁ 2 9 ▁percent . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Nord lands ban en ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Nord lands ban en ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁– ▁season ▁by ▁season ▁– ▁train ▁journey ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Circle ▁dep icted ▁a ▁ 9 - hour ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁minute ▁journey ▁on ▁the ▁Nord land ▁Line ▁railway ▁from ▁Tr ond heim ▁to ▁Bod ø . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁NR K 2 ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁view ership ▁of ▁around ▁ 1 . 2 ▁million , ▁for ▁a ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁percent . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Nas j onal ▁ved k vel d ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁NR K ▁broadcast ▁the ▁ 1 2 - hour - long ▁broadcast ▁National ▁Wood ▁Night ▁on ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁fire wood . ▁Near ly ▁a ▁million ▁people , ▁or ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁tun ed ▁in ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁program . ▁The ▁broadcast ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁book ▁by ▁Lars ▁My tt ing , ▁Sol id ▁Wood
: ▁All ▁About ▁Cho pping , ▁D ry ing ▁and ▁Stack ing ▁Wood ▁— ▁and ▁the ▁Soul ▁of ▁Wood - B urn ing . ▁The ▁show ▁consisted ▁of ▁four ▁hours ▁of ▁ordinary ▁produced ▁television , ▁followed ▁by ▁showing ▁eight ▁hours ▁of ▁a ▁live ▁fire place . ▁The ▁show ▁received ▁international ▁attention , ▁including ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁segment ▁on ▁The ▁Col bert ▁Report . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Sommer å pent ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Summer ▁Entertainment ▁Show ▁– ▁coast al ▁cru ise ▁with ▁entertain ment ▁show , ▁a ▁journey ▁from ▁Os lo ▁to ▁Kir ken es ▁and ▁back ▁was ▁a ▁coast al ▁cru ise ▁with ▁entertain ment ▁from ▁Os lo ▁to ▁Kir ken es ▁and ▁back . ▁The ▁approximately ▁ 3 7 9 - hour ▁show ▁was ▁broadcast ▁live ▁on ▁NR K 1 ▁from ▁Saturday ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁to ▁Sunday ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Nas j onal ▁strik ke k vel d ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁NR K ▁a ired ▁National ▁Kn itting ▁Night , ▁a ▁ 1 2 - hour ▁show ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁non - stop ▁kn itting ▁mar athon ▁which ▁attempted ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁World ▁record ▁for ▁kn itting ▁a ▁swe ater ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end . ▁An ▁NR K ▁sp ok esp erson ▁described ▁the ▁show ▁as ▁" the ▁femin ine ▁response ▁to
▁the ▁fire wood ▁show ." ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁ 2 0 0 ▁år ▁på ▁ 2 0 0 ▁min utter ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 ▁minutes ▁- ▁lecture ▁performed ▁by ▁professor ▁Frank ▁A are b rot , ▁political ▁scient ist ▁Frank ▁A are b rot ▁gave ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 - min ute ▁lecture ▁on ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁of ▁Norwegian ▁history . ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers ▁watched ▁the ▁broadcast , ▁which ▁ran ▁from ▁ 8 : 0 5 ▁to ▁ 1 1 : 3 0 ▁am ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February , ▁gain ing ▁a ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁share ▁of ▁view ership . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁på ▁ 2 4 ▁tim ar ▁▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁comm emor ated ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Norway ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁Ar ound ▁ 5 0 ▁academ ics ▁lect ured ▁for ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁straight ▁from ▁R ik ss alen ▁in ▁E ids vol ls by g ningen , ▁the ▁building ▁where ▁the ▁constitution ▁was ▁originally ▁signed . ▁The ▁show ▁broadcast ▁from ▁ 9 ▁May ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁a ▁view ership ▁of ▁ 6 6 9 , 0 0 0 , ▁or ▁ 6 ▁percent ▁market ▁share . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Pi
ip - show ▁ ▁Pi ip - show ▁featured ▁foot age ▁from ▁a ▁camera ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁birds ▁and ▁other ▁wild life ▁at ▁a ▁bird ▁fe eder ▁decor ated ▁to ▁look ▁like ▁a ▁coffee ▁shop . ▁A ▁website ▁run ▁by ▁NR K ▁stream ed ▁live ▁foot age ▁from ▁the ▁camera ▁for ▁three ▁months , ▁and ▁NR K 2 ▁also ▁featured ▁a ▁ 1 4 - hour ▁television ▁program ▁showing ▁live ▁foot age ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁with ▁a ▁view ership ▁of ▁ 2 4 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Sal m eb oka ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 – 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁NR K ▁a ired ▁the ▁ 6 0 - hour ▁H ymn al ▁- ▁cover ▁to ▁cover . ▁The ▁show ▁dep icted ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁cho irs , ▁including ▁around ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 - 4 , 0 0 0 ▁sing ers ▁and ▁solo ists , ▁performing ▁the ▁entire ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Norway ' s ▁national ▁h ymn al , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁performances ▁took ▁place ▁live ▁at ▁V år ▁Fr ue ▁Church ▁in ▁Tr ond heim , ▁though ▁some ▁recorded ▁performances ▁came ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁other ▁sites ▁such ▁as ▁Kar as j ok ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway ▁and ▁Dec or ah , ▁Iowa . ▁The ▁church
▁was ▁open ▁throughout ▁the ▁show , ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 6 , 0 0 0 ▁visitors ▁dropped ▁in . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 . 2 ▁million ▁view ers ▁tun ed ▁in ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁the ▁program , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 8 7 , 0 0 0 ▁at ▁any ▁one ▁time . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Kr ig ▁på ▁ 2 0 0 ▁min utter ▁ ▁War ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 ▁minutes ▁featured ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 - min ute ▁lecture ▁from ▁Frank ▁A are b rot ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁war . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 7 5 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁occupation ▁of ▁Norway ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁program ▁received ▁a ▁view ership ▁of ▁ 2 3 8 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁ 2 1 . 4 ▁percent . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Sommer b å ten ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Summer ▁boat ▁– ▁coast al ▁cru ise ▁with ▁entertain ment ▁show , ▁a ▁journey ▁from ▁V ads ø ▁to ▁Os lo ▁dep icted ▁a ▁live ▁coast al ▁cru ise ▁from ▁V ads ø ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway ▁to ▁Os lo ▁in ▁southern ▁Norway . ▁The ▁show ▁last ed ▁from ▁Sunday ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁until ▁Saturday ▁ 1 5 ▁August . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁ ▁Salt stra umen ▁– ▁min utt
▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Salt stra umen ▁– ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - hour ▁show ▁dep ict ing ▁live ▁foot age ▁from ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁stra it ▁of ▁Salt stra umen , ▁site ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁strong est ▁tid al ▁curr ents ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁Sk ib lad ners ▁se il as ▁– ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁ ▁Sk ib lad ner ▁cru ise ▁– ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁was ▁a ▁week - long ▁show ▁dep ict ing ▁foot age ▁of ▁a ▁cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁p addle ▁ste amer ▁Sk ib lad ner ▁on ▁lake ▁M j ø sa ▁in ▁southern ▁Norway , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁broadcast ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 6 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁launch . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁USA - val get : ▁ 2 2 7 ▁år ▁på ▁ 2 2 7 ▁min utter ▁ ▁In ▁US ▁E lections : ▁ 2 2 7 ▁years ▁in ▁ 2 2 7 ▁minutes , ▁Frank ▁A are b rot ▁spent ▁ 2 2 7 ▁minutes ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁US ▁president ial ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁US . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 - present ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Rib ba ▁– ▁grad ▁for ▁grad ▁( The ▁p ork ▁rib ▁– ▁degree ▁for ▁degree
) ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Re inf ly tt ing ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( Re inde er ▁migration ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁S omm ert og et ▁( The ▁summer ▁train ) ▁B esse gg en ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( B esse gg en ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Gr ieg ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( G rie g ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁M ons en ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( M ons en ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁K lo k ken ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( The ▁clock ▁– ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁S val b ard ▁min utt ▁for ▁min utt ▁( S val b ard ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ) ▁ ▁Inter action ▁through ▁social ▁media ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 3 4 ▁hour ▁broadcast ▁of ▁the ▁H urt igr uten ▁trip , ▁the ▁show ▁received ▁massive ▁attention ▁among ▁Norwegian ▁follow ers ▁in ▁the ▁social ▁media ▁ar ena . ▁On ▁Facebook , ▁Twitter , ▁and ▁blog s , ▁people ▁talked ▁about ▁the ▁trip ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁followed ▁its ▁pro gression . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁boat ▁moved ▁north , ▁place ▁names ▁po pped ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 , ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁# Sort land ▁and ▁# T roll f j ord . ▁Ar ound ▁mid night ▁Saturday ▁there ▁was ▁one ▁twe et ▁about ▁H urt igr uten ▁per ▁six ▁seconds . ▁During ▁the ▁broadcast , ▁cities ▁competed ▁in
▁arr anging ▁the ▁greatest ▁wel coming ▁committee ▁at ▁the ▁different ▁har b ors ▁and ▁three ▁different ▁wed ding ▁propos als ▁were ▁captured ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 3 6 ▁hours . ▁ ▁International ▁attention ▁The ▁H urt igr uten ▁– ▁minute ▁by ▁minute ▁broadcast ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁online ▁with ▁many ▁view ers ▁abroad ; ▁ 4 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁online ▁view ers ▁were ▁outside ▁Norway . ▁The ▁major ▁countries ▁were ▁Den mark ▁( 7 % ), ▁United ▁States ▁( 4 % ), ▁Germany ▁( 4 % ), ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁( 4 % ), ▁and ▁France ▁( 4 % ), ▁gain ing ▁attention ▁in ▁international ▁media . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁broadcast ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Emb ass y ▁in ▁Se oul ▁organized ▁a ▁campaign ▁on ▁the ▁sub way ▁to ▁promote ▁Norway . ▁A ▁bill board ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁Sam g ak ji ▁sub way ▁station ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Se oul ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁broadcast ▁the ▁show ▁live . ▁Korean ▁media ▁showed ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁exhibition , ▁character izing ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁most ▁cre ative ▁PR ▁st unt ▁they ' ve ▁heard ▁of ▁in ▁a ▁long ▁time ". ▁ ▁International ▁adapt ations ▁ ▁Australia : ▁Special ▁Broadcast ing ▁Service ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁Special ▁Broadcast ing ▁Service ▁( SB S ) ▁broadcast ▁on ▁its ▁main ▁TV ▁channel ▁the ▁first ▁Australian - made ▁slow ▁TV ▁style ▁program , ▁a ▁three - hour - long ▁document ary ▁of ▁a ▁journey ▁ab o ard
▁The ▁G han , ▁the ▁passenger ▁train ▁from ▁Ad ela ide ▁to ▁Dar win . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁hour ▁program ▁also ▁used ▁both ▁arch ival ▁imag ery ▁and ▁contemporary ▁graphics ▁to ▁tell ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁Ad ela ide – D ar win ▁railway ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁prede cess or , ▁the ▁Central ▁Australia ▁Railway . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁O z T AM ’ s ▁over night ▁pre lim inary ▁ratings , ▁the ▁S BS ▁tele cast ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁hour ▁program ▁aver aged ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers , ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁audience ▁being ▁in ▁Melbourne . ▁ ▁S BS ▁later ▁issued ▁a ▁media ▁release ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁hour ▁program ▁had ▁"... ▁recorded ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 8 3 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers ▁in ▁met ro ▁and ▁regional ▁mark ets ▁... ▁making ▁this ▁the ▁highest ▁performing ▁S BS ▁program ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁... ". ▁ ▁S BS ▁also ▁scheduled ▁a ▁broadcast ▁of ▁a ▁longer , ▁ 1 7 - hour , ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁program ▁on ▁S BS ▁Vic eland ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁from ▁ 2 . 4 0 am ▁to ▁ 8 . 3 0 pm . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁S BS ▁announced ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁four ▁S low ▁TV ▁programs , ▁covering ▁rail , ▁road , ▁canal ▁and ▁river , ▁to ▁be ▁broadcast
▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Belg ium : ▁Voor ▁De ▁Ron de ▁The ▁Belg ian ▁public - service ▁broad c aster ▁V RT ▁a ired ▁a ▁live ▁broadcast ▁of ▁Rub en ▁Van ▁G ucht , ▁a ▁sports ▁rep orter , ▁r iding ▁the ▁route ▁of ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁Fland ers ▁road ▁cy cling ▁race , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁anyone ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁join ▁him . ▁The ▁event ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁two ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁race . ▁The ▁journey ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁several ▁motor cycle ▁cam er amen ▁and ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁and ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁live ▁studio ▁comment ary ▁about ▁the ▁journey ▁and ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁Fland ers . ▁ ▁China ▁The ▁British ▁channel ▁BBC ▁Four ▁broadcast ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁a ▁journey ▁along ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall ▁of ▁China . ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong : ▁R TH K ▁TV ▁ 3 2 ▁S low ▁TV ▁( Ch inese : ▁ <0xE6> <0xBC> <0xAB> 電 <0xE8> <0xA6> <0x96> ) ▁ ▁Radio ▁Television ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁( R TH K ) ▁started ▁its ▁TV ▁channel ▁broadcast ing ▁services ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁citizens . ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁channel ▁ 3 2 ▁stated ▁as ▁serving ▁live ▁broadcast s , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁live ▁records ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁make - up ▁of ▁a ▁C anton ese ▁Opera ▁actor , ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Tr am ways ▁r iding , ▁the ▁scen
ery ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Victoria ▁Har bor , ▁the ▁daily ▁of ▁animals , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom : ▁BBC ▁Four ▁Go es ▁S low ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁style , ▁the ▁British ▁channel ▁BBC ▁Four ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁broadcast ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁slow ▁jour ne ys ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁canal ▁boat ▁journey ▁and ▁bus ▁ride . ▁ ▁Spain : ▁Arag ón ▁TV ▁El ▁via je ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁" El ▁via je " ▁brings ▁this ▁genre ▁to ▁Spain ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁full ▁and ▁un inter rupted ▁broadcast ▁on ▁Arag ón ▁TV ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁" can fran ero ", ▁the ▁railway ▁that ▁links ▁Zar ago za ▁with ▁Can fran c ▁on ▁the ▁occasion ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁the ▁Py rene an ▁international ▁station . ▁View ers ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁enjoy ▁the ▁ 2 1 8 . 3 9 ▁kilometres ▁of ▁the ▁train ' s ▁complete ▁route ▁from ▁its ▁departure ▁from ▁Zar ago za ▁to ▁its ▁arrival ▁in ▁the ▁Py ren ees , ▁enjo ying ▁the ▁land sc apes ▁of ▁the ▁capital ' s ▁urban ▁environment , ▁the ▁extensive ▁fields ▁of ▁the ▁H ues ca ▁bas in ▁and ▁the ▁valle ys ▁of ▁the ▁G ál leg o ▁and ▁Arag ón ▁rivers . ▁ ▁France : ▁France ▁ 4 ▁in ▁association ▁with ▁E den ▁TV ▁ ▁France ▁ 4 ,
▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ired ▁a ▁nine - hour ▁program ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁walking ▁backwards ▁through ▁Tokyo , ▁Tokyo ▁Re verse ▁directed ▁by ▁Simon ▁Bu isson ▁and ▁Lud ov ic ▁Zu ili , ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁same ▁channel ▁a ired ▁a ▁six - hour ▁program , ▁S low ▁Moscow , ▁directed ▁by ▁Rom ain ▁Qu iro t , ▁following ▁in ▁real ▁time ▁the ▁st roll s ▁of ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁d anc ers ▁in ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Go ▁South ▁P RI ME , ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ired ▁" Go ▁South ", ▁a ▁ 3 ▁and / or ▁ 1 2 ▁hour ▁production ▁cut ▁from ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁hours ▁of ▁foot age ▁of ▁travel ▁from ▁A uck land ▁to ▁Mil ford ▁Sound , ▁by ▁train , ▁fer ry , ▁and ▁car . ▁The ▁broadcast ▁incorpor ated ▁not ▁only ▁static ▁cam eras ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle , ▁but ▁also ▁dr one ▁and ▁hel ic opter ▁sh ots ▁of ▁notable ▁locations ▁and ▁brid ges . ▁ ▁The ▁production ▁first ▁a ired ▁in ▁its ▁ 3 - hour ▁form ▁at ▁ 9 : 3 0 pm , ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 2 - hour ▁variant ▁following ▁at ▁ 1 : 3 0 am , ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1
9 . ▁ ▁Go ▁Further ▁South ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 0 th , ▁P RI ME ▁TV ▁a ired ▁another ▁production , ▁an ▁edit ▁of ▁a ▁month - long ▁sea ▁voyage ▁from ▁Stewart ▁Island ▁to ▁Ant arct ica . ▁The ▁show ▁was ▁broadcast ▁un inter rupted ▁from ▁ 7 : 3 0 am ▁to ▁ 7 : 3 0 pm . ▁ ▁Sweden : ▁Den ▁st ora ▁äl g v andr ingen ▁▁ ▁Sver iges ▁Television ▁presented ▁Den ▁st ora ▁äl g v andr ingen ▁(" The ▁Great ▁Mo ose ▁M igration ") ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 5 ▁to ▁May ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁with ▁continuous ▁coverage ▁of ▁out door ▁scenes ▁and ▁migr ating ▁mo ose . ▁ ▁The ▁production ▁used ▁ 2 2 ▁cam eras ▁installed ▁at ▁several ▁sites , ▁including ▁at ▁river ▁cross ings ▁frequently ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁animals ▁in ▁their ▁annual ▁journey ▁to ▁summer ▁grounds . ▁The ▁programme ▁was ▁stream ed ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁continu ously ▁and ▁port ions ▁were ▁broadcast . ▁ ▁Web - based ▁slow ▁TV ▁transm issions ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 1 2 : ▁n oc in ema . org ▁by ▁J ér ôme ▁Joy ▁ ▁French ▁artist ▁and ▁composer ▁J ér ôme ▁Joy ▁developed ▁an ▁ever - e vol ving ▁streaming ▁online ▁application , ▁No C in ema , ▁with ▁multiple ▁cam eras ▁in ▁different ▁sites ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁offering ▁a ▁project ▁between ▁document ary ▁and ▁fiction ▁and ▁generating ▁infinite ▁audio - visual ▁sequences . ▁▁
2 0 0 7 : ▁ch ed dar vision . tv ▁by ▁West ▁Country ▁Farm house ▁Che es em akers ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁West ▁Country ▁Farm house ▁Che es em akers ▁in ▁Dor set , ▁England , ▁began ▁the ▁one - year ▁live ▁streaming ▁of ▁a ▁round ▁of ▁West com be ▁D air y ▁ch ed dar ▁m aturing ▁on ▁their ▁sh elf . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁Term s ▁and ▁conditions ▁word ▁by ▁word ▁ ▁To ▁illustrate ▁the ▁word iness ▁of ▁the ▁terms ▁and ▁conditions ▁on ▁an ▁average ▁phone , ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Cons umer ▁Council ▁st aged ▁a ▁reading ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁such ▁legal ▁documents ▁in ▁a ▁session ▁that ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁was ▁stream ed ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours . ▁ ▁Sig ur ▁R ós : ▁Route ▁One ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁summer ▁sol st ice , ▁Sig ur ▁R ós ▁un ve iled ▁a ▁ 2 4 - hour ▁' slow ▁TV ' ▁event ▁live ▁on ▁I cel and ' s ▁national ▁television , ▁and ▁stream ed ▁live ▁glob ally ▁via ▁YouTube . ▁It ▁featured ▁the ▁journey ▁along ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁I cel and ' s ▁Route ▁ 1 , ▁which ▁loops ▁around ▁the ▁per imeter ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁while ▁playing ▁a ▁live - generated ▁rem ix ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁new ▁song , ▁" Ó ve
ð ur ". ▁ ▁Play tv ak ▁S low ▁TV ▁ ▁The ▁Czech ▁media ▁group ▁M AF RA ▁has ▁run ▁a ▁slow ▁TV ▁portal ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Currently , ▁it ▁shows ▁videos ▁from : ▁ ▁a ▁tram ▁lub ric ating ▁rails ▁in ▁Prag ue ▁ ▁a ▁bird ▁fe eder ▁in ▁Č í ž ová ▁ ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁Ú st í ▁nad ▁Or lic í ▁ ▁the ▁station ▁thro at ▁of ▁the ▁Prag ue ▁main ▁railway ▁station ▁ ▁the ▁run way ▁of ▁the ▁Prag ue ▁air port ▁( the ▁most ▁popular ▁video ) ▁ ▁a ▁ship ▁on ▁the ▁El be ▁river ▁ ▁This ▁set ▁of ▁transm issions ▁is ▁updated ▁every ▁now ▁and ▁then . ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁for ▁example , ▁me erk ats ▁of ▁the ▁Prag ue ▁Z oo ▁or ▁inf ra red ▁picture ▁of ▁Prag ue ' s ▁Old ▁Town ▁Square ▁were ▁shown . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 – present : ▁Watch ing ▁Gr ass ▁G row ▁by ▁Ale k ▁Kom arn it sky ▁( alias ▁M ister ▁Gr ass ) ▁ ▁Watch ing ▁Gr ass ▁G row ▁has ▁shown ▁a ▁continuous ▁live ▁feed ▁of ▁a ▁front ▁la wn ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Media ▁coverage ▁British ▁film maker ▁Tim ▁Pre v ett ' s ▁document ary ▁film ▁That ▁Dam ned ▁Cow : ▁Just ▁what ▁is ▁Norwegian ▁S low ▁TV ? ▁described ▁early ▁slow ▁TV ▁produ ctions ▁from ▁NR K . ▁He ▁has ▁compared ▁the ▁appeal ▁of ▁slow ▁television ▁to ▁the
▁rev ival ▁of ▁vin yl ▁LP ▁records ▁as ▁a ▁format ▁for ▁audio ▁record ings . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Des ert ▁Bus ▁S low ▁cinema ▁S low ▁movement ▁( c ulture ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" That ▁Dam ned ▁Cow : ▁just ▁what ▁is ▁Norwegian ▁S low ▁TV ?" ▁( document ary ▁film ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁NR K ▁page ▁on ▁" S low ▁TV " ▁T ED ▁video ▁on ▁" S low ▁TV " ▁Sub red dit ▁dedicated ▁to ▁" S low TV " ▁ ▁* ▁Category : T ele vision ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruce ▁Kenneth ▁Wa ib el ▁( J uly ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁music ian ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁several ▁artists ▁and ▁bands . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁last ▁remembered ▁for ▁playing ▁bass ▁guitar ▁and ▁tour ing ▁with ▁rock ▁band ▁Fire H ouse . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁his ▁death ▁was ▁ruled ▁a ▁suic ide . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Bruce ▁Wa ib el ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁July ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁in ▁Living ston , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁child , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Florida . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁playing ▁guitar ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Wa ib el ▁joined ▁the ▁Gre gg ▁All man ▁band ▁as
▁a ▁road ie . ▁ ▁Event ually ▁he ▁started ▁playing ▁guitar ▁but ▁switched ▁to ▁bass ▁guitar ▁during ▁his ▁last ▁seven ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁He ▁recorded ▁three ▁albums ▁with ▁them , ▁ear ning ▁two ▁gold ▁records . ▁ ▁Wa ib el ▁also ▁performed ▁with ▁Marshall ▁T ucker , ▁Captain ▁Bey ond , ▁Ste vie ▁Ray ▁V aug han , ▁Rick ▁Der ring er ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁He ▁met ▁guitar ist ▁Bill ▁Le ver ty ▁( gu itar ist ▁of ▁Fire H ouse ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁aud ition ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁with ▁them ▁for ▁three ▁years , ▁recording ▁one ▁album ▁( O 2 ). ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁because ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁spend ▁more ▁time ▁with ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁bass ▁on ▁Le ver ty ' s ▁first ▁solo ▁album , ▁W ander l ust . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Wa ib el ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁at ▁a ▁friend ' s ▁home ▁in ▁Florida . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁children : ▁Max ▁Wa ib el ▁( born ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁and ▁Kim mer ly ▁Wa ib el . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D over , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁rock ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category
: American ▁male ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁rock ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Fire H ouse ▁( band ) ▁members ▁Category : American ▁mus icians ▁who ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁Category : Su ic ides ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : M ale ▁suic ides ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Sam y ▁Sh oker ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁ch ess ▁grand master . ▁ ▁Ch ess ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁Sh oker ▁earned ▁his ▁international ▁master ▁( IM ) ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁grand master ▁( GM ) ▁by ▁F IDE ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁by ▁Sh akh ri yar ▁M amed yar ov . ▁He ▁represented ▁his ▁country ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad , ▁scoring ▁ 4 ½ / 9 ▁(+ 4 – 4 = 1 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Sam y ▁Sh oker ▁ch ess ▁games ▁at ▁ 3 6 5 Ch ess . com ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ch ess ▁grand master s ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁ch
ess ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Reading ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Sch uy ler ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁ ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁Town ▁of ▁Reading ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁and ▁is ▁east ▁of ▁Bath , ▁NY . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁pione ers ▁arrived ▁around ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ta vern ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Wayne ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁while ▁still ▁part ▁of ▁Ste uben ▁County . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁Reading ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Star key ▁( now ▁in ▁Y ates ▁County ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 . ▁ ▁Reading ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁Ste uben ▁County ' s ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Sch uy ler ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁The ▁north ▁town ▁line ▁is ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁Y ates ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁north west ▁of ▁Wat kins ▁Glen . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 4 ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁north - s outh ▁highway ▁that ▁par alle ls ▁nearby ▁Sen eca ▁Lake , ▁which ▁marks ▁the ▁eastern ▁town ▁line . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 4 A ▁intersect s ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 2 6 ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁part
▁of ▁the ▁town ▁at ▁Col es ▁Corn ers . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 7 8 6 ▁people , ▁ 7 0 0 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 5 2 0 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 6 5 . 6 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 2 5 . 3 / km ²). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 6 8 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 1 . 9 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 2 . 3 / km ²). ▁ ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 9 7 . 2 6 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 9 0 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 9 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 9 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 6 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 0 6 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 0 . 9 5 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 0 0 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 9 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 2 . 1 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 8 . 7 % ▁had ▁a
▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 7 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 9 . 9 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 5 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 3 . 7 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 6 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 5 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 7 . 9 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 6 . 5 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 1 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 9 . 3 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 6 . 1 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 3 8 , 6 1 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 4 3 , 6 8 1 . ▁M
ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 2 , 9 6 3 ▁versus ▁$ 2 2 , 4 0 4 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 1 7 , 8 1 4 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 4 . 2 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 7 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 2 . 3 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 . 4 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁John ▁T . ▁Andrew s , ▁former ▁US ▁Congress man ▁Ralph ▁Henry ▁Gabriel , ▁historian ▁and ▁writer ▁E lij ah ▁Matt ison ▁Sh arp , ▁former ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly man ▁ ▁Commun ities ▁and ▁locations ▁in ▁Reading ▁ ▁Chap mans ▁Corn ers ▁– ▁A ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁at ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁County ▁Ro ads ▁ 2 3 ▁and ▁ 2 7 . ▁Col es ▁Corn ers ▁– ▁A ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁north ▁of ▁North ▁Reading . ▁Gab ri els ▁J unction ▁– ▁A ▁ham let ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁NY - 1 4 ▁and ▁NY = 1 4 A . ▁H alls ▁Corn ers ▁– ▁A ▁location ▁at ▁the ▁west ▁town ▁line . ▁Ireland ville ▁– ▁A ▁ham let ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁part ▁of ▁Reading . ▁North ▁Reading ▁– ▁A ▁ham let ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁town .
▁Reading ▁Center ▁– ▁A ▁ham let ▁near ▁the ▁town ▁center ▁on ▁NY - 1 4 A . ▁Reading ▁Center ▁Station ▁– ▁A ▁location ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Reading ▁Center . ▁Salt ▁Point ▁– ▁A ▁projection ▁into ▁Sen eca ▁Lake ▁north ▁of ▁Wat kins ▁Glen . ▁Sc out ▁Point ▁– ▁A ▁projection ▁into ▁Sen eca ▁Lake ▁north ▁of ▁Gab ri els ▁J unction . ▁Wat kins ▁Glen ▁– ▁A ▁small ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁Wat kins ▁Glen ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁Reading . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Br ief ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁Reading , ▁NY ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Sch uy ler ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁Category : 1 8 0 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Mill ic ent ▁Care y ▁Mc Int osh ▁( Nov ember ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁– ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁educational ▁administrator ▁and ▁American ▁femin ist ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁Bre ar ley ▁School ▁( 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 4 7 ), ▁and ▁most ▁prom in ently ▁Bar n ard ▁College ▁( 1 9 4 7 – 1 9 6 2 ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁married ▁woman ▁to ▁head ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Sister s , ▁she ▁was ▁" cons ider ed ▁a ▁national ▁role ▁model
▁for ▁gener ations ▁of ▁young ▁women ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁combine ▁career ▁and ▁family ," ▁advoc ating ▁for ▁working ▁moth ers ▁and ▁for ▁child ▁care ▁as ▁a ▁dign ified ▁profession . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mc Int osh ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Baltimore , ▁Maryland ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁to ▁Anthony ▁Morris ▁Care y ▁and ▁Margaret ▁Ch eston ▁Thomas , ▁both ▁active ▁Qu akers . ▁Her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College ' s ▁first ▁gradu ating ▁class ▁( 1 8 8 9 ). ▁Her ▁a unt , ▁M . ▁Care y ▁Thomas , ▁also ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁women ' s ▁education , ▁founded ▁the ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁School ▁in ▁Baltimore . ▁ ▁Mc Int osh ▁attended ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College ▁for ▁her ▁under grad uate , ▁major ing ▁in ▁Greek ▁and ▁English ▁and ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude ▁. ▁Mc Int osh ▁studied ▁econom ics ▁at ▁Cambridge ▁University , ▁and ▁earned ▁an ▁English ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁dis sert ation ▁on ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁mystery ▁plays . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁her ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁Mc Int osh ▁became ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁English ▁at ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College . ▁Short ly ▁after ward , ▁we ▁was ▁appointed ▁de an ▁of ▁fresh man ▁and ▁then ▁acting ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁college
. ▁ ▁Later , ▁she ▁head ed ▁the ▁Bre ar ley ▁School ▁for ▁sevent een ▁years , ▁where ▁she ▁pione ered ▁a ▁sex ▁education ▁class ▁for ▁sixth ▁grade ▁students . ▁ ▁Her ▁husband ▁was ▁the ▁ped iat ric ian ▁R ust in ▁Mc Int osh , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁ ▁Bar n ard ▁career ▁Mc Int osh ▁became ▁Dean ▁of ▁Bar n ard ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁institution ' s ▁first ▁President ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁She ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁Bar n ard , ▁she ▁helped ▁to ▁found ▁Kirk land ▁College ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁cent en ari ans ▁Category : American ▁femin ists ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Bar n ard ▁College ▁Category : B arn ard ▁College ▁fac ulty ▁Category : B ry n ▁M aw r ▁College ▁fac ulty ▁Category : B ry n ▁M aw r ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁Category : J oh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Baltimore ▁Category : B ry n ▁M aw r ▁School ▁people ▁Category : W omen ▁cent en ari ans <0x0A> </s>
▁The ▁Ball ▁State ▁Daily ▁News ▁is ▁the ▁student ▁newspaper ▁of ▁Ball ▁State ▁University , ▁located ▁in ▁M unc ie , ▁Indiana . ▁The ▁print ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁newspaper ▁is ▁published ▁every ▁Th urs day ▁during ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁except ▁during ▁ex ams ▁or ▁vac ations . ▁During ▁summer ▁sessions ▁the ▁paper ▁is ▁published ▁Monday , ▁Wed nes day ▁and ▁Th urs day . ▁The ▁newspaper ▁is ▁available ▁free ▁to ▁students ▁at ▁various ▁locations ▁on ▁the ▁university ▁campus . ▁The ▁paper ▁has ▁a ▁circul ation ▁of ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 . The ▁Daily ▁News ▁also ▁produces ▁pod cast s ▁which ▁have ▁earned ▁recognition ▁from ▁U . S . ▁News ▁and ▁World ▁Report ' s ▁The ▁P aper ▁Tra il , ▁a ▁blog ▁that ▁tracks ▁national ▁campus ▁news . ▁The ▁P aper ▁Tra il ▁listed ▁the ▁Daily ▁News ' ▁pod cast s ▁among ▁the ▁best ▁alternative ▁media ▁out lets ▁in ▁its ▁Best ▁of ▁College ▁New sp apers ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁poll . ▁Stud ents ▁are ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁up - to - the - min ute ▁Web ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁paper . ▁ ▁The ▁Ball ▁State ▁Daily ▁News ▁traces ▁its ▁roots ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁when ▁the ▁paper ▁first ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁The ▁Eastern er . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ball ▁State ▁Daily ▁News ▁archive , ▁currently ▁including ▁digit ized ▁ed itions ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Daily ▁News ▁Category : Student ▁newsp apers ▁published
▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jó zef ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁in ▁W ól ka ▁near ▁M ław a , ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Ł ód ź ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁film ▁director ▁and ▁painter . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Jó zef ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁in ▁W ól ka ▁near ▁M ław a ▁( now ▁M ław a ) ▁in ▁Poland . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 3 4 ▁he ▁studied ▁mathematics ▁at ▁the ▁Wars aw ▁University ▁and ▁painting ▁in ▁professor ▁W . ▁Wit wick i ' s ▁class . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁he ▁started ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁Anim ated ▁Film ▁Studio ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁Education ▁Film ▁Studio . ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁was ▁a ▁special ist ▁in ▁animated ▁films . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁own ▁films ▁as ▁a ▁director . ▁The ▁subjects ▁of ▁his ▁films ▁were ▁astronom y , ▁mathematics , ▁and ▁physics . ▁He ▁also ▁made ▁some ▁films ▁at ▁Studio ▁of ▁Anim ated ▁Films ▁in ▁Ł ód ź . ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁directed ▁or ▁produced ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁animated ▁and ▁popular ▁science ▁films ▁or ▁films ▁for ▁schools . ▁ ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁as ▁a ▁painter ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁‘ real ism ▁school
' ▁in ▁paint ings . ▁ ▁His ▁paint ings ▁were ▁presented ▁at ▁national ▁and ▁regional ▁painting ▁exhib itions ▁in ▁Poland ▁and ▁abroad ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁Polish ▁Art ists . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ł ód ź ▁recognized ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁lifetime ▁achiev ement ▁award ▁in ▁painting . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Jó zef ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁at ▁the ▁Art net . com ▁ ▁Jó zef ▁Sk ro bi ński ▁- ▁bi ography ▁at ▁the ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁M ław a ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Polish ▁pain ters ▁Category : Pol ish ▁film ▁direct ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Gen ços man , ▁A ks ar ay ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁A ks ar ay , ▁A ks ar ay ▁Province , ▁Turkey . The ▁village ▁is ▁at ▁ ▁A ks ar ay ▁cent rum ▁is ▁only ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁Alt itude ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁A ks ar ay ▁Province ▁Category : A ks ar ay ▁District ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fall ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁occurred ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁troops ▁of ▁Som alia
' s ▁Trans itional ▁Federal ▁Government ▁( TF G ) ▁and ▁Eth iop ian ▁forces ▁entered ▁the ▁Som ali ▁city ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁uno pp osed . ▁It ▁came ▁after ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Cour ts ▁Union ' s ▁forces ▁fal tered ▁and ▁fled ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁J ilib , ▁abandon ing ▁their ▁final ▁strong hold . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁autonom ous ▁state ▁of ▁J ub aland ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁J uba ▁Valley ▁Alliance ▁( J VA ) ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁J VA ▁suffered ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁IC U ▁forces ▁with ▁ 1 3 0 ▁technical s . ▁ ▁Cour se ▁of ▁events ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁after ▁the ▁Fall ▁of ▁M og ad ish u , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁IC U ▁forces ▁began ▁a ▁retre at ▁towards ▁K ism ay o . ▁But ▁when ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁J ilib ▁began ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁cl an ▁el ders ▁within ▁K ism ay o ▁demanded ▁the ▁IC U ▁leave ▁the ▁city . ▁Moh ammed ▁Arab , ▁a ▁cl an ▁leader ▁said ▁" We ▁told ▁them ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁lose , ▁and ▁that ▁our ▁city ▁would ▁get ▁destroyed ." ▁After ▁the ▁IC U ▁refused , ▁sp or adic ▁gun ▁batt
les ▁broke ▁out ▁between ▁the ▁local ▁cl ans ▁and ▁the ▁IC U . ▁ ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁J ilib ▁saw ▁the ▁IC U ▁front lines ▁collapse ▁during ▁the ▁night ▁to ▁art illery ▁fire , ▁causing ▁the ▁IC U ▁hard lin ers , ▁known ▁as ▁Al - Sh aba ab ▁( liter ally ▁" The ▁Youth s " ▁or ▁" You ng ▁Men "), ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁go ▁into ▁retre at , ▁this ▁time ▁towards ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁border . ▁T F G ▁and ▁Eth iop ian ▁forces ▁entered ▁the ▁town ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁border ▁blocked , ▁the ▁IC U ▁rem n ants ▁were ▁described ▁as ▁holding ▁up ▁in ▁Bad had he ▁district , ▁either ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁of ▁the ▁Bu ur ▁Ga ab o ▁area , ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ras ▁K amb oni ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁near ▁the ▁border . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Al - Sh ab ab ▁re to ok ▁the ▁city ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁Som ali ▁National ▁Army ▁assist ed ▁by ▁AM IS OM ▁troops ▁and ▁R ask amb oni ▁milit ia ▁re - capt ured ▁K ism ay o ▁from ▁the ▁ins urg ents ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁K ism ay o ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁St
ig ▁Jar le ▁Hans en , ▁Al - Sh aba ab ▁in ▁Som alia : ▁The ▁History ▁and ▁Ide ology ▁of ▁a ▁Milit ant ▁Islam ic ▁Group ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 1 2 , ▁Hur st ▁& ▁Co ., ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 3 9 - 4 0 . ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁Som alia ▁K ism ay o ▁K ism ay o ▁Category : K ism ay o ▁K ism ay o ▁Category : J anu ary ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁events ▁in ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁E ct op at ria ▁pau ro gram ma ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁main land ▁Australia . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Australian ▁Fa unal ▁Directory ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : No ctu inae ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁( ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Class ical ▁F asc ism ▁or ▁simply ▁F asc ism , ▁is ▁the ▁original ▁fasc ist ▁ide ology ▁as ▁developed ▁in ▁Italy ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁Gent ile ▁and ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini . ▁The ▁ide ology ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁three ▁political ▁parties ▁led ▁by ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini , ▁namely ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁( PF R ) ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5
, ▁the ▁succeed ing ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁( PN F ) ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁at ▁the ▁Third ▁F asc ist ▁Congress ▁on ▁ 7 – 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁ruled ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁the ▁Republican ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁that ▁ruled ▁the ▁Italian ▁Social ▁Republic ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁post - war ▁Italian ▁Social ▁Mov ement ▁and ▁subsequent ▁Italian ▁ne o - f asc ist ▁movements . ▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁was ▁root ed ▁in ▁Italian ▁national ism , ▁national ▁synd ical ism , ▁revolution ary ▁national ism ▁and ▁the ▁desire ▁to ▁restore ▁and ▁expand ▁Italian ▁territ ories , ▁which ▁Italian ▁F asc ists ▁de emed ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁nation ▁to ▁assert ▁its ▁superior ity ▁and ▁strength ▁and ▁to ▁avoid ▁succ umb ing ▁to ▁decay . ▁Italian ▁F asc ists ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁modern ▁Italy ▁is ▁the ▁he ir ▁to ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁and ▁its ▁legacy ▁and ▁histor ically ▁supported ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁Italian ▁Empire ▁to ▁provide ▁sp az io ▁vit ale ▁(" l iving ▁space ") ▁for ▁colon ization ▁by ▁Italian ▁sett lers ▁and ▁to ▁establish ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁promoted ▁a ▁corpor at ist ▁economic ▁system ▁where by ▁employ er ▁and ▁employee ▁synd ic ates ▁are ▁linked ▁together ▁in ▁associations ▁to ▁collect
ively ▁represent ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁economic ▁produ cers ▁and ▁work ▁alongside ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁set ▁national ▁economic ▁policy . ▁This ▁economic ▁system ▁intended ▁to ▁resolve ▁class ▁conflict ▁through ▁collaboration ▁between ▁the ▁classes . ▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁opposed ▁liberal ism , ▁especially ▁classical ▁liberal ism ▁that ▁M uss ol ini ▁and ▁F asc ist ▁leaders ▁den ounced ▁as ▁" the ▁deb acle ▁of ▁individual ism ", ▁but ▁rather ▁than ▁seeking ▁a ▁reaction ary ▁rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁pre - F rench ▁Revolution ary ▁world ▁which ▁it ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁fla wed , ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁forward - looking ▁direction . ▁F asc ism ▁was ▁opposed ▁to ▁Marx ist ▁social ism ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁typical ▁opposition ▁to ▁national ism , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁reaction ary ▁conserv at ism ▁developed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁de ▁Ma istre . ▁It ▁believed ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁Italian ▁national ism ▁required ▁respect ▁for ▁tradition ▁and ▁a ▁clear ▁sense ▁of ▁a ▁shared ▁past ▁among ▁the ▁Italian ▁people , ▁alongside ▁a ▁commit ment ▁to ▁a ▁modern ised ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁Italian ▁F asc ists ▁were ▁very ▁opposed ▁to ▁National ▁Social ism ▁as ▁fasc ism ▁in ▁Italy ▁did ▁not ▁esp ouse ▁Nord ic ism ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁initially ▁esp ouse ▁some ▁ant is emit ism ▁inher ent ▁to ▁Naz i ▁ide ology , ▁although ▁some ▁fasc ists ▁held ▁rac ist ▁ideas ▁in ▁their ▁thoughts ▁and ▁created ▁few ▁ra cial ▁policies ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁F asc ist ▁rule ▁of ▁Italy .
▁As ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ▁and ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁grew ▁polit ically ▁closer ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Italian ▁laws ▁and ▁policies ▁became ▁explicitly ▁ant is emit ic ▁due ▁to ▁extreme ▁pressure ▁from ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁( even ▁though ▁ant is emit ic ▁laws ▁were ▁not ▁commonly ▁enfor ced ▁in ▁Italy ), ▁including ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Ra cial ▁La ws . ▁When ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁were ▁in ▁power , ▁they ▁also ▁per sec uted ▁some ▁lingu istic ▁minor ities ▁in ▁Italy ▁( a ▁phenomen on ▁histor ically ▁registered ▁also ▁in ▁dem ocr atic ▁states ). ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁belief s ▁ ▁National ism ▁▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁is ▁based ▁upon ▁Italian ▁national ism ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁see ks ▁to ▁complete ▁what ▁it ▁cons iders ▁as ▁the ▁incomplete ▁project ▁of ▁Ris org imento ▁by ▁incorpor ating ▁Italia ▁Ir red enta ▁( un re de emed ▁Italy ) ▁into ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Italy . ▁The ▁National ▁F asc ist ▁Party ▁( PN F ) ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁declared ▁that ▁the ▁party ▁was ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁" a ▁revolution ary ▁milit ia ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁nation . ▁It ▁follows ▁a ▁policy ▁based ▁on ▁three ▁principles : ▁order , ▁discipline , ▁hierarchy ". ▁ ▁It ▁ident ifies ▁modern ▁Italy ▁as ▁the ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁and ▁Italy ▁during ▁the ▁Renaissance ▁and ▁prom otes ▁the ▁cultural ▁identity ▁of ▁Roman itas ▁( R oman - ness ). ▁Italian
▁F asc ism ▁histor ically ▁sought ▁to ▁for ge ▁a ▁strong ▁Italian ▁Empire ▁as ▁a ▁Third ▁Rome , ▁ident ifying ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Rome ▁and ▁Renaissance - era ▁Italy ▁as ▁the ▁Second ▁Rome . ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁has ▁em ulated ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁and ▁M uss ol ini ▁in ▁particular ▁em ulated ▁ancient ▁Roman ▁leaders , ▁such ▁as ▁Julius ▁Ca esar ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁the ▁F asc ists ' ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁and ▁August us ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁emp ire - building . ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁has ▁directly ▁promoted ▁imperial ism , ▁such ▁as ▁within ▁the ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁F asc ism ▁( 1 9 3 2 ), ▁g host written ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁Gent ile ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁M uss ol ini : ▁ ▁Ir red ent ism ▁and ▁expansion ism ▁▁ ▁F asc ism ▁emphas ized ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁M azz in ian ▁Ris org imento ▁tradition ▁that ▁purs ued ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁Italy , ▁that ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁claimed ▁had ▁been ▁left ▁incomplete ▁and ▁abandoned ▁in ▁the ▁Gi ol itt ian - era ▁Italy . ▁F asc ism ▁sought ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁claimed ▁" un re de emed " ▁territ ories ▁to ▁Italy . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Italy , ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁claimed ▁that ▁Dal mat ia ▁was ▁a ▁land ▁of ▁Italian ▁culture ▁whose ▁It ali ans , ▁including ▁those ▁of ▁Italian ized ▁South ▁S lav ic ▁descent , ▁had ▁been ▁driven ▁out ▁of
▁Dal mat ia ▁and ▁into ▁ex ile ▁in ▁Italy , ▁and ▁supported ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁It ali ans ▁of ▁Dal mat ian ▁her itage . ▁M uss ol ini ▁identified ▁Dal mat ia ▁as ▁having ▁strong ▁Italian ▁cultural ▁roots ▁for ▁centuries ▁via ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ven ice . ▁The ▁F asc ists ▁especially ▁focused ▁their ▁claims ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁cultural ▁her itage ▁of ▁Dal mat ia , ▁claim ing ▁that ▁Ven et ian ▁rule ▁had ▁been ▁benef icial ▁for ▁all ▁Dal m ati ans ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁population . ▁The ▁F asc ists ▁were ▁out rag ed ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁when ▁the ▁agreement ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Ent ente ▁Al lies ▁in ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁London ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁have ▁Dal mat ia ▁join ▁Italy ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁supported ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ' s ▁region ▁of ▁Sloven ia ▁into ▁Italy ▁that ▁already ▁held ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Sloven e ▁population , ▁where by ▁Sloven ia ▁would ▁become ▁an ▁Italian ▁province , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁Sloven e ▁eth nic ▁territory ▁and ▁approximately ▁ 3 2 7 , 0 0 0 ▁out ▁of ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 . 3 ▁million ▁Sloven es ▁being ▁subject ed ▁to ▁forced ▁Italian ization . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁im posed ▁mand atory ▁Italian ization ▁upon ▁the ▁German ▁and
▁South ▁S lav ic ▁populations ▁living ▁within ▁Italy ' s ▁borders . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁abol ished ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁minor ity ▁German ▁and ▁S lav ic ▁languages ▁in ▁schools , ▁German ▁and ▁S lav ic ▁language ▁newsp apers ▁were ▁shut ▁down ▁and ▁ge ographical ▁and ▁family ▁names ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁German ▁or ▁S lav ic ▁languages ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁Italian ized . ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁significant ▁violence ▁against ▁South ▁S lav s ▁de emed ▁to ▁be ▁resist ing ▁Italian ization . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁supported ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Alban ia , ▁claimed ▁that ▁Alban ians ▁were ▁eth n ically ▁linked ▁to ▁It ali ans ▁through ▁links ▁with ▁the ▁pre histor ic ▁It ali otes , ▁Il ly rian ▁and ▁Roman ▁populations ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁major ▁influence ▁ex ert ed ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁and ▁Ven et ian ▁emp ires ▁over ▁Alban ia ▁just ified ▁Italy ' s ▁right ▁to ▁possess ▁it . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁also ▁just ified ▁the ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that — because ▁several ▁hundred ▁thousand ▁people ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁descent ▁had ▁been ▁absor bed ▁into ▁society ▁in ▁southern ▁Italy ▁already — the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁was ▁a ▁reasonable ▁measure ▁that ▁would ▁un ite ▁people ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁descent ▁into ▁one ▁state . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁end ors ed ▁Alban ian ▁ir red ent ism , ▁directed ▁against ▁the ▁pre domin antly ▁Alban ian - pop ulated ▁Kos ovo ▁and ▁Ep irus , ▁particularly
▁in ▁Ch amer ia ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁a ▁substantial ▁number ▁of ▁Alban ians .< ref > Ber nd ▁J ürgen ▁Fischer . ▁' Al ban ia ▁at ▁war , ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 . ▁West ▁La f ay ette , ▁Indiana , ▁USA : ▁Pur due ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁P . ▁ 7 0 - 7 3 .</ ref > ▁After ▁Italy ▁an nex ed ▁Alban ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁end ors ed ▁assim il ating ▁Alban ians ▁into ▁It ali ans ▁and ▁colon izing ▁Alban ia ▁with ▁Italian ▁sett lers ▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁Pen ins ula ▁to ▁gradually ▁transform ▁it ▁into ▁an ▁Italian ▁land . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁claimed ▁the ▁I onian ▁Islands ▁as ▁Italian ▁territory ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁the ▁islands ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁Republic ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 4 th ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Italy , ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁territ ories ▁of ▁C ors ica , ▁Nice ▁and ▁Sav oy ▁held ▁by ▁France ▁were ▁Italian ▁lands . M uss ol ini ▁Un le ashed , ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 1 : ▁Polit ics ▁and ▁Str ategy ▁in ▁F asc ist ▁Italy ' s ▁Last ▁War . ▁Cambridge , ▁England , ▁UK : ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁
1 9 9 9 . ▁P . ▁ 3 8 . ▁During ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁Italian ▁un ification ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁P ied mont - S ardin ia , ▁Camil lo ▁B enso , ▁Count ▁of ▁Cav our , ▁who ▁was ▁leading ▁the ▁un ification ▁effort , ▁faced ▁opposition ▁from ▁French ▁Emperor ▁Napoleon ▁III ▁who ▁indicated ▁that ▁France ▁would ▁opp ose ▁Italian ▁un ification ▁unless ▁France ▁was ▁given ▁Nice ▁and ▁Sav oy ▁that ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁P ied mont - S ardin ia , ▁as ▁France ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁a ▁powerful ▁state ▁having ▁control ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁pass ages ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁P ied mont - S ardin ia ▁was ▁press ured ▁to ▁conced e ▁Nice ▁and ▁Sav oy ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁France ▁accepting ▁the ▁un ification ▁of ▁Italy . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁produced ▁literature ▁on ▁C ors ica ▁that ▁presented ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁ital ian ità ▁( Ital ian ness ) ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁produced ▁literature ▁on ▁Nice ▁that ▁just ified ▁that ▁Nice ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁land ▁based ▁on ▁historic , ▁eth nic ▁and ▁lingu istic ▁grounds . ▁The ▁F asc ists ▁quoted ▁Med ieval ▁Italian ▁scholar ▁Pet r arch ▁who ▁said : ▁" The ▁border ▁of ▁Italy ▁is ▁the ▁Var ; ▁consequ ently ▁Nice ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Italy ". ▁The ▁F asc ists ▁quoted ▁Italian ▁national ▁hero ▁Giuseppe ▁Gar ib ald
i ▁who ▁said : ▁" C ors ica ▁and ▁Nice ▁must ▁not ▁belong ▁to ▁France ; ▁there ▁will ▁come ▁the ▁day ▁when ▁an ▁Italy ▁mind ful ▁of ▁its ▁true ▁worth ▁will ▁rec laim ▁its ▁provinces ▁now ▁so ▁shame fully ▁l angu ishing ▁under ▁foreign ▁dom ination ". ▁M uss ol ini ▁initially ▁purs ued ▁prom oting ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁C ors ica ▁through ▁political ▁and ▁diplom atic ▁means , ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁C ors ica ▁could ▁be ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Italy ▁through ▁first ▁encourag ing ▁the ▁existing ▁autonom ist ▁t endencies ▁in ▁C ors ica ▁and ▁then ▁independence ▁of ▁C ors ica ▁from ▁France , ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁an nex ation ▁of ▁C ors ica ▁into ▁Italy . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Italy , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁had ▁designs ▁on ▁the ▁largely ▁Italian - pop ulated ▁region ▁of ▁T ic ino ▁and ▁the ▁Rom ans ch - pop ulated ▁region ▁of ▁Gra ub ünd en ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁( the ▁Rom ans ch ▁are ▁a ▁people ▁with ▁a ▁Latin - based ▁language ). ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁M uss ol ini ▁declared ▁to ▁the ▁Grand ▁F asc ist ▁Council : ▁" We ▁shall ▁bring ▁our ▁border ▁to ▁the ▁Got th ard ▁Pass ". ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁accused ▁the ▁Swiss ▁government ▁of ▁opp ress ing ▁the ▁Rom ans ch ▁people ▁in ▁Gra ub ünd en . ▁M uss ol ini ▁argued ▁that ▁Rom ans
ch ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁dialect ▁and ▁thus ▁Gra ub ünd en ▁should ▁be ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁Italy . ▁T ic ino ▁was ▁also ▁claimed ▁because ▁the ▁region ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Milan ▁from ▁the ▁mid - four teenth ▁century ▁until ▁ 1 5 1 5 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁Italian ▁speak ers ▁of ▁Italian ▁eth nic ity . ▁Cla im ▁was ▁also ▁raised ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁areas ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁Gra ub ünd en ▁in ▁the ▁Mes ol c ina ▁valley ▁and ▁Hinter r hein ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Milan ese ▁T riv ul z io ▁family , ▁who ▁ruled ▁from ▁the ▁Mes oc co ▁Castle ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁Also ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁G ale azzo ▁C iano ▁met ▁with ▁Hitler ▁and ▁Rib b ent rop ▁and ▁proposed ▁to ▁them ▁the ▁dis section ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁along ▁the ▁central ▁chain ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Al ps , ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁left ▁Italy ▁also ▁with ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Val ais ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁claims ▁raised ▁earlier . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁regime ▁claimed ▁the ▁arch ip el ago ▁of ▁Mal ta , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁since ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁M uss ol ini ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁M alt ese ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁dialect ▁of ▁Italian ▁and ▁theories ▁about ▁Mal ta ▁being ▁the ▁cr ad le ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁civil ization ▁were ▁promoted . J eff
rey ▁Cole . ▁Eth nic ▁Gr oups ▁of ▁Europe : ▁An ▁Encyclopedia . ▁ABC - CLI O . ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁p . ▁ 2 5 4 ▁Italian ▁had ▁been ▁widely ▁used ▁in ▁Mal ta ▁in ▁the ▁literary , ▁scientific ▁and ▁legal ▁fields ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Mal ta ' s ▁official ▁languages ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁when ▁its ▁status ▁was ▁abol ished ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁Italy ' s ▁invasion ▁of ▁Eth iop ia . ▁Italian ▁ir red ent ists ▁had ▁claimed ▁that ▁territ ories ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁Africa ▁were ▁Italy ' s ▁Four th ▁Sh ore ▁and ▁used ▁the ▁historical ▁Roman ▁rule ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁as ▁a ▁preced ent ▁to ▁justify ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁such ▁territ ories ▁to ▁Italian ▁juris diction ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁" return " ▁of ▁Italy ▁to ▁North ▁Africa . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁Italy ▁an nex ed ▁territ ories ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁that ▁it ▁considered ▁within ▁Italy ' s ▁Four th ▁Sh ore , ▁with ▁Lib ya ' s ▁four ▁coast al ▁provinces ▁of ▁Tri pol i , ▁Mis ur ata , ▁Beng h azi ▁and ▁D erna ▁becoming ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁metropol itan ▁Italy . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁ind igen ous ▁Lib y ans ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁" Special ▁Italian ▁Cit iz ens hip " ▁which ▁required ▁such ▁people ▁to ▁be ▁liter ate ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁language ▁and ▁conf ined ▁this ▁type ▁of
▁citizens hip ▁to ▁be ▁valid ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁only . ▁Tun is ia ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁taken ▁by ▁France ▁as ▁a ▁prote ctor ate ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁concentration ▁of ▁It ali ans ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁its ▁se iz ure ▁by ▁France ▁had ▁been ▁viewed ▁as ▁an ▁injury ▁to ▁national ▁honour ▁in ▁Italy ▁at ▁what ▁they ▁perce ived ▁as ▁a ▁" loss " ▁of ▁Tun is ia ▁from ▁Italian ▁plans ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁it . ▁Upon ▁entering ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Italy ▁declared ▁its ▁intention ▁to ▁se ize ▁Tun is ia ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Const antine ▁of ▁Al ger ia ▁from ▁France . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁held ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁expand ing ▁Italy ' s ▁African ▁colonial ▁poss essions . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁Italy ▁regarded ▁Portugal ▁as ▁a ▁weak ▁country ▁that ▁was ▁un be coming ▁of ▁a ▁colonial ▁power ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁weak ▁hold ▁on ▁its ▁colon ies ▁and ▁mis management ▁of ▁them ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁Italy ▁desired ▁to ▁an nex e ▁Portugal ' s ▁colon ies . ▁Italy ' s ▁relations ▁with ▁Portugal ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁author itar ian ▁conserv ative ▁national ist ▁regime ▁of ▁Sal azar , ▁which ▁borrow ed ▁fasc ist ▁methods , ▁though ▁Sal azar ▁u ph eld ▁Portugal ' s ▁traditional ▁al liance ▁with ▁Britain . ▁▁ ▁Race ▁▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁speech ▁in ▁Bolog na
, ▁M uss ol ini ▁stated ▁that ▁" F asc ism ▁was ▁born ... ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁prof ound , ▁per enn ial ▁need ▁of ▁this ▁our ▁A ry an ▁and ▁Mediter rane an ▁race ". Ne oc le ous , ▁Mark . ▁F asc ism . ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁USA : ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁p . 3 5 ▁In ▁this ▁speech , ▁M uss ol ini ▁was ▁referring ▁to ▁It ali ans ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁A ry an ▁Race , ▁A ry an ▁in ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁people ▁of ▁an ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁language ▁and ▁culture . ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁emphas ized ▁that ▁race ▁was ▁bound ▁by ▁spiritual ▁and ▁cultural ▁found ations ▁and ▁identified ▁a ▁ra cial ▁hierarchy ▁based ▁on ▁spiritual ▁and ▁cultural ▁factors . ▁While ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁based ▁its ▁conception ▁of ▁race ▁on ▁spiritual ▁and ▁cultural ▁factors , ▁M uss ol ini ▁explicitly ▁rejected ▁not ions ▁that ▁bi olog ically ▁" p ure " ▁races ▁were ▁still ▁considered ▁a ▁relevant ▁factor ▁in ▁ra cial ▁classification . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁ital ian ità ▁had ▁assim il atory ▁capacity . ▁It ▁used ▁spiritual ▁and ▁cultural ▁conception s ▁of ▁race ▁to ▁make ▁land ▁claims ▁on ▁Dal mat ia ▁and ▁to ▁justify ▁an ▁Italian ▁sphere ▁of ▁influence ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁based ▁on ▁then - present ▁and ▁historical ▁Italian ▁cultural ▁influence ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans . ▁The ▁F asc ist
▁regime ▁just ified ▁colonial ism ▁in ▁Africa ▁by ▁claim ing ▁that ▁the ▁spiritual ▁and ▁cultural ▁superior ity ▁of ▁It ali ans ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁race , ▁just ified ▁the ▁right ▁for ▁Italy ▁and ▁other ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁race ▁to ▁rule ▁over ▁the ▁black ▁race , ▁while ▁as ser ting ▁the ▁ra cial ▁seg reg ation ▁of ▁whites ▁and ▁black s ▁in ▁its ▁colon ies . ▁It ▁claimed ▁that ▁F asc ism ' s ▁colonial ▁goals ▁were ▁to ▁civil ize ▁the ▁inferior ▁races ▁and ▁defend ▁the ▁pur ity ▁of ▁Western ▁civil ization ▁from ▁ra cial ▁mis ce gen ation ▁that ▁it ▁claimed ▁would ▁harm ▁the ▁intellectual ▁qual ities ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁race . ▁It ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁white ▁race ▁needed ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁n atal ity ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁being ▁over t aken ▁by ▁the ▁black ▁and ▁yellow ▁races ▁that ▁were ▁multip lying ▁at ▁a ▁faster ▁rate ▁than ▁whites . ▁ ▁Within ▁Italy , ▁the ▁Italian ▁Empire ▁and ▁territory ▁identified ▁as ▁sp az io ▁vit ale ▁for ▁Italy ▁a ▁cultural - ra cial ▁hierarchy ▁that ▁ranked ▁the ▁pe op les ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁value ▁who ▁lived ▁there ▁was ▁clearly ▁defined ▁by ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁during ▁which ▁plans ▁for ▁Italy ' s ▁sp az io ▁vit ale ▁were ▁being ▁formal ized ▁by ▁the ▁regime . ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁considered ▁It ali ans ▁to ▁be ▁superior ▁to ▁other ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁region — including ▁Latin , ▁S lav ic ▁and ▁H ellen
ic ▁pe op les — because ▁only ▁It ali ans ▁had ▁achieved ▁ra cial ▁unity ▁and ▁full ▁political ▁conscious ness ▁via ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime . ▁Latin , ▁S lav ic ▁and ▁H ellen ic ▁pe op les ▁were ▁regarded ▁as ▁superior ▁to ▁Turk ic , ▁Sem it ic ▁and ▁Ham it ic ▁pe op les . ▁Among st ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁of ▁Africa , ▁the ▁ra cial ▁hierarchy ▁regarded ▁ind igen ous ▁North ▁Afr icans ▁as ▁superior ▁to ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁in ▁Italian ▁East ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Though ▁bel ieving ▁in ▁the ▁ra cial ▁superior ity ▁of ▁Europe ans ▁over ▁non - Europe ans , ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁regime ▁displayed ▁diplom atic ▁cour tes y ▁to ▁non - Europe ans . ▁The ▁regime ▁held ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁Japan ▁within ▁the ▁Tri part ite ▁P act ▁between ▁Germany , ▁Italy ▁and ▁Japan . ▁Indian ▁independence ▁movement ▁leader ▁Mah at ma ▁Gand hi ▁visited ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁by ▁M uss ol ini ▁for ▁a ▁personal ▁visit , ▁providing ▁Gand hi ▁full ▁diplom atic ▁cour tes y . ▁F asc ist ▁official ▁Ital o ▁Bal bo ▁during ▁his ▁trans at l antic ▁flight ▁from ▁Italy ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁visited ▁with ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Si oux ▁tribe ▁and ▁accepted ▁the ▁Si oux ' s ▁honor ary ▁best ow ing ▁of ▁his ▁incorpor ation ▁into ▁the ▁Si oux ▁with ▁the ▁Si oux ▁position ▁and ▁name ▁"
Ch ief ▁F lying ▁E agle ". ▁ ▁Italian ▁F asc ism ▁strongly ▁rejected ▁the ▁common ▁Nord ic ist ▁conception ▁of ▁the ▁A ry an ▁Race ▁that ▁ideal ized ▁" p ure " ▁A ry ans ▁as ▁having ▁certain ▁physical ▁tra its ▁that ▁were ▁defined ▁as ▁Nord ic ▁such ▁as ▁bl ond ▁hair ▁and ▁blue ▁eyes . ▁Nord ic ism ▁was ▁divis ive ▁because ▁It ali ans ▁– ▁and ▁especially ▁southern ▁It ali ans ▁- ▁had ▁faced ▁disc rim ination ▁from ▁Nord ic ist ▁pro ponents ▁in ▁countries ▁like ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁non - N ord ic ▁southern ▁Europe ans ▁were ▁inferior ▁to ▁Nord ics . ▁In ▁Italy , ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Nord ic ism ▁had ▁a ▁divis ive ▁effect ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁influence ▁resulted ▁in ▁Northern ▁It ali ans ▁who ▁regarded ▁themselves ▁to ▁have ▁Nord ic ▁ra cial ▁her itage ▁considered ▁themselves ▁a ▁civil ized ▁people ▁while ▁neg atively ▁regarding ▁Southern ▁It ali ans ▁as ▁bi olog ically ▁inferior . ▁At ▁least ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁s tere ot ypes ▁about ▁Southern ▁It ali ans ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁Ces are ▁Lomb ro so , ▁an ▁Italian ▁Jewish ▁cr imin ologist ▁and ▁anth rop ologist ▁of ▁Se ph ard ic ▁descent . Fran ces ca ▁Ch ir ico , ▁Linki esta ▁ 1 1 ▁novembre ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁rif D uc cio ▁Can estr ini , ▁dicembre ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ ▁For ▁his ▁controvers ial ▁theories , ▁Lomb ro so ▁was ▁exp elled
▁from ▁the ▁Italian ▁Society ▁of ▁Anth rop ology ▁and ▁Eth n ology ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Lomb ros ian ▁doctrine ▁is ▁currently ▁considered ▁pseud os cient ific . ▁ ▁M uss ol ini ▁and ▁other ▁F asc ists ▁held ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁Nord ic ism ▁because ▁of ▁what ▁they ▁viewed ▁as ▁an ▁inferior ity ▁complex ▁of ▁people ▁of ▁Mediter rane an ▁ra cial ▁her itage ▁that ▁they ▁claimed ▁had ▁been ▁inst illed ▁into ▁Mediter rane an ▁people ▁by ▁the ▁propag ation ▁of ▁such ▁theories ▁by ▁German ▁and ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁Nord ic ists ▁who ▁viewed ▁Mediter rane an ▁pe op les ▁as ▁ra cially ▁deg ener ate ▁and ▁thus ▁in ▁their ▁view ▁inferior . ▁However , ▁traditional ▁Nord ic ist ▁claims ▁of ▁Mediter rane ans ▁being ▁deg ener ate ▁due ▁to ▁having ▁a ▁dark er ▁colour ▁of ▁skin ▁than ▁Nord ics ▁had ▁long ▁been ▁re bu ked ▁in ▁anth rop ology ▁through ▁the ▁dep ig ment ation ▁theory ▁that ▁claimed ▁that ▁l ighter ▁sk inned ▁pe op les ▁had ▁been ▁dep ig ment ed ▁from ▁a ▁dark er ▁skin , ▁this ▁theory ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁widely ▁accepted ▁view ▁in ▁anth rop ology . ▁Anth rop ologist ▁Car leton ▁S . ▁Co on ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁The ▁races ▁of ▁Europe ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁subscri bed ▁to ▁dep ig ment ation ▁theory ▁that ▁claimed ▁that ▁Nord ic ▁race ' s ▁light - col oured ▁skin ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁dep ig ment
ation ▁from ▁their ▁ancest ors ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁race . ▁M uss ol ini ▁refused ▁to ▁allow ▁Italy ▁to ▁return ▁again ▁to ▁this ▁inferior ity ▁complex , ▁initially ▁reject ing ▁Nord ic ism . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁with ▁the ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party ▁in ▁Germany ▁with ▁F ühr er ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ' s ▁sta unch ▁emphas is ▁on ▁a ▁Nord ic ist ▁conception ▁of ▁the ▁A ry an ▁Race , ▁strong ▁t ensions ▁arose ▁between ▁the ▁F asc ists ▁and ▁the ▁Naz is ▁over ▁ra cial ▁issues , ▁as ▁Hitler ▁regarded ▁Northern ▁It ali ans ▁to ▁be ▁strongly ▁A ry an , ▁but ▁not ▁Southern ▁It ali ans . ▁The ▁Naz is ▁regarded ▁the ▁ancient ▁Rom ans ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁largely ▁a ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁race , ▁though ▁they ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁Roman ▁r uling ▁classes ▁were ▁Nord ic , ▁desc ended ▁from ▁A ry an ▁conquer ors ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁Nord ic ▁A ry an ▁minor ity ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁Roman ▁civil ization . ▁The ▁Naz is ▁viewed ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁d eter ior ation ▁of ▁the ▁pur ity ▁of ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁A ry an ▁r uling ▁class ▁through ▁its ▁inter mix ing ▁with ▁the ▁inferior ▁Mediter rane an ▁types ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁emp ire ' s ▁decay . ▁In ▁addition , ▁ra cial ▁inter mix ing