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▁E ton ▁and ▁Ch el ten ham ▁para de ▁their ▁colours ▁on ▁rare ▁occasions , ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁par ades ▁its ▁colours ▁briefly ▁as ▁the ▁Par ade ▁enters ▁Chap el , ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cer emon ial ▁par ades ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁colours ▁are ▁of ▁Mar ron ▁and ▁Dark ▁Blue ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Head ▁Man ' s ▁office ▁while ▁not ▁on ▁para de ▁or ▁in ▁Chap el . ▁ ▁Chap el ▁and ▁War ▁Memorial s ▁Despite ▁pup ils ▁having ▁multi - fa ith ▁background s , ▁the ▁school ▁ad her es ▁to ▁the ▁practices ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England . ▁Chap el ▁is ▁taken ▁ 3 ▁times ▁a ▁week , ▁by ▁pup ils , ▁including ▁a ▁full ▁church ▁service ▁on ▁Sunday . ▁Sunday ▁services ▁are ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁Par ade ▁including ▁the ▁whole ▁school ; ▁the ▁school ▁regularly ▁inv ites ▁notable ▁people ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁inspect ing ▁officers ▁on ▁Sunday ▁Par ades . ▁Con sequently , ▁cad ets ▁go ▁to ▁church ▁services ▁in ▁Chap el ▁we aring ▁their ▁cer emon ial ▁uniform s . ▁On ▁days ▁of ▁special ▁religious ▁significance , ▁the ▁Chap el ▁follows ▁High ▁Church ▁trad itions . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁chap el ▁are ▁laid ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁battle ▁hon ours ▁belonging ▁to ▁former ▁Cad ets ' ▁reg iments ▁and ▁corps ; ▁but ▁of ▁more ▁note ▁are ▁the ▁historic ▁car ved ▁mar ble ▁table t ▁lists ▁of ▁the ▁hundreds |
▁of ▁D uk ies ▁who ▁have ▁sacrific ed ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ' s ▁various ▁wars ▁and ▁conflicts ▁since ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁a ▁mem orial ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁placed ▁just ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁ex - main ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁school . ▁The ▁Par ade ▁and ▁Band ▁pay ▁its ▁respect s ▁here ▁on ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁Comm em oration . ▁A ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁former ▁pup ils , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁also ▁attend , ▁along ▁with ▁D uk ies ▁who ▁are ▁now ▁Ch else a ▁P ension ers . ▁ ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition ▁and ▁Grand ▁Day ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁summer ▁term ▁the ▁school ▁par ades ▁for ▁Grand ▁Day . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁para de ▁of ▁much ▁greater ▁complexity , ▁and ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁style ▁and ▁length ▁to ▁the ▁Tro op ing ▁the ▁Col our ▁on ▁Hor se ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁Grand ▁Day ▁is ▁to ▁display ▁the ▁school ▁at ▁its ▁fin est ▁to ▁a ▁visit ing ▁dign it ary , ▁who ▁is ▁either ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Family ▁or ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁armed ▁forces ▁General ▁Staff . ▁Grand ▁Day ▁has ▁its ▁orig ins ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁par ading ▁before ▁its ▁founder , ▁the ▁then ▁Prince ▁Frederick ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ▁and ▁Alb any ▁when ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁build - up ▁toward ▁Grand ▁Day ▁the |
▁Gu ards ▁( each ▁corresponding ▁to ▁board ing ▁houses ) ▁under go ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition , ▁nick named ▁" Dr ill ▁Comp ". ▁The ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁test ▁skill ▁at ▁cer emon ial ▁dr ill ▁and ▁standards ▁regarding ▁k it ▁turn out . ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Compet ition ▁ranks ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Order ▁of ▁Pre ced ence ▁for ▁Grand ▁Day . ▁The ▁winning ▁and ▁therefore ▁senior ▁Guard ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Number ▁One ▁Guard , ▁with ▁the ▁others ▁in ▁decl ining ▁order . ▁Old ▁D uk ie , ▁the ▁late ▁Sir ▁John ▁Carter , ▁organ ised ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁School ▁by ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er . ▁George ▁Po ole y ▁of ▁Po ole y ▁S words ▁ ▁don ated ▁a ▁sword ▁called ▁the ▁Th atch er ▁S word ▁of ▁Hon our ▁which ▁is ▁granted ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁performing ▁Guard ▁Officer ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁has ▁developed ▁and ▁produced ▁several ▁international ▁semi - prof essional ▁musical ▁production . ▁With ▁a ▁partners hip ▁school ▁in ▁West ▁Point , ▁Virginia . ▁The ▁international ▁produ ctions ▁take ▁place ▁every ▁two ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁production ▁' C ab aret ' ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁more ▁recently ▁Ph antom ▁of ▁the ▁Opera ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Many ▁other ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁performances ▁are ▁produced ▁during ▁the ▁year . ▁Ever ▁other ▁year ▁a ▁smaller ▁scale ▁musical ▁is ▁produced ▁with |
▁this ▁years ▁production ▁being ▁H air sp ray . ▁A ▁range ▁of ▁other ▁produ ctions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁annual ▁dance ▁festival ▁and ▁Grand ▁Day ▁production ▁are ▁great ▁show cases ▁to ▁show ▁what ▁the ▁school ▁has ▁to ▁offer ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁form . ▁ ▁Bi - cent en ary ▁and ▁new ▁Col ours ▁The ▁School ▁celebrated ▁its ▁bi - cent en ary ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 . ▁It ▁held ▁a ▁comm emor ative ▁service ▁at ▁Christmas ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁Par ade ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁when ▁it ▁received ▁new ▁colours ▁from ▁Prince ▁Andrew ▁Duke ▁of ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁celebrated ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁its ▁move ▁to ▁D over ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁amongst ▁many ▁special ▁events ▁ ▁hosted ▁a ▁reception ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁par ades ▁and ▁drama ▁produ ctions . ▁ ▁A ▁change ▁in ▁trad itions ▁Until ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁School ' s ▁head master s ▁were ▁all ▁serving ▁military ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁lieutenant ▁colon el . ▁Since ▁then ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁four ▁civil ian ▁head master s . ▁The ▁school ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁regiment al ▁ser ge ant ▁major ▁among ▁its ▁staff ▁whose ▁primary ▁role ▁is ▁to ▁co - ordinate ▁military ▁standards ▁and ▁dr ill ▁discipline . ▁ ▁The ▁school ' s ▁first ▁civil ian ▁students ▁were ▁accepted ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 |
▁after ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁granted ▁a cademy ▁status . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this , ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁taken ▁only ▁students ▁whose ▁parents ▁were ▁veter ans ▁or ▁currently ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁military ▁forces . ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Al umn i ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁" D uk ies ". ▁▁ ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁Gary ▁Cow ard ▁ret ' d , ▁C B , ▁O BE , ▁beginning ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Art illery ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Army ▁Air ▁Corps , ▁Cow ard ▁was ▁Qu arter - Master ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁formerly ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁P erman ent ▁J oint ▁Head quarters ▁and ▁before ▁that ▁General ▁Officer ▁Command ing ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁J oint ▁Hel ic opter ▁Command . ▁Cow ard ▁is ▁decor ated ▁with ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁and ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Major ▁General ▁David ▁Mark ▁C ull en ▁ret ' d ▁C B , ▁O BE ▁was ▁a ▁senior ▁British ▁Army ▁officer . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Ass istant ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Ram on ▁T ik aram , ▁stage ▁and ▁screen ▁actor ▁who ▁shot ▁to ▁fame ▁in ▁BBC 2 ▁drama ▁This ▁Life , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁a ▁bi - sex ual , ▁Mexican ▁bi ke ▁cou rier ▁called ▁Ferd ie . ▁ ▁Maurice ▁Col cl ough , ▁rugby ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁England ▁national ▁rugby ▁union ▁team |
▁and ▁British ▁and ▁Irish ▁L ions . ▁ ▁His ▁Hon our ▁Judge ▁Keith ▁Ray nor , ▁a ▁former ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁The ▁Kos ovo ▁Special ist ▁Ch amb ers ▁( K SC ) ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁ro ster ▁of ▁international ▁jud ges ▁at ▁the ▁Ch amb ers . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁N ig el ▁W yl de , ▁Q GM , ▁Royal ▁Army ▁Or dn ance ▁Corps , ▁Int elligence ▁Corps , ▁former - b omb ▁dispos al ▁expert ▁and ▁intelligence ▁oper ative ▁decor ated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁who ▁has ▁cast ▁doubt ▁on ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁the ▁state ' s ▁moral ▁conduct ▁in ▁anti - ter ror ist ▁campaign s ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁W yl de ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁witness ▁to ▁the ▁Bar ron ▁In qu iry ▁on ▁the ▁Dublin ▁and ▁Mon ag han ▁bomb ings ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Sir James ▁Stuart ▁Jones , ▁British ▁Ang lic an ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁former ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Liverpool . ▁ ▁Bill ▁Ind , ▁British ▁Ang lic an ▁cl erg yman ▁and ▁formerly ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Tru ro . ▁ ▁Professor ▁Arthur ▁Bull er , ▁ER D , ▁FR CP , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Phys i ology , ▁University ▁of ▁Br istol , ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 8 2 , ▁Emer it us ▁Professor , ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ; |
▁Chief ▁Scient ist , ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Social ▁Security , ▁ 1 9 7 8 – 8 1 , ▁and ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Phys icians ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Sir ▁Arch ib ald ▁N ye , ▁GC SI , ▁G CI E , ▁K CB , ▁K BE , ▁MC , ▁Vice - Ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁General ▁Staff ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁Operation ▁Min c eme at , ▁Governor ▁of ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁UK ▁High ▁Commission er ▁in ▁Del hi ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁High ▁Commission er ▁to ▁Canada ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁N ye ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Det ect ive ▁Ins pect or ▁D . H . C . ▁N ixon , ▁Metropolitan ▁Police , ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁Nick ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Richard son ▁and ▁the ▁accomp any ing ▁television ▁series . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Peter ▁Cart w right , ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁F us ili ers , ▁Special ▁Air ▁Service , ▁died ▁trying ▁to ▁save ▁three ▁com r ades ▁from ▁d row ning ▁on ▁training ▁exercise ▁during ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency . ▁Despite ▁pressure ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁awarded ▁a ▁post hum ous ▁gall antry ▁medal . ▁ ▁Colonel ▁W . A . T . ▁Bow ly , ▁C VO , ▁C BE , ▁MC , ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁Old |
▁Boy ' s ▁Association ▁ 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 5 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victor ian ▁Order , ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁decor ated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁in ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁William ▁Henry ▁Deb roy ▁Som ers , ▁inter - war ▁composer , ▁ly ric ist , ▁bl ues ▁and ▁jazz ▁music ian ▁who ▁formed ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Hotel ▁Or phe ans , ▁performed ▁on ▁Radio ▁Luxemb ourg ▁and ▁Radio ▁Norm andy , ▁and ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁Hor lick s ▁Show ▁to ▁rival ▁the ▁O val t ine ys ▁, ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁performing ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Vari ety ▁Performance . ▁ ▁Group ▁Captain ▁George ▁Gard iner , ▁D SO , ▁D FC , ▁L ég ion ▁d ' honneur , ▁Cro ix ▁de ▁guerre , ▁Cro ix ▁de ▁Che val ier , ▁Royal ▁Irish ▁Regiment , ▁Queen ' s ▁Lanc ers , ▁Royal ▁F lying ▁Corps , ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force , ▁f ighter ▁ace ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁George ▁William ▁H anna , ▁MM , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Well ington ' s ▁Regiment , ▁inf antry man ▁in ▁the ▁Bo er ▁War ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Henry ▁Laz arus , ▁the ▁premier ▁British ▁clar inet ▁virt u oso ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁ ▁Thomas ▁S ull ivan , |
▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁of ▁Music , ▁Kn eller ▁Hall ▁and ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁composer ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁S ull ivan ▁of ▁Gilbert ▁and ▁S ull ivan ▁fame ▁ ▁Roger ▁Tom lin son , ▁master ▁of ▁British ▁military ▁music , ▁who ▁ended ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁as ▁Senior ▁Director ▁of ▁Music ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁ ▁Alfred ▁James ▁Ph ase y , ▁a ▁star ▁music ian ▁during ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁age , ▁including ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁Phil harm onic ▁Society ▁of ▁London ▁( pro gen itor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Phil harm onic ▁Society , ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Army ▁College ▁of ▁Music . ▁ ▁Ann ▁Van pine , ▁mill ▁worker ▁turned ▁teacher ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁her ▁community ▁and ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁service ▁encourag ed ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ; ▁moreover ▁Van pine ▁was ▁a ▁pup il ▁in ▁the ▁earliest ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁( 1 8 2 1 – 1 8 2 5 ) ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁extremely ▁limited ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁or ph ans ▁but ▁especially ▁women , ▁making ▁her ▁accomplish ments ▁the ▁more ▁remarkable . ▁ ▁John ▁Francis ▁David ▁Sh a ul , ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁as ▁a ▁Corpor al ▁of ▁the ▁High land ▁Light ▁Infantry ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mag ers f onte in , ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁Corpor al ▁Sh a ul ' s ▁bra very ▁and ▁hum ane ▁conduct ▁were ▁so ▁consp ic uous |
▁that , ▁not ▁only ▁was ▁he ▁noticed ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁officer , ▁but ▁even ▁those ▁of ▁other ▁reg iments ▁remarked ▁upon ▁it . ▁Corpor al ▁Sh a ul ▁was ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁st ret cher ▁bear ers ▁and ▁was ▁most ▁consp ic uous ▁in ▁dress ing ▁the ▁w ounds ▁of ▁the ▁injured . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁King ' s ▁Lyn n ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁V C ▁from ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ▁at ▁Piet erm ar itz burg ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁Mat ▁Gilbert , ▁Bath ▁Rugby , ▁L l anel li ▁Sc ar lets ▁and ▁England ▁De af ▁Rugby ▁player . ▁ ▁George ▁R id g well , ▁stage ▁perform er ▁and ▁minor ▁composer / ly ric ist , ▁later ▁pione er ▁silent ▁film - maker ▁including ▁the ▁first ▁Sher lock ▁Hol mes ▁short s ▁ ▁Peter ▁Bir ch , ▁A ctor . ▁R oles ▁have ▁included ▁Herr ▁Ulrich ▁in ▁Auf ▁Wieder se hen ▁Pet , ▁consult ant ▁Jack ▁H ath away ▁in ▁Cas ual ty ▁ ▁and ▁Arthur ▁Eli ott ▁in ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Eli ott . ▁ ▁Philipp ▁D ase , ▁Journal ist ▁and ▁Found er ▁of ▁E DD M ▁News . ▁While ▁at ▁school ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Bass ▁Dr um mer ▁in ▁the ▁Military ▁Band . ▁ ▁Notable ▁Masters ▁ ▁Regiment al ▁Serge ant ▁Major ▁Lincoln ▁Per kins , ▁British ▁Empire ▁Medal , ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards , ▁R |
SM ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 2 0 0 6 , ▁extensive ▁career ▁including ▁Britain ' s ▁East ▁of ▁S uez ▁conflicts ▁and ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁House hold . ▁ ▁Mr ▁C . H . ▁Con nell , ▁Head ▁of ▁English ▁at ▁D Y R MS ▁post ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Oper ative ▁in ▁the ▁Special ▁Oper ations ▁Executive ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Con nell ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁author ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁sevent een ▁nov els ▁and ▁books ▁published , ▁plus ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁plays . ▁ ▁Colonel ▁W . A . T . ▁Bow ly , ▁C VO , ▁C BE , ▁MC , ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁D Y R MS ▁Old ▁Boy ' s ▁Association ▁ 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 5 , ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victor ian ▁Order , ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁decor ated ▁for ▁gall antry ▁in ▁combat ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁S . G . ▁Sim pson , ▁O BE , ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 7 , ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁gradu ate ▁of |
▁the ▁univers ities ▁of ▁Cambridge , ▁L ille , ▁Paris ▁and ▁Heidel berg . ▁ ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁Harold ▁Pri est ley , ▁C M G , ▁Medical ▁Officer ▁at ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 2 , ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁St ▁George . ▁ ▁Brig ad ier - General ▁George ▁Col bor ne ▁N ug ent , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁Command ant ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁ 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 , ▁commanded ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁London ▁Brigade ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Captain ▁William ▁Sib or ne , ▁Ad j ut ant ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁As yl um ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁having ▁previously ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Well ington ' s ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁was ▁err one ous , ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁due ▁in ▁considerable ▁part ▁to ▁Pr uss ian ▁assistance . ▁ ▁Major ▁General ▁Lloyd ▁How ell , ▁C BE , ▁Director ▁of ▁Army ▁Education ▁ 1 9 7 6 - 8 0 , ▁Head master ▁[ and ▁command ant ] ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 7 2 . ▁ ▁D uk ies ' ▁Cor ner ▁in ▁Gust on ▁Church |
yard ▁Sad ly ▁pup ils ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁did ▁die ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁those ▁are ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁church yard ▁of ▁St ▁Martin ▁of ▁T ours ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁nearby ▁village ▁of ▁Gust on . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 2 ▁grave ▁markers ▁for ▁boys ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁( although ▁in ▁one ▁case ▁an ▁Old ▁Boy ▁is ▁buried ). ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁two ▁members ▁of ▁staff ▁are ▁buried ▁in ▁D uk ies ' ▁Cor ner . ▁ ▁Other ▁British ▁Edu c ational ▁Est ab lish ments ▁with ▁Military ▁Con ne ctions ▁The ▁Royal ▁Hospital ▁School ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁School ▁Gordon ' s ▁School ▁Association ▁of ▁Har rog ate ▁App rent ices ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Historical ▁Archives ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Royal ▁Military ▁School ▁Old ▁Boys ▁Association ▁List ▁of ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁Old ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁ ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁D over , ▁Kent ▁Category : Min istry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁Category : 1 8 0 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : A cadem ies ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Bo arding ▁schools ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁Kent ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁James ▁" Har ry " ▁Pear ce , ▁K BE ▁( born ▁ |
1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁department ▁(" Section ▁D ") ▁of ▁M I 5 ▁as ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Spo oks . ▁He ▁was ▁played ▁by ▁Peter ▁F irth ▁during ▁the ▁whole ▁run ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁repr ised ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁film , ▁Spo oks : ▁The ▁Gre ater ▁Good . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Prior ▁career ▁After ▁att ending ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁Pear ce ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁Academy ▁Sand h urst ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁Light ▁Blue ▁Drag o ons . ▁Upon ▁leaving ▁the ▁army , ▁he ▁joined ▁M I 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁training ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁His ▁first ▁assignment ▁at ▁the ▁service ▁was ▁to ▁A ▁Section , ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁agent ▁handler ▁during ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁I RA ' s ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁state , ▁until ▁his ▁close ▁colle ague ▁Bill ▁C rom bie ▁was ▁kid n apped ▁and ▁killed ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁then ▁second ed ▁to ▁the ▁Secret ▁Int elligence ▁Service ▁( aka ▁M I 6 ), ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁Paris , ▁under ▁Jul iet ▁Shaw . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁Iran , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Shaw . ▁His ▁wife |
▁Jane ' s ▁dis com fort ▁in ▁Paris ▁led ▁the ▁couple ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁C ologne ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁In ▁C ologne , ▁he ▁worked ▁against ▁the ▁left - wing ▁terror ists ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁F action , ▁and ▁under to ok ▁a ▁black ▁op ▁with ▁only ▁C ' s ▁knowledge , ▁before ▁his ▁second ment ▁ended ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁M I 5 , ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Section ▁D , ▁the ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁department ▁( then ▁at ▁G ower ▁Street ), ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁junior ▁field ▁officer . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁officer , ▁he ▁saved ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁two ▁Prime ▁Minister s ▁( Th atch er ▁and ▁Major ). ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁senior ▁field ▁officer ▁between ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁appointed ▁to ▁his ▁current ▁role ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁As ▁Head ▁of ▁Section ▁D ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 2 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁Harry , ▁through ▁Lucas ▁North , ▁man ages ▁to ▁frame ▁Ark ady ▁K achim ov , ▁the ▁F SB ▁resident ▁in ▁London , ▁as ▁an ▁M I 5 ▁mole . ▁Under ▁cover ▁of ▁providing ▁him ▁protection , ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ros ▁meet ▁with ▁him , ▁but ▁Harry ▁sho ots ▁K achim ov ▁in ▁reven ge ▁for ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Adam ▁Carter . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ |
3 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁Harry ▁learned ▁from ▁Lucas ▁North ▁that ▁Russian ▁intelligence ▁inter rog ated ▁him ▁about ▁an ▁operation ▁called ▁Sug ar hor se . ▁Harry ▁contacts ▁his ▁ment or , ▁Bernard ▁Qual tr ough , ▁a ▁retired ▁sp y ▁to ▁consult ▁him ▁about ▁who ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁mole ▁within ▁this ▁highly ▁class ified ▁operation . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 8 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁after ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁F SB ▁operations ▁in ▁London ▁to ▁not ▁kill ▁his ▁officers ▁as ▁they ▁attempt ▁to ▁def use ▁a ▁nuclear ▁bomb ▁about ▁to ▁ob liter ate ▁central ▁London , ▁he ▁is ▁captured ▁and ▁shown ▁with ▁his ▁mouth ▁t aped ▁and ▁being ▁z ipped ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁body ▁bag , ▁with ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁in ▁the ▁background . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 8 , ▁Harry ▁is ▁being ▁held ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Rus si ans ▁who ▁plan ▁to ▁sell ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ro gue ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Secret ▁Service , ▁of ▁the ▁C IA ▁and ▁of ▁M I 6 . ▁The ▁Rus si ans ▁are ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁ro gue ▁officers ▁and ▁Harry ▁is ▁also ▁apparently ▁killed . ▁The ▁team ▁find ▁a ▁video ▁of ▁his ▁killing ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁but ▁refuse ▁to ▁believe ▁he ▁is ▁dead . ▁Harry ▁is ▁inter rog ated ▁by ▁the ▁officers ▁about ▁u ran ium ▁weapons ▁that ▁he ▁st ole ▁from ▁them ▁in ▁Bag hd ad . ▁The ▁plan ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁these ▁weapons ▁to ▁justify |
▁the ▁war ▁in ▁Ira q ▁but ▁Harry ▁went ▁ro gue ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁He ▁hid ▁the ▁u ran ium ▁and ▁told ▁only ▁one ▁officer ▁at ▁M I 5 ▁about ▁the ▁u ran ium ' s ▁location : ▁Ruth ▁Ever sh ed . ▁Harry ▁and ▁a ▁captured ▁Ruth ▁once ▁again ▁meet ▁and ▁their ▁kid n app ers ▁use ▁Ruth ' s ▁new ▁family ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁get ▁them ▁to ▁reve al ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁u ran ium . ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁them ▁but ▁they ▁shoot ▁her ▁husband . ▁It ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁already ▁checked ▁the ▁location ▁she ▁gave ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁there . ▁Harry ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁person ▁who ▁really ▁knows ▁where ▁the ▁u ran ium ▁is . ▁Ref using ▁to ▁tell ▁them , ▁the ▁officer ▁threat ens ▁to ▁kill ▁Ruth ▁but ▁is ▁killed ▁by ▁Lucas ▁before ▁he ▁can . ▁Back ▁on ▁the ▁Grid , ▁Mal col m , ▁who ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁save ▁Ruth ' s ▁steps on , ▁tells ▁Harry ▁that ▁he ▁wants ▁to ▁ret ire . ▁Though ▁rel uct ant ▁at ▁first , ▁he ▁accepts ▁and ▁Mal col m ▁leaves ▁M I 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 2 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 8 , ▁Nicholas ▁Bla ke , ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary , ▁comes ▁to ▁Harry ▁and ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁informed ▁of ▁a ▁secret ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el ▁between ▁ro gue ▁elements ▁of ▁Western ▁and ▁Eastern ▁intelligence ▁services , ▁including ▁the ▁C IA ▁and ▁M I 6 . ▁Harry ▁and |
▁Bla ke ▁start ▁to ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁meeting ' s ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁order . ▁ ▁Harry ▁meets ▁with ▁Samuel ▁Walker , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁C IA ▁in ▁London , ▁to ▁discuss ▁this ▁threat . ▁Both ▁suspect ▁that ▁a ▁C IA ▁agent ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁consp i racy . ▁Walker ▁is ▁later ▁killed ▁by ▁Sarah ▁C au field , ▁Lucas ▁North ' s ▁girl friend ▁and ▁the ▁C IA ▁mole . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Ruth , ▁Harry ▁tries ▁to ▁discover ▁who ▁killed ▁Walker ▁and ▁find ▁out ▁more ▁about ▁the ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁investigation ▁of ▁a ▁British ▁bank ▁supposed ly ▁planning ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁profit ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁UK ' s ▁crash ing ▁economy , ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁discover ▁that ▁the ▁consp i racy , ▁c oden amed ▁Night ing ale , ▁own ▁an ▁account ▁in ▁that ▁bank ▁worth ▁ 6 ▁billion ▁dollars . ▁They ▁also ▁discover ▁that ▁Night ing ale ▁is ▁fr aming ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁as ▁doing ▁dod gy ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁M af ia . ▁He ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁res ign , ▁leaving ▁Section ▁D ▁alone ▁to ▁fight ▁Night ing ale . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁series ▁finale , ▁Night ing ale ▁has ▁pushed ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁into ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁near - war . ▁The ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁army , ▁General ▁Ali , ▁is ▁a ▁Night ing ale ▁asset ▁and ▁is ▁planning ▁an ▁uno fficial ▁hard lin er ▁se |
iz ure ▁of ▁power . ▁As ▁the ▁two ▁different ▁fa ctions ▁meet ▁to ▁discuss ▁peace ▁in ▁London , ▁Harry ▁works ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁tal ks ▁that ▁are ▁being ▁threatened ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Ca ul field ▁and ▁Russ el ▁Price , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁C IA ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Sarah ' s ▁Night ing ale ▁handler . ▁After ▁capt uring ▁Sarah , ▁Harry ▁sends ▁Ros ▁and ▁Lucas ▁to ▁the ▁hotel ▁where ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁is ▁meeting ▁with ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁President . ▁Lucas ▁man ages ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Harry ▁makes ▁him ▁appear ▁before ▁the ▁TV ▁crew ▁to ▁show ▁Night ing ale ▁that ▁they ▁failed . ▁However , ▁Ros ▁and ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁when ▁a ▁bomb ▁blow s ▁up . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁series ▁ 9 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁Ros ' s ▁fun eral , ▁Ruth ▁shows ▁Harry ▁a ▁file ▁that ▁places ▁Nicholas ▁Bla ke ▁at ▁the ▁meeting ▁in ▁Bas el ▁and ▁being ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Night ing ale ' s ▁inner ▁circle , ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁highest - ran king ▁members . ▁His ▁forced ▁res ignation ▁was ▁a ▁smoke ▁screen ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁wouldn ' t ▁be ▁sus pected ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Night ing ale . ▁It ▁was ▁he ▁who ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁attack ▁against ▁the ▁hotel . ▁Fur ious ▁at ▁the ▁bet ray al ▁of ▁the ▁man ▁he ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁a ▁friend , ▁Harry ▁goes ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Scotland ▁and ▁po isons ▁him . ▁ ▁Family ▁In |
▁Series ▁ 3 , ▁Pear ce ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁divor ced , ▁with ▁two ▁children . ▁It ▁had ▁been ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁not ▁told ▁his ▁wife ▁what ▁his ▁profession ▁was ▁until ▁their ▁wed ding ▁day ▁( 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 ). ▁He ▁met ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jane , ▁an ▁English ▁teacher , ▁during ▁their ▁studies ▁at ▁Oxford . ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Catherine , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁son , ▁Graham , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁before ▁" J ane ▁file d ▁for ▁divor ce , ▁cit ing ▁irre con cil able ▁differences " ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁between ▁the ▁divor ce ▁and ▁her ▁on - screen ▁appearance , ▁his ▁daughter ▁Catherine ▁changed ▁her ▁surname ▁to ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁ma iden ▁name , ▁Town send . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁stated ▁in ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁E pisode ▁ 7 ▁that ▁Jane ▁suffered ▁from ▁de pression . ▁ ▁While ▁his ▁ex - w ife ▁and ▁son ▁have ▁never ▁appeared ▁on ▁screen , ▁Pear ce ' s ▁daughter , ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Caroline ▁Car ver , ▁appeared ▁in ▁Series ▁ 3 , ▁E pisode ▁ 4 ▁— ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁he ▁regarded ▁her ▁as ▁emot ional ▁and ▁as ▁one ▁to ▁" spot ▁a ▁bird ▁with ▁a ▁broken ▁wing ", ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁events , |
▁he ▁shows ▁how ▁deeply ▁he ▁car es ▁for ▁her ▁and ▁has ▁grown ▁to ▁respect ▁her ▁intelligence . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁episode , ▁Pear ce ▁mentions ▁that ▁" it ▁was ▁her ▁brother ▁who ▁got ▁the ▁bra ins ", ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁stated ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁that ▁this ▁brother , ▁Graham , ▁has ▁not ▁succeeded ▁in ▁life . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁stated ▁in ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁E pisode ▁ 7 ▁that ▁Graham ▁suffered ▁a ▁drug ▁add iction . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁episode ▁ 8 , ▁Harry ▁calls ▁Catherine ▁and ▁leaves ▁a ▁message . ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁his ▁first ▁contact ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁knew ▁she ▁would ▁be ▁teaching ▁a ▁class ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁answer . ▁He ▁calm ly ▁and ▁warm ly ▁suggests ▁meeting ▁for ▁dinner ▁soon ▁and ▁says ▁that ▁he ▁knows ▁she ▁" look s ▁out ▁for " ▁her ▁brother ▁– ▁for ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁no ▁number ▁" at ▁the ▁moment " ▁– ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁see ▁more ▁of ▁them ▁both . ▁He ▁is , ▁in ▁fact , ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁a ▁rende z vous ▁with ▁ro gue ▁agent ▁Lucas ▁North ▁and ▁expecting ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁die . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁E pisode ▁ 1 , ▁Harry ▁explained ▁to ▁Ruth ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁Berlin ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁El ena ▁G av rik , ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁former ▁K GB ▁officer ▁and ▁now ▁Russian ▁Minister ▁I |
ly a ▁G av rik . ▁Both ▁El ena ▁and ▁I ly a ▁had ▁been ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁for ▁tal ks ▁about ▁the ▁new ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁after ▁Harry ' s ▁trib unal ▁( the ▁reason ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Grid ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁episode ) ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁brought ▁their ▁son , ▁F SB ▁officer ▁S asha ▁G av rik , ▁with ▁them ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁protection ▁programme . ▁ ▁S asha , ▁knowing ▁his ▁mother ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁western ▁sp y , ▁suspect s ▁Harry ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁running ▁her ▁as ▁an ▁M I 5 ▁asset ▁and ▁dem ands ▁he ▁break ▁all ▁contact ▁with ▁El ena . ▁After ▁conf ess ing ▁to ▁Ruth ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lo vers , ▁Ruth ▁suggests ▁taking ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁out ▁of ▁action ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁El ena ▁from ▁being ▁revealed ▁as ▁a ▁former ▁M I 5 ▁asset , ▁but ▁Harry ▁ref uses ▁and ▁reve als ▁to ▁Ruth ▁the ▁reason ▁behind ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁not ▁only ▁were ▁he ▁and ▁El ena ▁lo vers , ▁but ▁that ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁is ▁also ▁their ▁son . ▁However , ▁in ▁episode ▁ 6 , ▁El ena ▁reve als ▁she ▁has ▁trick ed ▁Harry ▁and ▁S asha ▁is ▁indeed ▁I ly a ' s ▁son . ▁ ▁Rel ations hips ▁ ▁Ruth ▁Ever sh ed ▁Harry ▁had ▁an ▁on going ▁relationship ▁with ▁Ruth ▁Ever sh ed , |
▁another ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁characters , ▁ ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁it ▁did ▁appear ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁forming ▁a ▁strong ▁bond . ▁In ▁Series ▁ 4 ▁the ▁two ▁became ▁closer , ▁forming ▁a ▁good ▁working ▁relationship ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁un sa id ▁personal ▁connection . ▁At ▁the ▁very ▁beginning ▁of ▁series ▁ 5 , ▁he ▁real ised ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her . ▁Their ▁relationship ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁head ▁in ▁series ▁ 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁worked ▁up ▁the ▁courage ▁to ▁ask ▁her ▁to ▁dinner . ▁However , ▁Ruth , ▁ups et ▁by ▁what ▁her ▁colle agues ▁thought ▁of ▁the ▁relationship , ▁called ▁it ▁off ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode . ▁ ▁Two ▁episodes ▁later ▁Ruth ▁is ▁set ▁up ▁after ▁a ▁consp i racy ▁against ▁Harry ▁forces ▁her ▁to ▁sacrifice ▁her ▁freedom ▁to ▁save ▁him . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁Section ▁D ▁colle ague ▁Ruth ▁f akes ▁her ▁death ▁and ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁the ▁series . ▁During ▁their ▁final ▁good bye ▁Harry ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁reve al ▁his ▁love ▁to ▁Ruth , ▁but ▁she ▁ur ged ▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁things ▁un sa id , ▁they ▁then ▁kiss ed ▁and ▁she ▁left . ▁Ruth ▁finally ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁series ▁eight ▁after ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁new ▁family ▁were ▁target ed ▁over ▁information ▁only ▁she ▁and ▁Harry ▁were ▁priv y ▁to . ▁Their ▁re union ▁was ▁t aint ed ▁by ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Ruth ' s ▁new ▁partner ▁and ▁the ▁almost ▁sacrifice ▁of |
▁her ▁young ▁step ▁son ▁and ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ' s ▁relationship ▁became ▁cold . ▁Since ▁she ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁grid , ▁her ▁feelings ▁toward ▁him ▁however ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁th aw ed . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁E pisode ▁ 1 ▁Harry ▁asked ▁Ruth ▁to ▁marry ▁him ▁after ▁Ros ' s ▁fun eral ▁service . ▁Ruth ▁decl ines , ▁saying ▁that ▁their ▁timing ▁was ▁always ▁the ▁problem . ▁ ▁After ▁this ▁she ▁quickly ▁goes ▁back ▁into ▁their ▁professional ▁relationship , ▁reve aling ▁that ▁the ▁former ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁Nicholas ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Night ing ale ▁Cons pi racy ▁and ▁was ▁connected ▁to ▁Ros ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode , ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁Harry ▁the ▁reason ▁she ▁turned ▁his ▁proposal ▁down ▁was ▁not ▁because ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁love ▁him ▁but ▁that ▁she ▁felt ▁that ▁after ▁so ▁many ▁years ▁together ▁they ▁didn ' t ▁need ▁to ▁display ▁their ▁feelings ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way . ▁ ▁In ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁E pisode ▁ 8 , ▁after ▁the ▁revel ation ▁about ▁Lucas ▁North , ▁Lucas ▁proceed s ▁to ▁kid nap ▁Ruth ▁and ▁threaten ▁to ▁kill ▁her ▁unless ▁Harry ▁del ivers ▁" Al b any " ▁a ▁dead ly ▁State ▁secret . ▁ ▁Harry ▁retr ieves ▁Alb any ▁and ▁tr ades ▁it ▁for ▁Ruth ' s ▁freedom . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁she ▁questions ▁him ▁over ▁his ▁decision , ▁little ▁real ising ▁that ▁Alb any ▁is ▁a ▁fake ▁and ▁isn ' t ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁National |
▁Security . ▁Harry ▁is ▁then ▁told ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁that ▁an ▁investigation ▁is ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁into ▁his ▁entire ▁career ▁and ▁is ▁asked ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁life ▁after ▁M I 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁during ▁the ▁trib unal ▁it ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁Alb any ▁was ▁indeed ▁a ▁fake . ▁Harry ▁def ends ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁trade ▁Alb any ▁for ▁Ruth ' s ▁life ▁as ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁national ▁security ▁and ▁that ▁Ruth ▁was ▁more ▁valuable ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁than ▁a ▁worth less ▁piece ▁of ▁technology . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁prepared ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁Ruth ▁which ▁catch es ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁William ▁Tow ers . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁episode ▁Harry ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁esc ort ▁at ▁the ▁Russian ▁reception ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁former ▁Russian ▁sp y ▁and ▁M I 5 ▁asset ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁who ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁with ▁her ▁husband , ▁Russian ▁Minister ▁I ly a ▁G av rik . ▁During ▁E pisode ▁ 1 ▁their ▁son , ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁comes ▁across ▁information ▁that ▁suggests ▁Harry ▁has ▁been ▁running ▁El ena ▁as ▁an ▁M I 5 ▁asset . ▁He ▁threat ens ▁Harry , ▁asking ▁him ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁all ▁contact ▁with ▁El ena . ▁Harry ▁tells ▁his ▁team ▁about ▁El ena ' s ▁invol vement ▁as ▁an ▁M I 5 ▁asset ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁El ena ▁has ▁been ▁receiving ▁messages ▁from ▁an ▁imp erson |
ator ▁claim ing ▁to ▁be ▁Harry . ▁He ▁tells ▁Ruth , ▁who ▁agre es ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁in ▁reve aling ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁pos ing ▁as ▁him . ▁During ▁the ▁Russian ▁Re ception , ▁someone ▁attempts ▁to ▁assass inate ▁I ly a ▁G av rik . ▁Harry ▁man ages ▁to ▁contact ▁El ena , ▁asking ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁meet ▁in ▁private . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁reve als ▁to ▁Ruth ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lo vers , ▁and ▁that ▁S asha ▁G av rik ▁is ▁their ▁son . ▁ ▁In ▁episode ▁ 2 ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁she ' s ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁he ▁can ▁turn ▁to ▁as ▁no ▁one ▁else ▁other ▁than ▁C IA ▁agent ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁knows ▁about ▁S asha , ▁but ▁then ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁seem ingly ▁become ▁cold ▁towards ▁each ▁other ▁with ▁a ▁cl ash ▁of ▁opinions ▁at ▁Harry ' s ▁rel uct ance ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁S asha ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁asks ▁her ▁to ▁investigate ▁Co aver . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 3 ▁Harry ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁former ▁lo ver ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁messages ▁sent ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁his ▁imp erson ator . ▁Despite ▁being ▁rel uct ant ▁Ruth ▁goes ▁to ▁meet ▁El ena , ▁who ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁she ▁is ▁already ▁aware ▁of ▁Harry ' s ▁feelings ▁for ▁Ruth . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁ ▁is ▁also ▁offered ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Security ▁Ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁but ▁dec ides ▁not |
▁to ▁make ▁a ▁choice ▁as ▁she ▁needs ▁to ▁speak ▁to ▁Harry ▁about ▁it ▁first ▁before ▁considering ▁the ▁position . ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 4 , ▁after ▁suspect ing ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁may ▁be ▁behind ▁the ▁recent ▁attacks ▁in ▁both ▁M I 5 ▁and ▁I ly a ▁G av rik , ▁Harry ▁attempts ▁to ▁gain ▁evidence ▁against ▁him ▁with ▁Ruth ' s ▁help ▁by ▁using ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁as ▁b ait ▁to ▁draw ▁him ▁out . ▁However ▁the ▁operation ▁goes ▁hor rib ly ▁wrong ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁attacked , ▁when ▁an ▁assass in ▁( pre viously ▁seen ▁in ▁episode ▁ 1 ▁and ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁C IA ) ▁attempts ▁to ▁shoot ▁at ▁her . ▁She ▁miss es ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁left ▁cl ing ing ▁to ▁Harry ▁in ▁shock , ▁however ▁Ruth ▁then ▁sees ▁this , ▁and ▁assumes ▁that ▁Harry ▁could ▁potentially ▁still ▁be ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena ▁causing ▁her ▁to ▁doubt ▁his ▁judgment ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁leading ▁to ▁Harry ▁doub ting ▁himself . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Ruth ▁and ▁Harry ▁discuss ▁their ▁past . ▁She ▁questions ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁she ▁truly ▁knows ▁him . ▁He ▁tells ▁her ▁she ▁knows ▁the ▁important ▁things ▁which ▁she ▁answers ▁with ▁" Pe ople ▁don ' t ▁love ▁each ▁other ▁on ▁a ▁need ▁to ▁know ▁basis ". ▁Harry ▁is ▁left ▁cont empl ating . ▁ ▁She ▁asks ▁him ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁any ▁more ▁secre ts , ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁the ▁truth ▁adm itting ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁more ▁things ▁in ▁his ▁past |
▁the ▁remain ▁a ▁secret ▁from ▁her . ▁Ruth ▁proceed s ▁to ▁tell ▁Harry ▁about ▁the ▁job ▁offer ▁from ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁and ▁asks ▁for ▁his ▁opinion ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁she ▁should ▁leave . ▁Harry ▁ur ges ▁her ▁to ▁go , ▁and ▁to ▁leave ▁straight ▁away , ▁not ▁because ▁he ▁wants ▁her ▁to ▁leave ▁but ▁because ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁want ▁her ▁involved ▁in ▁what ' s ▁coming . ▁ ▁In ▁E pisode ▁ 5 ▁Ruth ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁working ▁with ▁Harry ▁in ▁Section ▁D ▁but ▁is ▁instead ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁making ▁the ▁t ension ▁between ▁then ▁even ▁more ▁stra ined ▁when ▁she ▁questions ▁his ▁mot ives ▁about ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁and ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena ▁G av rik . ▁Harry ▁though ▁determined ▁to ▁prove ▁Jim ▁is ▁imp erson ating ▁him ▁and ▁attack ing ▁the ▁G av ri ks ▁and ▁M I 5 ▁proceed s ▁to ▁inter rog ate ▁Co aver ▁despite ▁Ruth ' s ▁concerns . ▁ ▁During ▁episode ▁El ena ▁meets ▁Harry ▁at ▁an ▁M I 5 ▁safe house ▁where ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁he ▁suspect s ▁her ▁husband ▁I ly a ▁G av rik ▁of ▁attack ing ▁the ▁partners hip , ▁responsible ▁for ▁T ari q ' s ▁death , ▁attack ing ▁I ly a ▁and ▁M I 5 ▁and ▁imp erson ating ▁him . ▁She ▁out ward ly ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe ▁him ▁and ▁they ▁discuss ▁their ▁past , ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁extract ▁both ▁her ▁and ▁S asha ▁from ▁Berlin |
▁at ▁Tre pt ower ▁Park , ▁before ▁Co aver ▁had ▁stopped ▁him . ▁El ena ▁then ▁asks ▁Harry ▁to ▁kiss ▁her ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁ref uses . ▁ ▁Later ▁Harry ▁meets ▁Ruth , ▁they ▁discuss ▁Jim ▁Co aver ' s ▁death ▁and ▁Harry ▁explains ▁to ▁her ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁feel ▁love ▁for ▁El ena ▁but ▁instead ▁feels ▁gu ilt . ▁He ▁war ns ▁Ruth ▁gu ilt ▁can ▁look ▁like ▁love ▁which ▁later ▁leads ▁to ▁her ▁question ing ▁him ▁if ▁all ▁he ▁feels ▁for ▁her ▁is ▁gu ilt ▁as ▁well , ▁but ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁El ena . ▁He ▁also ▁explains ▁that ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁extract ▁El ena ▁and ▁S asha ▁from ▁Berlin ▁and ▁he ▁feels ▁guilty ▁mostly ▁towards ▁S asha . ▁Harry ▁then ▁adm its ▁the ▁reason ▁he ▁didn ' t ▁tell ▁Ruth ▁about ▁El ena ▁was ▁through ▁shame ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁cow ard ice ▁and ▁Ruth ▁indirect ly ▁adm its ▁in ▁return ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁je alous ▁of ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁El ena . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁is ▁sus pected ▁of ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Jim ▁Co aver ▁and ▁is ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁C IA ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁Co aver ' s ▁death , ▁Tow ers ▁and ▁Ruth ▁meet ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Bank . ▁Harry ▁accepts ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁C IA ▁and ▁prepar es ▁to ▁be ▁extr ad ited ▁but ▁will ▁leave ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁the ▁deal ▁with ▁Russia ▁be ▁brought |
▁forward ▁to ▁that ▁afternoon ▁to ▁avoid ▁more ▁death s . ▁Tow ers ▁agre es ▁and ▁then ▁leaves ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ▁alone . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁put ▁in ▁an ▁offer ▁on ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁but ▁that ▁she ▁can ' t ▁actually ▁picture ▁herself ▁living ▁there . ▁Harry ▁encourag es ▁her ▁that ▁she ' ll ▁keep ▁trying ▁and ▁to ▁do ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁she ▁can ▁to ▁cl ing ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁normal ▁life . ▁He ▁then ▁kiss es ▁her ▁good bye , ▁but ▁she ▁is ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁let ▁him ▁go . ▁He ▁says ▁her ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁pret end ▁this ▁isn ' t ▁the ▁end ▁for ▁them . ▁ ▁A ▁te ar ful ▁Ruth ▁is ▁then ▁left ▁standing ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁alone . ▁ ▁In ▁episode ▁ 6 ▁Harry ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁cust ody ▁of ▁the ▁C IA ▁when ▁El ena ▁G av rik ▁inform s ▁Ruth ▁she ▁has ▁intel ▁about ▁an ▁attack ▁planned ▁on ▁the ▁UK . ▁Ruth ▁asks ▁for ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁former ▁colle agues ▁in ▁Section ▁D ▁who ▁break ▁Harry ▁out ▁of ▁being ▁extr ad ited ▁to ▁the ▁US . ▁Harry ▁questions ▁El ena ▁who ▁reve als ▁someone ▁is ▁en ▁route ▁from ▁Russia ▁on ▁a ▁suic ide ▁mission . ▁ ▁El ena ▁then ▁also ▁reve als ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁double ▁agent ▁all ▁along ▁for ▁the ▁Rus si ans , ▁rec ru ited ▁by ▁a ▁fa ction ▁within ▁the ▁K GB ▁( The ▁Russian ▁Secret ▁Service ) |
▁and ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁turn ▁Harry ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁de emed ▁too ▁good . ▁When ▁Harry ▁asks ▁she ▁also ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁li ed ▁to ▁him ▁and ▁that ▁S asha ▁is ▁not ▁his ▁son ▁but ▁is ▁I ly a ▁G av ri ks . ▁ ▁Ruth ▁also ▁questions ▁El ena ▁about ▁her ▁true ▁mot ives , ▁not ▁entirely ▁convinced ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁telling ▁the ▁truth . ▁Harry ▁push es ▁El ena ▁to ▁break ▁when ▁he ▁attacks ▁S asha , ▁and ▁El ena ▁is ▁left ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁choice ▁between ▁her ▁son ▁and ▁her ▁country . ▁Event ually ▁they ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁El ena ▁had ▁been ▁lying ▁to ▁them ▁all ▁along ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁wanted ▁the ▁UK ▁to ▁fire ▁at ▁a ▁Pl ane ▁of ▁innoc ent ▁people , ▁which ▁would ▁cause ▁a ▁destruct ive ▁event , ▁enough ▁for ▁the ▁partners hip ▁deal ▁to ▁be ▁de emed ▁worth less ▁and ▁start ▁conflict ▁between ▁Britain ▁and ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Later ▁I ly a ▁G av rik ▁asks ▁Ruth ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁El ena ' s ▁cell , ▁he ▁then ▁k ills ▁her ▁to ▁which ▁S asha ▁witness es ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop , ▁but ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁get ▁to ▁his ▁mother ▁she ▁is ▁str ang led . ▁ ▁S asha ▁out ▁of ▁reven ge , ▁goes ▁out ▁after ▁Ruth ▁and ▁Harry ▁real ising ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁given ▁I ly a ▁the ▁key . ▁ ▁The ▁threat ▁is ▁over , ▁the ▁plane ▁is ▁safe ▁and ▁Ruth ▁meets ▁Harry |
▁outside . ▁Go ing ▁back ▁on ▁her ▁words ▁in ▁episodes ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 5 , ▁she ▁tells ▁him ▁they ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁secre ts ▁and ▁then ▁asks ▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Service ▁with ▁her ▁and ▁he ▁agre es . ▁ ▁S asha ▁then ▁appears ▁with ▁a ▁sh ard ▁of ▁glass ▁( Se en ▁earlier ▁after ▁I ly a ▁had ▁str ang led ▁El ena ) ▁Harry ▁tells ▁Ruth ▁to ▁move ▁aside ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁b unker . ▁ ▁She ▁ref uses ▁and ▁instead ▁stands ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁him ▁to ▁protect ▁him ▁trying ▁to ▁conv ince ▁S asha ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁who ▁gave ▁I ly a ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁El ena ' s ▁cell . ▁But ▁as ▁she ▁tries ▁to ▁stop ▁S asha ▁adv ancing ▁towards ▁Harry , ▁he ▁accident ally ▁st abs ▁her ▁with ▁the ▁glass ▁sh ard ▁before ▁Dim it ri ▁sho ots ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁leg . ▁Ruth ▁col laps es ▁in ▁Harry ' s ▁arms . ▁ ▁Harry ▁tells ▁his ▁team ▁to ▁get ▁help ▁while ▁he ▁is ▁left ▁with ▁Ruth ▁dying ▁in ▁his ▁arms . ▁Both ▁Harry ▁and ▁Er in ▁try ▁to ▁calm ▁Ruth ▁out ▁of ▁shock ▁and ▁ins ist ▁that ▁Harry ▁keep ▁her ▁talking . ▁She ▁tells ▁him ▁she ▁couldn ' t ▁imagine ▁living ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁alone , ▁but ▁only ▁ever ▁living ▁there ▁with ▁him . ▁He ▁tries ▁to ▁comfort ▁her , ▁telling ▁her ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁life ▁there ▁but ▁before ▁Dim it ri , ▁Er in ▁and ▁Cal um ▁can ▁to ▁her |
▁she ' s ▁already ▁gone , ▁ ▁Dim it ri ▁tries ▁to ▁save ▁her ▁but ▁it ' s ▁too ▁late . ▁Cal um ▁asks ▁Dim it ri ▁and ▁Er in ▁allow ▁Harry ▁to ▁be ▁alone ▁with ▁Ruth ▁leaving ▁Harry ▁gr ieving , ▁holding ▁her . ▁Before ▁he ▁leaves ▁he ▁kiss es ▁her ▁good bye . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁very ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁Harry ▁vis its ▁the ▁mem orial ▁naming ▁every ▁M I 5 ▁officer ▁he ▁has ▁lost ▁which ▁now ▁includes ▁Ruth ' s ▁name . ▁He ▁then ▁returns ▁to ▁M I 5 ▁to ▁work ▁and ▁Section ▁D ▁continues . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁In ▁Series ▁ 6 , ▁E pisode ▁ 3 , ▁Harry ▁receives ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁Down ing ▁Street , ▁inform ing ▁him ▁that ▁The ▁Queen ▁wished ▁to ▁best ow ▁a ▁kn ighth ood ▁upon ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁already ▁held ▁a ▁C BE , ▁the ▁honour ▁immediately ▁below ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Knight ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁he ▁now ▁holds . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁This ▁character ▁is ▁considered ▁by ▁many ▁fans ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁pill ar ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁providing ▁both ▁a ▁back bone ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁com ic ▁relief ▁situations ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁most ▁not ably ▁in ▁his ▁ex changes ▁during ▁series ▁ 1 ▁with ▁J ools ▁S iv iter , ▁played ▁by ▁Hugh ▁Laur ie . ▁Another ▁com ic ▁theme ▁includes ▁Harry ▁getting ▁anno yed ▁every ▁time ▁someone ▁would ▁enter |
▁his ▁office ▁without ▁knock ing . ▁This ▁grew ▁so ▁much ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁three ▁finale , ▁when ▁Ruth ▁came ▁to ▁warn ▁him ▁that ▁something ▁was ▁wrong , ▁Harry ▁guess ed ▁it ▁because ▁she ▁had ▁knock ed . ▁He ▁is ▁well ▁respect ed ▁by ▁his ▁colle agues . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁thus ▁far ▁surv ived ▁four ▁cl iff hang ers ▁where ▁it ▁appears ▁he ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁( series ▁ 2 , ▁series ▁ 4 , ▁series ▁ 7 ▁and ▁series ▁ 9 ) ▁and ▁the ▁t enth ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁plot line ▁that ▁revol ves ▁around ▁Harry ; ▁his ▁past ▁and ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁Ruth . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁character ▁to ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁every ▁single ▁episode ▁in ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁Ben ji ▁Wilson ▁of ▁The ▁Daily ▁Te legraph ▁in ▁describing ▁Harry ▁and ▁Ruth ' s ▁relationship ▁commented ▁that ▁"( R uth ' s ) ▁scenes ▁with ▁Peter ▁F irth , ▁another ▁fine ▁player , ▁have ▁become ▁self - cont ained ▁little ▁b ub bles ▁of ▁w elt sch mer z ▁within ▁every ▁recent ▁episode ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T ele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : S po oks ▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional ▁secret ▁agents ▁and ▁sp ies ▁Category : F ict ional ▁kn ights ▁Category : F ict ional ▁British ▁people ▁Category : F ict ional ▁English ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁ 7 5 – 3 0 0 mm ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁foc al ▁length ▁for ▁camera |
▁l enses . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁articles ▁exist ▁about ▁such ▁l enses : ▁▁▁ ▁Can on ▁EF ▁ 7 5 – 3 0 0 mm ▁l ens ▁ ▁Min olta ▁AF ▁ 7 5 - 3 0 0 mm ▁f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6 ▁l ens <0x0A> </s> ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁C ounter p unch ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁American ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Regin ald ▁Le ▁Borg . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁of ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁films ▁for ▁Mon ogram ▁st arring ▁Leon ▁Er rol . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁co - written ▁by ▁Cy ▁End field . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Leon ▁Er rol ▁as ▁Kn ob by ▁Wal sh ▁▁▁ ▁Joe ▁Kirk wood , ▁Jr . ▁as ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁▁▁ ▁E ly se ▁Kno x ▁as ▁Anne ▁How e ▁▁▁ ▁Marcel ▁J our net ▁as ▁Anton ▁Kind el ▁ ▁She ila ▁Ryan ▁as ▁My ra ▁Mad ison ▁▁ ▁Frank ▁Sul ly ▁as ▁L oo ie ▁ ▁Ian ▁Wol fe ▁as ▁Prof . ▁L ill iqu ist ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁San de ▁as ▁Austin ▁ ▁Doug lass ▁Dum br ille ▁as ▁Capt . ▁L ance ▁ ▁Douglas ▁F ow ley ▁as ▁Th ur ston ▁ ▁Edd ie ▁G rib bon ▁as ▁Can vas back ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Gra ves ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Col man = ▁ ▁Roland ▁Dup ree ▁as ▁Bell boy ▁ ▁Ger tr ude ▁Mess inger ▁as ▁Nur se ▁ ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Cord oba ▁as ▁Museum ▁Care t aker ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁C ounter p unch ▁at ▁IMDb ▁Joe ▁Pal ook a ▁in ▁the ▁C ounter p unch ▁at ▁T CM DB ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁sports ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁box ing ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Regin ald ▁Le ▁Borg ▁Category : Mon ogram ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁com ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁Shaw ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁actor . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Prof ession als , ▁The ▁Chief , ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁and ▁Ins pect or ▁George ▁G ently . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁acted ▁on ▁stage ▁and ▁in ▁film , ▁and ▁has ▁narr ated ▁numerous ▁audio books ▁and ▁presented ▁various ▁television ▁series , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁series ▁Martin ▁Shaw : ▁A vi ators . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Shaw ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁B irmingham . ▁His ▁child hood ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁Al ley ne ▁Gro ve ▁in ▁Erd ington ▁and ▁S utton ▁Cold field . ▁Shaw ▁attended ▁Great ▁Bar r ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁excel led ▁in ▁English ▁literature ▁and ▁drama ▁less ons . ▁ ▁At ▁six teen , ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁scholar ship ▁to ▁a ▁B irmingham ▁drama ▁school ▁but ▁decl ined . ▁▁ ▁In ▁his ▁youth , |
▁Shaw ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁d run ken ▁b raw l ▁with ▁a ▁friend , ▁suffering ▁broken ▁teeth , ▁inj uries ▁to ▁his ▁face ▁and ▁a ▁f ract ured ▁sk ull , ▁and ▁needed ▁che ek bone ▁surg ery . ▁▁▁ ▁At ▁age ▁eigh teen , ▁Shaw ▁moved ▁to ▁London ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁London ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁D ram atic ▁Art . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁his ▁app rent ices hip ▁in ▁re pert ory ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁stage ▁manager ▁at ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁Theatre , ▁Horn ch urch ▁and ▁the ▁Br istol ▁Old ▁Vic . ▁ ▁Stage ▁Shaw ▁took ▁key ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Look ▁Back ▁in ▁An ger ▁( Ro yal ▁Court / C riter ion , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ); ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Theatre ' s ▁Saturday , ▁Sunday , ▁Monday ▁opposite ▁Laur ence ▁Oliv ier ▁( 1 9 7 3 ); ▁and ▁in ▁A ▁Street car ▁N amed ▁Des ire ▁presented ▁by ▁the ▁Pic c ad illy ▁Theatre ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁later ▁acknowled ged ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Stanley ▁K ow al ski ▁in ▁' St reet car ' ▁as ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁break through ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ▁in ▁Alan ▁Ble as dale ' s ▁crit ically ▁acc laimed ▁Are ▁You ▁L ones ome ▁Ton ight ?. ▁It ▁told ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Pres ley ' s ▁last ▁few ▁hours . ▁After ▁a ▁long ▁run |
▁in ▁London , ▁the ▁production ▁visited ▁Sydney , ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Ad ela ide ▁in ▁Australia . ▁▁▁ ▁Shaw ' s ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Lord ▁G oring ▁in ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁on ▁Broadway ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁Tony ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁and ▁a ▁D rama ▁Des k ▁award . ▁▁ ▁After ▁film ing ▁finished ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed , ▁Shaw ▁took ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Thomas ▁More ▁in ▁Robert ▁Bol t ' s ▁play ▁A ▁Man ▁for ▁All ▁Se asons . ▁Shaw ' s ▁daughter , ▁Soph ie , ▁played ▁opposite ▁him ▁as ▁More ' s ▁daughter , ▁Margaret . ▁The ▁production ▁tou red ▁Britain ' s ▁cities ▁before ▁a ▁run ▁in ▁London ▁at ▁the ▁Theatre ▁Royal ▁Hay market . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁play ▁Tw elve ▁An gry ▁Men ▁at ▁the ▁G arr ick ▁Theatre ▁London , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁diss ent ing ▁jur or ▁( ident ified ▁as ▁jur or ▁number ▁ 8 .) ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Shaw ▁tou red ▁and ▁hit ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁again ▁with ▁a ▁l ively ▁production ▁of ▁Hob son ' s ▁Cho ice ▁at ▁the ▁V au dev ille . ▁After ▁comple ting ▁film ing ▁the ▁final ▁episode ▁of ▁George ▁G ently , ▁Shaw ▁again ▁tou red ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁with ▁the ▁U . K . ▁premier ▁of ▁G ore ▁Vid al ' s ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁political ▁piece : ▁The |
▁Best ▁Man . ▁Shaw ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁William ▁Russell , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State . ▁ ▁Television ▁Shaw ▁began ▁television ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Part s ▁in ▁one - off ▁plays ▁for ▁Gran ada ▁Television ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁playing ▁hi ppy ▁student ▁Robert ▁Cro ft , ▁Lu cile ▁H ew itt ' s ▁boy friend , ▁in ▁Cor on ation ▁Street . ▁Another ▁early ▁role ▁was ▁bo o ze ▁and ▁football - lo ving ▁Wel sh ▁medical ▁student ▁H uw ▁Evans ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁comedy ▁series ▁Doctor ▁in ▁the ▁House . ▁He ▁later ▁guest - star red , ▁playing ▁the ▁same ▁role , ▁in ▁the ▁follow - up ▁series ▁Doctor ▁at ▁Lar ge , ▁now ▁a ▁nerv ous ▁expect ant ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" M other ▁and ▁Father ▁Do ing ▁Well ". ▁▁ ▁Shaw ▁appeared ▁with ▁future ▁co - star ▁Lewis ▁Collins ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁Aven gers . ▁Both ▁played ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁terror ists . ▁Shaw ▁port rayed ▁Ray ▁Do yle ▁(" Agent ▁ 4 – 5 ") ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Prof ession als ▁( 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 1 ), ▁opposite ▁Collins . ▁Shaw ▁played ▁another ▁law - en for cement ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁I TV ▁production ▁The ▁Chief . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ▁in ▁The ▁Last ▁Place ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁F |
rob isher ▁Bay ▁near ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁I q al uit ▁on ▁B aff in ▁Island , ▁Canada . ▁In ▁interview ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Shaw ▁commented ▁that ▁he ▁generally ▁respond ed ▁well ▁to ▁the ▁testing ▁physical ▁conditions , ▁particularly ▁when ▁they ▁en hanced ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁the ▁scene . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁played ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁B ask er ville ▁in ▁The ▁H ound ▁of ▁the ▁B ask erv illes , ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁by ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Con an ▁Do yle . ▁He ▁acted ▁opposite ▁Ian ▁Richard son ' s ▁Sher lock ▁Hol mes ▁and ▁Donald ▁Church ill ' s ▁Dr . ▁Watson . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes ▁in ▁Rh odes , ▁an ▁eight - part ▁serial ▁that ▁a ired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁fil med ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Shaw ' s ▁younger ▁son , ▁Joe , ▁took ▁early ▁leave ▁of ▁his ▁drama ▁school ▁course ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁youth ful ▁Rh odes . ▁▁▁ ▁Another ▁television ▁acting ▁credit ▁includes ▁Dr ▁Robert ▁King ston ▁in ▁Always ▁and ▁Every one ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁British ▁accident ▁and ▁emer gency ▁medical ▁series ▁alongside ▁N iam h ▁C us ack . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁drama ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed . ▁The ▁character ▁gave ▁an ▁editor ial ▁voice ▁to ▁the ▁television ▁writer ▁and ▁producer ▁G . F . ▁New man |
' s ▁ideas ▁about ▁l ifest yle ▁choices ▁such ▁as ▁veget arian ism ▁and ▁alternative ▁medicine ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁issues ▁of ▁social ▁justice . ▁One ▁episode ▁about ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁M MR ▁v acc ine ▁was ▁b anned . ▁ ▁Between ▁seasons ▁of ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed , ▁Shaw ▁took ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁po etic ▁bes pect ac led ▁for ens ic ▁detect ive ▁Adam ▁Dal g lies h ▁in ▁P . D . ▁James ' s ▁Death ▁in ▁Holy ▁Or ders ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁The ▁Mur der ▁Room ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁After ▁the ▁sixth ▁season ▁of ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁had ▁been ▁fil med , ▁Shaw ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁Appar itions , ▁broadcast ▁by ▁the ▁BBC ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁This ▁was ▁Shaw ' s ▁first ▁project ▁as ▁executive ▁director . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁TV ▁series ▁Ins pect or ▁George ▁G ently ▁alongside ▁co - star ▁Lee ▁In gle by . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Shaw ▁rec ited ▁" For ▁the ▁F allen " ▁at ▁V E ▁Day ▁ 7 0 : ▁A ▁Party ▁to ▁Remember ▁in ▁Hor se ▁Gu ards ▁Par ade , ▁London ▁which ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁BBC ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Film ▁Although ▁Shaw ▁is ▁not ▁class ified ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁actor ▁he ▁has ▁had ▁several ▁roles ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁His ▁first |
▁film ▁role ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁commun ist ▁in ▁Love ▁on ▁the ▁D ole ▁( 1 9 6 6 ). ▁Better ▁known ▁is ▁his ▁' 7 0 s ▁role ▁of ▁Ban qu o ▁in ▁Roman ▁Pol ans ki ' s ▁Mac b eth . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁seen ▁as ▁an ▁under cover ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁oper ative ▁in ▁Operation ▁Day break ; ▁a ▁singing ▁and ▁dan cing ▁fut ur istic ▁mag ician ▁" Z ax " ▁in ▁Fac el ift ; ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Rach id ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁film ▁The ▁Golden ▁Vo y age ▁of ▁Sin bad , ▁and ▁a ▁wanted ▁villa in ▁leading ▁a ▁life ▁on ▁the ▁run ▁in ▁a ▁circ us ▁tro op ▁in ▁Lad der ▁of ▁S words . ▁ ▁N arr ation ▁and ▁document aries ▁Shaw ▁has ▁narr ated ▁many ▁audio books , ▁including ▁Tol k ien ' s ▁The ▁Hob bit ▁and ▁The ▁Sil mar ill ion ; ▁Swift ' s ▁Gul liver ' s ▁Tra vel s ; ▁and ▁Em ily ▁Br ont ë ' s ▁W uther ing ▁He ights . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Shaw ▁narr ated ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁DVD ▁chron ic ling ▁the ▁" Mer l ins ▁over ▁Mal ta " ▁project . ▁This ▁featured ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁a ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁Super marine ▁Sp it fire ▁and ▁Haw ker ▁H urr icane ▁from ▁Britain ▁to ▁Mal ta ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁fifty ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 |
, ▁Shaw ▁presented ▁the ▁six - part ▁Disc overy ▁Channel ▁Real ▁Time ▁TV ▁series ▁Martin ▁Shaw : ▁A vi ators , ▁produced ▁by ▁Two four , ▁which ▁followed ▁the ▁two - year ▁rest oration ▁of ▁his ▁Bo eing ▁Ste ar man ▁bi plane ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁crash ed ▁by ▁another ▁pilot ▁at ▁Old ▁Buck en ham ▁air field ▁in ▁Nor folk . ▁Shaw ▁ful filled ▁a ▁lifetime ▁amb ition ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁controls ▁of ▁a ▁Sp it fire ▁( owned ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Bay l iss ) ▁and , ▁though ▁take - off ▁was ▁not ▁permitted , ▁he ▁also ▁power ed ▁an ▁English ▁Electric ▁Light ning ▁( owned ▁by ▁Russell ▁Car p enter ) ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 m ph ▁in ▁three ▁seconds ▁along ▁the ▁run way ▁at ▁C ran field ▁Airport . ▁Shaw ▁also ▁compared ▁notes ▁with ▁the ▁non agen arian ▁builder ▁and ▁developer ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁aut ogy ro , ▁Wing ▁C dr . ▁Ken ▁Wall is . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁presented ▁a ▁document ary ▁for ▁the ▁BBC ▁titled ▁D amb ust ers ▁Dec lass ified ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁investig ated ▁and ▁deb unk ed ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁myth s ▁of ▁the ▁d amb ust ers ▁ra id ▁known ▁as ▁Operation ▁Ch ast ise ▁story ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁port rayed ▁in ▁the ▁books ▁En emy ▁Coast ▁A head ▁and ▁The ▁D amb ust ers , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Dam ▁B ust ers . ▁ ▁Ad vert is ements ▁Among ▁several ▁voice o vers ▁and |
▁appearances , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁Shaw ▁star red ▁in ▁a ▁three - min ute ▁advert is ement ▁for ▁the ▁M k ▁II ▁Ford ▁Cap ri ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁TV ▁advert ▁for ▁the ▁V aux hall ▁Caval ier . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁and ▁char ity ▁work ▁Shaw ▁is ▁a ▁celebr ity ▁activ ist ▁for ▁animal ▁rights ▁and ▁animal ▁w elf are . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁patron ▁of ▁the ▁Hill side ▁Animal ▁San ctu ary ▁in ▁Fre tt en ham ▁in ▁Nor folk , ▁a ▁char ity ▁organisation ▁which ▁provides ▁a ▁safe ▁home ▁for ▁neglect ed ▁and ▁ab used ▁animals . ▁He ▁also ▁supports ▁V iva ! ▁and ▁Dr ▁Had wen ▁Trust . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁official ▁patron ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁organisation ▁Stop ▁Nor wich ▁Ur B an isation ▁or ▁SN UB , ▁whose ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁protect ▁Nor folk ' s ▁coun tr ys ide ▁from ▁over development ▁and ▁excess ive ▁urban isation . ▁In ▁the ▁press ▁release , ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" simp ly ▁fur ious ▁and ▁ups et ▁by ▁your ▁pl ight ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁all ▁of ▁us ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁quiet ▁and ▁peace . ▁I ▁will ▁be ▁your ▁Pat ron ▁and ▁keep ▁fighting ". ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Shaw ▁became ▁a ▁follow er ▁of ▁Char an ▁Singh , ▁of ▁the ▁Sant ▁Mat ▁religion . ▁▁ ▁Shaw ▁lives |
▁in ▁H ingham ▁in ▁Nor folk . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Shaw ▁col lapsed ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁act ▁of ▁the ▁mat ine e ▁showing ▁of ▁A ▁Country ▁Girl ▁at ▁Sh rew s bury ' s ▁Theatre ▁Se vern . ▁His ▁agent , ▁Roger ▁Char ter is , ▁said ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁suffering ▁from ▁crack ed ▁rib s ▁and ▁was ▁taking ▁ant ib iot ics ▁for ▁a ▁severe ▁ch est ▁in fection . ▁An ▁under stud y ▁went ▁on ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁Shaw ▁won ▁two ▁awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁Lord ▁G oring ▁in ▁the ▁Broadway ▁production ▁of ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁third : ▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁D rama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Fe ature d ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Play ▁ ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁Theatre ▁World ▁Special ▁Award ▁for ▁Ens emble ▁Performance ▁ ▁N omin ated ▁for ▁the ▁Tony ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Play ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁Cor on ation ▁Street ▁as ▁Robert ▁Cro ft ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Move ▁( 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 7 6 ) ▁as ▁Martin ▁ ▁Helen : ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁Today ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁Frank ▁Tul ly ▁ ▁The ▁Duch ess ▁of ▁Duke ▁Street ▁" Family ▁Mat ters " ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁as ▁Arthur ▁ ▁The ▁Prof ession als ▁( |
1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 1 ) ▁as ▁Ray ▁Do yle ▁ ▁Doctor ▁at ▁Lar ge ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁as ▁H uw ▁Evans ▁( 1 1 ▁episodes ) ▁ ▁C ream ▁in ▁My ▁C off ee ▁( by ▁Dennis ▁Pot ter ) ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁as ▁Jack ▁But cher ▁ ▁East ▁Lyn ne ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁as ▁Arch ib ald ▁Car ly le ▁ ▁The ▁H ound ▁of ▁the ▁B ask erv illes ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁as ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁B ask er ville ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Place ▁on ▁Earth ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁as ▁Robert ▁Fal con ▁Scott ▁ ▁The ▁Chief ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 5 ) ▁as ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁Alan ▁C ade ▁ ▁Rh odes ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁as ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes ▁ ▁The ▁Sc ar let ▁P imper nel ▁( 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ) ▁as ▁Ch au vel in ▁ ▁A & E ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁as ▁Robert ▁Kings ford ▁ ▁Death ▁in ▁Holy ▁Or ders ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁as ▁Adam ▁Dal g lies h ▁ ▁The ▁Mur der ▁Room ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁as ▁Adam ▁Dal g lies h . ▁ ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁( 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁as ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed ▁ ▁Martin ▁Shaw |
: ▁A vi ators . ▁ ▁C ran ford ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁as ▁Peter ▁J enk yn s ▁ ▁Ins pect or ▁George ▁G ently ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 7 ) ▁as ▁George ▁G ently ▁ ▁Lem ur ▁Street ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Appar itions ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁as ▁Father ▁Jacob ▁ ▁Ag ath a ▁Christ ie ' s ▁Po iro t ▁Three ▁Act ▁T rag edy ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁Charles ▁Cart w right ▁ ▁D amb ust ers ▁Dec lass ified ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁as ▁present er ▁ ▁Theatre ▁▁ ▁Look ▁Back ▁in ▁An ger ▁( Ro yal ▁Court ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁C riter ion ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁as ▁" Cl iff ▁Lewis ". ▁ ▁The ▁Cont ractor ▁( Ro yal ▁Court , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ; ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Fort une ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" Paul ". ▁ ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sh riv ings ▁( L y ric ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" David ". ▁ ▁Can cer ▁( in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Moon ▁Children ; ▁Royal ▁Court , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁as ▁" Bob ". ▁ ▁The ▁Bac ch ae ▁( National ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁" D ion ys us ". ▁ ▁Saturday , ▁Sunday |
, ▁Monday ▁( National ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁" Att ilio " ▁opposite ▁Laur ence ▁Oliv ier . ▁ ▁A ▁Street car ▁N amed ▁Des ire ▁( P ic c ad illy ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁as ▁" St an ley ▁K ow al ski ". ▁ ▁Miss ▁Jul ie ▁( Green wich ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁as ▁" Jean ". ▁ ▁Te eth ▁' n ' ▁Sm iles ▁( W y nd ham ' s ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁as ▁" Ar thur ". ▁ ▁They ' re ▁Play ing ▁Our ▁Song ▁( Sh aft es bury ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁as ▁" V ern on ▁G ersch ". ▁ ▁The ▁Country ▁Girl ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ). ▁ ▁Are ▁You ▁L ones ome ▁Ton ight ? ▁( P ho enix ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁as ▁' The ▁Old er ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ' ▁( also ▁Sydney , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia ) ▁ ▁The ▁Big ▁Kn ife ▁( Al ber y ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁as ▁Charles ▁Castle ▁ ▁Other ▁People ' s ▁M oney ▁( L y ric ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁as ▁" G arf inkel ". ▁ ▁Bet ray al ▁( Al me ida ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) |
▁as ▁" Ro bert ". ▁ ▁S ien na ▁Red , ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Pol iak off ▁and ▁co - st arring ▁Frances ca ▁An nis ▁( Rich mond ▁Theatre , ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁( G lo be ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁as ▁" L ord ▁G oring ". ▁ ▁R ough ▁Justice ▁by ▁Ter ence ▁F ris by ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁as ▁" James ▁High wood ". ▁ ▁An ▁Ide al ▁Hus band ▁( H ay market ▁Theatre ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁Vic , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ; ▁rev ived ▁at ▁the ▁Hay market ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁G iel g ud ▁Theatre ). ▁ ▁Vert igo ▁( The atre ▁Royal ▁W inds or , ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁as ▁" R og er ▁F la vi ares " ▁alongside ▁his ▁subsequent ▁co - star ▁Jen ny ▁Se ag ro ve ▁in ▁Judge ▁John ▁De ed . ▁ ▁A ▁Man ▁For ▁All ▁Se asons ▁( H ay market , ▁ 2 0 0 5 / 6 ) ▁as ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁More . ▁ ▁The ▁Country ▁Girl ▁( A pol lo ▁Theatre , ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁co - st arring ▁Jen ny ▁Se ag ro ve , ▁following ▁a ▁tour . ▁ ▁Hob son ' s ▁Cho ice , ▁( V au dev ille ▁Theatre |
, ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁as ▁Henry ▁Hob son . ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Mac b eth ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁as ▁Ban qu o . ▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Vo y age ▁of ▁Sin bad ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁as ▁Rach id . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Day break ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁as ▁Serge ant ▁K arel ▁Č ur da . ▁ ▁Fac el ift ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁as ▁Z ax . ▁ ▁In tr igue ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁As ▁Ros kov ▁ ▁Lad der ▁of ▁S words ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁ ▁O il man ▁( short ▁film ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁B irmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁Category : D rama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : English ▁av i ators ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁soap ▁opera ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁H ingham , ▁Nor folk <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁list ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁sch ol ars ▁includes ▁notable ▁the or ists , ▁academ ics , ▁and |
▁research ers ▁from ▁public ▁administration , ▁public ▁policy , ▁and ▁related ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁econom ics , ▁political ▁science , ▁management , ▁administrative ▁law . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁in ▁this ▁list ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁notable ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁public ▁administration . ▁▁ ▁O . ▁P . ▁D w ived i ▁ ▁Graham ▁T . ▁All ison ▁ ▁Paul ▁Apple by ▁ ▁Walter ▁B age hot ▁ ▁Ch ester ▁Bar n ard ▁ ▁Rein hard ▁B end ix ▁ ▁James ▁M . ▁Buch an an ▁ ▁L ynt on ▁K . ▁C ald well ▁ ▁Michel ▁Cro z ier ▁ ▁Robert ▁A . ▁D ahl ▁ ▁A . V . ▁D ice y ▁ ▁Anthony ▁Down s ▁- ▁Had ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁public ▁choice ▁school ▁of ▁political ▁economy . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Dru cker ▁ ▁Patrick ▁Dun le avy ▁- ▁Origin ated ▁the ▁b ureau - sh aping ▁model ▁of ▁b ureau c racy . ▁ ▁D orm an ▁Br id g man ▁E aton ▁ ▁David ▁John ▁Far mer ▁- ▁Author ▁of ▁The ▁Language ▁of ▁Public ▁Administration , ▁listed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ▁books ▁for ▁“ gre at ▁books ▁of ▁public ▁administration , ▁ 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 0 ” ▁( Me ier ▁& ▁O ’ To ole , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁p . 8 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Henri ▁F ay ol ▁ ▁James ▁W . ▁F es ler ▁ ▁Mary ▁Parker ▁Fol lett ▁ ▁H . ▁George ▁Frederick |
son ▁ ▁Louis ▁C . ▁G aw th rop ▁ ▁Robert ▁T . ▁G ole mb iew ski ▁ ▁Frank ▁J . ▁Good now ▁- ▁Father ▁of ▁American ▁Public ▁Administration . ▁ ▁Charles ▁Good s ell ▁ ▁Luther ▁Gul ick ▁ ▁Friedrich ▁Hay ek ▁- ▁Th ought ▁that ▁social ism ▁required ▁central ▁economic ▁planning ▁and ▁that ▁such ▁planning ▁in ▁turn ▁had ▁a ▁risk ▁of ▁leading ▁towards ▁total itar ian ism . ▁ ▁Hugh ▁H ec lo ▁ ▁E . ▁P end leton ▁Her ring ▁ ▁Otto ▁H int ze ▁ ▁Marc ▁Hol zer ▁- ▁Found ing ▁Dean ▁School ▁of ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Administration , ▁R ut gers ▁University - New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁Board ▁of ▁Govern ors ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁ ▁Ralph ▁P . ▁Hum mel ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁In gra ham ▁ ▁Barry ▁Dean ▁Karl ▁ ▁V . O . ▁Key , ▁Jr . ▁ ▁Gy ula ▁K oi ▁ ▁Harold ▁L ask i ▁ ▁Harold ▁L ass well ▁ ▁Charles ▁E . ▁Lind bl om ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁developers ▁and ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁increment al ism ▁in ▁policy ▁and ▁decision - making . ▁ ▁Michael ▁Li ps ky ▁- ▁Did ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁street - level ▁b ureau c racy . ▁ ▁N orton ▁E . ▁Long ▁ ▁The odore ▁J . ▁L owi ▁ ▁Nik las ▁Lu h mann ▁ ▁James ▁March ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁developers ▁of ▁the ▁system ic - an arch ic ▁perspective ▁of ▁organiz |
ational ▁decision ▁making ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gar bage ▁Can ▁Model . ▁ ▁Ros co e ▁C . ▁Martin ▁ ▁Karl ▁Marx ▁- ▁Bel ieved ▁that ▁government ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁those ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁economy . ▁ ▁Ren ate ▁May nt z ▁▁ ▁Howard ▁E . ▁McC ur dy ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁J . ▁Me ier ▁ ▁Robert ▁K . ▁M erton ▁ ▁Henry ▁M int z berg ▁ ▁Mark ▁H . ▁Moore ▁ ▁Frederick ▁C . ▁Mos her ▁ ▁R . ▁E . ▁Ne ust adt ▁ ▁Felix ▁A . ▁N ig ro ▁ ▁W . ▁A . ▁N isk an en ▁- ▁F ounded ▁the ▁rational ▁choice ▁stream ▁of ▁anal ys ing ▁b ureau c racy . ▁Ros em ary ▁O ' Le ary ▁▁ ▁Johan ▁O ls en ▁- ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁developers ▁of ▁the ▁system ic - an arch ic ▁perspective ▁of ▁organiz ational ▁decision ▁making ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gar bage ▁Can ▁Model . ▁ ▁El in or ▁Ost rom ▁ ▁C . ▁North c ote ▁Park inson ▁- ▁Author ▁of ▁Park inson ' s ▁Law , ▁a ▁book ▁that ▁s ati riz es ▁government ▁b ureau cra cies ▁and ▁explains ▁the ▁in ev it ability ▁of ▁b ureau cr atic ▁expansion . ▁ ▁James ▁L . ▁Perry ▁ ▁Ger rit ▁van ▁Po el je ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Jack ▁Rab in ▁ ▁Hal ▁G . ▁Ra ine y ▁ ▁Ken ▁R asm ussen ▁ ▁Em m ette |
▁Red ford ▁ ▁R . ▁A . ▁W . ▁Rh odes ▁ ▁Norm a ▁M . ▁Ric c ucci ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁Ro hr ▁ ▁David ▁H . ▁Rosen blo om ▁ ▁Philip ▁James ▁R ut ledge ▁ ▁S . N . ▁S adas ivan ▁ ▁Allen ▁Sch ick ▁ ▁Philip ▁Sel zn ick ▁ ▁Pat ric ia ▁M . ▁Sh ield s ▁ ▁Herbert ▁A . ▁Simon ▁ ▁Th eda ▁Sk oc pol ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Sk ow r one k ▁ ▁Lor enz ▁von ▁Stein ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Richard ▁J . ▁Still man ▁II ▁ ▁Camil la ▁St ivers ▁ ▁Joseph ▁R . ▁St ray er ▁ ▁Frederick ▁W . ▁Taylor ▁ ▁A lain ▁T ou raine ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Frederick ▁Tout ▁ ▁Paul ▁P . ▁Van ▁Ri per ▁ ▁David ▁M . ▁Van ▁S ly ke ▁ ▁D w ight ▁Wal do ▁ ▁Gary ▁W ams ley ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁F . ▁Warren ▁ ▁Max ▁We ber ▁- ▁Did ▁research ▁on ▁b ureau c racy . ▁ ▁Leonard ▁D . ▁White ▁ ▁A aron ▁Wild av sky ▁ ▁William ▁F . ▁Will ough by ▁ ▁James ▁Q . ▁Wilson ▁ ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁- ▁Found er ▁of ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁public ▁administration ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁De il ▁S . ▁Wright ▁ ▁S ugg ested ▁reading ▁Smith , ▁ ▁Kevin ▁B . ▁and ▁Lic ari , ▁Michael ▁J . ▁Public ▁Administration ▁— ▁Power ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁the ▁Four th |
▁Branch ▁of ▁Government , ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁academ ics ▁Category : Public ▁administration ▁. <0x0A> </s> ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁( ab bre vi ated ▁Co H : OF ) ▁is ▁the ▁stand ▁alone ▁expansion ▁pack ▁to ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es , ▁a ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁game ▁for ▁computers ▁running ▁the ▁Windows ▁operating ▁system . ▁It ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Canadian - based ▁R TS ▁developer ▁Rel ic ▁Entertainment , ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁TH Q . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 8 ▁in ▁Europe . ▁Another ▁stand alone ▁expansion ▁to ▁the ▁Co H ▁series , ▁T ales ▁of ▁Val or , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁Dynamic ▁Environment al ▁Effect s ▁System ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁implements ▁a ▁Dynamic ▁We ather ▁Effect s ▁system ▁consisting ▁of ▁real ▁time ▁weather ▁effects ▁and ▁day - to - night ▁time ▁trans itions . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁enh anc ements , ▁particular ▁birds ▁sing ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁during ▁specific ▁weather ▁patterns . ▁Although ▁Rel ic ▁had ▁initially ▁indicated ▁otherwise , ▁the ▁Dynamic ▁We ather ▁Effect s ▁system ▁has ▁no ▁tact ical ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁battle field . ▁ ▁New ▁Single - Player |
▁Camp aign s ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁introdu ces ▁two ▁new ▁single ▁player ▁campaign s . ▁The ▁campaign s ▁feature ▁game play ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁perspective ▁and ▁the ▁German ▁perspective . ▁The ▁British ▁campaign ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of ▁Ca en . ▁It ▁features ▁nine ▁miss ions ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁attack ▁by ▁British ▁and ▁Canadian ▁forces ▁from ▁S word , ▁Gold , ▁and ▁Jun o ▁Be aches ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ca en . ▁The ▁German ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ' s ▁campaign ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁driving ▁back ▁Al lied ▁forces ▁during ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden . ▁It ▁features ▁eight ▁play able ▁miss ions ▁following ▁a ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁K ampf gruppe ▁in ▁occupied ▁Netherlands ▁that ▁is ▁b rac ing ▁itself ▁for ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁air bor ne ▁invas ions ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁Comp at ibility ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es ▁players ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁play ▁against ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁users . ▁Those ▁who ▁own ▁both ▁games ▁can ▁either ▁play ▁as ▁the ▁Americans ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁against ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁or ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite . ▁Those ▁who ▁own ▁only ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es ▁can ▁play ▁only ▁as ▁the ▁American ▁or ▁We hr macht ▁arm ies . ▁ ▁F actions ▁ ▁British ▁ 2 nd ▁Army ▁The ▁British ▁are ▁the ▁new ▁Al lied ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Their ▁primary ▁advantages ▁are ▁def ensive . ▁A ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁static ▁def ences ▁can ▁be ▁built , ▁such ▁as ▁sl |
it ▁tren ches ▁and ▁anti - t ank ▁emp lac ements . ▁These ▁emp lac ements ▁have ▁an ▁associated ▁population ▁and ▁man power ▁cost ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁map ▁being ▁over run ▁with ▁def ences . ▁Their ▁standard ▁unit , ▁the ▁Infantry ▁Section , ▁has ▁st ances ▁that ▁al ters ▁their ▁speed ▁and ▁re actions . ▁Though ▁more ▁effective ▁than ▁their ▁American ▁counter parts , ▁most ▁British ▁inf antry ▁move ▁slower ▁in ▁neutral ▁or ▁host ile ▁territory ▁unless ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁Lieutenant ▁or ▁Captain , ▁which ▁are ▁extremely ▁expensive . ▁The ▁British ▁mainly ▁rely ▁on ▁officers , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Captain , ▁Lieutenant ▁and ▁the ▁C rom well ▁Command ▁T ank , ▁to ▁improve ▁effect iveness . ▁British ▁bases ▁can ▁be ▁pack ed ▁up ▁and ▁re deploy ed ▁at ▁different ▁positions , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁free zing ▁resource ▁income ▁during ▁the ▁move . ▁V eter ancy ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁is ▁also ▁unique . ▁Only ▁officers ▁can ▁become ▁veter ans . ▁As ▁they ▁gain ▁rank , ▁they ▁gain ▁new ▁ab ilities ▁and ▁benefits ▁for ▁their ▁soldiers . ▁Infantry ▁units ▁can ▁become ▁more ▁mobile ▁if ▁mounted ▁in ▁the ▁B ren ▁Gun ▁Car rier , ▁and ▁engine ers ▁get ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁fast ▁moving ▁Stuart ▁tank ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁The ▁command ▁trees ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁famous ▁branches ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁armed ▁forces . ▁The ▁three ▁trees ▁are : ▁ ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Art illery : ▁this ▁heavy - art illery ▁based ▁regiment ▁allows ▁the ▁player |
▁to ▁use ▁cre eping ▁bar rage , ▁counter - b atter y ▁fire , ▁over watch , ▁and ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁Pri est ▁Self ▁Pro pel led ▁Gun ▁and ▁super charge ▁art illery ▁sh ots . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Command os : ▁players ▁who ▁choose ▁this ▁regiment ▁can ▁deploy ▁command os , ▁who ▁are ▁ade pt ▁at ▁har ass ing ▁enemy ▁inf antry , ▁and ▁the ▁light ▁T etr arch ▁tank ▁via ▁a ▁H amil car ▁Gl ider . ▁As ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁gl ider ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁it ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁producing ▁specific ▁units ▁( dep ending ▁on ▁which ▁gl ider ▁was ▁called ▁in ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁certain ▁cases ▁rein for cing ▁nearby ▁units , ▁although ▁all ▁gl iders ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁H Q ▁gl ider ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁connected ▁territory ▁to ▁produce ▁more ▁units . ▁Other ▁ab ilities ▁include ▁trac ing ▁enemy ▁tro op ▁movements , ▁intercept ing ▁A xis ▁messages , ▁and ▁plant ing ▁de co y ▁fl ares . ▁This ▁regiment ▁is ▁inspired ▁from ▁the ▁Par ach ute ▁Regiment , ▁S AS ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁which ▁saw ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Royal ▁Engine ers : ▁this ▁regiment ▁gives ▁players ▁access ▁to ▁three ▁variations ▁of ▁the ▁Church ill ▁tank ▁( M k IV , ▁AV RE ▁and ▁Cro cod ile ), ▁impro ves ▁ent rench ments ▁and ▁the ▁mobile ▁H . Q , ▁and ▁allows ▁t anks ▁to ▁ent rench ▁themselves . ▁ ▁German ▁Pan |
zer ▁El ite ▁ ▁The ▁Pan zer ▁El ite , ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁K ampf gruppe ▁Lehr ▁is ▁a ▁fa ction ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁game ▁developers ▁who ▁draw ▁their ▁insp iration ▁from ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁Lehr ▁Division ▁and ▁an ▁am alg am ▁of ▁German ▁units ▁from ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Corps ▁and ▁Luft wa ffe ▁par atro op ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁mainly ▁focus es ▁on ▁speed ▁and ▁vehicles . ▁They ▁cannot ▁build ▁static ▁def enses ▁apart ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁doctrine - specific ▁heavy ▁weapons . ▁They ▁rely ▁instead ▁on ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁hal ft ra cks ▁and ▁similar ▁light ▁vehicles ▁to ▁hold ▁territory ▁and ▁increase ▁resource ▁income . ▁They ▁also ▁don ' t ▁use ▁support ▁weapon ▁cre ws , ▁instead ▁they ▁use ▁support ▁hal ft ra cks , ▁for ▁example , ▁instead ▁of ▁an ▁anti - t ank ▁gun , ▁they ▁have ▁an ▁anti - t ank ▁hal ft rack . ▁Un like ▁other ▁players ' ▁hal ft ra cks , ▁Pan zer gren ad iers ▁( the ▁standard ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁inf antry ) ▁can ▁fire ▁heavy ▁weapons , ▁such ▁as ▁P anz ersch re cks , ▁St G 4 4 ▁automatic ▁rif les , ▁or ▁mort ars , ▁from ▁inside ▁the ▁vehicle . ▁They ▁can ▁also ▁repair ▁vehicles , ▁but ▁at ▁a ▁slower ▁pace ▁than ▁standard ▁engineer ▁units . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁has ▁K etten k rad s ▁and ▁Ber |
get iger ▁repair ▁units . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁do ctr ines ▁for ▁the ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁are : ▁ ▁Sc orch ed ▁Earth ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁construct ▁environmental ▁def enses ▁( i . e ., ▁blocking ▁a ▁road , ▁or ▁sector ▁art illery ). ▁Play ers ▁can ▁also ▁completely ▁disable ▁or ▁bo oby ▁trap ▁strateg ic ▁points ▁or ▁buildings ▁and ▁use ▁the ▁Hum mel ▁Mobile ▁Art illery ▁Platform . ▁Luft wa ffe ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁Wir bel wind ▁fla k p anz ers , ▁H ensch el ▁H s ▁ 1 2 9 ▁ground ▁attack ▁aircraft ▁and ▁Fall sch irm j äger . ▁Luft wa ffe ▁ground ▁forces ▁install ▁F lak vier ling ▁and ▁F la K ▁ 8 8 ▁tur rets , ▁and ▁can ▁blank et ▁areas ▁with ▁But ter fly ▁Bomb s ▁( with ▁Type ▁ 7 0 ▁f uses ). ▁Play ers ▁using ▁this ▁doctrine ▁also ▁receive ▁advanced ▁repair ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁has ▁not ▁research ed ▁the ▁skill ▁yet . ▁This ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁repair ▁vehicles ▁far ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁standard ▁Pan zer gren ad iers . ▁T ank ▁Dest roy er ▁T act ics : ▁All ows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁deploy ▁Jag dp an ther ▁and ▁Het zer ▁tank ▁destroy ers , ▁while ▁the ▁inf antry ▁has ▁improved ▁ability ▁to ▁detect ▁and ▁eng age ▁enemy ▁t anks . ▁Pan zer gren ad iers ▁also ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁Tell erm ines ▁and ▁squad s ▁are |
▁issued ▁a ▁double ▁number ▁of ▁P anz ersch re cks ▁and ▁anti - t ank ▁gr en ades . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁D - Day ▁+ 1 ▁The ▁campaign ▁starts ▁off ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion ▁( aka ▁B oud ica ' s ▁Boys ), ▁as ▁they ▁advance ▁along ▁a ▁road ▁towards ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Auth ie . ▁They ▁are ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁II ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Kor ps , ▁forcing ▁the ▁batt alion ▁command ers , ▁Major ▁Black more ▁and ▁Captain ▁C ut ting , ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁batt alion ▁back . ▁After ▁taking ▁out ▁the ▁attack ing ▁force , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁bomb ards ▁the ▁town , ▁taking ▁it ▁after ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁German ▁forces . ▁ ▁Operation ▁E ps om ▁In ▁Operation ▁E ps om , ▁British ▁forces ▁rem obil ize ▁to ▁take ▁Ca en , ▁after ▁the ▁failed ▁D - Day ▁attack . ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Engine ers ▁Regiment ▁are ▁task ed ▁with ▁taking ▁the ▁brid ges ▁over ▁the ▁Od on ▁and ▁taking ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 . ▁Under ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁a ▁cre eping ▁bar rage , ▁they ▁take ▁the ▁hill , ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁stay ▁behind ▁to ▁fort ify . ▁ ▁Operation ▁W inds or ▁In ▁Operation ▁W inds or , ▁the ▁air field ▁at ▁Car pi quet ▁was ▁the ▁next ▁objective ▁of ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion . ▁Under ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁night , ▁a ▁British ▁Comm ando ▁regiment ▁lands ▁outside |
▁the ▁air field ▁while ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁R if les ▁assault ▁the ▁air field ▁with ▁light ▁t anks ▁and ▁inf antry , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁bomb arded ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots ▁Engine ers . ▁The ▁command os ▁destroy ▁German ▁H . Q . s ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁and ▁move ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁German ▁def enses ▁surrounding ▁the ▁air field . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁discovered ▁that ▁the ▁air field ▁is ▁still ▁oper ational . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁launch ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁on ▁the ▁Canad ians , ▁but ▁fail . ▁The ▁Canad ians ▁push ▁to ▁the ▁air field , ▁and ▁secure ▁it ▁after ▁clear ing ▁the ▁hang ars . ▁As ▁C ut ting ▁rad ios ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots , ▁he ▁and ▁Major ▁Black more ▁find ▁that ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 ▁is ▁under ▁attack . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Jup iter ▁In ▁Operation ▁Jup iter , ▁German ▁forces ▁attempt ▁to ▁take ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots . ▁At ▁night , ▁they ▁attack ▁with ▁heavy ▁P anz ers ▁and ▁Storm t ro op ers , ▁trying ▁to ▁over wh elm ▁the ▁Regiment . ▁With ▁arm our ▁support ▁from ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion , ▁the ▁Sc ots ▁retain ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁hill . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Ch arn wood ▁In ▁Operation ▁Ch arn wood , ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion , ▁along ▁with ▁C ▁company , ▁enter ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ca en ▁after ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁car pet ▁bom bed ▁the ▁night ▁before . ▁Instead ▁of ▁destroy |
ing ▁the ▁German ▁forces , ▁it ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁dig ▁in ▁deeper . ▁B oud ica ' s ▁Boys ▁push ▁in wards ▁and ▁secure ▁part ▁of ▁Ca en , ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁have ▁retre ated . ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁recon ▁force ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁have ▁left ▁behind ▁a ▁rear ▁guard , ▁and ▁have ▁placed ▁mines , ▁sn ip ers ▁and ▁machine ▁guns ▁everywhere . ▁The ▁Battalion , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Sc ots , ▁move ▁in ▁and ▁se ize ▁Ca en , ▁mo pping ▁up ▁all ▁remaining ▁def enders . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁the ▁Battalion ▁dig s ▁in , ▁and ▁def ends ▁against ▁an ▁ag gress ive ▁German ▁counter - att ack ▁by ▁heavy ▁P anz ers , ▁King ▁Tig ers , ▁and ▁el ite ▁inf antry . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Good wood ▁In ▁Operation ▁Good wood , ▁with ▁Ca en ▁in ▁Al lied ▁hands , ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion ▁mobil izes ▁south ▁of ▁Ca en . ▁It ▁arriv es ▁at ▁Bour gue bus ▁with ▁B ▁Company , ▁and ▁after ▁destroy ing ▁F lak ▁ 8 8 s ▁looking ▁over ▁their ▁line ▁of ▁advance , ▁dest ro ys ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁I ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Corps . ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion , ▁having ▁done ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁a ▁great ▁favour , ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁rest ▁as ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁continues ▁the ▁advance . ▁ ▁Pan zer ▁El ite ▁Camp aign : ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden ▁ ▁Wolf he ze ▁The ▁campaign ▁begins ▁with ▁K |
ampf gruppe ▁Lehr ▁training ▁in ▁Wolf he ze , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁interrupted ▁as ▁British ▁par atro op ers ▁descend ▁from ▁the ▁sk ies . ▁The ▁K ampf gruppe ▁use ▁whatever ▁men ▁and ▁forces ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁rep el ▁the ▁invasion . ▁After ▁the ▁attack , ▁the ▁K ampf gruppe ▁command ers , ▁Major ▁General ▁V oss ▁and ▁Ber ger ▁brothers ▁Ald rich ▁and ▁Wolfgang , ▁find ▁plans ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁operation ▁in ▁a ▁down ed ▁British ▁gl ider . ▁ ▁O oster be ek ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁' Mark et ' ▁phase , ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁attempts ▁to ▁capture ▁brid ges ▁across ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁in ▁O oster be ek ▁and ▁Arn hem . ▁K ampf gruppe ▁Lehr ▁is ▁task ed ▁with ▁intercept ing ▁the ▁British ▁par atro op ers ▁before ▁they ▁reach ▁Arn hem ▁by ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁bridge ▁at ▁O oster be ek ▁and ▁def ending ▁against ▁an ▁Al lied ▁attack . ▁ ▁Hell ' s ▁Highway ▁Crit ical ▁to ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁advance ▁along ▁Highway ▁ 6 9 , ▁known ▁as ▁' H ell ' s ▁Highway ', ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁the ▁par atro op ers . ▁K ampf gruppe ▁Lehr ▁is ▁mobil ized ▁near ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁and ▁their ▁objective ▁is ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁delay ▁XXX ▁Corps . ▁ ▁C lean ing ▁up ▁After ▁successfully ▁th wart ing ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁at ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁and ▁at ▁Best |
, ▁K ampf gruppe ▁Lehr ▁needs ▁to ▁remove ▁all ▁enemy ▁forces ▁inside ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁First , ▁they ▁move ▁to ▁secure ▁Arn hem ▁and ▁re capt ure ▁the ▁bridge , ▁the ▁last ▁bridge ▁that ▁the ▁Al lies ▁need ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁start ▁pour ing ▁into ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Having ▁rout ed ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Air bor ne ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁in ▁Arn hem , ▁the ▁K ampf gruppe ▁re capt ures ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁XXX ▁Corps , ▁and ▁finally ▁remove ▁the ▁last ▁par atro op ers ▁from ▁O oster be ek ▁in ▁the ▁campaign ' s ▁final ▁mission . ▁Of ▁the ▁two ▁brothers , ▁Ald rich ▁dies ▁in ▁the ▁battle , ▁determined ▁by ▁how ▁the ▁mission ▁is ▁played . ▁Ald rich ▁is ▁placed ▁with ▁a ▁random ▁inf antry ▁squad ▁or ▁vehicle ▁and ▁if ▁that ▁unit ▁dies , ▁a ▁soldier ▁will ▁tell ▁the ▁player ▁that ▁Ald rich ▁has ▁been ▁killed , ▁or ▁revealed ▁dead ▁in ▁the ▁ending ▁cut scene ▁with ▁his ▁older ▁brother ▁acqu iring ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁the ▁war ▁is ▁over ▁and ▁his ▁doub ts ▁about ▁what ' s ▁he ' s ▁really ▁fighting ▁for . ▁ ▁The ▁ep ilog ue ▁reve als ▁that ▁Wolfgang ▁surv ived ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁lived ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁re built ▁Ber ger ▁family ▁estate ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁gra vey ard . ▁Ext ra ▁Content ▁revealed ▁in ▁the ▁guide book ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁couple ▁of |
▁sons , ▁one ▁named ▁Ald rich ▁for ▁his ▁fallen ▁brother . ▁ ▁Inter play ability ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁classic ▁expansion ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁the ▁original ▁game . ▁By ▁itself , ▁it ▁allows ▁partial ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁game ' s ▁assets ▁in ▁multi player ▁mode . ▁This ▁allows ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁game ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁those ▁who ▁have ▁O pp osing ▁Front s , ▁even ▁if ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁own s ▁the ▁expansion . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁way , ▁players ▁who ▁own ▁both ▁games ▁can ▁play ▁as ▁and ▁against ▁any ▁fa ction . ▁However , ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁players ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁only ▁those ▁who ▁own ▁the ▁expansion . ▁ ▁This ▁stand - alone ▁setup ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁War ham mer ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 : ▁Da wn ▁of ▁War , ▁another ▁Rel ic ▁title , ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁exp ans ions . ▁ ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁requires ▁customers ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁online ▁account ▁for ▁multi player . ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁by ▁Rel ic ▁to ▁counter ▁pi racy , ▁the ▁game ▁requests ▁account ▁authentication ▁if ▁Internet ▁access ▁is ▁detected . ▁Otherwise , ▁a ▁standard ▁DVD ▁check ▁is ▁used . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Company ▁of ▁Hero es : ▁O pp osing ▁Front s ▁was ▁generally ▁very ▁well ▁received . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Company ▁of ▁Hero |
es ▁Category : G ames ▁for ▁Windows ▁cert ified ▁games ▁Category : Mac OS ▁games ▁Category : Multi player ▁and ▁single - player ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Real - time ▁strategy ▁video ▁games ▁Category : TH Q ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁expansion ▁pack s ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Jer emy ▁Sou le ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Windows ▁games ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Rel ic ▁Entertainment ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁using ▁Hav ok <0x0A> </s> ▁Camil a ▁Car val ho ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁ro wer . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁light weight ▁double ▁sc ull s ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁female ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bras ília <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁( mus ician ), ▁professor ▁of ▁music ▁theory ▁at ▁D ix ie ▁State ▁College ▁in ▁St . ▁George , ▁Ut ah ▁ ▁Sh annon ▁Roberts ▁( polit ician ), ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 |
▁dem ocr atic ▁candidate ▁for ▁Florida ' s ▁District ▁ 1 5 ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives <0x0A> </s> ▁Ko it jär ve ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ku us alu ▁Par ish , ▁Har ju ▁County ▁in ▁northern ▁Est onia . ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Har ju ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁L op ra ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Su ð uro y ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands , ▁with ▁the ▁postal ▁code ▁FO ▁ 9 2 6 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Sum ba ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Ak rar , ▁Sum ba ▁and ▁V í kar by r gi ▁( now ▁desert ed ), ▁const itut ing ▁the ▁southern most ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands . ▁The ▁name ▁L op ra ▁may ▁have ▁its ▁origin ▁in ▁the ▁g ael ic ▁word ▁" lo bar " ▁which ▁transl ates ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁le pro s y , ▁and ▁L op ra ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁pre - N or se ▁settlement ▁of ▁G ael ic ▁herm its ▁from ▁c . ▁ 6 th ▁to ▁c . ▁ 8 th ▁century ▁AD . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁there ▁were ▁attempts ▁at ▁dr illing ▁for ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁in ▁L op ra , ▁without ▁success . ▁ ▁L op ran se i |
ð i ▁and ▁L op r ans holm ur ▁▁ ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁and ▁L op r ans holm ur ▁are ▁beautiful ▁s ights ▁near ▁L op ra . ▁Turn ▁left ▁just ▁before ▁you ▁enter ▁the ▁village , ▁if ▁you ▁come ▁from ▁V ág ur , ▁and ▁go ▁by ▁foot ▁towards ▁west . ▁Be ▁careful ▁not ▁to ▁fall ▁over ▁the ▁edge , ▁when ▁you ▁come ▁to ▁L op r ans ▁E i ð i . ▁From ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁you ▁can ▁see ▁Be in is v ør ð ▁towards ▁south ▁and ▁almost ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁Su ð uro y . ▁ ▁West er be ek ▁went ▁ship w reck ▁south ▁of ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁▁ ▁A ▁Dutch ▁ship ▁named ▁SS ▁West er be ek ▁was ▁ship w reck ed ▁near ▁L op ran se i ð i ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 1 7 4 2 . ▁ 8 0 ▁men ▁surv ived ▁the ▁accident , ▁one ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁attempt ▁to ▁clim b ▁the ▁ste ep ▁cl iff ▁of ▁L op ran se i ð i , ▁ 1 0 ▁men ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁while ▁still ▁on ▁board , ▁they ▁were ▁ill ▁and ▁stayed ▁in ▁bed ▁when ▁the ▁accident ▁took ▁place . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁after ▁the ▁accident , ▁with ▁Dan ish ▁ships ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁T ór sh av n ▁at ▁that |
▁time . ▁But ▁the ▁capt ains ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁ships ▁refused ▁to ▁take ▁all ▁ 8 0 ▁men ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁Den mark . ▁So ▁ 7 7 ▁of ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁had ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁for ▁ 9 ▁months , ▁before ▁they ▁could ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁countries ▁where ▁they ▁came ▁from . ▁ ▁The ▁Wh aling ▁Station ▁in ▁L op ra ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁the ▁company ▁Sud er ø , ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁P eder ▁O ls en ▁B ogen , ▁built ▁a ▁wh aling ▁station ▁in ▁L op ra , ▁this ▁station , ▁like ▁so ▁many ▁others ▁had ▁been ▁located ▁in ▁Finn mark en , ▁Norway ▁before ▁being ▁dis m ant led ▁and ▁transport ed ▁across ▁the ▁sea . ▁After ▁ten ▁years , ▁Sud er ø ▁would ▁become ▁probably ▁the ▁largest ▁wh aling ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁B ogen ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁influ ences ▁on ▁commercial ▁wh aling ▁in ▁Norway , ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁and ▁the ▁great ▁se as , ▁before ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁( born ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁he ▁had ▁founded ▁seven ▁wh aling ▁companies , ▁and ▁was ▁director ▁of ▁five ▁land ▁based ▁wh aling ▁stations , ▁four ▁factory ▁ships , ▁three ▁cargo ▁ships ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁wh aling ▁boats . ▁And ▁was ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁order , ▁of ▁St . ▁O lav . ▁ ▁Sud |
er ø , ▁previously ▁named ▁The k la ▁in ▁Norway , ▁had ▁one ▁wh aling ▁boat ▁The k la ▁which ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁Far o es , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁the ▁company ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁boat ▁named ▁Sud er ø , ▁and ▁almost ▁every ▁year ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁product ive ▁of ▁the ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁best ▁results ▁were ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁with ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 4 2 3 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁The ▁result ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁boat ▁however , ▁never ▁reached ▁the ▁levels ▁that ▁the ▁stations ▁at ▁G j á no y ri ▁and ▁Nor ð dep il ▁got ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁at ▁L op ra ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁product ive , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁location , ▁with ▁easy ▁access ▁both ▁east , ▁south ▁and ▁west ▁where ▁migr ating ▁wh ales ▁passed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁L op ra ▁processed ▁ 1 3 5 ▁wh ales ▁with ▁two ▁boats , ▁which ▁gave ▁ 2 8 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁three ▁boats , ▁but ▁the ▁results ▁that ▁year ▁were ▁bad ▁for ▁all ▁stations . ▁With ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁wh ales ▁for ▁each ▁boat ▁however , ▁L |
op ra ▁managed ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁others ▁this ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁year ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁year ▁overall ▁for ▁all ▁stations ▁with ▁ 1 3 . 8 5 0 ▁bar rel s ▁produced ▁in ▁total . ▁This ▁year ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁boats ▁in ▁L op ra ▁shot ▁a ▁blue ▁wh ale , ▁which ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁largest ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁Far o es , ▁it ▁gave ▁ 1 2 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁oil . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁Sud er ø ▁founded ▁together ▁with ▁Nor r ø na ▁in ▁Sh et land ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁Norwegian ▁company , ▁the ▁company ▁San def j ords ▁H val fang ers elsk ap ▁and ▁were ▁thus ▁the ▁second ▁company ▁to ▁commence ▁wh aling ▁in ▁ant ar ctic ▁waters . ▁Bo ats ▁from ▁Sud er ø ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁shoot ▁wh ales ▁year ▁round , ▁sail ing ▁back ▁and ▁for ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁hem is pher es ▁between ▁seasons . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁L op ra ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁station ▁active ▁together ▁with ▁Emma ▁in ▁F unn ings fir ð i . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁was ▁a ▁really ▁good ▁year ▁for ▁L op ra , ▁as ▁no ▁other ▁nations ▁wh aled ▁due ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁there ▁were ▁plenty ▁of ▁blue ▁and ▁fin ▁wh ales ▁which ▁came ▁un m ol ested ▁to ▁the ▁Far o es . ▁This ▁year ▁L op ra |
▁processed ▁ 1 7 9 ▁wh ales , ▁which ▁gave ▁ 4 4 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil , ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁ 2 0 0 - lb ▁b ags ▁of ▁b one ▁me al . ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁was ▁a ▁worse ▁season , ▁and ▁only ▁ 1 9 8 ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁by ▁all ▁companies , ▁however ▁the ▁war ▁affected ▁prices ▁for ▁oil ▁and ▁me al ▁so ▁that ▁finan cially ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁seasons . ▁ ▁No ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Far o es . ▁With ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁a ▁huge ▁disappoint ment , ▁no ▁activity ▁was ▁at ▁L op ra ▁until ▁the ▁seasons ▁ 1 9 2 3 / 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁and ▁ 2 6 ▁were ▁huge ▁disappoint ments ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁closed ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁at ▁large ▁financial ▁cost ▁to ▁share hold ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁N . ▁J . ▁Mort ensen ▁bought ▁the ▁station , ▁and ▁ran ▁it ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁along ▁the ▁way ▁making ▁various ▁improvements ▁to ▁the ▁station . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁all ▁wh aling ▁ceased . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁various ▁own ers ▁tried ▁their ▁hands ▁at ▁wh aling , ▁but ▁without |
▁great ▁success , ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁season ▁only ▁ 7 8 ▁wh ales ▁were ▁shot ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁wh ale ▁oil . ▁Since ▁then ▁there ▁been ▁no ▁wh aling ▁activity ▁at ▁L op ra . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Portal . fo ▁ ▁Book : ▁Math ias ▁L assen , ▁West er be ek , ▁ 2 8 8 ▁pages , ▁▁ ▁Vis its ud uro y . fo ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁F lick r . com , ▁photos ▁from ▁L op ra , ▁all ▁users . ▁Su ð uro y ▁Tour ist ▁Information ▁about ▁L op ra ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coast al ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : Su ð uro y ▁Category : W hal ing ▁stations ▁of ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁Category : W hal ing ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Douglas ▁Mc H ugh ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Gal ena , ▁Illinois , ▁Mc H ugh ▁read ▁law ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Gal ena ▁from ▁ 1 |
8 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Federal ▁jud icial ▁service ▁ ▁Mc H ugh ▁received ▁a ▁re cess ▁appointment ▁from ▁President ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁to ▁a ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁vac ated ▁by ▁Judge ▁El mer ▁Sci pio ▁D und y . ▁He ▁was ▁nominated ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁by ▁President ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁who ▁subsequently ▁with d rew ▁the ▁nom ination ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁Mc H ugh ' s ▁service ▁terminated ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁s ine ▁die ▁adj ourn ment ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 4 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Cleveland ' s ▁Pres iden cy . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁ben ch , ▁Mc H ugh ▁res umed ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁O ma ha ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁general ▁coun sel ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Har v ester ▁Corporation ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁He ▁died ▁on |
▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gal ena , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Ill inois ▁law y ers ▁Category : L aw y ers ▁from ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : J ud ges ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Uns u ccess ful ▁re cess ▁appoint ments ▁to ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁courts ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁jud ges ▁appointed ▁by ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁jud ges ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁jud ges ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁by ▁reading ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁Hen ic j apy x ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁di pl ur ans ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Jap yg idae . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁Hen ic j apy x ▁ind os in ensis ▁Sil vest ri , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Di pl ura <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁computer ▁mouse ▁( pl ural ▁m ice ▁or ▁m ouses ) ▁is ▁a ▁hand - h eld ▁pointing ▁device ▁that ▁detect s ▁two - dimensional ▁motion ▁relative ▁to ▁a ▁surface . ▁This ▁motion ▁is ▁typically ▁translated ▁into ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁a ▁pointer ▁on ▁a ▁display , ▁which ▁allows ▁a ▁smooth ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁of ▁a ▁computer |
. ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁a ▁mouse ▁cont rolling ▁a ▁computer ▁system ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁M ice ▁originally ▁used ▁a ▁ball ▁rolling ▁on ▁a ▁surface ▁to ▁detect ▁motion , ▁but ▁modern ▁m ice ▁often ▁have ▁optical ▁sens ors ▁that ▁have ▁no ▁moving ▁parts . ▁Origin ally ▁w ired ▁to ▁a ▁computer , ▁many ▁modern ▁m ice ▁are ▁cord less , ▁re lying ▁on ▁short - range ▁radio ▁communication ▁with ▁the ▁connected ▁system . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁moving ▁a ▁cursor , ▁computer ▁m ice ▁have ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁buttons ▁to ▁allow ▁operations ▁such ▁as ▁selection ▁of ▁a ▁menu ▁item ▁on ▁a ▁display . ▁M ice ▁often ▁also ▁feature ▁other ▁elements , ▁such ▁as ▁touch ▁surfaces ▁and ▁scroll ▁whe els , ▁which ▁enable ▁additional ▁control ▁and ▁dimensional ▁input . ▁ ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁mouse ▁as ▁referring ▁to ▁a ▁computer ▁pointing ▁device ▁is ▁in ▁Bill ▁English ' s ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁publication , ▁" Comput er - A ided ▁Display ▁Control " ▁likely ▁origin ating ▁from ▁its ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁a ▁mouse , ▁a ▁rod ent , ▁with ▁the ▁cord ▁res emb ling ▁its ▁tail . ▁ ▁The ▁pl ural ▁for ▁the ▁small ▁rod ent ▁is ▁always ▁" m ice " ▁in ▁modern ▁usage . ▁The ▁pl ural ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁mouse ▁is ▁either ▁" m ouses " ▁or ▁" m ice " ▁according ▁to ▁most ▁diction aries , ▁with ▁" |
m ice " ▁being ▁more ▁common . ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁pl ural ▁usage ▁is ▁" m ice "; ▁ ▁the ▁online ▁Oxford ▁D iction aries ▁c ites ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁use , ▁and ▁earlier ▁uses ▁include ▁J . ▁C . ▁R . ▁L ick l ider ' s ▁" The ▁Computer ▁as ▁a ▁Communic ation ▁Device " ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁The ▁term ▁computer ▁m ouses ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁inform ally ▁in ▁some ▁cases . ▁Although ▁the ▁pl ural ▁of ▁a ▁mouse ▁( small ▁rod ent ) ▁is ▁m ice , ▁the ▁two ▁words ▁have ▁under g one ▁a ▁different iation ▁through ▁usage . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁track ball , ▁a ▁related ▁pointing ▁device , ▁was ▁invent ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁by ▁Ralph ▁Benjamin ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁post - World ▁War ▁II - era ▁fire - control ▁rad ar ▁plot ting ▁system ▁called ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Display ▁System ▁( CD S ). ▁Benjamin ▁was ▁then ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁Scient ific ▁Service . ▁Benjamin ' s ▁project ▁used ▁analog ▁computers ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁future ▁position ▁of ▁target ▁aircraft ▁based ▁on ▁several ▁initial ▁input ▁points ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁user ▁with ▁a ▁jo yst ick . ▁Benjamin ▁felt ▁that ▁a ▁more ▁elegant ▁input ▁device ▁was ▁needed ▁and ▁invent ed ▁what ▁they ▁called ▁a ▁" roller ▁ball " ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁device ▁was ▁pat ented ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁prototype ▁using ▁a ▁metal |
▁ball ▁rolling ▁on ▁two ▁rub ber - co ated ▁whe els ▁was ▁ever ▁built , ▁and ▁the ▁device ▁was ▁kept ▁as ▁a ▁military ▁secret . ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁track ball ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Ken y on ▁Taylor , ▁a ▁British ▁elect rical ▁engineer ▁working ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Tom ▁C ran ston ▁and ▁Fred ▁Long st aff . ▁Taylor ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Ferr anti ▁Canada , ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Navy ' s ▁DAT AR ▁( Digital ▁Autom ated ▁Track ing ▁and ▁Resol ving ) ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁DAT AR ▁was ▁similar ▁in ▁concept ▁to ▁Benjamin ' s ▁display . ▁The ▁track ball ▁used ▁four ▁dis ks ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁motion , ▁two ▁each ▁for ▁the ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁directions . ▁Several ▁roll ers ▁provided ▁mechanical ▁support . ▁When ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁rolled , ▁the ▁pick up ▁disc s ▁sp un ▁and ▁contacts ▁on ▁their ▁outer ▁rim ▁made ▁periodic ▁contact ▁with ▁w ires , ▁producing ▁p uls es ▁of ▁output ▁with ▁each ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁By ▁counting ▁the ▁p uls es , ▁the ▁physical ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁could ▁be ▁determined . ▁A ▁digital ▁computer ▁calculated ▁the ▁tracks ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁resulting ▁data ▁to ▁other ▁ships ▁in ▁a ▁task ▁force ▁using ▁pul se - code ▁mod ulation ▁radio ▁signals . ▁This ▁track ball ▁used ▁a ▁standard ▁Canadian ▁five - pin ▁bow ling ▁ball . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁pat ented , ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁secret ▁military ▁project . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁Engel b art |
▁of ▁the ▁Stan ford ▁Research ▁Institute ▁( now ▁S RI ▁International ) ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁in ▁published ▁books ▁by ▁Th ier ry ▁B ard ini , ▁Paul ▁Cer uz zi , ▁Howard ▁R he ing old , ▁and ▁several ▁others ▁as ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁the ▁computer ▁mouse . ▁Engel b art ▁was ▁also ▁recognized ▁as ▁such ▁in ▁various ▁ob itu ary ▁titles ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Engel b art ▁had ▁already ▁established ▁a ▁research ▁lab ▁at ▁S RI , ▁the ▁Aug ment ation ▁Research ▁Center ▁( AR C ), ▁to ▁purs ue ▁his ▁objective ▁of ▁developing ▁both ▁hardware ▁and ▁software ▁computer ▁technology ▁to ▁" aug ment " ▁human ▁intelligence . ▁That ▁November , ▁while ▁att ending ▁a ▁conference ▁on ▁computer ▁graphics ▁in ▁Ren o , ▁Nev ada , ▁Engel b art ▁began ▁to ▁p onder ▁how ▁to ▁adapt ▁the ▁underlying ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁plan imeter ▁to ▁input ting ▁X - ▁and ▁Y - coordinate ▁data . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁he ▁first ▁recorded ▁his ▁thoughts ▁in ▁his ▁personal ▁not ebook ▁about ▁something ▁he ▁initially ▁called ▁a ▁" bug ," ▁which ▁in ▁a ▁" 3 - point " ▁form ▁could ▁have ▁a ▁" drop ▁point ▁and ▁ 2 ▁orthogonal ▁whe els ." ▁He ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁" bug " ▁would ▁be ▁" e as ier " ▁and ▁" more ▁natural " ▁to ▁use , ▁and ▁unlike ▁a ▁st yl |
us , ▁it ▁would ▁stay ▁still ▁when ▁let ▁go , ▁which ▁meant ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁" m uch ▁better ▁for ▁coord ination ▁with ▁the ▁keyboard ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁Bill ▁English ▁joined ▁AR C , ▁where ▁he ▁helped ▁Engel b art ▁build ▁the ▁first ▁mouse ▁prototype . ▁They ▁christ ened ▁the ▁device ▁the ▁mouse ▁as ▁early ▁models ▁had ▁a ▁cord ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁device ▁which ▁looked ▁like ▁a ▁tail , ▁and ▁in ▁turn ▁res emble d ▁the ▁common ▁mouse . ▁As ▁noted ▁above , ▁this ▁" mouse " ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁print ▁in ▁a ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁report , ▁on ▁which ▁English ▁was ▁the ▁lead ▁author . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁Engel b art ▁public ly ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁mouse ▁at ▁what ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os . ▁Engel b art ▁never ▁received ▁any ▁roy alt ies ▁for ▁it , ▁as ▁his ▁employ er ▁S RI ▁held ▁the ▁pat ent , ▁which ▁exp ired ▁before ▁the ▁mouse ▁became ▁widely ▁used ▁in ▁personal ▁computers . ▁In ▁any ▁event , ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁small ▁part ▁of ▁Engel b art ' s ▁much ▁larger ▁project ▁of ▁augment ing ▁human ▁intellect . ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁experimental ▁pointing - dev ices ▁developed ▁for ▁Engel b art ' s ▁o N - Line ▁System ▁( N LS ) ▁explo ited ▁different ▁body ▁movements ▁– for ▁example , |
▁head - mount ed ▁devices ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ch in ▁or ▁nose – ▁but ▁ultimately ▁the ▁mouse ▁won ▁out ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁speed ▁and ▁convenience . ▁The ▁first ▁mouse , ▁a ▁bul ky ▁device ▁( p ict ured ) ▁used ▁two ▁pot enti om eters ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁whe els : ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁each ▁wheel ▁translated ▁into ▁motion ▁along ▁one ▁axis . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁" M other ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os ", ▁Engel b art ' s ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁using ▁their ▁second ▁generation , ▁ 3 - button ▁mouse ▁for ▁about ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁a ▁mouse ▁device ▁named ▁ ▁( G erman ▁for ▁" rolling ▁ball ") ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁device ▁for ▁its ▁S IG - 1 0 0 ▁terminal ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁company ▁Tele fun ken . ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁suggests ▁and ▁unlike ▁Engel b art ' s ▁mouse , ▁the ▁Tele fun ken ▁model ▁already ▁had ▁a ▁ball . ▁It ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁earlier ▁track ball - like ▁device ▁( also ▁named ▁) ▁that ▁was ▁embedded ▁into ▁rad ar ▁flight ▁control ▁des ks . ▁This ▁track ball ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁led ▁by ▁R ainer ▁M alle bre in ▁at ▁Tele fun ken ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁German ▁Bundes anstalt ▁für ▁Fl ugs icher ung ▁( F eder al ▁Air ▁Tra ffic ▁Control ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁TR 8 |
6 ▁process ▁computer ▁system ▁with ▁its ▁S IG 1 0 0 - 8 6 ▁vector ▁graphics ▁terminal . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁development ▁for ▁the ▁Tele fun ken ▁main ▁frame ▁ ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁M alle bre in ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁" re vers ing " ▁the ▁existing ▁ ▁into ▁a ▁move able ▁mouse - like ▁device , ▁so ▁that ▁customers ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁bother ed ▁with ▁mount ing ▁holes ▁for ▁the ▁earlier ▁track ball ▁device . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁light ▁pens ▁and ▁track ball s , ▁it ▁was ▁offered ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁input ▁device ▁for ▁their ▁system ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Some ▁Roll k ugel ▁m ouses ▁installed ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁are ▁well ▁preserved ▁in ▁a ▁museum . ▁Tele fun ken ▁considered ▁the ▁in vention ▁too ▁un important ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁a ▁pat ent ▁on ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁X ero x ▁Al to ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁computers ▁designed ▁for ▁individual ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁computer ▁to ▁util ize ▁a ▁mouse . ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁P AR C ' s ▁Al to , ▁the ▁Lil ith , ▁a ▁computer ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁around ▁ ▁at ▁E TH ▁Zürich ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁provided ▁a ▁mouse ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁third ▁market |
ed ▁version ▁of ▁an ▁integrated ▁mouse ▁sh ipped ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁and ▁intended ▁for ▁personal ▁computer ▁navigation ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁X ero x ▁ 8 0 1 0 ▁Star ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁X ero x ▁ 8 0 1 0 ▁was ▁probably ▁the ▁best - known ▁computer ▁with ▁a ▁mouse . ▁The ▁Sun - 1 ▁also ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁mouse , ▁and ▁the ▁forth coming ▁Apple ▁Lisa ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁use ▁one , ▁but ▁the ▁peri pher al ▁remained ▁obsc ure ; ▁Jack ▁Haw ley ▁of ▁The ▁Mouse ▁House ▁reported ▁that ▁one ▁bu yer ▁for ▁a ▁large ▁organization ▁believed ▁at ▁first ▁that ▁his ▁company ▁sold ▁lab ▁m ice . ▁Haw ley , ▁who ▁manufact ured ▁m ice ▁for ▁X ero x , ▁stated ▁that ▁" P ract ically , ▁I ▁have ▁the ▁market ▁all ▁to ▁myself ▁right ▁now "; ▁a ▁Haw ley ▁mouse ▁cost ▁$ 4 1 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Log ite ch ▁introduced ▁the ▁P 4 ▁Mouse ▁at ▁the ▁Com dex ▁trade ▁show ▁in ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁its ▁first ▁hardware ▁mouse . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Microsoft ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁MS - D OS ▁program ▁Microsoft ▁Word ▁mouse - compatible , ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁first ▁PC - compatible ▁mouse . ▁Microsoft ' s ▁mouse ▁sh ipped ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁thus ▁beginning ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁Hard ware ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁However , |
▁the ▁mouse ▁remained ▁relatively ▁obsc ure ▁until ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁ 1 2 8 K ▁( which ▁included ▁an ▁updated ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁single - button ▁Lisa ▁Mouse ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Am iga ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁and ▁the ▁At ari ▁ST ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Operation ▁▁ ▁A ▁mouse ▁typically ▁controls ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁a ▁pointer ▁in ▁two ▁dimensions ▁in ▁a ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁( G UI ). ▁The ▁mouse ▁turns ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁hand ▁back ward ▁and ▁forward , ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁into ▁equivalent ▁electronic ▁signals ▁that ▁in ▁turn ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁pointer . ▁ ▁The ▁relative ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁are ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁pointer ▁on ▁the ▁screen , ▁which ▁signals ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁user ▁take ▁place , ▁so ▁hand ▁movements ▁are ▁rep licated ▁by ▁the ▁pointer . ▁Click ing ▁or ▁hover ing ▁( sto pping ▁movement ▁while ▁the ▁cursor ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁an ▁area ) ▁can ▁select ▁files , ▁programs ▁or ▁actions ▁from ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁names , ▁or ▁( in ▁graph ical ▁interfaces ) ▁through ▁small ▁images ▁called ▁" icons " ▁and ▁other ▁elements . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁text ▁file ▁might ▁be ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁paper ▁not ebook ▁and ▁clicking ▁while ▁the ▁cursor ▁ho vers ▁this ▁icon ▁might ▁cause ▁a ▁text ▁editing ▁program ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁file ▁in ▁a ▁window . ▁ ▁D |
ifferent ▁ways ▁of ▁operating ▁the ▁mouse ▁cause ▁specific ▁things ▁to ▁happen ▁in ▁the ▁GUI : ▁ ▁Click : ▁pressing ▁and ▁re le asing ▁a ▁button . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Single - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁main ▁button . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Double - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁button ▁two ▁times ▁in ▁quick ▁succession ▁counts ▁as ▁a ▁different ▁gesture ▁than ▁two ▁separate ▁single ▁clicks . ▁ ▁( left ) ▁Tri ple - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁button ▁three ▁times ▁in ▁quick ▁succession ▁counts ▁as ▁a ▁different ▁gesture ▁than ▁three ▁separate ▁single ▁clicks . ▁Tri ple ▁clicks ▁are ▁far ▁less ▁common ▁in ▁traditional ▁navigation . ▁ ▁Right - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁secondary ▁button , ▁or ▁clicking ▁with ▁two ▁fingers . ▁( This ▁brings ▁a ▁menu ▁with ▁different ▁options ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁software ) ▁ ▁Middle - click : ▁clicking ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁button . ▁ ▁Drag ▁and ▁drop : ▁pressing ▁and ▁holding ▁a ▁button , ▁then ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁without ▁re le asing . ▁( Using ▁the ▁command ▁" drag ▁with ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button " ▁instead ▁of ▁just ▁" drag " ▁when ▁one ▁instruct s ▁a ▁user ▁to ▁drag ▁an ▁object ▁while ▁holding ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button ▁down ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁left ▁mouse ▁button .) ▁ ▁Mouse ▁button ▁ch ording ▁( a . k . a . ▁Ro cker ▁navigation ). ▁ ▁Com bin ation ▁of ▁right - click ▁then ▁left - click . ▁ ▁Com bin ation ▁of ▁left - click ▁then ▁right - click |
▁or ▁keyboard ▁letter . ▁ ▁Com bin ation ▁of ▁left ▁or ▁right - click ▁and ▁the ▁mouse ▁wheel . ▁ ▁Click ing ▁while ▁holding ▁down ▁a ▁mod ifier ▁key . ▁ ▁Mov ing ▁the ▁pointer ▁a ▁long ▁distance : ▁When ▁a ▁practical ▁limit ▁of ▁mouse ▁movement ▁is ▁reached , ▁one ▁lif ts ▁up ▁the ▁mouse , ▁brings ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁opposite ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁working ▁area ▁while ▁it ▁is ▁held ▁above ▁the ▁surface , ▁and ▁then ▁rep laces ▁it ▁down ▁onto ▁the ▁working ▁surface . ▁This ▁is ▁often ▁not ▁necessary , ▁because ▁acceleration ▁software ▁detect s ▁fast ▁movement , ▁and ▁moves ▁the ▁pointer ▁significantly ▁faster ▁in ▁proportion ▁than ▁for ▁slow ▁mouse ▁motion . ▁ ▁Multi - touch : ▁this ▁method ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁multi - touch ▁track pad ▁on ▁a ▁laptop ▁with ▁support ▁for ▁tap ▁input ▁for ▁multiple ▁fingers , ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁Apple ▁Magic ▁Mouse . ▁ ▁Gest ures ▁▁ ▁Users ▁can ▁also ▁employ ▁m ice ▁gest ur ally ; ▁meaning ▁that ▁a ▁st yl ized ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁itself , ▁called ▁a ▁" gest ure ", ▁can ▁issue ▁a ▁command ▁or ▁map ▁to ▁a ▁specific ▁action . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁a ▁drawing ▁program , ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁in ▁a ▁rapid ▁" x " ▁motion ▁over ▁a ▁shape ▁might ▁delete ▁the ▁shape . ▁ ▁Gest ural ▁interfaces ▁occur ▁more ▁rarely ▁than ▁plain ▁pointing - and - click ing ; ▁and ▁people ▁often ▁find ▁them ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁use , ▁because ▁they ▁require ▁fin er ▁motor |
▁control ▁from ▁the ▁user . ▁However , ▁a ▁few ▁gest ural ▁convent ions ▁have ▁become ▁w ides p read , ▁including ▁the ▁drag ▁and ▁drop ▁gesture , ▁in ▁which : ▁▁ ▁The ▁user ▁press es ▁the ▁mouse ▁button ▁while ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁ho vers ▁over ▁an ▁interface ▁object ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁moves ▁the ▁cursor ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁location ▁while ▁holding ▁the ▁button ▁down ▁ ▁The ▁user ▁releases ▁the ▁mouse ▁button ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁user ▁might ▁drag - and - drop ▁a ▁picture ▁representing ▁a ▁file ▁onto ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁tr ash ▁can , ▁thus ▁instruct ing ▁the ▁system ▁to ▁delete ▁the ▁file . ▁ ▁Standard ▁semantic ▁gest ures ▁include : ▁ ▁Cross ing - based ▁goal ▁ ▁Drag ▁and ▁drop ▁ ▁Menu ▁travers al ▁ ▁Point ing ▁ ▁Rol lo ver ▁( Mouse over ) ▁ ▁Selection ▁ ▁Specific ▁uses ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁input ▁occur ▁commonly ▁in ▁special ▁application - dom ains . ▁In ▁interactive ▁three - dimensional ▁graphics , ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁motion ▁often ▁transl ates ▁directly ▁into ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁virtual ▁objects ' ▁or ▁camera ' s ▁orientation . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁first - person ▁shoot er ▁genre ▁of ▁games ▁( see ▁below ), ▁players ▁usually ▁employ ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁direction ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁virtual ▁player ' s ▁" head " ▁faces : ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁up ▁will ▁cause ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁look ▁up , ▁reve aling ▁the ▁view ▁above ▁the ▁player ' s ▁head . ▁A ▁related |
▁function ▁makes ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁an ▁object ▁rotate , ▁so ▁that ▁all ▁sides ▁can ▁be ▁exam ined . ▁ 3 D ▁design ▁and ▁animation ▁software ▁often ▁mod ally ▁ch ords ▁many ▁different ▁combinations ▁to ▁allow ▁objects ▁and ▁cam eras ▁to ▁be ▁rot ated ▁and ▁moved ▁through ▁space ▁with ▁the ▁few ▁axes ▁of ▁movement ▁m ice ▁can ▁detect . ▁ ▁When ▁m ice ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁button , ▁the ▁software ▁may ▁assign ▁different ▁functions ▁to ▁each ▁button . ▁O ften , ▁the ▁primary ▁( left most ▁in ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁configuration ) ▁button ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁will ▁select ▁items , ▁and ▁the ▁secondary ▁( right most ▁in ▁a ▁right - hand ed ) ▁button ▁will ▁bring ▁up ▁a ▁menu ▁of ▁alternative ▁actions ▁applicable ▁to ▁that ▁item . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁platforms ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁button , ▁the ▁Moz illa ▁web ▁browser ▁will ▁follow ▁a ▁link ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁primary ▁button ▁click , ▁will ▁bring ▁up ▁a ▁context ual ▁menu ▁of ▁alternative ▁actions ▁for ▁that ▁link ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁secondary - button ▁click , ▁and ▁will ▁often ▁open ▁the ▁link ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁tab ▁or ▁window ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁click ▁with ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁( middle ) ▁mouse ▁button . ▁ ▁Types ▁ ▁Mechan ical ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁The ▁German ▁company ▁Tele fun ken ▁published ▁on ▁their ▁early ▁ball ▁mouse ▁on ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Tele fun ken ' s ▁mouse ▁was ▁sold ▁as ▁optional ▁equipment ▁for ▁their ▁computer ▁systems |
. ▁Bill ▁English , ▁builder ▁of ▁Engel b art ' s ▁original ▁mouse , ▁created ▁a ▁ball ▁mouse ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁X ero x ▁P AR C . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁mouse ▁replaced ▁the ▁external ▁whe els ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁ball ▁that ▁could ▁rotate ▁in ▁any ▁direction . ▁It ▁came ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁hardware ▁package ▁of ▁the ▁X ero x ▁Al to ▁computer . ▁Per pend icular ▁cho pper ▁whe els ▁hous ed ▁inside ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁body ▁cho pped ▁be ams ▁of ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁light ▁sens ors , ▁thus ▁detect ing ▁in ▁their ▁turn ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁This ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁res emble d ▁an ▁invert ed ▁track ball ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁pre domin ant ▁form ▁used ▁with ▁personal ▁computers ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁X ero x ▁P AR C ▁group ▁also ▁settled ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁technique ▁of ▁using ▁both ▁hands ▁to ▁type ▁on ▁a ▁full - size ▁keyboard ▁and ▁gra bb ing ▁the ▁mouse ▁when ▁required . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁mouse ▁has ▁two ▁freely ▁rot ating ▁roll ers . ▁These ▁are ▁located ▁ 9 0 ▁degrees ▁apart . ▁One ▁roll er ▁detect s ▁the ▁forward – back ward ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁and ▁other ▁the ▁left – right ▁motion . ▁O pp os ite ▁the ▁two ▁roll ers ▁is ▁a ▁third ▁one ▁( white , ▁in ▁the ▁photo , ▁at ▁ 4 5 |
▁degrees ) ▁that ▁is ▁spring - loaded ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁ball ▁against ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁roll ers . ▁Each ▁roll er ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁sh aft ▁as ▁an ▁enc oder ▁wheel ▁that ▁has ▁sl otted ▁edges ; ▁the ▁sl ots ▁interrupt ▁inf ra red ▁light ▁be ams ▁to ▁generate ▁elect rical ▁p uls es ▁that ▁represent ▁wheel ▁movement . ▁Each ▁wheel ' s ▁disc ▁has ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁light ▁be ams , ▁located ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁given ▁beam ▁becomes ▁interrupted ▁or ▁again ▁starts ▁to ▁pass ▁light ▁freely ▁when ▁the ▁other ▁beam ▁of ▁the ▁pair ▁is ▁about ▁half way ▁between ▁changes . ▁ ▁Simple ▁logic ▁circ uits ▁interpret ▁the ▁relative ▁timing ▁to ▁indicate ▁which ▁direction ▁the ▁wheel ▁is ▁rot ating . ▁This ▁increment al ▁rot ary ▁enc oder ▁scheme ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁quadr ature ▁encoding ▁of ▁the ▁wheel ▁rotation , ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁optical ▁sens ors ▁produce ▁signals ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁approximately ▁quadr ature ▁phase . ▁The ▁mouse ▁sends ▁these ▁signals ▁to ▁the ▁computer ▁system ▁via ▁the ▁mouse ▁cable , ▁directly ▁as ▁logic ▁signals ▁in ▁very ▁old ▁m ice ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁X ero x ▁m ice , ▁and ▁via ▁a ▁data - form atting ▁IC ▁in ▁modern ▁m ice . ▁The ▁driver ▁software ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁converts ▁the ▁signals ▁into ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁along ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁axes ▁on ▁the ▁computer ▁screen . ▁ ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁mostly ▁steel , ▁with ▁a ▁precision ▁spher ical ▁rub ber ▁surface . ▁The ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁given ▁an ▁appropriate ▁working ▁surface |
▁under ▁the ▁mouse , ▁provides ▁a ▁reliable ▁g rip ▁so ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁movement ▁is ▁transm itted ▁accur ately . ▁Ball ▁m ice ▁and ▁wheel ▁m ice ▁were ▁manufact ured ▁for ▁X ero x ▁by ▁Jack ▁Haw ley , ▁doing ▁business ▁as ▁The ▁Mouse ▁House ▁in ▁Ber keley , ▁California , ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Based ▁on ▁another ▁in vention ▁by ▁Jack ▁Haw ley , ▁propriet or ▁of ▁the ▁Mouse ▁House , ▁H oney well ▁produced ▁another ▁type ▁of ▁mechanical ▁mouse . ▁Instead ▁of ▁a ▁ball , ▁it ▁had ▁two ▁whe els ▁rot ating ▁at ▁off ▁axes . ▁Key ▁Tr onic ▁later ▁produced ▁a ▁similar ▁product . ▁ ▁Modern ▁computer ▁m ice ▁took ▁form ▁at ▁the ▁É cole ▁Poly te chni que ▁F éd éra le ▁de ▁La us anne ▁( EP FL ) ▁under ▁the ▁insp iration ▁of ▁Professor ▁Jean - Daniel ▁Nic oud ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁engineer ▁and ▁watch maker ▁André ▁Gu ign ard . ▁This ▁new ▁design ▁incorpor ated ▁a ▁single ▁hard ▁rub ber ▁mouse ball ▁and ▁three ▁buttons , ▁and ▁remained ▁a ▁common ▁design ▁until ▁the ▁main stream ▁ad option ▁of ▁the ▁scroll - w heel ▁mouse ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁René ▁Sommer ▁added ▁a ▁micro processor ▁to ▁Nic oud ' s ▁and ▁Gu ign ard ' s ▁design . ▁Through ▁this ▁innov ation , ▁Sommer ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁invent ing ▁a ▁significant ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁mouse , ▁which |
▁made ▁it ▁more ▁" int ellig ent "; ▁though ▁optical ▁m ice ▁from ▁Mouse ▁Systems ▁had ▁incorpor ated ▁micro process ors ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Another ▁type ▁of ▁mechanical ▁mouse , ▁the ▁" anal og ▁mouse " ▁( now ▁generally ▁regarded ▁as ▁ob sole te ), ▁uses ▁pot enti om eters ▁rather ▁than ▁enc oder ▁whe els , ▁and ▁is ▁typically ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁plug ▁compatible ▁with ▁an ▁analog ▁jo yst ick . ▁The ▁" Color ▁Mouse ", ▁originally ▁market ed ▁by ▁Radio Sh ack ▁for ▁their ▁Color ▁Computer ▁( but ▁also ▁us able ▁on ▁MS - D OS ▁machines ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁analog ▁jo yst ick ▁ports , ▁provided ▁the ▁software ▁accepted ▁jo yst ick ▁input ) ▁was ▁the ▁best - known ▁example . ▁ ▁Opt ical ▁and ▁las er ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁Opt ical ▁m ice ▁rely ▁entirely ▁on ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁light - em itting ▁di odes ▁( LED s ) ▁and ▁an ▁imag ing ▁array ▁of ▁phot odi odes ▁to ▁detect ▁movement ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁underlying ▁surface , ▁es ch ew ing ▁the ▁internal ▁moving ▁parts ▁a ▁mechanical ▁mouse ▁uses ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁opt ics . ▁A ▁las er ▁mouse ▁is ▁an ▁optical ▁mouse ▁that ▁uses ▁coh er ent ▁( las er ) ▁light . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁optical ▁m ice ▁detected ▁movement ▁on ▁pre - print ed ▁mouse pad ▁surfaces , ▁whereas ▁the ▁modern ▁LED ▁optical ▁mouse ▁works ▁on ▁most ▁op aque ▁diff use ▁surfaces ; ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁unable ▁to ▁detect ▁movement |
▁on ▁spec ular ▁surfaces ▁like ▁pol ished ▁stone . ▁Las er ▁di odes ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁better ▁resolution ▁and ▁precision , ▁impro ving ▁performance ▁on ▁op aque ▁spec ular ▁surfaces . ▁B atter y ▁power ed , ▁wireless ▁optical ▁m ice ▁flash ▁the ▁LED ▁inter mitt ently ▁to ▁save ▁power , ▁and ▁only ▁g low ▁stead ily ▁when ▁movement ▁is ▁detected . ▁ ▁In ert ial ▁and ▁gy ro scop ic ▁m ice ▁ ▁O ften ▁called ▁" air ▁m ice " ▁since ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁surface ▁to ▁operate , ▁in ert ial ▁m ice ▁use ▁a ▁tun ing ▁fork ▁or ▁other ▁acceler ometer ▁( US ▁Pat ent ▁ 4 7 8 7 0 5 1 ) ▁to ▁detect ▁rot ary ▁movement ▁for ▁every ▁axis ▁supported . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁models ▁( man ufact ured ▁by ▁Log ite ch ▁and ▁G yr ation ) ▁work ▁using ▁ 2 ▁degrees ▁of ▁rot ational ▁freedom ▁and ▁are ▁ins ens itive ▁to ▁spatial ▁translation . ▁The ▁user ▁requires ▁only ▁small ▁w rist ▁rot ations ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁cursor , ▁reducing ▁user ▁fat igue ▁or ▁" gor illa ▁arm ". ▁ ▁Usually ▁cord less , ▁they ▁often ▁have ▁a ▁switch ▁to ▁de activ ate ▁the ▁movement ▁circuit ry ▁between ▁use , ▁allowing ▁the ▁user ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement ▁without ▁affect ing ▁the ▁cursor ▁position . ▁A ▁pat ent ▁for ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁mouse ▁claims ▁that ▁such ▁m ice ▁consume ▁less ▁power ▁than ▁opt ically ▁based ▁m ice , ▁and ▁offer ▁increased ▁sens itivity , |
▁reduced ▁weight ▁and ▁increased ▁ease - of - use . ▁In ▁combination ▁with ▁a ▁wireless ▁keyboard ▁an ▁in ert ial ▁mouse ▁can ▁offer ▁alternative ▁erg onom ic ▁arrang ements ▁which ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁flat ▁work ▁surface , ▁potentially ▁alle vi ating ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁repet itive ▁motion ▁inj uries ▁related ▁to ▁work station ▁post ure . ▁▁ 3 D ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁Also ▁known ▁as ▁b ats , ▁flying ▁m ice , ▁or ▁w ands , ▁these ▁devices ▁generally ▁function ▁through ▁ul tras ound ▁and ▁provide ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁degrees ▁of ▁freedom . ▁Probably ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁example ▁would ▁be ▁ 3 D conne x ion ▁(" Log ite ch ' s ▁Space Mouse ") ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁K ante k ▁introduced ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁Ring Mouse . ▁This ▁wireless ▁mouse ▁was ▁worn ▁on ▁a ▁ring ▁around ▁a ▁finger , ▁which ▁enabled ▁the ▁thumb ▁to ▁access ▁three ▁buttons . ▁The ▁mouse ▁was ▁track ed ▁in ▁three ▁dimensions ▁by ▁a ▁base ▁station . ▁Despite ▁a ▁certain ▁appeal , ▁it ▁was ▁finally ▁dis cont in ued ▁because ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁provide ▁sufficient ▁resolution . ▁ ▁One ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁consumer ▁ 3 D ▁pointing ▁device ▁is ▁the ▁W ii ▁Rem ote . ▁While ▁primarily ▁a ▁motion - sens ing ▁device ▁( that ▁is , ▁it ▁can ▁determine ▁its ▁orientation ▁and ▁direction ▁of ▁movement ), ▁W ii ▁Rem ote ▁can ▁also ▁detect |
▁its ▁spatial ▁position ▁by ▁comparing ▁the ▁distance ▁and ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁lights ▁from ▁the ▁IR ▁em itter ▁using ▁its ▁integrated ▁IR ▁camera ▁( since ▁the ▁n unch uk ▁access ory ▁la cks ▁a ▁camera , ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁tell ▁its ▁current ▁heading ▁and ▁orientation ). ▁The ▁obvious ▁draw back ▁to ▁this ▁approach ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁produce ▁spatial ▁coordinates ▁while ▁its ▁camera ▁can ▁see ▁the ▁sensor ▁bar . ▁More ▁accurate ▁consumer ▁devices ▁have ▁since ▁been ▁released , ▁including ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Move , ▁the ▁Raz er ▁H yd ra ▁and ▁the ▁controllers ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁HT C ▁V ive ▁virtual ▁reality ▁system . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁devices ▁can ▁accur ately ▁detect ▁position ▁and ▁orientation ▁in ▁ 3 D ▁space ▁regardless ▁of ▁angle ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁sensor ▁station . ▁ ▁A ▁mouse - related ▁controller ▁called ▁the ▁Space B all ▁has ▁a ▁ball ▁placed ▁above ▁the ▁work ▁surface ▁that ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁g ri pped . ▁With ▁spring - loaded ▁cent ering , ▁it ▁sends ▁both ▁transl ational ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁angular ▁disp lac ements ▁on ▁all ▁six ▁axes , ▁in ▁both ▁directions ▁for ▁each . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁a ▁German ▁Company ▁called ▁A xs otic ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁mouse ▁called ▁ 3 D ▁S pher ic ▁Mouse . ▁This ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁six ▁degree - of - fre edom ▁input ▁device ▁uses ▁a ▁ball ▁to ▁rotate ▁in ▁ 3 ▁axes ▁without ▁any ▁limitations . ▁ ▁T act ile ▁m ice ▁ |
▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Log ite ch ▁introduced ▁a ▁" t act ile ▁mouse " ▁that ▁contained ▁a ▁small ▁actu ator ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁mouse ▁v ibr ate . ▁Such ▁a ▁mouse ▁can ▁augment ▁user - inter faces ▁with ▁ha ptic ▁feedback , ▁such ▁as ▁giving ▁feedback ▁when ▁crossing ▁a ▁window ▁boundary . ▁To ▁sur f ▁by ▁touch ▁requires ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁feel ▁depth ▁or ▁hard ness ; ▁this ▁ability ▁was ▁realized ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁elect ror he ological ▁tact ile ▁m ice ▁but ▁never ▁market ed . ▁ ▁P uck s ▁ ▁Table t ▁digit izers ▁are ▁sometimes ▁used ▁with ▁access ories ▁called ▁pu cks , ▁devices ▁which ▁rely ▁on ▁absolute ▁position ing , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁configured ▁for ▁sufficiently ▁mouse - like ▁relative ▁tracking ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁sometimes ▁market ed ▁as ▁m ice . ▁ ▁Er g onom ic ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁suggests , ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁mouse ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁provide ▁optim um ▁comfort ▁and ▁avoid ▁inj uries ▁such ▁as ▁car pal ▁tunnel ▁synd rome , ▁ar th rit is ▁and ▁other ▁repet itive ▁stra in ▁inj uries . ▁It ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁fit ▁natural ▁hand ▁position ▁and ▁movements , ▁to ▁reduce ▁dis com fort . ▁ ▁When ▁holding ▁a ▁typical ▁mouse , ▁ul na ▁and ▁radius ▁b ones ▁on ▁the ▁arm ▁are ▁crossed . ▁Some ▁designs ▁attempt ▁to ▁place ▁the ▁pal m ▁more ▁vert ically , ▁so ▁the ▁b ones ▁take ▁more ▁natural ▁parallel ▁position . ▁Some ▁limit ▁w rist |
▁movement , ▁encourag ing ▁arm ▁movement ▁instead , ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁less ▁precise ▁but ▁more ▁optimal ▁from ▁the ▁health ▁point ▁of ▁view . ▁A ▁mouse ▁may ▁be ▁ang led ▁from ▁the ▁thumb ▁down ward ▁to ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁– ▁this ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁reduce ▁w rist ▁pron ation . ▁However ▁such ▁optim izations ▁make ▁the ▁mouse ▁right ▁or ▁left ▁hand ▁specific , ▁making ▁more ▁problem atic ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁tired ▁hand . ▁Time ▁magazine ▁has ▁critic ized ▁manufact ur ers ▁for ▁offering ▁few ▁or ▁no ▁left - hand ed ▁erg onom ic ▁m ice : ▁" O ft ent imes ▁I ▁felt ▁like ▁I ▁was ▁dealing ▁with ▁someone ▁who ’ d ▁never ▁actually ▁met ▁a ▁left - hand ed ▁person ▁before ." ▁ ▁Another ▁solution ▁is ▁a ▁pointing ▁bar ▁device . ▁The ▁so - called ▁roll er ▁bar ▁mouse ▁is ▁position ed ▁sn ug ly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁keyboard , ▁thus ▁allowing ▁bi - manual ▁access ibility . ▁ ▁G aming ▁m ice ▁ ▁These ▁m ice ▁are ▁specifically ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁computer ▁games . ▁They ▁typically ▁employ ▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁controls ▁and ▁buttons ▁and ▁have ▁designs ▁that ▁differ ▁rad ically ▁from ▁traditional ▁m ice . ▁They ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁decor ative ▁mon och rome ▁or ▁program m able ▁R GB ▁LED ▁light ing . ▁The ▁additional ▁buttons ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁changing ▁the ▁sens itivity ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁or ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁mac ros ▁( i . e ., ▁for ▁opening ▁a ▁program ▁or ▁for ▁use |
▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁key ▁combination ) ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁common ▁for ▁g aming ▁m ice , ▁especially ▁those ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁games ▁such ▁as ▁Star C raft , ▁or ▁in ▁multi player ▁online ▁battle ▁ar ena ▁games ▁such ▁as ▁D ota ▁ 2 ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁relatively ▁high ▁sens itivity , ▁measured ▁in ▁d ots ▁per ▁in ch ▁( D PI ). ▁Some ▁advanced ▁m ice ▁from ▁g aming ▁manufact ur ers ▁also ▁allow ▁users ▁to ▁custom ize ▁the ▁weight ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁by ▁adding ▁or ▁subtract ing ▁weights ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁easier ▁control . ▁Er g onom ic ▁quality ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁important ▁factor ▁in ▁g aming ▁m ice , ▁as ▁extended ▁game play ▁times ▁may ▁render ▁further ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁be ▁un com fort able . ▁Some ▁m ice ▁have ▁been ▁designed ▁to ▁have ▁adjust able ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁remov able ▁and / or ▁el ong ated ▁pal m ▁rest s , ▁hor izont ally ▁adjust able ▁thumb ▁rest s ▁and ▁p ink y ▁rest s . ▁Some ▁m ice ▁may ▁include ▁several ▁different ▁rest s ▁with ▁their ▁products ▁to ▁ensure ▁comfort ▁for ▁a ▁wider ▁range ▁of ▁target ▁consum ers . ▁G aming ▁m ice ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁gam ers ▁in ▁three ▁styles ▁of ▁g rip : ▁ ▁Pal m ▁G rip : ▁the ▁hand ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁mouse , ▁with ▁extended ▁fingers . ▁ ▁Cla w ▁G rip : ▁pal m ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁mouse , ▁bent ▁fingers . ▁ ▁F |
inger - T ip ▁G rip : ▁bent ▁fingers , ▁pal m ▁doesn ' t ▁touch ▁the ▁mouse . ▁ ▁Connect ivity ▁and ▁communication ▁protocol s ▁▁ ▁To ▁transmit ▁their ▁input , ▁typical ▁c abled ▁m ice ▁use ▁a ▁thin ▁elect rical ▁cord ▁termin ating ▁in ▁a ▁standard ▁conne ctor , ▁such ▁as ▁R S - 2 3 2 C , ▁PS / 2 , ▁A DB ▁or ▁USB . ▁Cord less ▁m ice ▁instead ▁transmit ▁data ▁via ▁inf ra red ▁radiation ▁( see ▁Ir DA ) ▁or ▁radio ▁( including ▁Bl uetooth ), ▁although ▁many ▁such ▁cord less ▁interfaces ▁are ▁themselves ▁connected ▁through ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁w ired ▁serial ▁bus es . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁elect rical ▁interface ▁and ▁the ▁format ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁transm itted ▁by ▁commonly ▁available ▁m ice ▁is ▁currently ▁standard ized ▁on ▁USB , ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁it ▁varied ▁between ▁different ▁manufact ur ers . ▁A ▁bus ▁mouse ▁used ▁a ▁dedicated ▁interface ▁card ▁for ▁connection ▁to ▁an ▁IBM ▁PC ▁or ▁compatible ▁computer . ▁ ▁Mouse ▁use ▁in ▁D OS ▁applications ▁became ▁more ▁common ▁after ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁Mouse , ▁largely ▁because ▁Microsoft ▁provided ▁an ▁open ▁standard ▁for ▁communication ▁between ▁applications ▁and ▁mouse ▁driver ▁software . ▁Thus , ▁any ▁application ▁written ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Microsoft ▁standard ▁could ▁use ▁a ▁mouse ▁with ▁a ▁driver ▁that ▁implements ▁the ▁same ▁API , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁mouse ▁hardware ▁itself ▁was ▁in compatible ▁with ▁Microsoft ' s . ▁This ▁driver ▁provides ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁buttons ▁and ▁the ▁distance ▁the |