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ords wood . ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁also ▁close ▁to ▁two ▁large ▁secondary ▁schools ; ▁Cant ell ▁School ▁in ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁Reg ents ▁Park ▁Community ▁College ▁are ▁roughly ▁equ id istant ▁from ▁the ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁( the ▁j unction ▁of ▁Hill ▁Lane ▁and ▁Win chester ▁Road ). ▁ ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁South am pton ' s ▁distinct ive ▁B old re wood ▁Camp us ▁buildings ▁are ▁situated ▁just ▁off ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue , ▁at ▁the ▁eastern ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁Bass ett . ▁The ▁campus ▁hous ed ▁the ▁Bi omed ical ▁Sciences ▁Centre ▁until ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁joint ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South am pton ▁and ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Register , ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁sites ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁was ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁North ▁Stone ham , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" St on am ▁Abb atis " ▁or ▁" A bb ots ▁Stone ham ", ▁and ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁Hy de ▁Ab bey ▁at ▁Win chester . ▁After ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 4 0 s , ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Thomas ▁W ri oth es ley , ▁Earl ▁of ▁South am pton . ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 9 , ▁the ▁W ri oth es ley ▁family ▁sold ▁the ▁estate |
▁to ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁came ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁church ▁within ▁the ▁parish , ▁located ▁on ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue . ▁The ▁foundation ▁stone ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁was ▁laid ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁and ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁All ▁Ang els ▁Church ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁" G rade ▁II ▁listed ▁building ". ▁The ▁parish ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁renamed ▁" N orth ▁Stone ham ▁and ▁Bass ett ", ▁and ▁en comp ass es ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁Bass ett , ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁north ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁Road , ▁North ▁Stone ham , ▁and ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁Ch il worth ▁within ▁the ▁M 3 / M 2 7 ▁triangle . ▁The ▁parish ▁also ▁covers ▁South am pton ▁Airport . ▁ ▁All ▁Sain ts ▁Church ▁on ▁Win chester ▁Road ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁Sport ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁several ▁of ▁South am pton ' s ▁main ▁sports ▁facilities : ▁ ▁South am pton ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁The ▁centre ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 5 0 - acre ▁site ▁with ▁facilities ▁for ▁football , ▁net ball , ▁cr icket , ▁cy clo ▁cross , ▁cross ▁country , ▁athlet ics , ▁tennis , ▁bow ling , ▁vol ley ball , ▁cra zy ▁golf , ▁putting , ▁and ▁hockey . ▁The ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁Mill en ni um ▁Youth ▁Games , ▁National |
▁Cy c loc ross ▁Championships ▁and ▁to ▁hold ▁out door ▁classical ▁concert s . ▁ ▁South am pton ▁Sn ows ports ▁Centre ▁The ▁centre ▁has ▁three ▁dry ▁ski ▁s lop es : ▁a ▁main ▁slope ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 ▁metres ; ▁a ▁second ▁slope ▁of ▁ 9 0 ▁metres ▁and ▁a ▁nur ser y ▁slope ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁metres ▁long . ▁All ▁s lop es ▁are ▁fully ▁flo od lit . ▁ ▁South am pton ▁City ▁G olf ▁Cour se ▁Origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁South am pton ▁Municipal ▁G olf ▁Cour se ▁or ▁' M uni ', ▁the ▁course ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 7 - hole ▁ven ue ▁set ▁in ▁wood land . ▁The ▁course ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁five ▁times ▁British ▁Open ▁Champion ▁J . ▁H . ▁Taylor , ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁It ▁recently ▁celebrated ▁its ▁ 7 5 th ▁An ni versary ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Red ▁L odge ▁Community ▁Pool ▁Bass ett ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁ 2 0 - met re ▁sw imming ▁pool . ▁Red ▁L odge ▁Community ▁Pool ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁demol ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁char itable ▁trust . ▁The ▁pool ▁offers ▁sw imming ▁less ons , ▁community ▁group ▁book ings ▁and ▁public ▁sessions . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Old ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁North ▁West ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁North ▁East ▁Bass ett ▁Res idents ▁Association ▁ ▁Category : |
W ards ▁of ▁South am pton <0x0A> </s> ▁Se yd an ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁ Ş ey d ā n ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁S ai y ad ▁and ▁ Ş ay y ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H ose yn abad - e ▁Jon ub i ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁San and aj ▁County , ▁Kur dist an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 9 , ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁San and aj ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Tom s ▁ ▁RA ▁ ▁( fl . ▁ 1 7 4 8 , ▁died ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 7 7 7 ) ▁ ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁painter , ▁special ising ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁dra per y ▁for ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁other ▁artists . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁foundation ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Life ▁▁▁ ▁Tom s ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁an ▁eng ra ver , ▁William ▁Henry ▁Tom s , ▁of ▁M ash am ▁Street , ▁West min ster . ▁App r entic ed ▁to ▁the ▁portrait ist ▁Thomas ▁Hudson , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁dra per y - p ain ter , ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁Francis ▁C otes ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁After ▁C otes ' ▁ ▁death , ▁he ▁was ▁employed ▁by ▁Sir ▁Josh ua ▁Reyn olds , ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁West ▁and ▁John ▁Z |
off any ▁amongst ▁others . ▁He ▁ ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Port ▁C ul is ▁P urs u iv ant . ▁at ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Her ald s . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Edward ▁Edwards : Am ong ▁the ▁pictures ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁for ▁Sir ▁Josh ua , ▁are ▁some ▁very ▁excellent ; ▁and ▁cand our ▁must ▁allow , ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁Sir ▁Josh ua ' s ▁best ▁whole - length s ▁are ▁those , ▁to ▁which ▁Tom s ▁painted ▁the ▁dra per ies : ▁Among ▁these ▁was ▁the ▁picture ▁of ▁Lady ▁Elizabeth ▁Ke ppel , ▁in ▁the ▁dress ▁she ▁wore ▁as ▁b ride - ma id ▁to ▁the ▁Queen ▁; ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁paid ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁twelve ▁gu ine as , ▁a ▁very ▁sl ender ▁price ▁in ▁proportion ▁to ▁the ▁mer it ▁of ▁the ▁piece , ▁but ▁Sir ▁Josh ua ▁was ▁not ▁remark ably ▁liberal ▁upon ▁these ▁occasions , ▁of ▁which ▁circumst ance ▁Mr . ▁Tom s ▁did ▁not ▁neglect ▁to ▁comp lain . ▁ ▁James ▁North c ote , ▁though ▁he ▁considered ▁Tom s ▁" a ▁ ▁very ▁good ▁dra per y ▁painter " ▁felt ▁that ▁his ▁rather ▁heavy ▁manner ▁was ▁out ▁of ▁sympathy ▁with ▁Reyn olds ' ▁style . ▁ ▁Tom s ▁was ▁a ▁foundation ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 . ▁He ▁exhib ited ▁three ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁a cademy : ▁" An ▁alleg or ical ▁picture ". ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁" A ▁portrait ; ▁half ▁length " |
▁in ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁and ▁" The ▁bur d ock ▁and ▁other ▁wild ▁plants ; ▁a ▁spec imen ▁of ▁a ▁work ▁to ▁be ▁published " ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 1 . ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁success ▁as ▁a ▁dra per y ▁painter , ▁his ▁heavy ▁drink ing ▁and ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁pr ud ence ▁in ▁other ▁respect s , ▁kept ▁him ▁poor , ▁and ▁prevent ed ▁his ▁adv ancement ▁in ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Her ald s . ▁He ▁attempted ▁suic ide ▁by ▁cutting ▁his ▁own ▁thro at ; ▁the ▁w ound ▁did ▁not ▁however ▁prove ▁fatal ▁and ▁he ▁surv ived ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁dying ▁in ▁pover ty ▁at ▁his ▁lod ging ▁in ▁R ath bone ▁Place ▁in ▁London , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁▁ 1 7 7 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁c emetery ▁of ▁St . ▁G iles - in - the - Fields . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Mary , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Robert ▁Hog g , ▁of ▁K inc ard ine . ▁She ▁died ▁about ▁three ▁years ▁before ▁him , ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁Mary le bone , ▁the ▁parish ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁lived ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Academ icians ▁Category : 1 7 7 7 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁artists ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁Al h aj i ▁Dr . ▁Ali y u ▁Ak il u ▁M . F . R ▁( 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 |
9 9 ) ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁Ali y u ▁or ▁A q il u ▁Ali y u ▁was ▁a ▁Niger ian ▁poet , ▁writer , ▁scholar , ▁politician ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁Ali y u ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁J ega ▁( in ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁K yar mi , ▁in ▁present - day ▁K eb bi ▁State . ▁For ▁his ▁early ▁education , ▁he ▁was ▁trained ▁in ▁a ▁Q ur an ic ▁school ▁in ▁K ano , ▁under ▁the ▁T ij ani y ya ▁brother hood , ▁and ▁later ▁went ▁to ▁Bor no ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁prominent ▁Islam ic ▁sch ol ars ▁from ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁er ud ite ▁poet ▁who ▁wrote ▁in ▁Haus a ▁and ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁his ▁rec it als ▁drew ▁great ▁acc laim ▁among ▁many ▁Haus a ▁speak ers . ▁He ▁started ▁writing ▁Arab ic ▁po ems ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁apt itude ▁in ▁poetry ▁began ▁to ▁show ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁te en ager . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Radio ▁Niger ia , ▁K ad una ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁poet ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁started ▁compos ing ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁even ▁before ▁vent uring ▁into ▁Haus a ▁poetry . ▁As ▁at ▁then , ▁he ▁said ▁in ▁the ▁interview , ▁he ▁had ▁over |
▁seven ▁hundred ▁po ems ▁to ▁his ▁credit ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁had ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 ▁vers es . ▁In ▁fact , ▁he ▁composed ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁thousand ▁vers es ! ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Ak li u ▁Ali y u ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁J ega ▁( in ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁K yar mi , ▁in ▁present - day ▁K eb bi ▁State ▁For ▁his ▁early ▁education , ▁he ▁was ▁trained ▁in ▁a ▁Q ur an ic ▁school ▁in ▁K ano , ▁under ▁the ▁T ij ani y ya ▁brother hood , ▁and ▁later ▁went ▁to ▁Bor no ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁prominent ▁Islam ic ▁sch ol ars ▁from ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁apt itude ▁in ▁poetry ▁began ▁to ▁show ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁te en ager ▁( mid ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ) ▁ ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁K ano , ▁a ▁place ▁he ▁went ▁as ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁student ▁in ▁his ▁te ens . ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁Ma id ug uri ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁dec ades ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁K ano ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁till ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁lived ▁as ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁teacher , ▁a ▁tail or ▁and ▁a ▁poet ▁( po etry ▁was ▁a ▁medium ▁through ▁which ▁he ▁taught ▁thousands ▁of ▁invisible ▁students ). ▁He ▁established , ▁and ▁taught ▁in , ▁Islam ic ▁schools ▁in ▁Ma id ug uri ▁and ▁Az are . ▁ ▁The ▁poet |
▁was ▁most ▁rever ed ▁by ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁liter ati ▁who ▁considered ▁him ▁a ▁senior ▁for ▁his ▁exception al ▁po etic ▁power . ▁Professor ▁Neil ▁Sk inner , ▁the ▁ren own ▁Haus a ▁scholar , ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁An ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Haus a ▁Liter ature , ▁described ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁as ▁" v ig orous ▁and ▁highly ▁product ive ▁poet ." ▁She ikh ▁Na ’ ib i ▁S ule iman ▁W ali , ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁scholar ▁and ▁excellent ▁b iling ual ▁poet ▁( A rab ic ▁and ▁Haus a ), ▁called ▁the ▁late ▁poet ▁a ▁f asi hi ; ▁a ▁Haus an ised ▁Arab ic ▁word ▁meaning ▁‘ tal ented ’ . ▁Al h aj i ▁M udi ▁S ip ik in ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁poet ▁in ▁high ▁este em . ▁When ▁Al h aj i ▁She hu ▁Sh ag ari ▁was ▁in ▁power ▁( he ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁poet , ▁remember ▁W ak ar ▁N ij eri ya ▁), he ▁invited ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁to ▁Arg ung u ▁and ▁hon oured ▁them ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁among ▁them . ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁honour ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay ero ▁University , ▁K ano . ▁ ▁Another ▁thing ▁that ▁further ▁earned ▁the ▁poet ▁respect ▁was ▁his ▁accept ance ▁of ▁modern ity . ▁This ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁flex ibility ▁of ▁his ▁poetry ▁which ▁touch |
es ▁almost ▁all ▁spher es ▁of ▁human ▁existence ▁like ▁religion , ▁occupation , ▁le is ure , ▁nature , ▁education , ▁et ▁c eter a . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁topics ▁that ▁attract ed ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ’ s ▁attention ▁most ▁was ▁education . ▁In ▁fact ▁some ▁vers es ▁from ▁his ▁famous ▁poem , ▁" K ada ura ▁Bab bar ▁In u wa ", ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁signature ▁t une ▁for ▁V O A ▁Haus a ▁Service ’ s ▁educational ▁program , ▁" I lim i ▁G ark u war ▁Dan ’ ad am ". ▁In ▁that ▁same ▁poem ▁he ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁youth ▁to ▁be ▁engaged ▁in ▁prof essions ▁like ▁medicine , ▁law , ▁teaching , ▁journal ism , ▁bank ing ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁" W ann an ▁dai ▁sh ine ▁h oto ▁na ▁ ▁W anda ▁id on ku ▁y ake ▁kal lo ▁na ▁ ▁Bay an ▁na ▁t af i ▁gun ▁S ark ina ▁ ▁Za ▁k u ▁t una ▁ni ▁wat an ▁w ata ▁r ana ▁ ▁Ko ▁w ani ▁ya ▁y i ▁kir an ▁sun ana ▁ ▁S ai ▁k u ▁can e ▁Al lah ▁ya ▁j ik ain a ▁ ▁Ya ▁Al lah ▁sa ▁k u ▁y i ▁ju y ay ina ▁ ▁Har ▁k u ▁y i ▁min ▁ad du ’ a ▁bay ana ; ▁ ▁A min ▁na ▁ro ke ▁k u ▁zum ain a ▁ ▁Al lah ▁dai ▁ya ▁c ikan ▁fat ana ." ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁po etic ▁lines ▁were ▁what |
▁ ▁Ak il u ▁Ali y u , ▁ ▁wrote ▁under ▁his ▁photograph ▁in ▁F as aha ▁Ak ili ya , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁po ems ▁ ▁whose ▁contribution ▁to ▁Haus a ▁poetry ▁in ▁quantity ▁and ▁quality , ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁this ▁writer ’ s ▁knowledge , ▁is ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁sur pass ed . ▁ ▁The ▁poet ▁was ▁most ▁rever ed ▁by ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁liter ati ▁who ▁considered ▁him ▁a ▁senior ▁for ▁his ▁exception al ▁po etic ▁power . ▁Professor ▁Neil ▁Sk inner , ▁the ▁ren own ▁Haus a ▁scholar , ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁An ▁Anth ology ▁of ▁Haus a ▁Liter ature , ▁described ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁as ▁" v ig orous ▁and ▁highly ▁product ive ▁poet ." ▁She ikh ▁Na ’ ib i ▁S ule iman ▁W ali , ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁scholar ▁and ▁excellent ▁b iling ual ▁poet ▁( A rab ic ▁and ▁Haus a ), ▁called ▁the ▁late ▁poet ▁a ▁f asi hi ; ▁a ▁Haus an ised ▁Arab ic ▁word ▁meaning ▁‘ tal ented ’ . ▁Al h aj i ▁M udi ▁S ip ik in ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁poet ▁in ▁high ▁este em . ▁When ▁Al h aj i ▁She hu ▁Sh ag ari ▁was ▁in ▁power ▁( he ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁poet , ▁remember ▁W ak ar ▁N ij eri ya ▁), he ▁invited ▁fellow ▁Haus a ▁po ets ▁to ▁Arg ung u ▁and ▁hon oured ▁them ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁among ▁them |
. ▁Mal am ▁Ak il u ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁honour ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay ero ▁University , ▁K ano . ▁Ham isu ▁Muhammad ▁G um el ▁said ▁" there ▁could ▁hardly ▁be ▁a ▁Haus a ▁poet ▁with ▁greater ▁patri otic ▁ze al ▁and ▁sense ▁of ▁belonging ." ▁ ▁Popular ▁Songs ▁In clude ▁▁ ▁Mat an ▁A ure ▁ ▁Dan ▁G ata ▁ ▁' Y ar ▁G ag ara ▁ ▁Haus a ▁Mai ▁Ban ▁Haus hi ▁ ▁Maz a ▁m am ug unta ▁ ▁W ak ar ▁Naj eri ya ▁ ▁C uta ▁ba ▁mut u wa ▁ba ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Simon ▁G ik and i ; ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁African ▁Liter ature , ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Book sh elf , ▁December ▁ 3 – 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 0 9 0 7 0 7 5 8 2 9 / http :// www . ling u istics . uc la . edu / people / sch uh / Met rics / sample _ ak il u . html ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : N iger ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K eb bi ▁State ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Niger ian ▁po ets <0x0A> </s> ▁O hl one |
▁traditional ▁narr atives ▁include ▁myth s , ▁leg ends , ▁tales , ▁and ▁or al ▁histor ies ▁preserved ▁by ▁the ▁O hl one ▁( Cost ano an ) ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁California ▁coast . ▁ ▁O hl one ▁or al ▁literature ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁cultural ▁pattern ▁of ▁central ▁California . ▁ ▁On - Line ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁O hl one ▁N arr atives ▁▁ ▁" Ind ian ▁M yth s ▁of ▁South ▁Central ▁California " ▁by ▁Alfred ▁L . ▁K roe ber ▁( 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ ▁S ources ▁for ▁O hl one ▁N arr atives ▁▁ ▁G iff ord , ▁Edward ▁W ins low , ▁and ▁G wend oline ▁Harris ▁Block . ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁California ▁Indian ▁N ights . ▁Arthur ▁H . ▁Clark , ▁Gl end ale , ▁California . ▁( Two ▁previously ▁published ▁narr atives , ▁pp . ▁ 1 0 0 - 1 0 2 , ▁ 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 .) ▁ ▁K roe ber , ▁A . ▁L . ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁" Ind ian ▁M yth s ▁of ▁South ▁Central ▁California ". ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Publications ▁in ▁American ▁Arch ae ology ▁and ▁Eth n ology ▁ 4 : 1 6 7 - 2 5 0 . ▁Ber keley . ▁( R ums ien ▁myth s , ▁pp . ▁ 1 9 9 - 2 0 2 .) ▁ ▁K roe ber , ▁A . ▁L . ▁ 1 9 2 5 . |
▁Hand book ▁of ▁the ▁Indians ▁of ▁California . ▁Bureau ▁of ▁American ▁Eth n ology ▁Bul letin ▁No . ▁ 7 8 . ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁( Not es ▁on ▁orig ins ▁myth s , ▁pp . ▁ 4 7 2 - 4 7 3 .) ▁ ▁Ort iz , ▁B ever ly ▁R . ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁" Cho che ño ▁and ▁Rum sen ▁N arr atives : ▁A ▁Com parison ". ▁In ▁The ▁O hl one : ▁Past ▁and ▁Pres ent , ▁edited ▁by ▁Low ell ▁John ▁Be an , ▁pp . ▁ 9 9 - 1 6 3 . ▁Ball ena ▁Press , ▁Men lo ▁Park , ▁California . ▁( M yth s , ▁mostly ▁fragment ary ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁uncertain ▁eth n ol ingu istic ▁affili ation , ▁collected ▁by ▁A . ▁L . ▁K roe ber ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁John ▁P . ▁Harr ington ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁and ▁Alex ▁Ram ire z ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 .) ▁ ▁Category : O hl one ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁narr atives ▁( Native ▁California ) ▁Category : F ol kl ore <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁H eter ody ne ▁In ▁poetry , ▁a ▁heter ody ne ▁is ▁a ▁word ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁sy ll able ▁receiving ▁stress ▁and / or ▁pitch ▁change ▁is ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁sy ll able ▁of ▁longer ▁quantity |
. ▁This ▁mis align ment ▁is ▁considered ▁by ▁most ▁people ▁to ▁be ▁ph on et ically ▁challeng ing ▁to ▁rec ite , ▁and ▁when ▁applied ▁sp or ad ically ▁to ▁several ▁words ▁in ▁succession , ▁it ▁usually ▁attract s ▁the ▁listener ' s ▁attention ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁degree ▁than ▁the ▁more ▁natural - s ounding ▁bl end ▁of ▁meter ▁and ▁stress / p itch . ▁ ▁Only ▁languages ▁with ▁a ▁separate ▁quant itative ▁element ▁can ▁make ▁substantial ▁use ▁of ▁heter od yn es , ▁and ▁people ▁primarily ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁poetry ▁of ▁classical ▁languages ▁when ▁ev oking ▁the ▁term . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁W . ▁F . ▁Jackson ▁Knight ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁heter ody ne ▁radio ▁waves . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Po etic ▁rh ythm <0x0A> </s> ▁Bog uc ino ▁ ▁( G erman : ▁Bog enth in ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ko ł ob rz eg , ▁within ▁Ko ł ob rz eg ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁Ko ł ob rz eg ▁and ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bog uc ino <0x0A> </s> ▁K hand esh war ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁developed ▁nodes ▁of ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁and |
▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ra ig ad ▁district . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁har bour ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁M umb ai ▁sub urban ▁railway ▁network . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁by ▁the ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁Metro . ▁K hand esh war ▁is ▁a ▁rapidly ▁developing ▁city . ▁Government ▁is ▁making ▁the ▁second ▁International ▁Airport ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁Metropolitan ▁Region ▁and ▁first ▁in ▁Nav i ▁M umb ai ▁and ▁trying ▁to ▁connect ▁this ▁air port ▁to ▁Ch hat rap ati ▁Sh iv aj i ▁Mah ar aj ▁International ▁Airport ▁that ▁is ▁Terminal ▁ 2 ▁by ▁met ro ▁rail . ▁ ▁K hand esh war ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁God ▁Sh iva . ▁Dev ote es ▁from ▁many ▁places ▁come ▁here ▁for ▁the ▁fair ▁on ▁Mah ash iv ra atri . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : N avi ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁S ynt oma ula ▁te ph ro ta ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cos m opter ig idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Le pid optera ▁generic ▁names ▁catalog ▁ ▁Category : C os m opter ig inae <0x0A> </s> ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁artist , ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁British ▁Art ists . ▁Turk ' s ▁o e uv re ▁de als ▁with ▁issues ▁of ▁authentic ity ▁and ▁identity , ▁engaged ▁with ▁modern ist ▁and ▁avant - gar |
de ▁deb ates ▁surrounding ▁the ▁' my th ' ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁and ▁the ▁' author ship ' ▁of ▁a ▁work ▁of ▁art . ▁ ▁Early ▁work ▁ ▁Turk ▁studied ▁at ▁Ch else a ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁tut ors ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁refused ▁to ▁present ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁with ▁his ▁post grad uate ▁degree , ▁a ▁decision ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁exhibition . ▁Tit led ▁C ave , ▁it ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁white w ashed ▁studio ▁space , ▁containing ▁a ▁blue ▁her itage ▁pla que ▁( of ▁the ▁kind ▁normally ▁found ▁on ▁historic ▁buildings ) ▁comm emor ating ▁his ▁own ▁presence ▁as ▁a ▁sculpt or , ▁stating ▁" G av in ▁Turk ▁worked ▁here , ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 1 ". ▁This ▁best owed ▁some ▁instant ▁not or iety ▁on ▁Turk , ▁whose ▁work ▁was ▁collected ▁by ▁numerous ▁collect ors ▁including ▁Charles ▁Sa atch i , ▁who ▁later ▁exhib ited ▁Turk ' s ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁exhibition ▁S ens ation , ▁which ▁tou red ▁London ▁( Ro yal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ), ▁Berlin ▁( H amb urger ▁Bahnhof ) ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁( Bro ok lyn ▁Museum ). ▁Turk ▁attended ▁the ▁private ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁S ens ation ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Royal |
▁Academy , ▁dressed ▁as ▁a ▁down - and - out ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁subsequently ▁produced ▁an ▁extensive ▁body ▁of ▁work , ▁which ▁pur ports ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁value ▁and ▁integrity ▁of ▁a ▁herm etic ▁art istic ▁identity . ▁ ▁Pract ice ▁ ▁Turk ' s ▁wide ▁r anging ▁practice ▁often ▁incorpor ates ▁icon ic ▁images ▁of ▁figures ▁taken ▁from ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁art ▁historical ▁sources . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁detailed ▁life - s ized ▁w ax works , ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁artists ▁own ▁appearance , ▁features ▁the ▁artist ▁assuming ▁various ▁pos es ▁as ▁different ▁characters , ▁including ▁Sid ▁V icious , ▁Jean - Paul ▁Mar at ▁and ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁revolution ary ▁Che ▁G ue var a . ▁Turk ' s ▁most ▁famous ▁work ▁in ▁this ▁series , ▁Pop ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁w ax work ▁of ▁Turk ▁as ▁Sid ▁V icious . ▁The ▁work ▁appropri ates ▁the ▁st ance ▁of ▁Andy ▁War hol ' s ▁screen ▁print ▁of ▁El vis ▁Pres ley . ▁In ▁the ▁work , ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁is ▁pointing ▁a ▁gun , ▁a ▁mot if ▁which ▁recurs ▁in ▁other ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁such ▁as ▁B um ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Turk ▁has ▁appropri ated ▁recogn is able ▁elements ▁from ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Jacques - Louis ▁David , ▁Y ves ▁Klein , ▁Marcel ▁Duch amp , ▁Andy ▁War hol , ▁René ▁Mag rit te , ▁Al igh iero ▁Bo etti , ▁Robert ▁Morris ▁( art ist ) ▁and ▁Jas per ▁Joh |
ns . ▁ ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Turk ▁began ▁producing ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁sil ks creen ▁works ▁on ▁canvas , ▁dep ict ing ▁himself ▁as ▁El vis ▁Pres ley , ▁in ▁a ▁pose ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁paint ings ▁by ▁Andy ▁War hol ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁subject ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁such ▁as ▁War hol ' s ▁Tri ple ▁El vis . ▁Turk ▁applied ▁diam ond ▁dust ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁El vis ▁works ▁made ▁from ▁diam ant é ▁applied ▁to ▁sil ks creen ed ▁canvas ▁in ▁v ibr ant ▁pop ▁colours , ▁which ▁spark les ▁in ▁direct ▁light . ▁War hol ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁artists ▁to ▁use ▁diam ond ▁dust ▁in ▁his ▁art works . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁Turk ' s ▁El vis ▁series ▁are ▁Diam ond ▁Y ellow ▁El vis , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁Diam ond ▁P ink ▁El vis , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁what ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁classic ▁post ers ▁of ▁Che ▁G ue var a ▁in ▁a ▁ber et , ▁again ▁revealed ▁themselves ▁on ▁further ▁scr ut iny ▁to ▁be ▁photos ▁of ▁Turk ▁himself . ▁Turk ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁London ' s ▁( now ▁def unct ) ▁Mill en ni um ▁D ome ▁refused ▁to ▁display ▁his ▁Che ▁G av ara ▁( s ic ) ▁sculpt ure , ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁off ending ▁arms - man |
ufact uring ▁D ome ▁spons or ▁B A e / Mar con i ▁( how ever ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁in ▁Art ▁Month ly ▁magazine ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁work ▁by ▁the ▁highly ▁political ▁left - wing ▁cart oon ist ▁Ralph ▁Ste ad man ▁was ▁being ▁exhib ited ▁in ▁the ▁D ome ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ). ▁ ▁S cul pt ure ▁and ▁public ▁works ▁ ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁three - dimensional ▁T rom pe - l ' œ il ▁works ▁includes ▁objects ▁cast ▁into ▁bronze , ▁painted ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁object . ▁Poss ibly ▁his ▁most ▁rever ed ▁works , ▁these ▁include ▁bronze ▁sculpt ures ▁of ▁pl astic ▁rub b ish ▁b ags , ▁see ▁" Bag " ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Other ▁sculpt ures ▁include ▁" N om ad " ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁a ▁bronze ▁cast ▁of ▁a ▁sleep ing ▁bag , ▁and ▁Box ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁which ▁res emb les ▁a ▁card board ▁box . ▁Turk ▁is ▁perhaps ▁the ▁leading ▁exponent ▁of ▁the ▁painted ▁bronze , ▁and ▁has ▁cast ▁objects ▁from ▁spent ▁matches ▁to ▁worn ▁p aving ▁sl abs ▁to ▁disc arded ▁vehicle ▁exhaust ▁pip es . ▁[[ File : G av in ▁Turk ▁' N ail ', ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁photo ▁by ▁Andy ▁Ke ate . jpg | th umb | right | G av in ▁Turk ▁' N ail '' ', ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁photo ▁by ▁Andy ▁Ke ate ]] ▁ ▁In |
▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Turk ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁" Br icks " ▁exhibition ▁at ▁Area ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁Pe ck ham ▁in ▁S out heast ▁London . ▁However , ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁the ▁exhibition ▁was ▁to ▁start , ▁organiz ers ▁noticed ▁that ▁his ▁piece ▁entitled ▁" Re vol ting ▁Br ick " ▁had ▁been ▁st olen ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁fake ▁brick . ▁The ▁fake ▁brick ▁held ▁the ▁words ▁" Thank ▁You ▁Have ▁a ▁Nice ▁Day , ▁Next " ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁that ▁was ▁given ▁away ▁at ▁the ▁exhibition . ▁" Re vol ting ▁Br ick " ▁was ▁number ▁eight ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁ten ▁that ▁Turk ▁had ▁created ▁and ▁signed . ▁The ▁artist ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁ups et ▁but ▁fl atter ed " ▁at ▁what ▁had ▁happened ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁the ft ▁" ra ises ▁questions ▁about ▁value ▁and ▁worth ". ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Turk ' s ▁first ▁large - scale , ▁ 1 2 - met re ▁public ▁sculpt ure ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁between ▁the ▁One ▁New ▁Change ▁City ▁m all , ▁designed ▁by ▁P ritz ker ▁Prize - win ning ▁architect ▁Jean ▁N ouvel , ▁and ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁C athedral . th umb | left | G av in ▁Turk , ▁B um , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁has ▁exhib ited ▁widely ▁intern ation ally . |
▁His ▁solo ▁exhib itions ▁include ▁' L ' Am our ▁Fou ', ▁David ▁N olan ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁' T ür k ', ▁Gal er ist , ▁Ist an bul , ▁Turkey ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' G av in ▁& ▁Turk ', ▁Ben ▁Brown ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁' Jack ▁Sh it ! ', ▁Aer op last ics , ▁Br uss els , ▁Belg ium ▁( 2 0 1 1 ), ▁' Before ▁The ▁World ▁Was ▁Round ', ▁Galerie ▁Kr in z inger , ▁Vienna , ▁Austria ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁and ▁' En ▁Face ', ▁Galerie ▁Al mine ▁Re ch , ▁Paris , ▁France ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁' The ▁Mir ror ▁Stage ', ▁Good man ▁Gallery , ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁South ▁Africa ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' B ur nt ▁Out ', ▁Kunst haus ▁Bas ell and , ▁Bas el , ▁Switzerland ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁' P iss ▁Off ', ▁Galerie ▁Kr in z inger , ▁Vienna , ▁Austria ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁and ▁' N eg ot iation ▁of ▁Pur pose ', ▁G EM ▁Museum ▁for ▁Contempor ary ▁Art , ▁The ▁H ague , ▁Netherlands ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Additionally , ▁Turk ▁has ▁had ▁solo ▁exhib itions ▁at ▁Se an ▁Kelly ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁the ▁New ▁Art ▁Centre ▁S cul pt ure ▁Park ▁and |
▁Gallery , ▁Sal is bury , ▁England ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁the ▁New ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁in ▁W als all , ▁England ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁and ▁" The ▁St uff ▁Show " ▁at ▁South ▁London ▁Gallery ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁group ▁exhib itions ▁include ▁' St reet ', ▁New ▁Art ▁gallery ▁W als all ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' M ade ▁in ▁Britain : ▁Contempor ary ▁Art ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Council ▁Collection ', ▁S ich uan ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' De ja - vu ? ▁The ▁Art ▁of ▁Copy ing ▁from ▁D ür er ▁to ▁You ▁T ube ', ▁Staat liche ▁Kunst h alle ▁Kar ls ru he , ▁Germany ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' Tw enty ', ▁A ure l ▁Sche ib ler , ▁Berlin , ▁Germany ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' The ▁Art ▁of ▁Ch ess ', ▁B end igo ▁Gallery ; ▁University ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Art ▁Museum , ▁Australia ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁' Identity ▁The ft ', ▁M im mo ▁sc ogn am ig lio ▁Arte ▁Contempor ane a , ▁Milan , ▁Italy ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁' Pop ▁Life : ▁Art ▁in ▁a ▁Material ▁World ', ▁T ate ▁Modern , ▁London ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' The ▁Third ▁Dim ension , ▁White ch ap el ▁Art ▁Gallery ', ▁London ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁' D LA ▁Pi per ▁Series : ▁This ▁is ▁S |
cul pt ure ', ▁T ate ▁Liverpool , ▁Liverpool ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁Turk ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁" te ach - in " ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁" The ▁Che ▁G av ara ▁( s ic ) ▁Story " ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁public ▁figures ▁who ▁were ▁sign ator ies ▁to ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁The ▁Guardian ▁express ing ▁their ▁hope ▁that ▁Scotland ▁would ▁vote ▁to ▁remain ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁September ' s ▁refer endum ▁on ▁that ▁issue . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 8 2 ▁people ▁arrested ▁during ▁a ▁coordin ated ▁occupation ▁of ▁five ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Central ▁London . ▁The ▁demonstr ation ▁which ▁was ▁co - ordin ated ▁by ▁Ext inction ▁Reb ell ion , ▁was ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁climate ▁change . ▁Turk ▁said , ▁“ It ▁seems ▁like ▁everyone ▁is ▁in ▁an ▁odd ▁sense ▁of ▁den ial ▁about ▁climate ▁change .” ▁▁ ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Turk ▁established , ▁with ▁his ▁partner ▁Deb or ah ▁Curt is , ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales , ▁a ▁children ' s ▁arts ▁char ity ▁based ▁in ▁London , ▁that ▁brings ▁together ▁hundreds ▁of ▁artists , ▁perform ers , ▁actors , ▁writers ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁to ▁deliver ▁the atr ical ▁events , |
▁gu ides ▁and ▁exhib itions . ▁The ▁project ▁continues ▁to ▁further ▁community ▁education ▁projects ▁based ▁around , ▁supported ▁by , ▁and ▁advoc ating ▁art . ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁tour ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁a ▁mobile ▁gallery ▁horse ▁box ▁which ▁made ▁its ▁festival ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Cr unch ▁festival ▁in ▁Hay - on - W ye . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁they ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁G last on bury ▁Festival . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁also ▁st aged ▁The ▁Long ▁Week end ' ', ▁a ▁pop - up ▁festival ▁for ▁all ▁ages , ▁hosted ▁by ▁T ate ▁Modern . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Turk ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Jack ▁Gold hill ▁S cul pt ure ▁Prize ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁' Bag ' ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁London , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁also ▁awarded ▁him ▁the ▁Charles ▁W oll ast on ▁award ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁' D umb ▁Cand le ' ▁( 2 0 0 7 ), ▁a ▁car ving ▁of ▁a ▁cand le ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁bro om ▁handle . ▁ ▁Professor ship ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁Honor ary ▁Doctor ate ▁in ▁Arts , ▁University ▁of ▁East ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Turk ▁has ▁held |
▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Professor ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁at ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Official ▁Site ▁for ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁ ▁The ▁Official ▁Site ▁for ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁ ▁C li ppings ▁from ▁an ▁interview ▁by ▁David ▁Bar rett ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁at ▁S cul pt ure . org . uk ▁ ▁B A e / Mar con i ▁and ▁the ▁Mill en ni um ▁D ome ▁ ▁Video ▁of ▁panel ▁debate ▁with ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁tal ks ▁to ▁www . the art new sp aper . tv ▁about ▁D uck ▁Rab bit ▁at ▁F rie ze ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁on ▁BBC 4 , ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁Charles ▁Sa atch i ▁on ▁the ▁modern ▁art ▁world ▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁discuss ing ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Fair y ▁T ales ▁with ▁the ▁Guardian ▁newspaper ▁▁ ▁G av in ▁Turk ▁Trans it ▁Dis aster ▁at ▁Paul ▁St ol per ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ch else a ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : 2 1 st - |
century ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁City ▁of ▁London ▁Fre emen ' s ▁School ▁Category : English ▁contemporary ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁W ex ford ▁Bor ough ▁by - e lection ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁was ▁fought ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 7 2 [ 2 0 ▁ 3 ]. ▁ ▁The ▁election ▁was ▁fought ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁MP ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party , ▁Richard ▁Joseph ▁De vere ux . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Rule ▁candidate ▁William ▁Arch er ▁Red mond . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : By - e lections ▁to ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁County ▁W ex ford ▁constitu encies ▁Category : 1 8 7 2 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 1 8 7 0 s ▁elections ▁in ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph ant oms ▁of ▁H app iness ▁( G erman : ▁Ph ant ome ▁des ▁Gl ück s ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁German ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Rein hold ▁Sch ün zel ▁and ▁st arring ▁Michael ▁Che kh ov , ▁Kar ina ▁Bell ▁and ▁Gast on ▁Mod ot . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁silent , ▁then ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁with ▁an ▁added ▁sound track . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁art ▁direction ▁was ▁by ▁Hein z ▁Fen ch el ▁and ▁J ace |
k ▁Rot mil . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Michael ▁Che kh ov ▁as ▁Jacques ▁Br am ard ▁ ▁Kar ina ▁Bell ▁as ▁Mar isa , ▁a ▁dan cer ▁ ▁Gast on ▁Mod ot ▁as ▁Dup ont ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁S ima ▁as ▁J . ▁Ber ré ▁ ▁Ek ke hard ▁Ar end t ▁as ▁René : , ▁Vall on , ▁Kompon ist ▁ ▁Y v ette ▁D arn ys ▁as ▁Frau ▁Dup ont ▁ ▁In ge ▁Land g ut ▁as ▁Made le ine ▁ ▁Leonard ▁Ste ck el ▁as ▁Gef äng nis ar zt ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Pra wer , ▁S . S . ▁Between ▁Two ▁World s : ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Pres ence ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Aust rian ▁Film , ▁ 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 3 3 . ▁Berg h ahn ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁of ▁the ▁We imar ▁Republic ▁Category : G erman ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : G erman - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Rein hold ▁Sch ün zel ▁Category : Trans itional ▁sound ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : T er ra ▁Film ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Seb be ▁De ▁Buck ▁( born ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁snow board er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in |
▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S now board ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁snow board ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁snow board ers ▁of ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁W eld on ▁( c . 1 5 0 0 - 1 5 6 7 ) ▁of ▁Cook ham , ▁Ber k shire , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁household ▁during ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Hugh ▁W eld on , ▁Se wer ▁to ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII . ▁He ▁lived ▁at ▁C annon ▁Court ▁at ▁Cook ham ▁in ▁Ber k shire . ▁He ▁married ▁twice ▁and ▁had ▁seven ▁children . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁uncle ▁of ▁Edward ▁W eld on , ▁MP . ▁Thomas ▁was ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Ber k shire ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 2 – 1 5 4 4 , ▁and ▁also ▁for ▁W inds or ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁C of fer er ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁House hold ▁for ▁Edward ▁VI ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁I . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁W inds or ▁Mart y rs , ▁Anthony ▁Pear son , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁spent |
▁some ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Fle et ▁Pr ison . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Cook ham ▁Category : In m ates ▁of ▁Fle et ▁Pr ison ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁Ber k shire ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁( pre - 1 7 0 7 ) ▁for ▁New ▁W inds or ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 4 2 – 1 5 4 4 ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 5 9 ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain ▁Category : 1 5 6 7 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Sr đ an ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁footballer ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁descent ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁as ▁a ▁left ▁w inger . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁Austria , ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Austria ▁Vienna . ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Italian ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁club ▁Vic enza . ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁accident ally ▁selected ▁to ▁replace ▁A . C . ▁S ien a ▁in ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁Serie ▁B ▁season . ▁He ▁wore ▁no . 1 1 ▁sh irt . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁was ▁far med ▁to ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁club ▁Mess ina ▁in |
▁a ▁temporary ▁deal . ▁His ▁no . 1 1 ▁was ▁also ▁taken ▁by ▁Leon ardo ▁Sp in azz ola . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁season ▁he ▁changed ▁to ▁wear ▁no . 2 0 ▁sh irt . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Ad mi ra ▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁for ▁free . ▁ ▁Pan ion ios ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Super le ague ▁Greece ▁side ▁Pan ion ios ▁for ▁ 3 ▁years , ▁days ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁Ad mi ra . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁in ▁ 1 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁P AS ▁Gian n ina ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁Three ▁days ▁later ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁third ▁of ▁four ▁in ▁a ▁comfortable ▁ 4 - 1 ▁win ▁against ▁A EL . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁score ▁in ▁a ▁dram atic ▁ 4 - 3 ▁home ▁loss ▁against ▁Olymp iak os . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁November , ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁second ▁goal ▁giving ▁the ▁lead ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁home ▁draw ▁with ▁riv als ▁PA OK . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁he ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Pl atan ias . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁only ▁goal ▁in ▁an ▁away ▁Greek ▁Cup ▁win |
▁against ▁O FI , ▁which ▁ens ured ▁his ▁team ' s ▁qual ification ▁for ▁the ▁quarter - final s . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Sp ir id on ov ic ▁scored ▁two ▁second - half ▁goals ▁( 4 8 ', ▁ 5 9 ') ▁for ▁experienced ▁manager ▁Mich alis ▁Gr ig ori ou ' s ▁team ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁home ▁draw ▁with ▁At rom itos . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁April , ▁Sp ir id on ov ic ▁scored ▁two ▁second - half ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Pl atan ias . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁score ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 0 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁A EL ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁Following ▁a ▁brilliant ▁scoring ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 1 8 ▁Super le ague ▁Greece ▁season , ▁Sp ir id on ović ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 1 9 ▁season ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁an ▁assist ▁from ▁F ior in ▁Dur m ish aj ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁wing , ▁ ▁slot ting ▁a ▁low ▁effort ▁beyond ▁S okrat is ▁Di ou dis ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 - 0 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Pan ath ina ik os ▁in ▁his ▁club ' s ▁effort ▁to ▁avoid ▁re leg ation . ▁On |
▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁scored ▁with ▁a ▁tap - in ▁after ▁a ▁cross ▁from ▁Oliv ier ▁Bou mal , ▁to ▁se al ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁P AS ▁Gian n ina . ▁ ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁On ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Ek stra k las a ▁side ▁P ogo ń ▁Sz cz ec in ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁Pan ion ios ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁fee . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : F K ▁Austria ▁Wien ▁players ▁Category : L . R . ▁Vic enza ▁V irt us ▁players ▁Category : A . C . R . ▁Mess ina ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ad mi ra ▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁players ▁Category : Pan ion ios ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Football ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : A ust ria ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust ria ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers |
▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Vienna ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A ust rian ▁people ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lib ell us ▁de ▁loc is ▁san ct is ▁(" L ittle ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Places ") ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁Latin ▁guide ▁book ▁and ▁travel og ue ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Christian ▁pil gr ims ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Places . ▁It ▁" stand s ▁out " ▁from ▁the ▁mass ▁of ▁medieval ▁guide ▁books ▁" for ▁its ▁literary ▁and ▁inform ative ▁qual ities ". ▁ ▁Author ▁About ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁Lib ell us ▁nothing ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁certain ▁besides ▁what ▁he ▁says ▁about ▁himself . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁mon k ▁named ▁The oder ich ▁( or ▁Diet rich ) ▁who ▁visited ▁Palest ine ▁himself ▁around ▁ 1 1 7 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁probably ▁a ▁Rh in el ander , ▁since ▁he ▁travel led ▁with ▁a ▁certain ▁Adolf ▁from ▁C ologne ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁Pal at ine ▁Chap el ▁at ▁A achen . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁from ▁H irs au ▁Ab bey . ▁He ▁is ▁often ▁identified ▁with ▁the ▁Diet rich ▁to ▁whom ▁John ▁of ▁Wür zburg ▁dedicated ▁his ▁Des cript io ▁terra e ▁san ct ae , ▁another ▁guide ▁to ▁Palest ine . ▁John ▁travel led ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁shortly ▁before ▁Diet rich ▁in |
▁the ▁ 1 1 6 0 s . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁sometimes ▁identified ▁with ▁Diet rich ▁of ▁H ohen burg , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁bishop ▁of ▁Wür zburg ▁in ▁ 1 2 2 3 . ▁There ▁is ▁nothing ▁to ▁connect ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁known ▁Diet rich s ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁Wür zburg , ▁the ▁prov ost s ▁of ▁Wer de a ▁and ▁On ols bach . ▁ ▁It iner ary ▁and ▁description ▁Although ▁Diet rich ▁is ▁an ▁e y ew it ness ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁describes ▁in ▁the ▁Lib ell us , ▁he ▁also ▁makes ▁use ▁of ▁other ▁e y ew it ness ▁reports ▁and ▁of ▁written ▁sources ▁to ▁round ▁out ▁his ▁account . ▁He ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁the ▁same ▁comp end ium ▁as ▁used ▁by ▁John ▁of ▁Wür zburg . ▁In ▁his ▁introduction , ▁he ▁gives ▁his ▁work ▁a ▁spiritual ▁purpose : ▁to ▁help ▁bring ▁Christ ▁to ▁mind ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁cannot ▁see ▁the ▁Holy ▁Places ▁themselves ▁and ▁thereby ▁to ▁love ▁and ▁pity ▁him , ▁bringing ▁themselves ▁closer ▁to ▁heaven . ▁ ▁Diet rich ' s ▁pil gr image ▁can ▁be ▁dated ▁to ▁between ▁ 1 1 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 1 7 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Am al ric ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁when ▁the ▁Holy ▁Places ▁were ▁under ▁Christian ▁control . ▁It ▁began ▁in ▁A cre ▁during ▁March ▁or ▁April . ▁From ▁there ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁Jerusalem , ▁Jer ich o ▁and ▁the ▁river ▁Jordan . |
▁He ▁went ▁back ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁route ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁A cre ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁emb ark ▁on ▁the ▁Wed nes day ▁of ▁E aster ▁Week . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁det our ▁to ▁visit ▁Naz are th , ▁T iber ias ▁and ▁Mount ▁T abor , ▁but ▁his ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Gal ile e ▁is ▁very ▁confused . ▁His ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Sep ul ch re ▁indicates ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁there ▁during ▁the ▁renov ations ▁fin anced ▁by ▁the ▁Emperor ▁Manuel ▁I ▁Kom nen os . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁earliest ▁source ▁to ▁mention ▁the ▁Sultan ' s ▁Pool , ▁then ▁a ▁newly ▁constructed ▁c is tern . ▁ ▁The ▁skill ▁and ▁detail ▁of ▁Diet rich ' s ▁architect ural ▁descri ptions ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁suggestion ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁ecc les iast ical ▁architect . ▁He ▁clearly ▁had ▁knowledge ▁of ▁construction ▁techniques ▁and ▁building ▁materials , ▁and ▁his ▁descri ptions ▁are ▁clear . ▁The ▁Lib ell us ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁source ▁for ▁the ▁art , ▁architecture ▁and ▁agricult ure ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁its ▁fall . ▁Diet rich ▁shows ▁less ▁interest ▁in ▁m ira cles ▁and ▁w onders , ▁but ▁does ▁provide ▁a ▁first - hand ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁coming ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Fire . ▁Although ▁" he ▁direct s ▁no ▁s arc asm ▁against ▁men ▁of ▁other ▁faith s ", ▁he ▁does ▁show ▁anti - J ew ish ▁pre jud ice ▁and ▁records ▁being ▁fright ened |
▁by ▁some ▁local ▁" S ar ac ens " ▁shout ing ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁as ▁they ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁field . ▁ ▁Man us cript s ▁For ▁the ▁longest ▁time ▁the ▁Lib ell us ▁was ▁known ▁only ▁from ▁one ▁manuscript ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁a ▁second ▁copy ▁was ▁discovered , ▁also ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁R . ▁B . ▁C . ▁Hu yg ens ▁produced ▁the ▁first ▁critical ▁edition ▁based ▁on ▁both ▁manuscript s . ▁Both ▁manuscript s ▁include ▁several ▁other ▁texts ▁on ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land ▁besides ▁the ▁Lib ell us . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁Second ary ▁sources ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁Jerusalem ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Latin ▁books ▁Category : Tra vel ▁books ▁Category : P il gr image ▁accounts <0x0A> </s> ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁is ▁an ▁electro - pop ▁band ▁from ▁Re yk jav ík , ▁I cel and . ▁Its ▁members ▁include ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H lö ð vers son , ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey jar son ▁Sm ár ason , ▁Eg ill ▁E yj ól f sson ▁and ▁Í var ▁P ét ur ▁K j art ans son . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁formed ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁a ▁du |
o ▁of ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H lö ð vers son ▁( Pl ú se inn ) ▁and ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁but ▁didn ' t ▁really ▁get ▁going ▁properly ▁until ▁Á r ni ▁Vil h j ál m sson ▁and ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey jar son ▁Sm ár ason ▁joined . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁a ▁studio ▁project ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁until ▁the ▁I cel and ▁Air w aves ▁festival ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁the ▁band ▁expanded ▁into ▁a ▁full - on ▁live ▁act . ▁The ▁members ▁now ▁vary ▁from ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁depending ▁on ▁member ▁avail ability . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Á r ni ▁R ún ar ▁H lö ð vers son ▁( Pl ú se inn , ▁H air do ctor , ▁Mot ion ▁Boys ), ▁L ó a ▁H l ín ▁H j ál mt ý sd ó tt ir , ▁Ö r var ▁ Þ ó rey jar son ▁Sm ár ason ▁( m ú m , ▁B ork o , ▁Sk ak k aman age ), ▁Eg ill ▁E yj ól f sson , ▁and ▁Í var ▁P ét ur ▁K j art ans son . ▁They ▁are ▁joined ▁sometimes ▁by ▁S ve in b j orn ▁Hermann ▁P ál sson ▁( T err ord is co ), ▁B jör n ▁Krist ján sson ▁( B ork o , ▁Sk ak |
k aman age ), ▁Bir git ta ▁Bir g is d ó tt ir ▁and ▁E ir ík ur ▁Or ri ▁( m ú m , ▁K ira ▁K ira , ▁Ben ni ▁Hem m ▁Hem m ). ▁ ▁The ▁band ' s ▁live ▁show ▁often ▁features ▁many ▁per cussion ists , ▁among ▁them ▁are ▁S ve in b jör n ▁P ál sson , ▁B jör n ▁Krist ján sson ▁( B ork o ), ▁Hal li ▁C ive lek , ▁S van h v ít ▁Try gg v adó tt ir , ▁Un n ste inn ▁Manuel ▁Stef án sson ▁( Ret ro ▁Stef son ) ▁and ▁ Þ ór ð ur ▁j ö rund sson ▁( Ret ro ▁Stef son ). ▁ ▁Their ▁first ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁I cel and , ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁recording , ▁mixing , ▁and ▁master ing ▁it , ▁and ▁creating ▁the ▁album ▁art work ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Á r ni ▁Vil h j ál m sson ▁has ▁since ▁left ▁FM ▁B elf ast . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁▁ ▁How ▁to ▁Make ▁Fri ends ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁W ant ▁to ▁S leep ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Br ighter ▁Days ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Island ▁Broadcast ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Lot us ▁( K illing ▁in ▁the ▁name ) ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Be int ▁í ▁ æ ð ▁( |
2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁You ' re ▁so ▁pretty ; ▁All ▁My ▁Power ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Fe ature d ▁in ▁ ▁Back ▁& ▁Sp ine ▁( K as per ▁B j ør ke ▁featuring ▁FM ▁B elf ast ) ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁World ▁Champion ▁Records ▁ ▁Pl ú se inn ' s ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁FM ▁B elf ast ▁on ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁electronic ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Re yk jav ík <0x0A> </s> ▁Qu iet ▁as ▁It ' s ▁Ke pt ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁jazz ▁drum mer ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁featuring ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Mercur y ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁review ▁for ▁All music , ▁Michael ▁G . ▁N ast os ▁stated , ▁" this ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁band , ▁with ▁the ▁brothers ▁Tommy ▁and ▁Stanley ▁T urrent ine , ▁and ▁Julian ▁Pri ester , ▁was ▁short - l ived , ▁very ▁satisfying , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁memor able ▁comb os ▁the ▁drum mer ▁led . ▁Cont inu ing ▁to ▁concent rate ▁on ▁hard ▁b op ▁them es , ▁the ▁band ▁is ▁hardly ▁quiet ▁as ▁the ▁title ▁would ▁suggest . ▁It ▁perhaps ▁could ▁be ▁said ▁that ▁this ▁band ▁was ▁a ▁sle eper ▁in ▁not ▁being ▁as ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁superior ▁collect ive ▁talent ▁would ▁indicate ". ▁ |
▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Q ui et ▁as ▁It ' s ▁Ke pt " ▁( B ill ▁Lee ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 1 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" To ▁Lady " ▁( Le on ▁Mitchell ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 0 8 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" L ot us ▁Bl oss om " ▁( K en ny ▁Dor ham ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 3 4 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" As ▁Long ▁as ▁You ' re ▁Living " ▁( Jul ian ▁Pri ester , ▁Tommy ▁T urrent ine ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 5 8 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁More ▁I ▁See ▁You " ▁( M ack ▁Gordon , ▁Harry ▁Warren ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 4 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" Jul iano " ▁( P ri ester ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 4 0 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁- ▁drums ▁Tommy ▁T urrent ine ▁- ▁tr ump et ▁Julian ▁Pri ester ▁- ▁trom bone ▁Stanley ▁T urrent ine ▁ ▁- ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁Bob ▁Bos well ▁ ▁- ▁bass ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁albums ▁Category : Max ▁Ro ach ▁albums ▁Category : Mer cur y ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Left - hand ▁traffic ▁( L HT ) ▁and ▁right - hand ▁traffic ▁( R HT ) ▁are ▁the ▁practice , ▁in ▁bid irection al ▁traffic , ▁of ▁keeping ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁respectively . ▁A ▁fundamental ▁element ▁to ▁traffic ▁flow , ▁it ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁rule |
▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁ ▁R HT ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁territ ories , ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 7 5 ▁countries ▁and ▁territ ories ▁using ▁L HT . ▁Count ries ▁that ▁use ▁L HT ▁account ▁for ▁about ▁a ▁sixth ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁area ▁with ▁about ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁its ▁population ▁and ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁its ▁roads . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁ 1 0 4 ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁territ ories ▁were ▁L HT ▁and ▁an ▁equal ▁number ▁were ▁R HT . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 3 4 ▁of ▁the ▁L HT ▁territ ories ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT . ▁ ▁Many ▁L HT ▁countries ▁were ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁although ▁many ▁were ▁not , ▁such ▁as ▁Sweden , ▁Japan , ▁Th ailand , ▁Indones ia , ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Sur in ame , ▁among ▁others . ▁Con vers ely , ▁many ▁R HT ▁countries ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁colonial ▁emp ire . ▁ ▁In ▁L HT ▁traffic ▁keeps ▁left , ▁and ▁cars ▁have ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁on ▁the ▁right , ▁putting ▁the ▁driver ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁Round about s ▁circul ate ▁clock wise . ▁In ▁R HT ▁everything ▁is ▁revers ed : ▁traffic ▁keeps ▁right , ▁the ▁driver ▁s its ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁car , ▁and ▁round about s ▁circul ate ▁counter clock wise . ▁ |
▁In ▁most ▁countries ▁rail ▁traffic ▁follows ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁the ▁roads , ▁although ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁countries ▁that ▁switched ▁road ▁traffic ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁did ▁not ▁switch ▁their ▁trains . ▁Bo at ▁traffic ▁on ▁rivers ▁is ▁effectively ▁R HT . ▁Bo ats ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁pil oted ▁from ▁the ▁star board ▁side ▁to ▁facil itate ▁priority ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁ ▁History ▁Histor ically , ▁many ▁places ▁kept ▁left , ▁while ▁many ▁others ▁kept ▁right , ▁often ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁country . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁myth s ▁which ▁attempt ▁to ▁explain ▁why ▁one ▁or ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁preferred . ▁About ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁people ▁are ▁right ▁handed , ▁and ▁many ▁explan ations ▁reference ▁this . ▁H ors es ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁mounted ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁and ▁led ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁with ▁the ▁re ins ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁hand . ▁So ▁people ▁walking ▁horses ▁might ▁use ▁R HT , ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁animals ▁separated . ▁Also ▁referenced ▁is ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁ped est ri ans ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁s words ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁and ▁pass ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁as ▁in ▁L HT , ▁for ▁self - def ence . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁w agon - dri vers ▁wh ipped ▁their ▁horses ▁with ▁their ▁right ▁hand , ▁and ▁thus ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁w agon , ▁as ▁in ▁R HT . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁written ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 3 0 0 , ▁Pope ▁Bon if ace ▁VIII |
▁directed ▁pil gr ims ▁to ▁keep ▁left , ▁however ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁written ▁that ▁he ▁directed ▁them ▁to ▁keep ▁to ▁the ▁right , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁document ary ▁evidence ▁to ▁back ▁either ▁claim . ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁references ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁requiring ▁traffic ▁direction ▁was ▁an ▁order ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁Court ▁of ▁Ald erm en ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 9 , ▁requiring ▁a ▁man ▁to ▁be ▁posted ▁on ▁London ▁Bridge ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁" all ▁cart es ▁going ▁to ▁keep ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁all ▁cart es ▁coming ▁to ▁keep ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ". ▁It ▁later ▁was ▁legisl ated ▁as ▁the ▁London ▁Bridge ▁Act ▁ 1 7 6 5 ▁( 2 9 ▁Ge o . ▁II ▁c . ▁ 4 0 ), ▁which ▁required ▁that ▁" all ▁carri ages ▁passing ▁over ▁the ▁said ▁bridge ▁from ▁London ▁shall ▁go ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁there of " ▁- ▁those ▁going ▁south ▁to ▁remain ▁on ▁the ▁east , ▁ie ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side ▁by ▁direction ▁of ▁travel . ▁This ▁may ▁represent ▁the ▁first ▁stat ut ory ▁requirement ▁for ▁L HT . ▁ ▁A ▁frequently - he ard ▁story ▁is ▁that ▁Napoleon ▁changed ▁the ▁custom ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁countries ▁he ▁conquer ed ▁after ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁Sch ol ars ▁who ▁have ▁looked ▁for ▁document ary ▁evidence ▁of ▁this ▁story ▁have ▁found ▁none , ▁and ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁assumed ▁a ▁myth ▁unless ▁contemporary ▁sources ▁surface . ▁ ▁Rot ter dam |
▁was ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁although ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁was ▁R HT . ▁ ▁Russia ▁completely ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Ts ars ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire ▁broke ▁up , ▁the ▁resulting ▁countries ▁gradually ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT . ▁In ▁Austria , ▁Vor ar l berg ▁switched ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁North ▁Ty rol ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Car inth ia ▁and ▁East ▁Ty rol ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁In ▁Roman ia , ▁Trans ylvan ia , ▁the ▁Ban at ▁and ▁B uk ov ina ▁were ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁while ▁Wal la chia ▁and ▁Mold avia ▁were ▁already ▁R HT . ▁Part itions ▁of ▁Poland ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁were ▁R HT , ▁while ▁the ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁Part ition ▁changed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁Cro atia - S lav onia ▁switched ▁on ▁joining ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁although ▁Ist ria ▁and ▁Dal mat ia ▁were ▁already ▁R HT . ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁introduced ▁the ▁switch ▁in ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 1 9 3 9 . ▁West ▁Ukraine |
▁was ▁L HT , ▁but ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Ukraine , ▁having ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁was ▁R HT . ▁ ▁In ▁Italy ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁decre ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁that ▁each ▁province ▁define ▁its ▁own ▁traffic ▁code , ▁including ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁traffic , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Ba ed ek er ▁guide ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁varied ▁by ▁region . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁Northern ▁Italy , ▁the ▁provinces ▁of ▁Bres cia , ▁Como , ▁Vic enza , ▁and ▁R aven na ▁were ▁R HT ▁while ▁nearby ▁provinces ▁of ▁Le cco , ▁Ver ona , ▁and ▁Var ese ▁were ▁L HT , ▁as ▁were ▁the ▁cities ▁Milan , ▁Tur in , ▁and ▁Florence . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁al lied ▁forces ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁im posed ▁L HT ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁military ▁operation , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Rome ▁was ▁reported ▁by ▁Go ethe ▁as ▁L HT ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 0 s . ▁Nap les ▁was ▁also ▁L HT ▁although ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁were ▁often ▁R HT . ▁In ▁cities ▁L HT ▁was ▁considered ▁sa fer ▁since ▁ped est ri ans , ▁acc ustom ed ▁to ▁keeping ▁right , ▁could ▁better ▁see ▁on coming ▁veh icular ▁traffic . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁total itar ian ▁r uler ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁decre ed ▁that ▁all ▁L HT ▁areas |
▁would ▁gradually ▁transition ▁to ▁R HT . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁this , ▁Italian ▁commercial ▁vehicles ▁were ▁right - hand ▁drive ▁until ▁the ▁traffic ▁code ▁was ▁changed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Portugal ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁Finland , ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁L HT ▁Sweden , ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Finland ▁by ▁Russian ▁dec ree . ▁ ▁Sweden ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁having ▁been ▁L HT ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 7 3 4 ▁despite ▁having ▁land ▁borders ▁with ▁R HT ▁countries , ▁and ▁approximately ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁cars ▁being ▁left - hand ▁drive ▁( L HD ). ▁A ▁refer endum ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁over wh el ming ly ▁rejected ▁a ▁change ▁to ▁R HT , ▁but ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁government ▁ordered ▁it , ▁and ▁it ▁occurred ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁at ▁ 5 am . ▁The ▁accident ▁rate ▁then ▁dropped ▁sharp ly , ▁but ▁soon ▁rose ▁to ▁near ▁its ▁original ▁level . ▁The ▁day ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁H ög ert raf ik om lä gg ningen , ▁or ▁D agen ▁H ▁for ▁short . ▁▁ ▁When ▁I cel and ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁H æ g ri ▁dag ur inn ▁or ▁H - dag ur inn ▁(" The ▁H - Day |
"). ▁Most ▁passenger ▁cars ▁in ▁I cel and ▁were ▁already ▁L HD . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁is ▁L HT , ▁but ▁two ▁of ▁its ▁over se as ▁territ ories , ▁Gib ral tar ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁Territ ory , ▁are ▁R HT . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁the ▁British ▁Department ▁for ▁Transport ▁considered ▁switching ▁to ▁R HT , ▁but ▁declared ▁it ▁unsafe ▁and ▁too ▁cost ly ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁built - up ▁nation . ▁Road ▁building ▁standards , ▁for ▁motor ways ▁in ▁particular , ▁allow ▁asym met r ically ▁designed ▁road ▁j unction s , ▁where ▁merge ▁and ▁diver ge ▁lan es ▁differ ▁in ▁length . ▁ ▁Today , ▁four ▁countries ▁in ▁Europe ▁continue ▁to ▁use ▁L HT ; ▁they ▁are ▁all ▁island ▁nations ▁and ▁former ▁colon ies ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire : ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Cy pr us , ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁Mal ta . ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁British ▁West ▁Africa . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁countries ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁col ony ▁border ▁with ▁former ▁French ▁R HT ▁juris dict ions ▁and ▁have ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁since ▁de colon ization . ▁These ▁include ▁Gh ana , ▁G amb ia , ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁and ▁Niger ia . ▁Britain ▁introduced ▁L HT ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁Africa ▁Prote ctor ate ▁( now ▁Ken ya , ▁T anz ania ▁and ▁U g anda ), ▁Rh odes ia , ▁and ▁the ▁Cape ▁Col ony ▁( now ▁Z |
amb ia , ▁Z imb ab we ▁and ▁South ▁Africa ). ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁have ▁remained ▁L HT . ▁Sud an , ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁Ang lo - E gypt ian ▁Sud an ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁neighbour ing ▁R HT ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁Portuguese ▁Empire , ▁then ▁L HT , ▁introduced ▁L HT ▁to ▁Portuguese ▁Moz amb ique ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola . ▁Although ▁Portugal ▁itself ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁Moz amb ique ▁remained ▁L HT ▁as ▁they ▁have ▁land ▁borders ▁with ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies . ▁Other ▁former ▁Portuguese ▁colon ies ▁in ▁Africa ▁including ▁Portuguese ▁Ang ola , ▁Guinea - B iss au , ▁São ▁Tom é ▁and ▁Pr ín cipe , ▁and ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁France ▁introduced ▁R HT ▁in ▁French ▁West ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Mag h reb , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁used . ▁Count ries ▁in ▁these ▁areas ▁include ▁M ali , ▁Maur it ania , ▁I v ory ▁Coast , ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso , ▁Ben in , ▁Niger , ▁Mor oc co , ▁Al ger ia , ▁and ▁Tun is ia . ▁Other ▁French ▁former ▁colon ies ▁that ▁are ▁R HT ▁include ▁Cam ero on , ▁Central ▁African ▁Republic , ▁Ch ad , ▁Dj ib out i , ▁Gab on , ▁and ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁ ▁R w anda ▁and |
▁Bur und i ▁are ▁R HT ▁but ▁are ▁considering ▁switching ▁to ▁L HT ▁( see ▁" P ot ential ▁future ▁sh ifts " ▁section ▁below ). ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 0 0 s , ▁traffic ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁R HT ▁based ▁on ▁team sters ' ▁use ▁of ▁large ▁fre ight ▁w ag ons ▁pulled ▁by ▁several ▁pairs ▁of ▁horses . ▁The ▁w ag ons ▁had ▁no ▁driver ' s ▁seat , ▁so ▁the ▁( typ ically ▁right - hand ed ) ▁post il ion ▁held ▁his ▁wh ip ▁in ▁his ▁right ▁hand ▁and ▁thus ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁rear ▁horse . ▁Se ated ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁the ▁driver ▁preferred ▁that ▁other ▁w ag ons ▁pass ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁be ▁sure ▁to ▁keep ▁clear ▁of ▁the ▁whe els ▁of ▁on coming ▁w ag ons . ▁The ▁first ▁keep - right ▁law ▁for ▁driving ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁and ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁Lanc aster ▁Turn pi ke . ▁New ▁York ▁formal ized ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁and ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Today ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁R HT ▁except ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands , ▁which ▁is ▁L HT ▁like ▁many ▁neighbour ing ▁islands . ▁ ▁Some ▁special - pur pose ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁including ▁certain ▁postal ▁service ▁tr uck |
s , ▁garbage ▁tr uck s , ▁and ▁par king ▁enfor cement ▁vehicles , ▁are ▁built ▁with ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁for ▁sa fer ▁and ▁easier ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁cur b . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁Gr um man ▁LL V ▁used ▁nation wide ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Post al ▁Service . ▁ ▁As ▁former ▁French ▁colon ies , ▁the ▁provinces ▁of ▁Quebec ▁and ▁Ontario ▁were ▁always ▁R HT . ▁The ▁province ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁stages ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁and ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island , ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁respectively . ▁New found land , ▁then ▁a ▁British ▁col ony , ▁changed ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁two ▁years ▁before ▁joining ▁Canada . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies , ▁colon ies ▁and ▁territ ories ▁drive ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁their ▁parent ▁countries , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁nations ▁are ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies ▁and ▁drive ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁including ▁J ama ica , ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda , ▁Barb ados , ▁Domin ica , ▁Gren ada , ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis , ▁Saint ▁Lu cia , ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines , ▁Tr in |
idad ▁and ▁Tob ago , ▁and ▁The ▁Bah am as . ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁( now ▁India , ▁Pakistan , ▁My an mar , ▁and ▁Bang l adesh ), ▁British ▁Mal aya ▁( now ▁Malays ia , ▁Br une i ▁and ▁Singapore ), ▁and ▁British ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁All ▁are ▁still ▁L HT ▁except ▁My an mar , ▁which ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁although ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁infrastr ucture ▁is ▁still ▁ge ared ▁to ▁L HT . ▁Most ▁cars ▁are ▁used ▁R HD ▁vehicles ▁imported ▁from ▁Japan . ▁Afghan istan ▁was ▁L HT ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁neighbour ing ▁British ▁India ▁and ▁later ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁L HT ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁Empire ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁Mac au ▁( now ▁Mac au ) ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁Tim or ▁( now ▁East ▁Tim or ). ▁Both ▁places ▁are ▁still ▁L HT , ▁despite ▁Mac au ▁now ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁R HT ▁China , ▁requiring ▁a ▁right - to - left ▁switching ▁inter change ▁at ▁the ▁Lot us ▁Bridge ▁which ▁connect s ▁the ▁two . ▁East ▁Tim or ▁shares ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Tim or ▁with ▁Indones ia , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁L HT , ▁although ▁the ▁former ▁( then ▁Portuguese ▁Tim or ) ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁along ▁with ▁Portugal ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁before ▁changing ▁back ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁during ▁the ▁Indones |
ian ▁occupation ▁of ▁East ▁Tim or . ▁ ▁China ▁is ▁R HT ▁except ▁the ▁Special ▁Administr ative ▁Reg ions ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Mac au . ▁L HT ▁was ▁uniform ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁then ▁the ▁northern ▁provinces ▁were ▁R HT . ▁National ist ▁China ▁adopted ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁This ▁convention ▁was ▁preserved ▁when ▁the ▁C CP ▁took ▁the ▁main land ▁and ▁the ▁K MT ▁retre ated ▁to ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Both ▁North ▁Korea ▁and ▁South ▁Korea ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁after ▁liber ation ▁from ▁Japanese ▁colonial ▁power . ▁ ▁The ▁Philippines ▁was ▁mostly ▁L HT ▁during ▁its ▁Spanish ▁and ▁American ▁colonial ▁periods , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁era . ▁During ▁the ▁Japanese ▁occupation , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁remained ▁L HT , ▁also ▁because ▁L HT ▁had ▁been ▁required ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ; ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Man ila , ▁the ▁liber ating ▁American ▁forces ▁drove ▁their ▁t anks ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁for ▁easier ▁facil itation ▁of ▁movement . ▁R HT ▁was ▁formal ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Japan ▁was ▁never ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁but ▁its ▁traffic ▁also ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁left . ▁Although ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁this ▁habit ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁E do ▁period ▁( 1 6 0 3 - 1 8 6 8 ), ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁that ▁this ▁un written ▁rule ▁became ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁official . |
▁That ▁was ▁the ▁year ▁when ▁Japan ’ s ▁first ▁railway ▁was ▁introduced , ▁built ▁with ▁technical ▁aid ▁from ▁the ▁British . ▁Grad ually , ▁a ▁massive ▁network ▁of ▁rail ways ▁and ▁tram ▁tracks ▁was ▁built , ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁all ▁trains ▁and ▁tr ams ▁drove ▁on ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side . ▁Still , ▁it ▁took ▁another ▁half ▁century ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁in ▁which ▁left - side ▁driving ▁was ▁clearly ▁written ▁in ▁law . ▁Post - World ▁War ▁II ▁Ok ina wa ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Civil ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Ry uky u ▁Islands ▁and ▁was ▁R HT . ▁It ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁convert ▁back ▁to ▁L HT ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁conversion ▁operation ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁ 7 3 0 ▁( N ana - San - Mar u , ▁which ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁change over , ▁ 3 0 ▁July ). ▁Ok ina wa ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁few ▁places ▁to ▁have ▁changed ▁from ▁R HT ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁became ▁R HT ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁French ▁Ind och ina , ▁as ▁did ▁La os ▁and ▁Camb odia . ▁In ▁Camb odia , ▁R HD ▁cars , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁sm ugg led ▁from ▁Th ailand , ▁were ▁b anned ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 8 0 % ▁of |
▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁O ce ania ▁▁ ▁Many ▁former ▁British ▁colon ies ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁have ▁always ▁been ▁L HT , ▁including ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁F iji , ▁Ki rib ati , ▁Sol omon ▁Islands , ▁T ong a , ▁and ▁Tu valu , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁nations ▁which ▁were ▁previously ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁Australia , ▁being ▁Na uru ▁and ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea . ▁ ▁Sam oa , ▁a ▁former ▁German ▁col ony , ▁had ▁been ▁R HT ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁century . ▁It ▁switched ▁to ▁L HT ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁territory ▁in ▁almost ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁to ▁switch . ▁The ▁move ▁was ▁legisl ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁allow ▁Sam o ans ▁to ▁use ▁che aper ▁right - hand ▁drive ▁( R HD ) ▁vehicles — which ▁are ▁better ▁su ited ▁for ▁left - hand ▁traffic — import ed ▁from ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁or ▁Japan , ▁and ▁to ▁harm on ise ▁with ▁other ▁South ▁Pacific ▁nations . ▁A ▁political ▁party , ▁The ▁People ' s ▁Party , ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁group ▁People ▁Again st ▁Switch ing ▁S ides ▁( PASS ) ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁change , ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁launch ing ▁a ▁legal ▁challenge , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁attended ▁demonstr ations ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁motor ▁industry ▁was ▁also ▁opposed , ▁as ▁ |
1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁Sam oa ' s ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁R HT ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁refused ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁conversion . ▁After ▁months ▁of ▁prepar ation , ▁the ▁switch ▁from ▁right ▁to ▁left ▁happened ▁in ▁an ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁national ▁celebr ation . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁reported ▁inc idents . ▁At ▁ 0 5 : 5 0 ▁local ▁time , ▁Monday ▁ 7 ▁September , ▁a ▁radio ▁announ cement ▁halt ed ▁traffic , ▁and ▁an ▁announ cement ▁at ▁ 6 : 0 0 ▁ordered ▁traffic ▁to ▁switch ▁to ▁L HT . ▁The ▁change ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁more ▁restrict ive ▁enfor cement ▁of ▁speed ing ▁and ▁seat - b elt ▁laws . ▁That ▁day ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁were ▁declared ▁public ▁hol id ays , ▁to ▁reduce ▁traffic . ▁The ▁change ▁included ▁a ▁three - day ▁ban ▁on ▁alco hol ▁sales , ▁while ▁police ▁mounted ▁do z ens ▁of ▁check points , ▁warning ▁drivers ▁to ▁drive ▁slowly . ▁ ▁South ▁America ▁ ▁Brazil ▁was ▁a ▁col ony ▁of ▁Portugal ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁during ▁this ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁had ▁mixed ▁rules , ▁with ▁some ▁regions ▁still ▁on ▁L HT , ▁switching ▁these ▁remaining ▁regions ▁to ▁R HT ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁Portugal ▁switched ▁sides . ▁Other ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁countries ▁that ▁later ▁switched ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁include ▁Argentina , |
▁Chile , ▁Pan ama , ▁Par agu ay , ▁and ▁Uruguay . ▁ ▁Sur in ame , ▁along ▁with ▁neighbour ing ▁Guy ana , ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁remaining ▁L HT ▁countries ▁in ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁Pot ential ▁future ▁sh ifts ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁countries ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁driving ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road : ▁▁ ▁Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ▁( L ) ▁ ▁The ▁Bah am as ▁( L ) ▁ ▁British ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁( L ) ▁ ▁Bur und i ▁( R ) ▁ ▁My an mar ▁( R ) ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁( L ) ▁ ▁R w anda ▁and ▁Bur und i , ▁former ▁Belg ian ▁colon ies ▁in ▁Central ▁Africa , ▁are ▁R HT ▁but ▁are ▁considering ▁switching ▁to ▁L HT ▁like ▁neighbour ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁African ▁Community ▁( E AC ). ▁A ▁survey ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 4 % ▁of ▁R wand ans ▁fav oured ▁the ▁switch . ▁Re asons ▁c ited ▁were ▁the ▁perce ived ▁lower ▁costs ▁of ▁R HD ▁vehicles , ▁easier ▁maintenance ▁and ▁the ▁political ▁benefit ▁of ▁harm on ious ▁traffic ▁reg ulations ▁with ▁other ▁E AC ▁countries . ▁The ▁survey ▁indicated ▁that ▁R HD ▁cars ▁were ▁ 1 6 % ▁to ▁ 4 9 % ▁che aper ▁than ▁their ▁L HD ▁counter parts . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁an ▁internal ▁report ▁by ▁consult ants ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁In frastr ucture |
▁recommended ▁a ▁switch ▁to ▁L HT . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁ban ▁on ▁R HD ▁vehicles ▁was ▁lifted ; ▁R HD ▁tr uck s ▁from ▁neighbour ing ▁countries ▁cost ▁$ 1 0 0 0 ▁less ▁than ▁L HD ▁models ▁imported ▁from ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Ch anging ▁sides ▁at ▁borders ▁ ▁Although ▁many ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions ▁are ▁on ▁islands , ▁there ▁are ▁cases ▁where ▁vehicles ▁may ▁be ▁driven ▁from ▁L HT ▁across ▁a ▁border ▁into ▁a ▁R HT ▁area . ▁Such ▁borders ▁are ▁mostly ▁located ▁in ▁Africa ▁and ▁southern ▁Asia . ▁The ▁Vienna ▁Convention ▁on ▁Road ▁Tra ffic ▁regul ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁foreign ▁registered ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 8 ▁countries ▁that ▁have ▁rat ified ▁it . ▁ ▁L HT ▁Th ailand ▁has ▁three ▁R HT ▁neighb ours : ▁Camb odia , ▁La os , ▁and ▁My an mar . ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁borders ▁use ▁a ▁simple ▁traffic ▁light ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁switch , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁inter changes ▁which ▁enable ▁the ▁switch ▁while ▁keeping ▁up ▁a ▁continuous ▁flow ▁of ▁traffic . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁road ▁border ▁crossing ▁points ▁between ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Main land ▁China . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁daily ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁vehicle ▁tri ps ▁recorded ▁at ▁Lok ▁Ma ▁Ch au ▁was ▁ 3 1 , 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁next ▁largest ▁is ▁Man ▁Kam ▁To , ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁change over ▁system ▁and ▁the ▁border ▁roads ▁on ▁the ▁main land ▁side ▁W en j indu |
▁intersect ▁as ▁one - way ▁streets ▁with ▁a ▁main ▁road . ▁ ▁The ▁Tak ut u ▁River ▁Bridge ▁( which ▁links ▁L HT ▁Guy ana ▁and ▁R HT ▁Brazil ) ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁border ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁World , ▁where ▁traffic ▁changes ▁sides . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁is ▁separated ▁from ▁Cont inental ▁Europe ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁Channel , ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁cross - Channel ▁traffic ▁is ▁very ▁high ; ▁the ▁Channel ▁T unnel ▁alone ▁car ries ▁ 3 . 5 mill ion ▁vehicles ▁per ▁year ▁by ▁the ▁Euro t unnel ▁Sh utt le ▁between ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁France . ▁ ▁Road ▁vehicle ▁configurations ▁ ▁Ste ering ▁wheel ▁position ▁ ▁In ▁R HT ▁juris dict ions , ▁vehicles ▁are ▁configured ▁with ▁L HD , ▁with ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side . ▁In ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions , ▁the ▁reverse ▁is ▁true . ▁The ▁driver ' s ▁side , ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁off side , ▁while ▁the ▁passenger ▁side , ▁the ▁side ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁ne ars ide . ▁ ▁Most ▁wind screen ▁w ip ers ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁better ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁longer ▁bla de ▁on ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁and ▁w ipe ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁passenger ▁side ▁to ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side . ▁Thus ▁on ▁L HD ▁configurations , ▁they ▁w ipe ▁up |
▁from ▁right ▁to ▁left , ▁viewed ▁from ▁inside ▁the ▁vehicle , ▁and ▁do ▁the ▁opposite ▁on ▁R HD ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Histor ically ▁there ▁was ▁less ▁consist ency ▁in ▁the ▁relationship ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁driver ▁to ▁the ▁handed ness ▁of ▁traffic . ▁Most ▁American ▁cars ▁produced ▁before ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁were ▁R HD . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Henry ▁Ford ▁standard ised ▁the ▁Model ▁T ▁as ▁L HD ▁in ▁R HT ▁America , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁with ▁R HD ▁and ▁R HT , ▁the ▁passenger ▁was ▁obliged ▁to ▁" get ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁street ▁side ▁and ▁walk ▁around ▁the ▁car " ▁and ▁that ▁with ▁ste ering ▁from ▁the ▁left , ▁the ▁driver ▁" is ▁able ▁to ▁see ▁even ▁the ▁whe els ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁car ▁and ▁easily ▁avoid s ▁danger ." ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁other ▁manufact ur ers ▁followed ▁Ford ' s ▁lead , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁Model ▁T . ▁ ▁In ▁special ised ▁cases , ▁the ▁driver ▁will ▁sit ▁on ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁or ▁ker b side . ▁Ex amples ▁include : ▁Where ▁the ▁driver ▁needs ▁a ▁good ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁e . g . ▁street ▁swe ep ers , ▁or ▁vehicles ▁driven ▁along ▁un stable ▁road ▁edges . ▁Where ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁convenient ▁for ▁the ▁driver ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁ne ars ide , ▁e . g . ▁delivery ▁vehicles . ▁The ▁Gr um man ▁LL V ▁postal ▁delivery ▁tr uck ▁is |
▁widely ▁used ▁with ▁R HD ▁configurations ▁in ▁R HT ▁North ▁America . ▁Some ▁Un im ogs ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁switch ▁between ▁L HD ▁and ▁R HD ▁to ▁permit ▁operators ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁more ▁convenient ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁tr uck . ▁ ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁convention ▁is ▁to ▁mount ▁a ▁motor cycle ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁and ▁kick stand s ▁are ▁usually ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁more ▁convenient ▁to ▁mount ▁on ▁the ▁sa fer ▁ker b side ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁in ▁L HT . ▁Some ▁juris dict ions ▁prohib it ▁fitting ▁a ▁side car ▁to ▁a ▁motor cycle ' s ▁off side . ▁ ▁Head lam ps ▁and ▁other ▁light ing ▁equipment ▁ ▁Most ▁low - be am ▁head lam ps ▁produce ▁an ▁asym met rical ▁light ▁suitable ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁only ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road . ▁Low ▁beam ▁head lam ps ▁in ▁L HT ▁juris dict ions ▁throw ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁light ▁forward - left ward ; ▁those ▁for ▁R HT ▁throw ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁light ▁forward - right ward , ▁thus ▁ill umin ating ▁obst acles ▁and ▁road ▁signs ▁while ▁minim ising ▁g lare ▁for ▁on coming ▁traffic . ▁ ▁In ▁Europe , ▁head lam ps ▁approved ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁must ▁be ▁adapt able ▁to ▁produce ▁ade qu ate ▁ill um ination ▁with ▁controlled ▁g lare ▁for ▁tempor arily ▁driving ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ,. ▁This ▁may ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁aff ix ing ▁mask ing ▁stri ps ▁or |
▁pr ism atic ▁l enses ▁to ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁l ens ▁or ▁by ▁moving ▁all ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁head l amp ▁opt ic ▁so ▁all ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁beam ▁is ▁shift ed ▁or ▁the ▁asym met rical ▁portion ▁is ▁occ l ud ed . ▁Some ▁vari eties ▁of ▁the ▁project or - type ▁head l amp ▁can ▁be ▁fully ▁adjust ed ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁proper ▁L HT ▁or ▁R HT ▁beam ▁by ▁sh ifting ▁a ▁lever ▁or ▁other ▁mov able ▁element ▁in ▁or ▁on ▁the ▁lamp ▁assembly . ▁Some ▁vehicles ▁adjust ▁the ▁head lam ps ▁automatically ▁when ▁the ▁car ' s ▁G PS ▁detect s ▁that ▁the ▁vehicle ▁has ▁moved ▁from ▁L HT ▁to ▁R HT ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁R ear ▁fog ▁l amps ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁vehicles ▁must ▁be ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁red ▁rear ▁fog ▁l amps . ▁A ▁single ▁rear ▁fog ▁lamp ▁must ▁be ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁longitud inal ▁centre line ▁and ▁the ▁outer ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Cr ash ▁testing ▁differences ▁An ▁Australian ▁news ▁source ▁reports ▁that ▁some ▁R HD ▁cars ▁imported ▁to ▁that ▁country ▁did ▁not ▁perform ▁as ▁well ▁on ▁crash ▁tests ▁as ▁the ▁L HD ▁versions , ▁although ▁the ▁cause ▁is ▁unknown , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁differences ▁in ▁testing ▁method ology . ▁ ▁Rail ▁traffic ▁ ▁In ▁most ▁countries , ▁rail ▁traffic ▁travel s ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁road ▁traffic . ▁However |
, ▁in ▁many ▁cases , ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁using ▁L HT ▁British ▁technology ▁and , ▁while ▁road ▁traffic ▁switched ▁to ▁R HT , ▁rail ▁remained ▁L HT . ▁Ex amples ▁include : ▁Argentina , ▁Belg ium , ▁Boliv ia , ▁Camb odia , ▁Chile , ▁Egypt , ▁France , ▁Ira q , ▁Israel , ▁Italy , ▁La os , ▁Mon aco , ▁My an mar , ▁Niger ia , ▁Peru , ▁Portugal , ▁Sen eg al , ▁Sloven ia , ▁Sweden , ▁Switzerland , ▁Taiwan , ▁Tun is ia , ▁Venezuela , ▁and ▁Y emen . ▁In ▁Indones ia ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁reverse ▁( R HT ▁for ▁rails ▁( even ▁for ▁L RT ▁systems ) ▁and ▁L HT ▁for ▁roads ). ▁France ▁is ▁mainly ▁L HT ▁for ▁trains , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁classic ▁lines ▁in ▁Als ace - L or raine , ▁which ▁belonged ▁to ▁Germany ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built , ▁along ▁with ▁most ▁met ro ▁systems . ▁China ▁is ▁basically ▁L HT ▁for ▁long - distance ▁trains ▁and ▁R HT ▁for ▁met ro ▁systems . ▁Spain , ▁which ▁is ▁R HT ▁for ▁rail ways ▁has ▁L HT ▁for ▁metros ▁in ▁Madrid ▁and ▁Bil ba o . ▁Met ros ▁and ▁light ▁rail ▁sides ▁of ▁operation ▁vary , ▁and ▁might ▁not ▁match ▁rail ways ▁or ▁roads ▁in ▁their ▁country . ▁Tr ams ▁generally ▁operate ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁other ▁road ▁traffic ▁because ▁they ▁frequently ▁share ▁roads . |
▁ ▁Bo at ▁traffic ▁ ▁Bo ats ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁pil oted ▁from ▁star board ▁to ▁facil itate ▁priority ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Reg ulations ▁for ▁Pre vent ing ▁Coll isions ▁at ▁Sea , ▁water ▁traffic ▁is ▁effectively ▁R HT : ▁a ▁vessel ▁proceed ing ▁along ▁a ▁narrow ▁channel ▁must ▁keep ▁to ▁star board ▁( the ▁right - hand ▁side ), ▁and ▁when ▁two ▁power - dri ven ▁vessels ▁are ▁meeting ▁head - on ▁both ▁must ▁alter ▁course ▁to ▁star board ▁also . ▁For ▁aircraft ▁the ▁US ▁Federal ▁A viation ▁Reg ulations ▁suggest ▁R HT ▁principles , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁and ▁on ▁water , ▁and ▁in ▁aircraft ▁with ▁side - by - side ▁co ck pit ▁se ating , ▁the ▁pilot - in - command ▁( or ▁more ▁senior ▁flight ▁officer ) ▁tradition ally ▁occup ies ▁the ▁left ▁seat . ▁ ▁World wide ▁distribution ▁by ▁country ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 ▁countries ▁currently ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁ 1 4 1 ▁use ▁R HT ▁and ▁ 5 4 ▁use ▁L HT ▁on ▁roads ▁in ▁general . ▁A ▁country ▁and ▁its ▁territ ories ▁and ▁dependencies ▁are ▁counted ▁as ▁one . ▁Wh iche ver ▁direction ality ▁is ▁listed ▁first ▁is ▁the ▁type ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁general ▁in ▁the ▁traffic ▁category . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Hook ▁turn ▁Tra ffic - light ▁sign alling ▁and ▁operation ▁World ▁Forum ▁for ▁Harm on ization ▁of ▁Ve h icle ▁Reg ulations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁ ▁Google ▁Maps ▁pla cem arks ▁of ▁border ▁cross ings ▁where ▁traffic ▁changes ▁sides ▁( browser - based ), ▁also ▁available ▁as ▁a ▁Google ▁Earth ▁pla cem arks ▁file ▁( re qu ires ▁Google ▁Earth ) ▁The ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Street ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁As un ción , ▁Par agu ay ▁ ▁Category : Ch ir ality ▁Category : D riv ing ▁Category : Ro ad ▁transport ▁Category : R ules ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁Category : Tra ffic ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Abb ott ▁Ax SY M ▁is ▁an ▁imm un och em ical ▁autom ated ▁analy zer ▁made ▁by ▁Abb ott ▁Labor ator ies . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁ser ology ▁tests ▁and ▁th era pe ut ic ▁drug ▁monitoring , ▁and ▁uses ▁ant ib od ies ▁to ▁alter ▁the ▁def lection ▁of ▁polar ized ▁light . ▁It ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁monitor ▁h orm one ▁level ▁and ▁some ▁card iac ▁markers ▁such ▁as ▁tro pon in . ▁ ▁App earance ▁and ▁use ▁Blood ▁samples ▁and ▁re ag ents ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁separate ▁car ous els ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁machine . ▁ ▁This ▁instrument ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁medical ▁labor ator ies ▁by ▁trained ▁medical ▁personnel . ▁It ▁can ▁process ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁samples ▁an ▁hour . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁E valu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Abb ott ▁Ax SY M ▁Im m uno ass ay ▁Anal y ser ▁- ▁Ag nes ▁D ' S ou za , ▁M . ▁J . ▁Whe eler , ▁Great |
▁Britain . ▁Medical ▁Dev ices ▁Agency ▁ ▁( 6 S )- 5 - m eth y lt et rah ydro fol ate ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁Fol ic ▁Ac id ▁Supp lement ation : ▁Effect ▁... ▁- ▁Y v onne ▁Lam ers ▁▁ ▁Nat ri ure t ic ▁Pe pt ides : ▁The ▁H orm ones ▁of ▁the ▁Heart ▁ ▁Current ▁Research ▁in ▁Head ▁and ▁Ne ck ▁Can cer : ▁M ole cular ▁Path ways , ▁Nov el ▁... ▁▁ ▁Category : Ser ology ▁Category : Med ical ▁testing ▁equipment <0x0A> </s> ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov , ▁Pet it - B oris ▁( M arch ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁— ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁and ▁Soviet ▁photograph er ▁considered ▁a ▁master ▁of ▁still ▁life , ▁port ra its , ▁and ▁urban ▁land sc apes . ▁Sm el ov ▁was ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁‘ uno fficial ▁phot ography ’ ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s — 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁out standing ▁Soviet ▁under ground ▁artists . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁work ▁ ▁Bor is ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁L ening rad , ▁USS R . ▁As ▁a ▁child ▁he ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁painting ▁and ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁mathematical ▁school ▁in ▁L ening rad . ▁Bor is ▁had ▁started ▁showing ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁phot ography ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁began ▁taking ▁classes ▁at ▁L ening |
rad ' s ▁P ione ers ’ ▁Palace . ▁He ▁cons ci ously ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁pictures ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁at ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁meet ings ▁of ▁the ▁photo ▁club ▁of ▁the ▁V y borg ▁Palace ▁of ▁Culture , ▁Sm el ov ▁met ▁Bor is ▁K ud ry akov , ▁who ▁introduced ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁circle ▁of ▁Konst ant yn ▁K uz min sky . ▁At ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁K uz min sky ▁Sm el ov ▁started ▁shooting ▁port ra its ▁of ▁uno fficial ▁artists ▁and ▁writers . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Sm el ov ▁studied ▁at ▁IT MO ▁University , ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁at ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁journal ism ▁at ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁State ▁University . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁land sc apes ▁and ▁port ra its ▁Sm el ov ▁also ▁started ▁working ▁with ▁still ▁live ▁genre . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁Bor is ▁was ▁already ▁working ▁with ▁two ▁cam eras ▁— ▁« Le ica » ▁and ▁« R ol le if lex ». ▁In ▁those ▁years ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁personal ▁labor atory ▁— ▁Sm el ov ▁developed ▁the ▁films ▁and ▁printed ▁his ▁photos ▁in ▁the ▁Leon id ▁B organ ov ' s ▁dark room ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Culture ▁for ▁workers ▁of ▁the ▁food ▁industry ▁( |
DC ▁« P is he vik »). ▁ ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁first ▁received ▁public ▁recognition ▁for ▁his ▁phot ography ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁exhibition ▁of ▁independent ▁phot ography ▁« Under ▁a ▁par ach ute » ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁a partment ▁of ▁Konst ant yn ▁K uz min sky . ▁That ▁is ▁when ▁Sm el ov ▁got ▁his ▁famous ▁nick name , ▁Pet it ▁Bor is , ▁invent ed ▁by ▁K uz min sky ▁while ▁his ▁com rade ▁Bor is ▁K ud ry akov ▁was ▁nick named ▁Gran - B oris . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Sm el ov ▁presented ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁photograph s ▁at ▁the ▁V y borg ▁District ▁Palace ▁of ▁Culture . ▁Due ▁to ▁non con form ist ▁style ▁of ▁Sm el ov ' s ▁works ▁the ▁Soviet ▁authorities ▁closed ▁his ▁exhibition ▁and ▁after ▁that ▁any ▁participation ▁in ▁official ▁exhib itions ▁became ▁impossible . ▁Therefore , ▁until ▁per estro ika ▁Sm el ov ▁participated ▁only ▁in ▁illegal ▁a partment ▁exhib itions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁for ▁the ▁report age ▁series ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁International ▁Ph oto ▁Sal on ▁in ▁Buch ar est . ▁Later ▁Sm el ov ▁became ▁largely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Mit ki ▁group , ▁an ▁art ▁movement ▁emer ged ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁Sh ink are v ' s ▁literary ▁work ▁Mit ki ▁( |
1 9 8 4 - 1 9 9 0 ), ▁which ▁express es ▁the ▁anx iet ies ▁surrounding ▁Per estro ika ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁During ▁Per estro ika , ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁began ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁exhib itions ▁intens ively ▁in ▁USS R ▁and ▁abroad ▁including ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁Germany , ▁United ▁States , ▁Finland , ▁Norway , ▁among ▁others . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Washington , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁exhibition ▁« Ch anging ▁Re ality ». ▁Main ▁theme ▁of ▁Sm el ov ' s ▁work ▁was ▁L ening rad ▁— ▁Saint - P eters burg . ▁His ▁name ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁‘ Saint - P eters burg ▁still ▁life ’ . ▁He ▁was ▁using ▁old ▁objects ▁from ▁Saint - P eters burg ▁households ▁to ▁create ▁still ▁life ▁images ▁filled ▁with ▁deep ▁nost alg ia ▁for ▁the ▁past . ▁Sm el ov ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁forty - se ven ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Saint - P eters burg . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 ▁at ▁the ▁Sm ol ensk ▁Orth odox ▁c emetery . ▁ ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ' s ▁works ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁private ▁and ▁public ▁collections ▁in ▁Russia , ▁USA , ▁France , ▁Sweden , ▁Italy , ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁Germany ▁and ▁Austria . ▁His ▁works ▁are ▁being ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁pill ars ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁phot ography ▁such ▁as |
▁works ▁of ▁Cart ier - B ress on , ▁Do yen ▁and ▁Curt is . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Sm el ov ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁c land est ine ▁street ▁photograph er ▁M asha ▁I v ash int so va , ▁whose ▁works ▁were ▁discovered ▁by ▁her ▁relatives ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁att ic ▁and ▁made ▁public . ▁So on ▁following ▁his ▁separation ▁from ▁I v ash int so va , ▁Sm el ov ▁began ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁a ▁Russian ▁painter , ▁Natal ia ▁Zh il ina . ▁They ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁in ▁L ening rad . ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁adopted ▁Natal ia ' s ▁children , ▁D mit ry ▁Sh agin ▁and ▁Maria ▁S nig ire v sk aya , ▁who ▁took ▁interest ▁in ▁phot ography ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁thanks ▁to ▁her ▁step father ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov , ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁a ▁recognized ▁photograph er ▁by ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Selected ▁exhib itions ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Herm itage , ▁Saint - P eters burg , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Columb us ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁Columb us , ▁USA ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 , ▁Fro lov ▁Gallery , ▁Win z av od , ▁Moscow , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁L um iere ▁Brothers ▁Center , ▁Moscow , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 |
0 1 2 , ▁Ros photo , ▁Saint - P eters burg , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁F oto F est , ▁Houston , ▁USA ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁N ail ya ▁Alexander ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York , ▁USA ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁S put nik ▁Gallery , ▁New ▁York , ▁USA ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Phot ographic ▁museum ▁« H ouse ▁Met enk ova », ▁Ek ater in burg , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Herm itage , ▁Saint - P eters burg , ▁Russia ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁The ▁State ▁Central ▁Museum ▁Of ▁Contempor ary ▁History ▁Of ▁Russia , ▁Moscow , ▁Russia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ’ s ▁works ▁ ▁L ening rad ’ s ▁Lost ▁Phot ograph er . ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁and ▁M asha ▁I v ash int so va . ▁Radio Free Europe / Radio L iber ty ▁ ▁M asha ▁I v ash int so va ▁with ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁ ▁https :// www . youtube . com / watch ? v = T j j ly j 3 D - p M ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ' s ▁appart ment ▁▁ ▁Bor is ▁Sm el ov ▁in ▁Fro lov ▁Gallery ▁at ▁Win z av od ▁( M osc ow ). ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁- ▁January ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 |
▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Russ ian ▁photograph ers ▁Category : S ov iet ▁photograph ers ▁Category : S ov iet ▁pain ters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Category : Russ ian ▁avant - gar de ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Cra ib ia ▁bre v ica ud ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁medium ▁to ▁large ▁ever green ▁trees ▁from ▁family ▁Fab aceae ▁found ▁in ▁Ang ola , ▁Eth iop ia , ▁Ken ya , ▁Mal aw i , ▁Moz amb ique , ▁T anz ania , ▁Z aire , ▁Z amb ia , ▁and ▁Z imb ab we . ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁im par ip inn ate ▁and ▁have ▁ 5 – 7 ▁leaf lets , ▁which ▁are ▁dark ▁green ▁col oured , ▁are ▁le ath ery ▁and ▁almost ▁hair less . ▁The ▁plants ▁pet io le ▁is ▁sw elled . ▁The ▁flowers ▁are ▁compact ly ▁rac emed , ▁and ▁are ▁white - green ish ▁at ▁the ▁center . ▁The ▁pod s ▁are ▁flat , ▁and ▁cre amy - gray , ▁and ▁carry ▁re dd ish - b rown ▁se eds . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ille tt ie ae ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁( 1 8 9 7 ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁soldier ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Russian ▁Army ▁and ▁officer ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁Ar med ▁Forces |
, ▁Polish ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁and ▁the ▁Home ▁Army . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁different ▁armed ▁forces ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁fighting ▁in ▁both ▁World ▁War ▁One ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁Two . ▁In ▁the ▁inter bell um ▁Poland , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁command ant ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Lub lin ▁U hl an ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁Jed ig ar ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁estate ▁of ▁T ek eli , ▁T if lis ▁Governor ate , ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁in ▁a ▁noble ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁family . ▁He ▁attended ▁a ▁private ▁g ymnasium ▁in ▁T if lis , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁After ▁gradu ation , ▁he ▁briefly ▁studied ▁at ▁Ky iv ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute , ▁but ▁changed ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁joined ▁T if lis ▁Cad et ▁Corps , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁So on ▁afterwards , ▁together ▁with ▁D ag est an ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment , ▁Jed ig ar ▁was ▁transport ed ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front , ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁the ▁Br us il ov ▁Off ensive . ▁After ▁its ▁failure , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁returned ▁to ▁K iev , ▁entering ▁K iev ▁Art illery ▁School . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁or ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁hom eland , ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army |
▁of ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Democratic ▁Republic . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁invasion ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁continued ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁B ols he vik ▁inv aders ▁until ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁when ▁he ▁left ▁his ▁hom eland , ▁and ▁via ▁Turkey ▁and ▁Roman ia ▁left ▁for ▁Poland . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁he ▁was ▁officially ▁accepted ▁into ▁the ▁Polish ▁Army , ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁the ▁r itt meister . ▁▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁completed ▁caval ry ▁training ▁for ▁officers , ▁at ▁the ▁Caval ry ▁Training ▁Center ▁in ▁Gr ud zi ad z , ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Mount ed ▁R if les ▁Regiment , ▁station ed ▁in ▁Lanc ut . ▁His ▁skills ▁were ▁appreciated ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁authorities , ▁and ▁the ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁soldier ▁was ▁quickly ▁promoted . ▁Furthermore , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁prote ge ▁of ▁General ▁Jan usz ▁G ł uch owski , ▁deput y ▁minister ▁of ▁military ▁affairs ▁and ▁command ant ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Lub lin ▁U hl an ▁Regiment . ▁▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁completed ▁the ▁batt alion ▁command ant ▁course ▁at ▁the ▁Training ▁Center ▁in ▁R ember t ow . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he ▁completed |
▁with ▁distinction ▁the ▁High er ▁War ▁School ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁qualified ▁officer , ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Bar an ow ic ze ▁Caval ry ▁Brigade . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁major , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁command ant ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Lub lin ▁U hl an ▁Regiment , ▁station ed ▁in ▁Min sk ▁Maz owie cki . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁became ▁acquaint ed ▁with ▁several ▁high - ran king ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Army . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁he ▁was ▁support ive ▁of ▁the ▁policies ▁of ▁the ▁San acja ▁regime ▁( see ▁also ▁P ils ud ski ' s ▁colon els ). ▁Following ▁personal ▁request ▁of ▁Jo zef ▁P ils ud ski , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁interpreter ▁of ▁a ▁Turkish ▁mission ▁to ▁Poland . ▁After ▁P ils ud ski ’ s ▁death , ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁selected ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁to ▁stand ▁guard ▁over ▁the ▁open ▁c asket . ▁▁ ▁In ▁late ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁was ▁a ▁lect urer ▁at ▁the ▁Caval ry ▁Training ▁Center ▁in ▁Gr ud zi ad z , ▁and ▁a ▁contract ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Maz owie ck a ▁Caval ry ▁Brigade . ▁Following ▁the ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Poland , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁brig ade ▁as ▁its ▁chief ▁of ▁staff . ▁Capt ured ▁by |
▁the ▁Germ ans ▁as ▁a ▁P OW , ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁foreign ▁eth nic ity , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Wars aw ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁▁ ▁After ▁return ▁to ▁Wars aw , ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁immediately ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁Polish ▁resistance ▁activities . ▁He ▁formed ▁consp ir ational ▁ 7 th ▁Lub lin ▁U hl an ▁Regiment , ▁and ▁commanded ▁it ▁since ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁until ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁respect ed ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Army ▁authorities , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁personal ▁friend ▁of ▁General ▁T ade usz ▁Bor - K om or owski , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁caval ry ▁training . ▁▁ ▁In ▁mid - J uly ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Bor - K om or owski ▁ordered ▁him ▁to ▁leave ▁occupied ▁Poland ▁and ▁escape ▁to ▁the ▁West , ▁to ▁avoid ▁Soviet ▁capt ivity . ▁Bek ▁Jed ig ar , ▁together ▁with ▁wife ▁and ▁daughter , ▁went ▁to ▁Vienna , ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Wars aw ▁after ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁U pr ising . ▁Jed ig ar ▁remained ▁in ▁occupied ▁Poland ▁until ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁mid - 1 9 4 5 , ▁Jed ig ar ▁reached ▁Italy , ▁joining ▁Polish ▁II ▁Corps . ▁After ▁some ▁time , ▁he ▁left ▁for ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁family , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁Argentina . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁very |
▁active ▁member ▁of ▁different ▁associations ▁of ▁Polish ▁war ▁veter ans , ▁and ▁deput y ▁chairman ▁of ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁Sub j ug ated ▁Nations ▁Liber acion ▁Europe a . ▁▁ ▁V eli ▁bek ▁Jed ig ar ▁died ▁of ▁heart ▁attack ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁On ▁August ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁his ▁as hes ▁were ▁buried ▁at ▁Wars aw ’ s ▁Muslim ▁T atar ▁C emetery , ▁during ▁an ▁official ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Democratic ▁Republic , ▁▁ ▁Gold ▁Cross ▁of ▁Mer it ▁( Pol and ), ▁▁ ▁Cross ▁of ▁Val our ▁( Pol and ), ▁▁ ▁Arm ia ▁K raj owa ▁Cross . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁And r zej ▁Kr z ysz to f ▁Kun ert : ▁S ł ownik ▁bi ograf icz ny ▁k ons pi rac ji ▁wars za w skiej ▁ 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 ▁T . 1 . ▁Warszawa : ▁Inst yt ut ▁Wy dawn ic zy ▁P AX , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁White ▁é migr é ▁ ▁Islam ▁in ▁Poland ▁ ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Russ ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Pol ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Pol ish ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁held ▁by ▁Germany ▁Category : |
Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Arm ia ▁K raj owa ▁Cross ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁of ▁Val our ▁( Pol and ) ▁Category : 1 8 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T if lis ▁Governor ate <0x0A> </s> ▁S col ia ▁proc era ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁was p ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁S coli idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁S col ia ▁proc era ▁can ▁reach ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁M ales ▁are ▁smaller ▁and ▁sl immer ▁than ▁females ▁and ▁have ▁longer ▁anten na e . ▁These ▁insect s ▁have ▁a ▁black ▁st out ▁body ▁with ▁red ▁sp ots ▁on ▁the ▁thor ax ▁and ▁ab d omen . ▁The ▁head ▁is ▁black ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁almost ▁square ▁yellow - red ▁mark ing . ▁Lar ge ▁red ▁spot ▁are ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁pron ot um . ▁The ▁legs ▁are ▁hair y . ▁The ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁brown ▁wings ▁is ▁quite ▁wr ink led . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁These ▁par as it ic ▁was ps ▁are ▁not ▁ag gress ive , ▁but ▁their ▁st ings ▁are ▁very ▁pain ful . ▁Fem ales ▁lay ▁their ▁eggs ▁on ▁the ▁lar va e ▁of ▁ ▁d ung ▁be et les . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁Java , ▁Bor neo , ▁and ▁Sum atra . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bul letin ▁of ▁Zo ological ▁N omen cl ature , ▁Volume ▁ 2 0 ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Smith ▁Catalogue |
▁of ▁H ymen opter ous ▁In sect s ▁in ▁the ▁Collection ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁Natural ▁History ▁ ▁Category : S coli idae ▁Category : In sect s ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁Category : In sect s ▁of ▁Bor neo ▁Category : H ymen optera ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁M ok h ono ana ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁surname ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁N de be le ▁people ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁The ▁surname ▁is ▁most ▁concentr ated ▁in ▁M ok op ane ▁va alt yn ▁in ▁however ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁spread ▁to ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁like ▁the ▁Town ships ▁of ▁P ret oria ▁and ▁Johannes burg . ▁The ▁M ok h ono ana ▁descend ants ▁origin ate ▁from ▁the ▁K ek ana ▁descend ants ▁and ▁the ▁split ▁was ▁because ▁of ▁fighting ▁a ▁ts ong a ▁tribe ▁after ▁that ▁battle ▁does ▁K ek ana ' s ▁with ▁hands ▁that ▁were ▁cut ▁short ▁were ▁called ▁M OK H ON O AN A . M ok h ono ana ▁is ▁actually ▁does ▁with ▁short ▁hands . ▁Later ▁on ▁M ok h ono ana ▁had ▁his ▁own ▁descend ants ▁like ▁Lam ola , ▁Le kal ak ala , ▁K ut um ela , Mon ama ▁all ▁this ▁families ▁are ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁family ▁of ▁K ek ana . ▁With ▁the ▁highest ▁rank ▁being ▁M ok h ono ana . ▁ ▁Category : S urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ild ford ▁City ▁Football |
▁Club ▁( former ly ▁Gu ild ford ▁United ▁and ▁A FC ▁Gu ild ford ) ▁is ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Gu ild ford , ▁Sur rey , ▁England . ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁fol ded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁were ▁reform ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Gu ild ford ▁City ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁. ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁amateur ▁side ▁Gu ild ford , ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" P inks ". ▁They ▁played ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁the ▁Wood bridge ▁Road ▁Sports ▁Gr ound . ▁A ▁successful ▁start ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁mo oting ▁a ▁new ▁professional ▁club ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Gu ild ford ▁United ▁was ▁formed . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁they ▁were ▁accepted ▁into ▁the ▁Southern ▁League . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁land ▁had ▁been ▁purchased ▁in ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁and ▁" Un ited " ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁kick ▁off ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 2 ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁home ▁match ▁against ▁Reading ▁f . c ▁ ▁Res erves . ▁Play ing ▁in ▁green ▁and ▁white ▁the ▁hosts ▁won ▁ 2 – 0 ▁with ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁fans ▁or ▁tour ists ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁Gu |
ild ford ▁became ▁a ▁dioc ese ▁and ▁the ▁Gu ild ford ▁C athedral ▁was ▁built . ▁It ▁was ▁believed ▁that ▁Gu ild ford ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁city ▁so ▁the ▁club ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁and ▁the ▁" City " ▁was ▁born . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁they ▁also ▁changed ▁the ▁colours ▁to ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁stri pes . ▁ ▁Although ▁they ▁had ▁little ▁early ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁League , ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁bought ▁a ▁taste ▁of ▁glory ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 2 9 ▁when , ▁having ▁batt led ▁through ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁r ounds , ▁they ▁beat ▁Queens ▁Park ▁R angers ▁ 4 – 2 ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Round ▁Pro per ▁and ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁nearly ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Despite ▁excellent ▁gates ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁facing ▁a ▁financial ▁crisis ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁– ▁this ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁rec urrent ▁theme ▁throughout ▁the ▁club ' s ▁history . ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 3 7 ▁season ▁the ▁club ▁made ▁the ▁massive ▁decision ▁to ▁turn ▁full - time ▁professional , ▁appoint ing ▁Hay dn ▁Green ▁as ▁manager . ▁That ▁season ▁they ▁finished ▁ 4 th ▁but ▁next ▁season ▁things ▁got ▁even ▁better . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 8 ▁City ▁beat ▁Reading ▁in ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁league ▁they ▁won ▁ 2 2 ▁of ▁their ▁ 3 4 ▁games ▁to ▁finish ▁as ▁Champions ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁That ▁fe |
at ▁was ▁nearly ▁repeated ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁with ▁City ▁finishing ▁run ners - up ▁to ▁Col chester ▁United ▁by ▁one ▁point , ▁scoring ▁ 1 2 6 ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁In ▁the ▁league ▁game ▁at ▁home ▁to ▁Col chester ▁on ▁E aster ▁Monday ▁City ▁won ▁ 3 – 1 ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁crowd ▁ever ▁for ▁a ▁league ▁game ▁at ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁ 9 , 4 4 3 . ▁Ear lier ▁that ▁season ▁City ▁had ▁attract ed ▁an ▁even ▁bigger ▁crowd ▁to ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁for ▁an ▁FA ▁Cup ▁ 1 st ▁Round ▁Re play ▁against ▁local ▁riv als ▁Ald ers hot . ▁ 9 , 9 3 2 ▁people ▁saw ▁City ▁lose ▁a ▁n ail - bit ing ▁game ▁ 4 – 3 . ▁ ▁This ▁successful ▁period ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁prem ature ▁conclusion ▁by ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁The ▁ground ▁had ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁War . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 – 4 7 ▁City ▁re - enter ed ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁– ▁this ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁part - time ▁club . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 – 5 1 ▁the ▁team ▁reached ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Cup ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁losing ▁to ▁Mer th yr ▁T yd fil ▁despite ▁winning ▁the ▁first ▁leg . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 – 5 2 ▁season |
▁the ▁City ▁under to ok ▁their ▁longest ▁trip ▁when ▁they ▁when ▁they ▁travel led ▁to ▁G ates head ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Round ▁of ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup . ▁An ▁estimated ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁supp or ters ▁made ▁the ▁over night ▁trip ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁East ▁of ▁England ▁in ▁December . ▁A ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁crowd ▁saw ▁City ▁domin ate ▁the ▁game ▁but ▁lose ▁ 2 – 0 . ▁In ▁deb t ▁again , ▁City ▁sold ▁Jimmy ▁Lang ley ▁to ▁Le eds ▁for ▁£ 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁eventually ▁joined ▁Ful ham ▁and ▁earned ▁three ▁England ▁international ▁caps . ▁ ▁Arch ie ▁Mac a ul ay ▁was ▁brought ▁in ▁as ▁player - manager ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁he ▁started ▁building ▁a ▁side ▁that ▁would ▁win ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 5 6 . ▁However , ▁he ▁left ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁leaving ▁Bill ▁Thompson ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁and ▁lead ▁the ▁side ▁to ▁the ▁championship . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 – 5 9 ▁the ▁League ▁expanded ▁and ▁was ▁regional ised . ▁City ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Eastern ▁zone ▁and ▁could ▁only ▁finish ▁ 1 5 th ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁For ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁the ▁league ▁was ▁re vised ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁a ▁Premier ▁and ▁First ▁Division . ▁City ' s ▁miser able ▁time ▁the ▁year ▁before ▁meant ▁they ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁division . ▁Albert |
▁T enn ant , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁coach ▁at ▁Ch else a , ▁took ▁charge ▁and ▁he ▁led ▁City ▁to ▁promotion . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 6 3 ▁season ▁they ▁lifted ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Cup ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁be ating ▁N une aton ▁Bor ough ▁ 2 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate ▁over ▁two ▁legs . ▁ ▁Despite ▁this ▁success ▁by ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁it ▁seemed ▁that ▁fin ance ▁was ▁again ▁a ▁major ▁problem ▁at ▁the ▁Club . ▁A ▁strict ▁budget ▁left ▁the ▁club ▁short ▁of ▁players , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁disappoint ing ▁ 1 6 th - place ▁finish , ▁although ▁they ▁did ▁manage ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Cup ▁again . ▁They ▁went ▁on ▁better ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁winning ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Cup ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁aggregate ▁success ▁over ▁Bar net . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 6 8 ▁City ▁had ▁a ▁notable ▁FA ▁Cup ▁run . ▁Dra wn ▁away ▁to ▁Br ent ford ▁the ▁City ▁were ▁leading ▁ 2 – 1 ▁when ▁the ▁match ▁was ▁abandoned ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁because ▁of ▁snow . ▁A ▁second ▁trip ▁to ▁Griff in ▁Park ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁and ▁meant ▁a ▁re play ▁at ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁ 7 , 5 0 0 ▁fans ▁who ▁ro ared ▁City ▁to ▁a ▁famous ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory . ▁Go al keeper ▁Peter ▁Vas per ▁was |
▁sold ▁to ▁Nor wich ▁City ▁for ▁£ 5 0 0 0 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁thought ▁that ▁this ▁might ▁ease ▁the ▁club ' s ▁financial ▁problems ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁worse ▁than ▁many ▁had ▁real ised . ▁The ▁following ▁season ▁brought ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Albert ▁T enn ant ' s ▁nine - year ▁reign ▁and ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁re leg ated . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 – 7 0 ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁signal ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁for ▁the ▁club . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁they ▁reached ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁but ▁the ▁in ev itable ▁was ▁only ▁being ▁delayed ▁and ▁although ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 7 3 ▁the ▁club ▁again ▁reached ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁( a ▁visit ▁to ▁Wat ford ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁defeat ), ▁they ▁could ▁only ▁finish ▁ 1 8 th ▁in ▁the ▁League . ▁Crow ds ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁were ▁needed ▁to ▁break ▁even ▁but ▁bare ly ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁that ▁was ▁achieved ▁at ▁most ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 7 4 ▁a ▁new ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁took ▁over ▁with ▁Bill ▁B eller by ▁elected ▁President ▁( re cent ly ▁elected ▁as ▁Pat ron ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁club ) ▁and ▁club ▁stal wart ▁Dar by ▁W att s ▁as ▁player ▁manager . ▁Despite ▁the ▁best ▁efforts ▁of ▁Mr ▁B eller by ▁and ▁the ▁long - standing ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Supp |
or ters ' ▁Club ▁John ▁D ab orn , ▁it ▁was ▁soon ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁to ▁merge ▁with ▁D ork ing ▁and ▁play ▁at ▁M ead ow bank . ▁The ▁final ▁game ▁at ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁was ▁played ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁when ▁the ▁City ▁beat ▁Fol k estone ▁ 2 – 0 ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁ 6 2 5 ▁fans . ▁After ▁ 5 3 ▁years ▁senior ▁football ▁at ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁an ▁end . ▁ ▁Reb irth ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Bill ▁B eller by , ▁then ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Gu ild ford , ▁en quired ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁Bur ph am ▁FC ▁would ▁be ▁prepared ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁Spect rum ▁Le is ure ▁Centre ▁and ▁represent ▁Gu ild ford . ▁ ▁Spect rum ▁provided ▁a ▁ven ue ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁development ▁into ▁senior ▁football ▁and ▁already ▁had ▁flo od light ing . ▁ ▁A FC ▁Gu ild ford ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁Premier ▁League , ▁which ▁eventually ▁became ▁Division ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁League . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁A FC ▁Gu ild ford ▁were ▁crown ed ▁champions ▁of ▁Division ▁One ▁and ▁gained ▁their ▁first ▁ever ▁major ▁honour . ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁was ▁obtained ▁into ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁Premier ▁Division , ▁ground - sh aring ▁with ▁C ran le igh ▁FC ▁while ▁Spect |
rum ▁was ▁upgrad ed ▁to ▁an ▁acceptable ▁standard . ▁In ▁early ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁A FC ▁Gu ild ford ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁home ▁ground ▁near ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁centre . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁club ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Gu ild ford ▁United , ▁but ▁quickly ▁acquired ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Gu ild ford ▁City . ▁The ▁once ▁famous ▁name ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁senior ▁football ▁after ▁an ▁absence ▁of ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁finished ▁second ▁bottom ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 ▁yet ▁the ▁following ▁season ▁secured ▁a ▁runner - up ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁Premier ▁League ▁under ▁Scott ▁Ste ele ▁and ▁Lloyd ▁W ye . ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Ray ner , ▁and ▁his ▁assistant ▁Rol y ▁Martin , ▁took ▁charge ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁After ▁esc aping ▁re leg ation ▁and ▁under going ▁a ▁season ▁of ▁improvement , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 / 1 2 ▁the ▁club ' s ▁had ▁its ▁fur th est ▁progress ▁in ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁and ▁V ase ▁to ▁date , ▁but ▁better ▁was ▁to ▁come ▁when ▁the ▁side ▁cl inch ed ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁Premier ▁Division ▁tro phy . ▁The ▁success ▁was ▁bitter ▁sweet ▁however , ▁as ▁the ▁club ' s ▁promotion ▁was ▁controvers ial ly ▁denied ▁due ▁to ▁Spect rum ▁failing ▁a ▁ground ▁grad ing ▁ins pection . ▁ ▁Ray ner ' s ▁side ▁can tered ▁to ▁the ▁league ▁title |
▁once ▁again ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁and ▁this ▁time ▁took ▁their ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Division ▁One ▁Central . ▁However , ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁having ▁gu ided ▁City ▁to ▁a ▁nin th - place ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁club ' s ▁inaug ural ▁Southern ▁League ▁season , ▁Kevin ▁Ray ner ▁left ▁the ▁club ▁to ▁manage ▁Ch ip st ead . ▁ ▁Gu ild ford ▁City ▁were ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Southern ▁League ▁Division ▁One ▁South ▁& ▁West ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season , ▁with ▁former ▁Sand h urst ▁Town ▁and ▁C ove ▁manager ▁Dean ▁Thomas ▁taking ▁the ▁hel m . ▁Thomas ▁res igned ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁following ▁a ▁run ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁defe ats ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Ray ner ▁immediately ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁club ▁following ▁his ▁s ack ing ▁by ▁Ch ip st ead ▁earlier ▁that ▁month ▁but ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁prevent ▁City ▁from ▁finishing ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁being ▁re leg ated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁League . ▁ ▁Stad ia ▁ ▁Gu ild ford ▁City ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁the ▁Spect rum , ▁Park way , ▁Gu ild ford , ▁Sur rey , ▁G U 1 ▁ 1 UP . ▁ ▁The ▁question ▁of ▁where ▁Gu ild ford ▁United ▁would ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁figured ▁largely ▁when ▁discuss ions ▁began ▁about ▁setting ▁up ▁a ▁professional ▁football ▁club ▁in ▁Gu ild ford ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 |
. ▁Gu ild ford ▁FC , ▁' The ▁P inks ', ▁played ▁their ▁matches ▁at ▁the ▁Wood bridge ▁Road ▁Sports ▁Gr ound ▁and ▁some ▁suggested ▁a ▁ground share ▁agreement ▁could ▁be ▁negoti ated . ▁Most , ▁however , ▁agreed ▁the ▁club ▁should ▁have ▁a ▁ground ▁of ▁its ▁own . ▁ ▁Event ually ▁an ▁approach ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁Mr ▁W . ▁Tr ig gs ▁Turner ▁who ▁owned ▁land ▁in ▁Gu ild ford , ▁and ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁very ▁gener ous ▁offer . ▁Not ▁only ▁was ▁he ▁prepared ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁project , ▁but ▁he ▁interested ▁himself ▁personally ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁club , ▁and ▁granted ▁a ▁loan ▁to ▁ac quire ▁the ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road ▁ground . ▁Mr ▁Tr ig gs ▁Turner ▁later ▁set ▁the ▁se al ▁on ▁his ▁gener os ity ▁by ▁w ip ing ▁off ▁the ▁mort g age , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁club ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁first ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁direct ors . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁Gu ild ford ▁City ▁spent ▁their ▁entire ▁existence ▁at ▁Joseph ' s ▁Road , ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁development ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁The ▁ground ▁had ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁around ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁record ▁attend ance ▁being ▁ 9 , 9 3 2 ▁for ▁an ▁FA ▁Cup ▁re play ▁against ▁Ald ers hot ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 3 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁Spect rum ▁Le is ure ▁Centre ▁began ▁as ▁an ▁extremely ▁basic ▁ground ▁but |
▁following ▁City ' s ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁C CL ▁Premier ▁League ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 / 0 4 ▁it ▁was ▁upgrad ed ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁– ▁a ▁covered ▁stand ▁with ▁ 1 3 5 ▁seats , ▁a ▁new ▁officials ▁changing ▁room ▁and ▁to ile ts ▁for ▁public ▁use ▁being ▁built . ▁City ▁used ▁C ran le igh ' s ▁ground ▁while ▁these ▁changes ▁were ▁being ▁made . ▁ ▁Further ▁improvements ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁meet ▁requirements ▁for ▁Step ▁ 4 ▁football , ▁including ▁extra ▁se ating , ▁a ▁covered ▁terra ce ▁and ▁hard ▁standing ▁around ▁two ▁further ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁pitch . ▁The ▁record ▁attend ance ▁was ▁set ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁when ▁the ▁visit ▁of ▁King ston ian ▁in ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁First ▁Qual ifying ▁Round ▁drew ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 2 9 5 ▁spect ators . ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁keen ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁from ▁the ▁ground ▁however , ▁and ▁has ▁purs ued ▁various ▁options ▁including ▁ground sh aring ▁with ▁W oking ▁and ▁joining ▁community ▁reg ener ation ▁projects ▁– ▁none ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁yet ▁come ▁to ▁f ru ition . ▁ ▁Notable ▁former ▁players ▁ ▁Bill ▁Adams ▁ ▁Les lie ▁Ad lam ▁ ▁Sid ▁Bishop ▁▁ ▁Jim ▁Brown ▁ ▁Johnny ▁By r ne ▁ ▁Ben ▁Cam ara ▁ ▁Sid ▁Castle ▁ ▁David ▁Cl iss ▁▁ ▁George ▁Dob son ▁▁ ▁Alfred ▁Douglas ▁ ▁Ray ▁Dr ink water ▁ ▁Terry |
▁D ys on ▁ ▁Per cy ▁G le es on ▁ ▁Bert ▁Good man ▁ ▁Jack ie ▁Graham ▁ ▁Harry ▁Has lam ▁ ▁P addy ▁H ast y ▁ ▁Billy ▁H od g son ▁ ▁George ▁H ors fall ▁ ▁David ▁How ells ▁ ▁Matt ▁Jar vis ▁ ▁Tommy ▁Jones ▁ ▁Peter ▁K avan agh ▁ ▁George ▁Keith ▁ ▁Jim ▁Lang ley ▁ ▁Ken ▁Nicholas ▁ ▁Gary ▁Peters ▁ ▁James ▁Ph iz ack lea ▁ ▁Charlie ▁R ance ▁ ▁William ▁Rob b ▁ ▁Billy ▁S per rin ▁ ▁Alfred ▁Thompson ▁ ▁Bill ▁Thompson ▁ ▁Cy ril ▁T ou lose ▁ ▁George ▁Ur qu hart ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Southern ▁League ▁Premier ▁Division ▁Champions ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 5 6 ▁Southern ▁League ▁Division ▁One ▁Champions ▁ 1 9 7 0 – 7 1 ▁Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁League ▁Premier ▁Division ▁Champions , ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁ ▁Records ▁Best ▁FA ▁Cup ▁performance : ▁Second ▁Round ▁proper ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 – 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 6 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 – 7 2 ; ▁Second ▁Qual ifying ▁Round ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁Best ▁FA ▁Tro phy ▁performance : ▁Second ▁Round |
▁proper ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 7 4 ▁Best ▁FA ▁V ase ▁performance : ▁Four th ▁Round ▁proper , ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁Record ▁Att endance : ▁( FA ▁Cup ) ▁ 9 , 9 3 2 ▁versus ▁Ald ers hot ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 8 ; ▁ 2 9 5 ▁versus ▁King ston ian ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁( Le ague ) ▁ 9 , 4 4 3 ▁versus ▁Col chester ▁United ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 9 ; ▁ 2 3 9 ▁versus ▁God al ming ▁Town ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Most ▁App ear ances : ▁ 6 3 2 ▁( D ar by ▁W att s ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 1 – 7 4 ) ▁Most ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁season : ▁ 7 2 ▁( J ock ▁Thom ) ▁Most ▁goals ▁in ▁a ▁match : ▁ 7 ▁( J im ▁Brown ▁versus ▁Ex eter ▁Res erves ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁Part ner ▁clubs ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁strong ▁connections ▁to ▁German ▁football ▁club ▁Fre ib urger ▁FC , ▁with ▁Fre ib urg ▁im ▁Bre is g au ▁being ▁a ▁sister ▁city ▁of ▁Gu ild ford , ▁and ▁publish es ▁news ▁and ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁club ▁on ▁its ▁website , ▁just ▁as ▁Fre ib urg ▁does ▁for ▁City . ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁also ▁linked ▁to ▁Hav nar ▁B |
ó lt fel ag ▁from ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : S ou thern ▁Football ▁League ▁clubs ▁Football ▁Category : Com b ined ▁Count ies ▁Football ▁League ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Sur rey ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch eng ▁Sh ifa ▁( ; ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁June ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Chinese ▁call ig raph er , ▁painter , ▁and ▁cart oon ist . ▁ ▁Ch eng ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁Chinese ▁village ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Shang hai ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁in ▁modern ▁F eng j ing ▁town ship . ▁He ▁originally ▁studied ▁medicine ▁before ▁dec iding ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁art . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Shang hai ▁Art ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Ch eng ▁st aged ▁his ▁first ▁art ▁show ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Ch eng ▁was ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁illustr ator . ▁He |
▁initially ▁gained ▁attention ▁for ▁illustr ating ▁short ▁stories ▁for ▁Lu ▁X un , ▁who ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ' s ▁best ▁known ▁Chinese ▁sat ir ists . ▁However , ▁Ch eng ▁ultimately ▁became ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁traditional ▁br ush ▁paint ings ▁of ▁minor ity ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁from ▁Y unn an , ▁a ▁south western ▁border ▁province ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁eth nic ▁divers ity . ▁Ch eng ' s ▁work ▁str essed ▁the ▁unity ▁and ▁connection ▁between ▁different ▁eth nic ▁groups , ▁winning ▁Ch eng ▁awards ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁Ch eng ▁died ▁at ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁Shang hai ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁of ▁an ▁und is closed ▁ill ness . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Rep ublic ▁of ▁China ▁pain ters ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁Shang hai ▁Category : Rep ublic ▁of ▁China ▁call ig raph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁call ig raph ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Far ▁North ▁offici ates ▁over ▁the ▁Far ▁North ▁District ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ' s ▁North ▁Island . ▁The ▁district ▁has ▁been ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁a ▁district ▁council ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁John ▁Carter ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁mayor ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Far ▁North ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in |
▁the ▁North land ▁Region ▁Category : F ar ▁North ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Sus ana ▁Th én on ▁( Bu en os ▁Aires , ▁ 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 9 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁avant - gar de ▁poet , ▁transl ator , ▁and ▁art istic ▁photograph er . ▁ ▁The ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁psych iat rist ▁Jorge ▁Th én on , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Argentina ' s ▁Gener ación ▁del ▁’ 6 0 . ▁Although ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁contemporary ▁of ▁Ju ana ▁B ign oz zi ▁and ▁Ale j andra ▁P iz arn ik , ▁Then on ▁was ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁any ▁literary ▁group . ▁She ▁affili ated ▁within ▁the ▁marg inal ▁construction ▁that ▁works ▁in ▁her ▁poetry , ▁without ▁ad her ing ▁to ▁any ▁reign ing ▁movement . ▁ ▁Her ▁relationship ▁with ▁other ▁po ets ▁of ▁her ▁generation ▁was ▁minimal , ▁with ▁the ▁exceptions ▁of ▁Maria ▁Neg ron i , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁comp ilers ▁in ▁Then on ' s ▁post hum ous ▁books ▁( La ▁Mor ada ▁Im possible ▁I ▁and ▁II ) ▁and ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁P iz arn ik ▁with ▁which ▁she ▁frequ ented , ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁that ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁literary ▁journal ▁Agu a ▁V iva ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), ▁which ▁was ▁perhaps ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁signs ▁of ▁her ▁open ness ▁to ▁the ▁po etic ▁environment . ▁A ▁gap ▁in ▁her ▁publications ▁occurred ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁ |
1 9 8 2 ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁act ively ▁engaged ▁in ▁phot ography , ▁although ▁she ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁during ▁that ▁period . ▁Then on ▁also ▁wrote ▁some ▁ess ays . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Th én on , ▁Sus ana . ▁La ▁Mor ada ▁Im pos ible , ▁Tom o ▁I . ▁Ed ición ▁a ▁cargo ▁de ▁Ana ▁María ▁Bar rene che a ▁y ▁María ▁Neg ron i . ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁Cor reg idor , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁( in ▁Spanish ) ▁ ▁Br ief ▁bi ography ▁and ▁po ems ▁by ▁Sus ana ▁Th én on ▁ ▁La ▁“ qu eb r ada ▁geomet ría ” ▁de ▁Ed ad ▁sin ▁t reg ua ▁de ▁Sus ana ▁Th én on ▁by ▁Mar iana ▁Di ▁C ió , ▁Universidad ▁Cat ó lica ▁Argentina , ▁Universidad ▁de ▁Paris ▁IV ▁- ▁Sor bon ne ▁( in ▁Spanish ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁transl ators ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁women ▁photograph ers ▁Category : F ine ▁art ▁photograph ers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Argent ine ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Argent ine ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁transl ators <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Os lo ▁City ▁Culture ▁Award ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁award ▁given ▁to ▁a ▁person |
, ▁group ▁or ▁cultural ▁activity ▁of ▁out standing ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁or ▁long - time ▁contribution ▁to ▁arts , ▁science ▁or ▁other ▁cultural ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Os lo ' s ▁or ▁the ▁country ' s ▁cultural ▁life . ▁A ▁bronze ▁medal ▁and ▁mon et ary ▁reward ▁are ▁included ▁with ▁the ▁prize . ▁The ▁award ▁is ▁distributed ▁alongside ▁the ▁Os lo ▁City ▁Art ist ▁Award ▁by ▁the ▁city ' s ▁mayor ▁in ▁April ▁and ▁May ▁every ▁year , ▁at ▁the ▁City ▁Hall . ▁The ▁Os lo ▁City ▁Culture ▁Award ▁has ▁been ▁distributed ▁ann ually ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁for ▁lack ▁of ▁fund ing . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁awards ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Category : Culture ▁in ▁Os lo <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁Hannover ▁ 9 6 ▁season ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁since ▁being ▁re leg ated ▁from ▁the ▁Bundes liga . ▁ ▁Background ▁Hannover ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁from ▁the ▁Bundes liga . ▁They ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁Bundes liga ▁for ▁ 1 4 ▁seasons . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁time ▁they ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁from ▁the ▁Bundes liga . ▁Hannover ▁ 9 6 ▁are ▁looking ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁coach . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season , ▁Michael ▁Front ze ck ▁res igned ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Sch a af ▁was ▁s ack ed . ▁Daniel |
▁St end el ▁took ▁over ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season ▁as ▁inter im ▁head ▁coach ▁and ▁was ▁eventually ▁given ▁the ▁permanent ▁job . ▁ ▁Flor ian ▁H üb ner ▁and ▁Sebastian ▁Ma ier ▁joined ▁Hannover . ▁Marcel o ▁transferred ▁to ▁Be ş ik ta ş ▁after ▁playing ▁there ▁on ▁loan ▁for ▁the ▁previous ▁half ▁year . ▁Ron - Ro bert ▁Ziel er ▁left ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Out ▁on ▁loan ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Friend lies ▁▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁ ▁Review ▁Hannover ▁started ▁the ▁season ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁against ▁ 1 . ▁FC ▁Kais ers la ut ern . ▁Hannover ▁won ▁the ▁match ▁ 4 – 0 . ▁Hannover ▁then ▁defeated ▁Gre uther ▁Für th ▁ 3 – 1 . ▁The ▁first ▁season ▁loss ▁came ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁match day ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁match ▁against ▁Dynam o ▁Dresden , ▁which ▁they ▁lost ▁ 0 – 2 . ▁They ▁recovered ▁with ▁three ▁wins ▁from ▁the ▁next ▁four ▁matches , ▁only ▁to ▁lose ▁two ▁matches ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁against ▁Union ▁Berlin ▁and ▁ 1 . ▁FC ▁N ür n berg , ▁respectively . ▁From ▁there ▁on ▁until ▁the ▁winter ▁break ▁they ▁remained ▁un be aten , ▁with ▁four ▁wins ▁and ▁three ▁draw s , ▁causing ▁them ▁to ▁spend ▁the ▁break ▁in ▁second ▁place . ▁They ▁started ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁home ▁win |
▁against ▁Kais ers la ut ern , ▁thereby ▁moving ▁up ▁to ▁first ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁second ▁match day . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁after ▁only ▁one ▁win ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁four ▁matches , ▁Hannover ▁ 9 6 ▁s ack ed ▁coach ▁Daniel ▁St end el ▁and ▁appointed ▁André ▁Bre iten re iter ▁as ▁new ▁head ▁coach . ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁summary ▁ ▁Results ▁by ▁round ▁ ▁League ▁fi xt ures ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁D FB - P okal ▁ ▁D FB - P okal ▁review ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁draw , ▁Hannover ▁were ▁drawn ▁against ▁K ick ers ▁Off en bach , ▁be ating ▁them ▁ 3 – 2 ▁after ▁extra ▁time ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁a ▁last - min ute ▁penalty ▁goal ▁by ▁Sal if ▁San é . ▁They ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁face ▁Fort una ▁Düsseldorf ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁be ating ▁them ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁their ▁highest ▁season ▁win . ▁For ▁the ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁they ▁were ▁drawn ▁against ▁Bundes liga ▁side ▁E int racht ▁Frankfurt , ▁against ▁who ▁they ▁lost ▁ 1 – 2 ▁after ▁initially ▁taking ▁the ▁lead ▁and ▁were ▁thereby ▁elimin ated . ▁ ▁D FB - P okal ▁fi xt ures ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁and ▁goals ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 1 4 ▁style = background :# d cd cd c ; ▁text - align : center | ▁Go al keep |
ers ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 1 4 ▁style = background :# d cd cd c ; ▁text - align : center | ▁Def enders ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 1 4 ▁style = background :# d cd cd c ; ▁text - align : center | ▁Mid field ers ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 1 4 ▁style = background :# d cd cd c ; ▁text - align : center | ▁For wards ▁ ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 1 4 ▁style = background :# d cd cd c ; ▁text - align : center | ▁Play ers ▁transferred ▁out ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Go als cor ers ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁C lean ▁sheets ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Dis cipl inary ▁record ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ann over ▁ 9 6 ▁seasons ▁Hannover ▁ 9 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bass - Per ry ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁on ▁a ▁former ▁plant ation ▁in ▁Se ale , ▁Alabama , ▁U . S . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁for ▁Hart well ▁Bass , ▁a ▁plan ter ▁from ▁Virginia ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁trust ee ▁of ▁the ▁Good ▁Hope ▁Male ▁and ▁Fem ale ▁Academy . |