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for , ▁Mon a ▁El t ah aw y , ▁Ts it si ▁D ang are mb ga ▁( the ▁head lin er ), ▁To pe ▁Fol arin , ▁Z uk is wa ▁W anner , ▁K ola ▁T ub os un , ▁Fred ▁Kh um alo , ▁Way etu ▁Moore , ▁J ibr in ▁I bra him , ▁Y ol ande ▁M uk agas ana , ▁Tol u ▁Daniel , ▁Tem i ▁Oh , ▁Dak ore ▁Eg bus on - A k ande , ▁F ak hr ri yy ah ▁Hash im , ▁A rit ▁Ok po , ▁Ay ode ji ▁Os ow obi , ▁Howard ▁Maxim us , ▁Abd ou rah man ▁W ab eri , ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁Syl via ▁O fil i , ▁G av in ▁Evans , ▁Ren i ▁Edd o - L odge , ▁H ak im ▁Ad i ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁E ighth ▁edition ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁e ighth ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁festival , ▁them ed ▁“ Black ▁Magic ,” ▁which ▁was ▁earlier ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁scheduled ▁for ▁Lag os , ▁from ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁was ▁moved ▁online ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic . ▁ ▁A ké ▁Review ▁The ▁A ké ▁Review ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁festival . ▁It ▁is ▁published ▁in ▁English , ▁Y or ù b á ▁and ▁French . ▁ ▁The |
▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁edition ▁was ▁co - ed ited ▁by ▁O y eb ade ▁D os un mu ▁and ▁L ola ▁Sh oney in . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁was ▁co - ed ited ▁by ▁K ola ▁T ub os un ▁and ▁Kol ade ▁A rog und ade . ▁Each ▁edition ▁features ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁" 1 0 ▁Question s ", ▁answered ▁by ▁A ke ▁Festival ▁guests . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁publication ▁has ▁longer ▁inter views , ▁short ▁fiction , ▁poetry , ▁phot ography ▁and ▁art . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁of ▁A ké ▁Review , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁in - depth ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁poet ▁and ▁teacher ▁Ni yi ▁Os und are , ▁who ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁cover , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ca ine ▁Prize - w inner ▁Nam w ali ▁Ser p ell . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Review ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood . ▁It ▁has ▁on ▁its ▁cover ▁the ▁famous ▁Ken yan ▁writer ▁Ng ũ g ĩ ▁wa ▁Th ion g ' o , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁head lin er ▁at ▁the ▁festival . ▁It ▁included ▁inter views ▁with ▁Ng ug i ▁( con duct ed ▁by ▁M ọ l ara ▁Wood ), ▁with ▁Mah am at ▁S ale h ▁Har oun ▁and ▁with ▁O da fe ▁At og un ▁( both ▁conducted ▁by ▁L ola ▁Sh oney in ). |
▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁edition ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁with ▁the ▁head lin er ▁of ▁the ▁year ' s ▁event ▁Ama ▁A ta ▁A ido o ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁It ▁included ▁three ▁inter views : ▁D iane ▁A wer bu ck ▁was ▁interview ed ▁by ▁Geoff ▁R yman , ▁Ama ▁A ta ▁A ido o ▁was ▁interview ed ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood ] ▁and ▁Ay ob ami ▁A deb ay o ▁was ▁interview ed ▁by ▁K ola ▁T ub os un . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁un cred ited ▁interview ▁with ▁J ude ▁Kelly , ▁art istic ▁director ▁of ▁London ' s ▁South bank ▁Centre , ▁and ▁a ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Festival ▁( W OW ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁A ke ▁Review ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood . ▁It ▁has ▁the ▁year ' s ▁head lin er ▁Nur ud din ▁Far ah ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁edition , ▁edited ▁by ▁Mol ara ▁Wood , ▁had ▁Ts it si ▁D ang are mb ga ▁on ▁the ▁cover . ▁It ▁also ▁includes ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Ts it si ▁D ang are mb ga ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁head lin er ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁A ké ▁Festival ▁website ▁ ▁A ké ▁Review ▁web ▁page ▁ ▁Category : C ult ural ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Niger ia ▁Category : F est iv als ▁in ▁Niger ia ▁Category |
: Liter ary ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Niger ia ▁Category : An n ual ▁events ▁in ▁Niger ia ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁A be ok uta ▁Category : F est iv als ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Niger ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson ▁( 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁El ▁C aj on , ▁California ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁ocean ograph er . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁at ▁S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California ▁for ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁years , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Princi pal ▁Development ▁Engine er ▁at ▁S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁and ▁Marine ▁Phys ical ▁Lab . ▁In ▁this ▁position , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁M PL ' s ▁At mos pher ic ▁Opt ics ▁Group , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁P I ▁for ▁the ▁group ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁El ▁C aj on , ▁California . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁working ▁on ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁Ch ain ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁an ▁a irst rip . ▁So on ▁after ▁his ▁release , ▁he ▁joined ▁S IO ' |
s ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁engineer . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁At mos pher ic ▁Opt ics ▁Group ▁( A O G ), ▁helping ▁ac quire ▁air bor ne ▁radi ometric ▁measurements ▁in ▁areas ▁as ▁far ▁reached ▁as ▁Australia ▁( in ▁support ▁of ▁NASA ’ s ▁Gem ini ▁program ) ▁and ▁Th ailand . ▁He ▁became ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁A O G ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁serving ▁as ▁P I ▁on ▁many ▁projects , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁As st . ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁His ▁favorite ▁project ▁involved ▁an ▁instrument ed ▁C - 1 3 0 ▁aircraft , ▁on ▁which ▁our ▁group ▁mounted ▁radi ometric ▁and ▁meteor ological ▁instrument ation ▁mostly ▁developed ▁at ▁the ▁Vis ▁Lab . ▁He ▁managed ▁and ▁fle w ▁deploy ments ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁in ▁several ▁European ▁countries . ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁A O G ▁joined ▁S IO ’ s ▁Marine ▁Phys ical ▁Labor atory ▁( MP L ), ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁leading ▁the ▁A O G . ▁This ▁was ▁about ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁developed ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁digital ▁Wh ole ▁Sky ▁Im ager , ▁which ▁eventually ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁measure ▁and ▁detect ▁cloud ▁distributions ▁day ▁and ▁night . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁but ▁continued ▁working ▁part - time ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁and ▁then ▁volunte ered ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁until |
▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁developed ▁a ▁concept ▁for ▁a ▁zoom ing ▁fis he ye ▁cap ability , ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁pat ented ▁by ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁San ▁Diego . ▁ ▁Selected ▁publications ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Richard ▁W . ▁" Day time ▁visibility ▁and ▁ne ph el ometer ▁measurements ▁related ▁to ▁its ▁determ ination ." ▁At mos pher ic ▁Environment ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ 1 5 . 1 0 ▁( 1 9 8 1 ): ▁ 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 4 5 . ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Richard ▁W ., ▁Wayne ▁S . ▁Her ing , ▁and ▁Jan et ▁E . ▁Sh ield s . ▁Autom ated ▁Vis ibility ▁& ▁Cloud ▁Cover ▁Me asure ments ▁with ▁a ▁Sol id ▁State ▁Im aging ▁System . ▁No . ▁M PL - U - 2 6 / 8 9 . ▁SC RI P PS ▁IN ST IT UT ION ▁OF ▁O CE AN O GR AP H Y ▁S AN ▁D IE GO ▁CA ▁MAR INE ▁P H YS IC AL ▁L AB , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁D unt ley , ▁Se i bert ▁Q ., ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Jac qu eline ▁I . ▁Gordon . ▁" A ir bor ne ▁measurements ▁of ▁optical ▁atmos pher ic ▁properties , ▁summary ▁and ▁review , ▁ 2 ." ▁Final ▁Report , ▁ 1 ▁Sep . ▁ 1 9 7 2 - 3 1 ▁Jul . ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁S |
cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography , ▁San ▁Diego , ▁CA . ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁D unt ley , ▁Se i bert ▁Q ., ▁Richard ▁W . ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Jac qu eline ▁I . ▁Gordon . ▁" A ir bor ne ▁measurements ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁volume ▁scatter ing ▁coefficients ▁in ▁northern ▁Europe , ▁fall ▁ 1 9 7 6 ." ▁Inter im ▁Report ▁S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography , ▁San ▁Diego , ▁CA . ▁Vis ibility ▁Lab . ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁ocean ograph ers ▁Category : S cri pp s ▁Institution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁fac ulty ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁So ft ball ▁is ▁a ▁game ▁similar ▁to ▁baseball ▁played ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁ball ▁( 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁in . ▁circum ference ) ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁that ▁has ▁base ▁lengths ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁feet , ▁a ▁pitch er ' s ▁m ound ▁that ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 4 3 – 5 0 ▁feet ▁away ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁and ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁f ence ▁that ▁is ▁ 2 2 0 – 3 0 0 ▁feet ▁away ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball ▁being ▁played . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁invent ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois , ▁United ▁States ▁as |
▁an ▁ind oor ▁game . ▁The ▁game ▁moves ▁at ▁a ▁faster ▁pace ▁than ▁traditional ▁baseball . ▁There ▁is ▁less ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁base ▁runner ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁first ▁while ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁fields ▁the ▁ball ; ▁yet , ▁the ▁fiel der ▁has ▁less ▁time ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁is ▁running ▁down ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁name ▁" soft ball " ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁because ▁the ▁ball ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁soft ; ▁however , ▁in ▁modern - day ▁usage , ▁the ▁balls ▁are ▁hard . ▁ ▁A ▁tournament ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁sp ur red ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁( AS A ) ▁of ▁America ▁( f ounded ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁gover ning ▁bodies ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁spons ors ▁annual ▁section al ▁and ▁World ▁Series ▁champion ships . ▁Other ▁national ▁and ▁regional ▁gover ning ▁bodies ▁also ▁exist , ▁including ▁the ▁USS SA . ▁The ▁World ▁Baseball ▁So ft ball ▁Confeder ation ▁( W B SC ) ▁regul ates ▁rules ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 1 0 ▁countries , ▁including ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada ; ▁before ▁the ▁W B SC ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁Federation ▁filled ▁this ▁role . ▁Women ' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁became |
▁a ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁sport ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁but ▁it ▁and ▁baseball ▁were ▁dropped ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁program ; ▁they ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁re inst ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁rules ▁codes ▁for ▁soft ball ▁generally . ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type , ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁ball , ▁which ▁can ▁measure ▁either ▁ 1 1 ▁inches , ▁for ▁a ▁women ' s ▁league , ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁inches , ▁for ▁a ▁men ' s ▁league , ▁in ▁circum ference , ▁must ▁arch ▁on ▁its ▁path ▁to ▁the ▁batter , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 0 ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁once . ▁ ▁Bun ting ▁and ▁ste aling ▁bases ▁are ▁not ▁permitted . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch ▁is ▁fast , ▁there ▁are ▁nine ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁one ▁time , ▁and ▁while ▁b un ting ▁and ▁ste aling ▁bases ▁are ▁permitted , ▁leading ▁off ▁is ▁not . ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁in ▁some ▁states , ▁such ▁as ▁Virginia , ▁where ▁fast ▁pitch ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball ▁in ▁high ▁schools ▁across ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁Olympics ▁features ▁women ' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball . ▁So ft ball ▁rules ▁vary ▁somewhat ▁from ▁those ▁of ▁baseball . ▁Two ▁major ▁differences ▁are ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁must ▁be ▁pitch ed ▁under hand — from ▁ 5 0 ft ▁( 1 5 . 2 ▁m ) |
▁in ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁or ▁ 4 6 / 4 3 ft ▁( 1 4 / 1 3 . 1 m ) ▁for ▁men / w omen ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁as ▁compared ▁with ▁ 6 0 . 5 ft ▁( 1 8 . 4 m ) ▁in ▁baseball — and ▁that ▁seven ▁inn ings , ▁or ▁ 1 - 2 ▁hours ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁league , ▁const itute ▁a ▁reg ulation ▁game ▁compared ▁with ▁nine ▁inn ings ▁in ▁baseball . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁name , ▁the ▁ball ▁used ▁in ▁soft ball ▁is ▁not ▁soft , ▁unless ▁using ▁a ▁fo am ▁practice ▁soft ball . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁( about ▁ 3 0 cm ) ▁in ▁circum ference ▁( 1 1 ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁in ▁for ▁slow - p itch ), ▁which ▁is ▁ 3 ▁in ▁( 8 cm ) ▁larger ▁than ▁a ▁baseball . ▁So ft ball ▁recre ational ▁le agues ▁for ▁children ▁use ▁ 1 1 - inch ▁balls ▁until ▁around ▁age ▁ 1 3 . ▁The ▁in field ▁in ▁soft ball ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁on ▁an ▁adult ▁or ▁high ▁school ▁baseball ▁diam ond ▁but ▁identical ▁to ▁that ▁used ▁by ▁Little ▁League ▁Baseball ; ▁each ▁base ▁is ▁ 6 0 ft ▁( 1 8 m ) ▁from ▁the ▁next , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁baseball ' s ▁ 9 0 ft ▁( 2 7 m ). ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁the ▁entire ▁in field ▁is ▁d irt |
, ▁whereas ▁the ▁in field ▁in ▁baseball ▁is ▁grass ▁except ▁at ▁the ▁bases ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁pitch er ' s ▁m ound ▁which ▁are ▁d irt . ▁So ft ball ▁m ounds ▁are ▁also ▁flat , ▁while ▁baseball ▁m ounds ▁are ▁a ▁small ▁hill . ▁So ft ball s ▁are ▁pitch ed ▁under hand , ▁but ▁baseball s ▁are ▁pitch ed ▁over hand . ▁This ▁changes ▁the ▁arc ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁when ▁approaching ▁the ▁plate . ▁For ▁example , ▁depending ▁if ▁the ▁pitch er ▁pitch es ▁a ▁fast ball , ▁in ▁soft ball ▁the ▁ball ▁would ▁most ▁likely ▁rise ▁while ▁in ▁baseball ▁because ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁hill , ▁the ▁ball ▁would ▁drop . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁known ▁soft ball ▁game ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ▁on ▁Thanks g iving ▁Day , ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Far rag ut ▁Bo at ▁Club ▁at ▁a ▁gather ing ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Y ale ▁University ▁and ▁Harvard ▁University ▁football ▁game . ▁When ▁the ▁score ▁was ▁announced ▁and ▁bet s ▁were ▁settled , ▁a ▁Y ale ▁al umn us ▁threw ▁a ▁box ing ▁glo ve ▁at ▁a ▁Harvard ▁supp orter . ▁The ▁Harvard ▁fan ▁gra bb ed ▁a ▁stick ▁and ▁sw ung ▁at ▁the ▁rolled ▁up ▁glo ve . ▁George ▁Han cock , ▁a ▁rep orter ▁there , ▁called ▁out ▁" Play ▁ball !" ▁and ▁the ▁game ▁began , ▁with ▁the ▁box ing ▁glo ve ▁tight ened ▁into ▁a ▁ball , ▁a |
▁bro om ▁handle ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁bat . ▁This ▁first ▁contest ▁ended ▁with ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 4 1 – 4 0 . ▁The ▁ball , ▁being ▁soft , ▁was ▁field ed ▁bare hand ed . ▁ ▁George ▁Han cock ▁is ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁game ' s ▁invent or ▁for ▁his ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 7 " ▁ball ▁and ▁an ▁unders ized ▁bat ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁week . ▁The ▁Far rag ut ▁Club ▁soon ▁set ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁game , ▁which ▁spread ▁quickly ▁to ▁out s iders . ▁En vision ed ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁for ▁baseball ▁players ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁skills ▁during ▁the ▁winter , ▁the ▁sport ▁was ▁called ▁" Ind oor ▁Baseball ". ▁Under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁" Ind oor - Out door ", ▁the ▁game ▁moved ▁outside ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁rules ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Lewis ▁Ro ber , ▁Sr . ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁organized ▁out door ▁games ▁as ▁exercise ▁for ▁fire fig h ters ; ▁this ▁game ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁k itten ▁ball ▁( after ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁play ▁it ), ▁le mon ▁ball , ▁or ▁diam ond ▁ball . ▁ ▁Ro ber ' s ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁used ▁a ▁ball ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁ ▁ball ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Far rag ut ▁club , ▁and ▁eventually ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁ball ▁pre va iled , ▁although ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁Min ne apolis |
▁diam ond ▁were ▁passed ▁over ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁Chicago ▁one . ▁Ro ber ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁Far rag ut ▁Club ▁rules . ▁Fire ▁Station ▁No . ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Ro ber ' s ▁post ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁part ▁for ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁development . ▁The ▁first ▁soft ball ▁league ▁outside ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁Toronto ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" soft ball " ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁Walter ▁H ak anson ▁of ▁the ▁Y M CA ▁at ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Rec re ation ▁Congress . ▁( In ▁addition ▁to ▁" indo or ▁baseball ", ▁" kit ten ▁ball ", ▁and ▁" d iam ond ▁ball ", ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁included ▁" m ush ▁ball ", ▁and ▁" p ump kin ▁ball ". ) ▁The ▁name ▁soft ball ▁had ▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁similar ▁sports ▁with ▁different ▁rules ▁and ▁names ▁were ▁being ▁played ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁J oint ▁R ules ▁Committee ▁on ▁So ft ball ▁had ▁standard ized ▁the ▁rules ▁and ▁naming ▁throughout ▁the |
▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Six teen - inch ▁soft ball , ▁also ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" m ush ▁ball " ▁or ▁" super - slow ▁pitch " ▁( although ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁soft ▁at ▁all ), ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Han cock ' s ▁original ▁game . ▁Def ensive ▁players ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁wear ▁field ing ▁glo ves . ▁Six teen - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁extens ively ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁dev ote es ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁late ▁Mike ▁Roy ko ▁consider ▁it ▁the ▁" real " ▁game , ▁and ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁In ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁six teen - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁called ▁" C abb age ▁Ball " ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁team ▁sport ▁in ▁area ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁schools . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁fast ▁pitch ▁began ▁to ▁domin ate ▁the ▁game . ▁Although ▁slow ▁pitch ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁World ' s ▁Fair , ▁the ▁main ▁course ▁of ▁action ▁taken ▁was ▁to ▁length en ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁distance . ▁S low ▁pitch ▁achieved ▁formal ▁recognition ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association , ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁de cade ▁had ▁sur pass ed ▁fast ▁pitch ▁in ▁popular ity . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁British ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁league ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁women |
' s ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Olympics ▁also ▁marked ▁a ▁key ▁era ▁in ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁technology ▁in ▁soft ball . ▁The ▁IO C ▁fund ed ▁a ▁land mark ▁bi ome chan ical ▁study ▁on ▁pitch ing ▁during ▁the ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁six teen - inch ▁slow ▁pitch ▁was ▁written ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁IS F ▁official ▁rules , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁played ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁under ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁of ▁America , ▁or ▁AS A ▁rules . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 7 th ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee , ▁held ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁voted ▁to ▁drop ▁soft ball ▁and ▁baseball ▁as ▁Olympic ▁sports ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁but ▁will ▁be ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 1 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁ ▁Other ▁san ction ing ▁bodies ▁of ▁soft ball ▁are ▁AA U , ▁NS A , ▁P ON Y , ▁AS A , ▁I SC , ▁USS SA ▁and ▁Tri ple ▁Crown . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁between ▁two ▁teams ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁field , ▁with ▁nine ▁players ▁from ▁one ▁team ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁S low - p itch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁played ▁with ▁ten ▁field ers ▁but ▁can ▁be |
▁played ▁with ▁nine ▁if ▁needed . ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁usually ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁d irt ▁or ▁brick - d ust ▁( col lo qu ial ly ▁called ▁" s and ") ▁in field ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁running ▁areas ▁of ▁a ▁diam ond ▁and ▁a ▁grass ▁out field . ▁However , ▁the ▁field ▁can ▁consist ▁of ▁other ▁solid ▁and ▁dry ▁surfaces ▁such ▁as ▁artificial ▁tur f ▁or ▁as ph alt . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁bases ▁on ▁the ▁in field : ▁First ▁base , ▁second ▁base , ▁third ▁base , ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁square ▁and ▁are ▁typically ▁ ▁apart . ▁Near ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁this ▁square ▁is ▁the ▁pitch er ' s ▁m ound , ▁and ▁within ▁the ▁circle ▁is ▁the ▁" r ub ber ", ▁a ▁small ▁flat ▁rect angular ▁piece ▁of ▁rub ber ▁about ▁a ▁foot ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁in ▁length . ▁The ▁rub ber ▁can ▁be ▁ 4 0 ▁or ▁ 4 3 ▁feet ▁away ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁or ▁ 4 3 , ▁ 4 6 ▁or ▁ 5 0 ▁feet ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁from ▁home ▁plate , ▁depending ▁on ▁age ▁level ▁and ▁the ▁league ▁one ▁is ▁playing ▁in . ▁ ▁The ▁object ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁to ▁score ▁more ▁runs ▁( points ) ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁team ▁by ▁batt ing ▁( h itting ) ▁a ▁ball ▁into ▁play ▁and ▁running ▁around ▁the ▁bases , ▁touch ing ▁each ▁one ▁in ▁succession . ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁a ▁sphere ▁of ▁light ▁material , |
▁covered ▁with ▁le ather ▁or ▁synth etic ▁material . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁( or , ▁rarely , ▁) ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁offici ated ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁neutral ▁u mp ires . ▁Play ers ▁and ▁u mp ires ▁are ▁generally ▁free ▁to ▁ask ▁for ▁a ▁brief ▁sto pp age ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁play ▁( called ▁a ▁time ▁out ), ▁or ▁immediately ▁following ▁a ▁play ▁once ▁its ▁outcome ▁is ▁clear . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁usually ▁seven ▁inn ings . ▁Each ▁in ning ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁a ▁top ▁half , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁away ▁team ▁b ats ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁score ▁runs , ▁while ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁occup ies ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁record ▁three ▁out s ; ▁then ▁a ▁bottom ▁half , ▁when ▁the ▁teams ' ▁roles ▁are ▁revers ed . ▁Some ▁le agues ▁play ▁with ▁a ▁reduced ▁number ▁of ▁inn ings ▁or ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁limit , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁traditional ▁seven ▁inn ings . ▁ ▁To ▁start ▁play , ▁the ▁off ense ▁sends ▁a ▁batter ▁to ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁batt ing ▁order ▁must ▁be ▁fixed ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁and ▁players ▁may ▁not ▁bat ▁out ▁of ▁turn . ▁The ▁defense ' s ▁pitch er ▁stands ▁at op ▁the ▁rub ber ▁and ▁pitch es ▁the ▁ball ▁towards ▁home ▁plate ▁using ▁an ▁under hand ▁motion . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁one ▁step ▁back ▁prior ▁to ▁re le asing ▁the |
▁ball ▁during ▁the ▁forward ▁movement . ▁The ▁batter ▁attempts ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁pitch ed ▁ball ▁with ▁a ▁bat , ▁a ▁long , ▁round , ▁smooth ▁stick ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁metal ▁or ▁composite . ▁If ▁the ▁pitch er ▁throws ▁three ▁strik es ▁against ▁a ▁batter , ▁then ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁comes ▁up ▁to ▁bat . ▁A ▁strike ▁is ▁recorded ▁any ▁time ▁a ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁and ▁miss es ▁a ▁pitch ▁or ▁when ▁a ▁batter ▁hits ▁a ▁ball ▁f oul ▁( out ▁of ▁play ). ▁A ▁strike ▁is ▁also ▁recorded ▁any ▁time ▁the ▁batter ▁does ▁not ▁swing ▁at ▁a ▁pitch ▁that ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate ▁within ▁an ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁to ▁be ▁within ▁the ▁strike ▁zone , ▁the ▁pitch ▁must ▁cross ▁over ▁home ▁plate , ▁and ▁as ▁it ▁cross es ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁above ▁the ▁kne es ▁and ▁slightly ▁below ▁the ▁shoulders ▁( rough ly ▁the ▁ar mp it ▁or ▁the ▁sh irt ▁logo ). ▁The ▁strike ▁zone ▁therefore ▁var ies ▁from ▁batter ▁to ▁batter . ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁ball ▁must ▁land ▁on ▁a ▁car pet ▁or ▁marked ▁area ▁behind ▁the ▁plate , ▁therefore ▁standard izing ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁A ▁pitch ▁outside ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁is ▁a ▁ball . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁reaches ▁four ▁balls , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁awarded ▁the ▁first ▁base ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" walk ". ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁ar b |
iter ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strik es . ▁A ▁f oul ▁ball ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁strike out ▁dependent ▁upon ▁what ▁association ▁and ▁local ▁league ▁rules . ▁However , ▁b un ting ▁a ▁f oul ▁ball ▁does ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁strike out . ▁In ▁some ▁associations ▁and ▁le agues , ▁b un ting ▁is ▁not ▁allowed ▁and ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁out . ▁Also , ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁two ▁strik es , ▁swing ing ▁and ▁partially ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁an ▁out ▁if ▁the ▁catch er ▁man ages ▁to ▁catch ▁the ▁t ipped ▁ball . ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁attempts ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁bat ▁and ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁fair ▁( into ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ). ▁After ▁a ▁successful ▁hit ▁the ▁batter ▁becomes ▁a ▁base ▁runner ▁( or ▁runner ) ▁and ▁must ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁defense ▁attempts ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁may ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁freely ▁between ▁players , ▁so ▁one ▁player ▁can ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁another ▁moves ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁to ▁put ▁out ▁the ▁runner . ▁The ▁defense ▁can ▁tag ▁the ▁runner , ▁by ▁touch ing ▁the ▁runner ▁with ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁not ▁on ▁a ▁base . ▁The ▁defense ▁can ▁also ▁touch ▁first ▁base ▁while ▁in ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁ball ; ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁it ▁is ▁sufficient ▁to ▁beat ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁an ▁actual ▁tag ▁of ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁unnecessary . ▁A ▁runner ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁" th rown ▁out " ▁when ▁the ▁play ▁involves ▁two ▁or |
▁more ▁def ensive ▁players . ▁R unn ers ▁generally ▁cannot ▁be ▁put ▁out ▁when ▁touch ing ▁a ▁base , ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁runner ▁may ▁occup y ▁a ▁base ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁and ▁run ners ▁may ▁not ▁pass ▁each ▁other . ▁When ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁batt ed ▁into ▁play , ▁run ners ▁generally ▁must ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁open ▁bases ▁behind ▁them ; ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁base ▁must ▁run ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁batter ▁puts ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁play . ▁In ▁such ▁a ▁situation , ▁the ▁defense ▁can ▁throw ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁that ▁the ▁lead ▁runner ▁is ▁attempting ▁to ▁take ▁( a ▁force ▁out ), ▁and ▁the ▁defense ▁can ▁then ▁also ▁throw ▁to ▁the ▁previous ▁base . ▁This ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁multiple - out ▁play : ▁a ▁double ▁play ▁is ▁two ▁out s , ▁while ▁a ▁triple ▁play , ▁a ▁very ▁rare ▁occurrence , ▁is ▁three ▁out s . ▁R unn ers ▁with ▁an ▁open ▁base ▁behind ▁them ▁are ▁not ▁forced ▁to ▁advance ▁and ▁do ▁so ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁risk ; ▁the ▁defense ▁must ▁tag ▁such ▁run ners ▁directly ▁to ▁put ▁them ▁out ▁rather ▁than ▁tag ging ▁the ▁base . ▁ ▁A ▁ball ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁and ▁caught ▁before ▁hitting ▁the ▁ground , ▁in ▁fair ▁or ▁f oul ▁territory , ▁puts ▁the ▁batter ▁out . ▁A ▁fly ▁ball ▁is ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁and ▁deep , ▁a ▁pop ▁fly ▁is ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁but ▁short , ▁and ▁a ▁line ▁drive ▁is ▁a ▁ball |
▁hit ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁horizontal . ▁After ▁the ▁catch , ▁run ners ▁must ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁bases ; ▁if ▁the ▁defense ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁that ▁base ▁before ▁the ▁runner ▁returns , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁out ▁as ▁well , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁double ▁play . ▁A ▁runner ▁who ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁until ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁touched , ▁or ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁( tags ▁up ) ▁after ▁the ▁catch , ▁may ▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base , ▁at ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁being ▁tag ged ▁out ▁between ▁bases . ▁As ▁in ▁baseball , ▁the ▁in field ▁fly ▁rule ▁applies ▁in ▁some ▁game ▁situations ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁defense ▁from ▁recording ▁multiple ▁force ▁out s ▁by ▁deliber ately ▁dro pping ▁an ▁easy ▁catch . ▁ ▁Off ensive ▁strategy ▁is ▁mostly ▁just ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁skill fully ▁to ▁let ▁the ▁batter ▁reach ▁base ▁and ▁advance ▁other ▁run ners ▁around ▁the ▁bases ▁to ▁score ▁runs . ▁The ▁count ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strik es ▁indicates ▁how ▁ag gress ive ▁the ▁batter ▁should ▁be . ▁The ▁off ense ▁may ▁try ▁to ▁sacrifice , ▁with ▁the ▁batter ▁deliber ately ▁making ▁an ▁out ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance ▁run ners . ▁Def ensive ▁strategy ▁is ▁more ▁complex , ▁as ▁particular ▁situations ▁( number ▁of ▁out s ▁and ▁positions ▁of ▁base - run ners ) ▁and ▁particular ▁bat ters ▁call ▁for ▁different ▁position ing ▁of ▁field ers ▁and ▁different ▁tact ical ▁dec isions . ▁The ▁defense ▁may ▁decide ▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁run ▁if ▁it ▁can ▁achieve ▁one ▁or ▁multiple |
▁out s . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁field ▁ ▁The ▁playing ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁' f air ▁territory ' ▁and ▁' f oul ▁territory '. ▁Fair ▁territory ▁is ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁' in field ', ▁and ▁the ▁' out field ', ▁and ▁the ▁territory ▁beyond ▁the ▁out field ▁f ence . ▁ ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁' f oul ▁lines ' ▁that ▁meet ▁at ▁a ▁right ▁angle ▁at ▁' home ▁plate '. ▁The ▁minimum ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁bas elines ▁var ies ▁classification ▁of ▁play ▁( see ▁below ▁for ▁official ▁measurements ). ▁A ▁f ence ▁running ▁between ▁the ▁bas elines ▁defines ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁field ; ▁distance ▁from ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁the ▁f ence ▁var ies ▁by ▁field . ▁ ▁Be hind ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁a ▁' back stop '. ▁It ▁must ▁be ▁between ▁ 2 5 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁feet ▁( 7 . 6 2 ▁and ▁ 9 . 1 4 ▁meters ) ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁division ▁that ▁is ▁playing . ▁ ▁' Home ▁Pl ate ' ▁is ▁one ▁corner ▁of ▁a ▁diam ond ▁with ▁' b ases ' ▁at ▁each ▁corner . ▁The ▁bases ▁other ▁than ▁home ▁plate ▁are ▁ 1 5 ▁in ▁( 3 8 cm ) ▁square , ▁of ▁canvas ▁or ▁a ▁similar ▁material , ▁and ▁not ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 ▁in ▁( 1 3 cm ) ▁thick . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁usually ▁secure ly ▁fast ened ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁bases ▁are ▁number ed ▁counter ▁clock wise |
▁as ▁first ▁base , ▁second ▁base , ▁and ▁third ▁base . ▁O ften , ▁but ▁not ▁always , ▁outside ▁first ▁base ▁( that ▁is , ▁in ▁f oul ▁territory ) ▁and ▁adjacent ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁it , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁contrast - color ed ▁" double ▁base " ▁or ▁" s af ety ▁base ". ▁It ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁prevent ▁coll isions ▁between ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁and ▁the ▁runner . ▁The ▁runner ▁runs ▁for ▁the ▁f oul ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁double ▁base ▁after ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁while ▁the ▁field ing ▁team ▁tries ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁regular ▁first ▁base ▁before ▁the ▁runner ▁reaches ▁the ▁safety ▁base . ▁However , ▁not ▁all ▁soft ball ▁diam onds ▁have ▁these ▁safety ▁bases ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁much ▁more ▁common ▁in ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁than ▁in ▁men ' s . ▁The ▁double ▁base ▁is ▁required ▁in ▁IS F ▁champion ships . ▁ ▁The ▁in field ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond ▁and ▁the ▁adjacent ▁space ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁in field ers ▁( see ▁below ) ▁normally ▁play . ▁The ▁out field ▁is ▁the ▁remaining ▁space ▁between ▁the ▁bas elines ▁and ▁between ▁the ▁out field ▁f ence ▁and ▁the ▁in field . ▁The ▁in field ▁is ▁usually ▁" sk inned " ▁( d irt ), ▁while ▁the ▁out field ▁has ▁grass ▁in ▁reg ulation ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁Near ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond ▁is ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate , ▁or ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁" r ub ber ". ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch |
, ▁a ▁sk inned ▁circle ▁ 1 6 ▁feet ▁( 4 . 8 8 ▁meters ) ▁in ▁diameter ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁circle ▁is ▁around ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁ ▁A ▁field ▁is ▁officially ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁warning ▁track ▁between ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁feet ▁( 5 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁meters ) ▁from ▁the ▁out field ▁f ence . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁being ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁larger ▁than ▁required , ▁no ▁warning ▁track ▁is ▁required ▁before ▁the ▁temporary ▁out field ▁f encing . ▁ ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁f oul ▁territory ▁outside ▁both ▁bas elines ▁are ▁two ▁coach ' s ▁boxes . ▁Each ▁box ▁is ▁behind ▁a ▁line ▁ 1 5 ▁feet ▁( 5 ▁meters ) ▁long ▁located ▁ 1 2 ▁feet ▁( 3 ▁meters ) ▁from ▁each ▁bas eline . ▁ ▁Official ▁bas eline ▁dimensions ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁pitch ing ▁distances ▁ ▁S low ▁pitch ▁pitch ing ▁distances ▁ ▁Equ ip ment ▁Equ ip ment ▁required ▁in ▁soft ball ▁includes ▁a ▁ball , ▁a ▁bat ▁( compos ite , ▁metal ▁or ▁wooden ), ▁glo ves , ▁uniform s ▁and ▁protect ive ▁g ear . ▁For ▁example , ▁hel m ets ▁for ▁the ▁off ensive ▁team ▁and ▁a ▁hel met ▁and ▁ch est ▁prote ctor ▁for ▁the ▁def ensive ▁catch er . ▁Also ▁cle ats , ▁sl iding ▁short s , ▁face ▁mask s ▁and ▁kne e ▁sl iders ▁may ▁be ▁worn ▁for ▁soft ball . ▁ ▁Ball ▁Despite ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁name |
, ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁soft ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁var ies ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁classification ▁of ▁play ; ▁the ▁permitted ▁circum ferences ▁in ▁international ▁play ▁are ▁ ▁( ), ▁in ▁mass ▁between ▁ ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁and ▁adult s ▁and ▁males ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁older ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁ ▁( ), ▁mass ▁between ▁ ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁for ▁females ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁younger , ▁and ▁k ids ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁younger . ▁For ▁comparison , ▁under ▁the ▁current ▁rules ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball , ▁a ▁baseball ▁has ▁a ▁mass ▁between ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference ▁( ▁in ▁diameter ). ▁A ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁circum ference ▁ball ▁is ▁generally ▁used ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁although ▁in ▁rare ▁cases ▁some ▁le agues ▁( es pecially ▁recre ational ▁le agues ) ▁do ▁use ▁a ▁ 1 4 - inch ▁circum ference ▁ball . ▁Some ▁balls ▁have ▁a ▁raised ▁se am , ▁and ▁others ▁do ▁not . ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁covered ▁in ▁white ▁or ▁yellow ▁le ather ▁in ▁two ▁pieces ▁roughly ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁figure - 8 ▁and ▁se wn ▁together ▁with ▁red ▁thread , ▁although ▁other ▁cover ings ▁are ▁permitted . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁may ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁long ▁fi ber ▁kap ok , ▁or ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁c ork ▁and ▁rub ber , ▁or ▁a ▁poly ure th ane ▁mixture , ▁or ▁another ▁approved ▁material . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁high - visibility |
▁yellow ▁" opt ic " ▁covering , ▁long - used ▁for ▁restricted ▁flight ▁balls ▁in ▁co - ed ▁recre ational ▁le agues , ▁became ▁standard ▁for ▁compet itive ▁play . ▁Y ellow ▁is ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁official ▁NCAA ▁and ▁NA IA ▁soft ball s . ▁Y ellow ▁soft ball s ▁are ▁fast ▁becoming ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁play ▁for ▁girls ' ▁and ▁women ' s ▁play ▁in ▁particular . ▁White ▁balls ▁are ▁also ▁allowed , ▁but ▁are ▁very ▁un common ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁and ▁fast ▁pitch . ▁ ▁In ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁soft ball ▁was ▁invent ed , ▁it ▁remains ▁traditional ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁a ▁ball ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁field ers ▁do ▁not ▁wear ▁glo ves ▁or ▁mitt s . ▁A ▁ 1 6 " ▁soft ball ▁when ▁new ▁is ▁rough ▁and ▁hard , ▁with ▁hand ▁and ▁finger ▁inj uries ▁to ▁field ers ▁frequent ▁if ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁" g ive " ▁when ▁receiving ▁a ▁ball , ▁but ▁the ▁ball ▁" break s ▁in " ▁slightly ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁soft en ▁over ▁time ▁with ▁continued ▁play . ▁A ▁well - bro ken - in ▁ball ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁m ush ▁ball ▁and ▁is ▁fav ored ▁for ▁inform al ▁" pick - up " ▁games ▁and ▁when ▁playing ▁in ▁limited ▁space , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁city ▁street ▁( because ▁the ▁ball ▁does ▁not ▁go ▁as ▁far ). ▁A ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁ball ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁wheel ch air ▁soft ball . ▁ ▁Bat |
▁The ▁bat ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁al umin um , ▁or ▁composite ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁carbon ▁fi ber . ▁S izes ▁may ▁vary ▁but ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁long , ▁ ▁in ▁diameter , ▁or ▁ ▁in ▁mass . ▁The ▁standard ▁bat ▁bar rel ▁diameter ▁for ▁both ▁slow ▁pitch ▁and ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁ 2 in ches . ▁Many ▁players ▁prefer ▁a ▁smaller ▁bar rel , ▁which ▁reduces ▁mass ▁and ▁allows ▁higher ▁swing ▁speed . ▁Although ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁b ats ▁used , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁that ▁are ▁b anned ▁due ▁to ▁performance ▁enh ancement . ▁These ▁b ats ▁are ▁determined ▁to ▁be ▁illegal ▁by ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁of ▁America . ▁For ▁example , ▁with ▁a ▁th inner ▁wall , ▁players ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁bat ▁faster , ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁go ▁faster , ▁harder , ▁and ▁further . ▁Major ▁League ▁So ft ball , ▁played ▁at ▁Rec re ational ▁Park s , ▁include ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁teams ; ▁Men ' s , ▁Women ' s , ▁Co - Ed . ▁Each ▁League ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁specific ▁reg ulations ▁with ▁b ats , ▁but ▁most ▁must ▁be ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association . ▁Many ▁b ats ▁may ▁be ▁" do ctor ed " ▁or ▁" ju iced " ▁in ▁a ▁sense ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁end ▁loaded , ▁sh aved ▁and ▁or ▁painted . ▁End ▁loading ▁of ▁a ▁cap |
▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁weight ▁manually ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁bar rel ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁more ▁weight ▁at ▁the ▁tip . ▁Sh aving ▁b ats ▁require ▁machine ▁use ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁inner ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁bat ▁to ▁improve ▁el astic ity . ▁Last ly , ▁painting ▁b ats ▁is ▁done ▁because ▁compet itors ▁purchase ▁" il legal " ▁b ats ▁that ▁are ▁dangerous ▁and ▁ha z ard ous ▁to ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁team . ▁These ▁three ▁" do ctor ed " ▁and ▁" ju iced " ▁techniques ▁are ▁b anned ▁from ▁Le agues , ▁but ▁are ▁still ▁done ▁today . ▁ ▁Glo ves ▁All ▁def ensive ▁players ▁wear ▁field ing ▁glo ves , ▁made ▁of ▁le ather ▁or ▁similar ▁material . ▁Glo ves ▁have ▁we bb ing ▁between ▁the ▁thumb ▁and ▁for ef inger , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" po cket ". ▁No ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁glo ve ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁color ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁including ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁se ams . ▁P itch ers ▁are ▁also ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁white ▁on ▁their ▁glo ves ▁including ▁the ▁se ams . ▁It ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁u mp ire ' s ▁dis cret ion ▁if ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁any ▁color ing ▁on ▁the ▁glo ve ▁inter fer es ▁with ▁or ▁h ind ers ▁the ▁batter ▁from ▁seeing ▁the ▁ball ▁clearly . ▁Glo ves ▁used ▁in ▁soft ball ▁are ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁ones ▁used ▁in ▁baseball . ▁No ▁glo |
ve ▁larger ▁than ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁AS A ▁( American ▁So ft ball ▁Association ) ▁san ction ed ▁play . ▁▁ ▁While ▁extremely ▁rare ▁in ▁recre ational ▁play , ▁there ▁are ▁sometimes ▁different ▁size ▁glo ves ▁for ▁different ▁positions ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁C atch ers ▁and ▁ 1 st ▁bas eman ▁have ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁mitt , ▁whose ▁po ckets ▁are ▁larger ▁than ▁other ▁glo ves . ▁These ▁are ▁more ▁p added . ▁ ▁An ▁out f iel der ' s ▁glo ve ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁the ▁catch er ' s , ▁typically ▁ 1 2 ▁inches ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁inches ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch . ▁An ▁inf iel der ' s ▁glo ve ▁is ▁the ▁smallest , ▁typically ▁from ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁inches ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches . ▁A ▁pitch er ' s ▁glo ve ▁is ▁typically ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 2 . 5 ▁inches ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁or ▁ 1 1 . 5 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁inches ▁for ▁slow ▁pitch . ▁However , ▁in ▁recre ational ▁and ▁church ▁le agues , ▁these ▁s izing ▁rules ▁ ▁do ▁not ▁apply , ▁and ▁everyone ▁we ars ▁their ▁own ▁glo ve ▁at ▁a ▁size ▁that ▁fits ▁their ▁hand . ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Each ▁team ▁we ars ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁uniform . ▁The ▁uniform ▁may ▁include ▁a ▁cap , ▁a ▁sh irt ▁displaying ▁team ▁colors ▁and ▁the ▁players ' |
▁number , ▁sl iding ▁unders h ort s / com pression ▁short s ▁( optional ), ▁so cks , ▁and ▁p ants / ath let ic ▁short s . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁wear ▁the ▁same ▁uniform . ▁ ▁C aps , ▁vis ors , ▁and ▁head b ands ▁are ▁optional ▁for ▁female ▁players , ▁and ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁color . ▁C aps ▁are ▁mand atory ▁for ▁male ▁players . ▁A ▁fiel der ▁who ▁cho oses ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁hel met ▁or ▁face ▁mask ▁is ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁cap . ▁ ▁Many ▁players ▁use ▁" sl iding ▁short s ", ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁compression ▁short s ▁in ▁other ▁sports . ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁out f itted ▁with ▁a ▁p ouch ▁for ▁fitting ▁a ▁protect ive ▁cup ▁for ▁male ▁players . ▁These ▁short s ▁also ▁help ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁upper ▁th igh ▁when ▁sl iding ▁into ▁a ▁base . ▁" Sl iders " ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁worn ▁for ▁similar ▁protection . ▁These ▁are ▁somewhat ▁p added ▁sh ingu ards ▁that ▁extend ▁usually ▁from ▁the ▁an k le ▁to ▁the ▁kne e ▁of ▁the ▁wear er ▁and ▁wrap ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁around ▁the ▁leg ( s ). ▁They ▁protect ▁the ▁sh in , ▁cal f , ▁etc . ▁from ▁getting ▁bru ised ▁or ▁dam aged ▁while ▁sl iding ▁into ▁home ▁plate ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁much ▁more ▁comfortable ▁to ▁slide ▁into ▁the ▁plate . ▁Some ▁male ▁players ▁use ▁long , ▁baseball - style ▁p ants |
. ▁However , ▁some ▁female ▁players ▁now ▁wear ▁a ▁shorter ▁version ▁of ▁baseball ▁p ants . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁uniform , ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁numer al ▁from ▁numbers ▁ 0 ▁through ▁ 9 9 ▁must ▁be ▁visible . ▁Num bers ▁such ▁as ▁ 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁are ▁considered ▁identical . ▁Also , ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁uniform s ▁players ' ▁names ▁are ▁optional . ▁ ▁All ▁players ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁sho es . ▁They ▁may ▁have ▁cle ats ▁or ▁sp ikes . ▁The ▁sp ikes ▁must ▁extend ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁sole . ▁R ounded ▁metal ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁illegal , ▁as ▁are ▁ones ▁made ▁from ▁hard ▁pl astic ▁or ▁other ▁synth etic ▁materials . ▁High ▁school ▁athlet es ▁are ▁sometimes ▁permitted ▁to ▁wear ▁metal ▁cle ats , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Many ▁recre ational ▁le agues ▁prohib it ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁cle ats ▁or ▁sp ikes ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁possible ▁sever ity ▁of ▁inj uries ▁when ▁a ▁runner ▁sl ides ▁feet - first ▁into ▁a ▁fiel der . ▁At ▁all ▁youth ▁( under ▁ 1 5 ) ▁levels , ▁in ▁co - ed ▁( the ▁official ▁termin ology ▁for ▁mixed ▁teams ) ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁and ▁in ▁modified ▁pitch , ▁metal ▁sp ikes ▁are ▁usually ▁not ▁allowed . ▁ ▁Prote ct ive ▁equipment ▁( th ings ▁to ▁protect ▁yourself ▁from ▁the ▁ball ) ▁A ▁hel met ▁must ▁have ▁two ▁ear ▁f laps , ▁one ▁on ▁each ▁side . ▁Hel m |
ets ▁and ▁c ages ▁that ▁are ▁dam aged ▁or ▁alter ed ▁are ▁forb idden . ▁Hel m ets ▁must ▁be ▁worn ▁by ▁bat ters ▁and ▁run ners . ▁In ▁NCAA ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁you ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁hel met ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁a ▁face ▁mask . ▁Most ▁female ▁travel ▁ball ▁teams ▁for ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁require ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁hel met ▁with ▁a ▁face ▁mask . ▁In ▁male ▁fast ▁pitch ▁mask s ▁are ▁generally ▁only ▁used ▁for ▁medical ▁reasons . ▁In ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁the ▁catch er ▁must ▁wear ▁a ▁protect ive ▁hel met ▁with ▁a ▁face - mask ▁and ▁thro at ▁prote ctor , ▁sh in ▁gu ards ▁and ▁body ▁prote ctor . ▁Shin ▁gu ards ▁also ▁protect ▁the ▁kne ec ap . ▁ ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁catch er ▁must ▁wear ▁a ▁hel met , ▁ch est ▁prote ctor ▁and ▁mask ▁at ▁youth ▁levels . ▁At ▁adult ▁levels , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁formal ▁requirement ▁for ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁mask , ▁although ▁the ▁official ▁rules ▁recommend ▁it . ▁A ▁catch er ▁may ▁option ally ▁wear ▁a ▁body ▁prote ctor ▁in ▁adult ▁slow ▁pitch . ▁ ▁While ▁mand atory ▁for ▁the ▁pitch er ▁in ▁some ▁slow ▁pitch ▁le agues , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁face ▁mask ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁It ▁is ▁recommended ▁in ▁lower ▁age ▁groups . ▁It ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁proper ▁condition ▁and ▁not ▁dam aged , ▁alter ed , ▁or ▁the ▁like . ▁This ▁is ▁intended |
▁to ▁prevent ▁fa cial ▁inj uries . ▁" Base ball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁are ▁the ▁primary ▁causes ▁of ▁severe ▁sports - related ▁eye ▁injury ▁in ▁Indiana ▁and ▁in ▁most ▁over ▁state ." ▁( R on ald ▁Davis , ▁M . D ., ▁professor ▁of ▁o ph th alm ology ▁at ▁Indiana ▁University ) ▁ ▁U mp ires ▁ ▁Dec isions ▁about ▁plays ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁u mp ires , ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ref eree ▁in ▁American ▁football . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁u mp ires ▁on ▁a ▁given ▁game ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁one ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁seven . ▁There ▁is ▁never ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁" plate ▁u mp ire "; ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁" base ▁u mp ires ", ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁further ▁three ▁u mp ires ▁position ed ▁in ▁the ▁out field . ▁Most ▁fast p itch ▁games ▁use ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁two ▁u mp ires ▁( one ▁plate ▁u mp ire , ▁one ▁base ▁u mp ire ). ▁ ▁Official ▁u mp ires ▁are ▁often ▁nick named ▁" blue ", ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁uniform s ▁– ▁in ▁many ▁juris dict ions , ▁most ▁significantly ▁IS F , ▁NCAA ▁and ▁AS A ▁games , ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁n avy ▁blue ▁s lack s , ▁a ▁light ▁pow der ▁blue ▁sh irt , ▁and ▁a ▁n avy ▁baseball ▁cap . ▁Some ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁uniform : ▁some ▁u mp ires ▁in ▁AS A ▁wear ▁he ather ▁gray ▁s lack s |
▁and ▁may ▁also ▁wear ▁a ▁n avy ▁blue ▁sh irt ; ▁u mp ires ▁from ▁the ▁USS SA ▁wear ▁red ▁sh ir ts ▁with ▁grey ▁s lack s ; ▁National ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁( NS A ) ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁an ▁official ▁NS A ▁white - color ed ▁u mp ire ▁sh irt ▁with ▁black ▁p ants ▁or ▁black ▁short s ; ▁NS A ▁fast p itch ▁u mp ires ▁wear ▁the ▁white ▁NS A ▁u mp ires ▁sh irt ▁and ▁he ather ▁gray ▁s lack s . ▁ ▁Dec isions ▁are ▁usually ▁indicated ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁hand ▁signals , ▁and ▁by ▁vocal izing ▁the ▁call . ▁Sa fe ▁calls ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁signal ing ▁with ▁flat ▁hands ▁facing ▁down ▁moving ▁away ▁from ▁each ▁other , ▁and ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" safe ". ▁Out ▁calls ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁raising ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁in ▁a ▁cl en ched ▁f ist , ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" out ". ▁St rik es ▁are ▁called ▁by ▁the ▁plate ▁u mp ire , ▁who ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁motion ▁as ▁the ▁out ▁call ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" st rike ". ▁B alls ▁are ▁only ▁called ▁verb ally , ▁with ▁no ▁hand ▁gesture . ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁also ▁has ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁not ▁saying ▁anything ▁on ▁a ▁ball . ▁It ▁is ▁understood ▁that ▁when ▁he ▁stands ▁up , ▁the ▁pitch ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁strike . ▁F oul ▁balls ▁are ▁called ▁by ▁extending ▁both ▁arms ▁up ▁in ▁the |
▁air ▁with ▁a ▁ver bal ▁call ▁of ▁" f oul ▁ball ", ▁while ▁fair ▁balls ▁are ▁indicated ▁only ▁by ▁pointing ▁towards ▁fair ▁territory ▁with ▁no ▁ver bal ▁call . ▁No ▁signal ▁is ▁given ▁for ▁balls ▁that ▁are ▁obviously ▁f oul ▁and ▁for ▁closer ▁calls ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁border line ; ▁a ▁mere ▁acknowled g ement ▁signal ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁All ▁dec isions ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁u mp ire ( s ) ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁final . ▁Only ▁dec isions ▁where ▁a ▁rule ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁mis inter pre ted ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁protest able . ▁At ▁some ▁tournament s ▁there ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁rules ▁interpreter ▁or ▁Tournament ▁Chief ▁U mp ire ▁( TC U ) ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁U mp ire ▁In ▁Chief , ▁or ▁U IC ) ▁available ▁to ▁pass ▁judgment ▁on ▁such ▁protest s , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁league ▁or ▁association ▁involved ▁to ▁decide ▁if ▁the ▁protest ▁would ▁be ▁u ph eld . ▁Pro tests ▁are ▁never ▁allowed ▁on ▁what ▁are ▁considered ▁" jud gment ▁calls " ▁– ▁balls , ▁strik es , ▁and ▁fou ls . ▁ ▁Game play ▁A ▁soft ball ▁game ▁can ▁last ▁anywhere ▁from ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁inn ings , ▁or ▁ 1 – 2 ▁hours ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁league , ▁rules , ▁and ▁type ▁of ▁soft ball . ▁The ▁teams ▁take ▁turns ▁batt ing . ▁Official ly , ▁which ▁team ▁b ats ▁first ▁is ▁decided ▁by ▁a ▁coin ▁toss , ▁although ▁a ▁league ▁may ▁decide |
▁otherwise ▁at ▁its ▁dis cret ion . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁b ats ▁second . ▁Batt ing ▁second ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁" last ▁at - bat ". ▁Many ▁soft ball ▁players ▁prefer ▁to ▁bat ▁second ▁because ▁they ▁feel ▁they ▁have ▁more ▁control ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁in ning , ▁since ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁last ▁at - bat . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁tie , ▁extra ▁inn ings ▁are ▁usually ▁played ▁until ▁the ▁tie ▁is ▁broken ▁except ▁in ▁certain ▁tournament s ▁and ▁champion ships . ▁If ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁is ▁leading ▁and ▁the ▁road ▁team ▁has ▁just ▁finished ▁its ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁in ning , ▁the ▁game ▁ends ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁to ▁bat ▁again . ▁In ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁def ensive ▁team ▁is ▁the ▁field ing ▁team ; ▁the ▁off ensive ▁team ▁is ▁at ▁bat ▁or ▁batt ing ▁and ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁score ▁runs . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁Play ▁often , ▁but ▁not ▁always , ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁u mp ire ▁saying ▁" Play ▁Ball ". ▁After ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁ready ▁and ▁all ▁field ers ▁( except ▁the ▁catch er ) ▁are ▁in ▁fair ▁territory ▁at ▁their ▁respective ▁positions , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁stands ▁at ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁past ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁the ▁catch er ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁throw , ▁or ▁pitch , ▁must ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁an ▁under hand ▁motion . ▁ ▁The ▁pitch er |
▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁or ▁around ▁the ▁" st rike ▁zone ". ▁However , ▁in ▁advanced ▁play ▁pitch er ▁and ▁catch er ▁play ▁a ▁psych ological ▁game ▁trying ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁guess ▁where ▁the ▁next ▁pitch ▁is ▁going ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁strike . ▁In ▁other ▁instances , ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁an ▁extremely ▁powerful ▁h itter ▁comes ▁up ▁to ▁bat ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁we aker ▁h itter , ▁a ▁pitch er ▁may ▁deliber ately ▁walk ▁the ▁first ▁batter ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁calculation ▁that ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁will ▁be ▁an ▁easy ▁out . ▁The ▁strike ▁zone ▁is ▁slightly ▁different ▁in ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁soft ball . ▁A ▁pitch ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁that ▁zone ▁is ▁a ▁" st rike ". ▁A ▁pitch ▁that ▁the ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁strike , ▁as ▁is ▁any ▁hit ▁ball ▁that ▁lands ▁in ▁f oul ▁territory ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁caught ▁out . ▁ ▁A ▁pitch ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁strike ▁and ▁which ▁the ▁batter ▁does ▁not ▁swing ▁at ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" ball ". ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁and ▁strik es ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁" count ". ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁is ▁always ▁given ▁first , ▁as ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁A ▁count ▁of ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁is ▁a ▁" full ▁count ", ▁since ▁the ▁next ▁ball ▁or ▁strike ▁will ▁end ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁turn ▁at ▁the ▁plate , ▁unless ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁f |
oul . ▁ ▁S low ▁pitch ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁in ch ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁vari eties ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁pitch ▁is ▁lo bb ed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁r ises ▁above ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁head ▁and ▁lands ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁rect angular ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁behind ▁the ▁plate . ▁These ▁restrictions ▁make ▁it ▁much ▁easier ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁ball ▁into ▁play ▁and ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁to ▁use ▁pitch ing ▁as ▁a ▁def ensive ▁strategy , ▁as ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁project ile ▁motion ▁limit ▁how ▁fast ▁a ▁ball ▁can ▁be ▁thrown ▁under ▁such ▁conditions ▁and ▁still ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁strike ▁to ▁a ▁speed ▁much ▁slower ▁than ▁a ▁tradition ally ▁thrown ▁ball . ▁U mp ires ▁will ▁make ▁calls ▁based ▁on ▁where ▁the ▁ball ▁lands ▁behind ▁the ▁plate . ▁A ▁pitch ▁in ▁" the ▁well " ▁( p ict ured ) ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁perfect ▁pitch . ▁In ▁other ▁vari eties ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch ▁( s ometimes ▁known ▁as ▁" mod ified "), ▁the ▁only ▁restriction ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁wind mill ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ; ▁thus ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁arm ▁cannot ▁be ▁raised ▁above ▁the ▁shoulder ▁and ▁both ▁the ▁wind - up ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁must ▁be ▁under hand , ▁still ▁allowing ▁for ▁moder ate ▁speed ▁and ▁control ▁in ▁pitch ing . ▁ ▁Fast ▁pitch ▁ ▁For ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁traditional ▁pitch ing ▁style ▁is ▁a ▁" wind mill " ▁motion , ▁extending ▁the ▁arm |
▁over ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁re le asing ▁the ▁ball ▁at ▁about ▁hip ▁level ▁at ▁maximum ▁spe eds . ▁Str ength ▁acquired ▁in ▁the ▁under hand ▁wind mill ▁motion ▁is ▁based ▁from ▁the ▁open ▁to ▁close ▁hip ▁motion . ▁Without ▁correct ▁form ▁and ▁hip ▁movement , ▁pitch es ▁can ▁be ▁in ac cur ate ▁and ▁can ▁lose ▁strength ▁and ▁speed . ▁In ▁girls ' ▁fast ▁pitch , ▁ 1 2 U ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 U ▁level ▁can ▁throw ▁between ▁ 3 0 m ph ▁and ▁ 6 5 m ph , ▁or ▁more . ▁Speed ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁factor ▁in ▁fast ▁pitch ▁soft ball . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁throw ▁balls ▁that ▁curve ▁in wards ▁( s cre w ball ) ▁and ▁out wards ▁( cur ve ball ) ▁on ▁right - hand ed ▁bat ters . ▁Cur ves ▁may ▁be ▁thrown ▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁or ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁or ▁inside ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁moving ▁into ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁ris eb alls ▁that ▁break ▁up wards ▁frequently ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁and ▁ending ▁above ▁it . ▁Ris eb alls ▁may ▁be ▁thrown ▁low ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁and ▁move ▁higher ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁or ▁even ▁below ▁the ▁zone ▁and ▁move ▁into ▁it . ▁Drop ▁balls ▁and ▁drop ▁curves ▁( to ▁cause ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁miss ▁or ▁hit ▁ground ball s ; ▁this ▁is ▁important ▁at ▁the ▁higher ▁levels ▁where ▁strike outs ▁occur ▁less ▁often ). ▁The ▁other ▁common ▁pitch es ▁are ▁change |
- up ▁and ▁fast ball s . ▁A ▁change ▁of ▁pace ▁( off - speed ) ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁important , ▁good ▁pitch ers ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁throw ▁all ▁their ▁pitch es ▁at ▁varying ▁spe eds ▁and ▁possibly ▁even ▁different ▁pitch ing ▁mot ions . ▁P itch ers ▁use ▁de ception ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁t actic ▁for ▁getting ▁bat ters ▁out ▁as ▁the ▁reaction ▁times ▁are ▁approximately ▁half ▁a ▁second ▁or ▁less . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁illegal ▁form ▁of ▁pitch ing ▁known ▁as ▁" c row - ho pping ". ▁A ▁" c row ▁hop " ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁pitch er ▁push es ▁with ▁the ▁pivot ▁foot ▁from ▁somewhere ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁This ▁often ▁involves ▁jump ing ▁from ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate ▁and ▁re plant ing ▁somewhere ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁pitch ing ▁plate . ▁The ▁u mp ire ▁st icks ▁his ▁left ▁arm ▁out ▁straight ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁and ▁cl en ches ▁his ▁f ist . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁ball ▁being ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁batter , ▁and ▁any ▁run ners ▁on ▁base ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁sw ings ▁at ▁the ▁pitch ▁that ▁is ▁de emed ▁illegal ▁and ▁puts ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁play , ▁the ▁defense ▁is ▁given ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁or ▁accept ▁the ▁penalty ▁listed ▁previously . ▁Image ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁demonstr ates ▁a ▁legal ▁pitch ▁as ▁the ▁push - off ▁foot ▁has ▁not ▁left ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁ball ▁must ▁be |
▁released ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁leg ▁step . ▁ ▁At ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁play , ▁pitch ers ▁aim ▁for ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁when ▁throwing ▁fast ball s ▁and ▁moving ▁pitch es . ▁P itch ers ▁also ▁vary ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁pitch ▁by ▁height ▁to ▁make ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁even ▁harder ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁up ▁at ▁bat . ▁Similarly , ▁both ▁the ▁drop ball ▁and ▁the ▁ris eb all ▁are ▁pitch es ▁that ▁change ▁height s . ▁To ▁the ▁batter , ▁the ▁drop ball ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁coming ▁in ▁level ▁but ▁then ▁as ▁the ▁ball ▁reaches ▁the ▁plate , ▁the ▁pitch ▁dro ps , ▁trying ▁to ▁force ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁ball . ▁This ▁should ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁batter ▁missing ▁or ▁hitting ▁a ▁ground ball . ▁When ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁ris eb alls , ▁bat ters ▁see ▁the ▁ball ▁coming ▁in ▁straight , ▁but ▁as ▁the ▁ball ▁approaches ▁the ▁plate , ▁it ▁r ises . ▁Fre qu ently ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁ris eb all ▁is ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁batter ▁attempt ▁to ▁ch ase ▁a ▁ball ▁which ▁ends ▁up ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁strike ▁zone ▁and ▁is ▁either ▁missed ▁entirely ▁or ▁hit ▁as ▁an ▁easy ▁pop - fly . ▁ ▁Another ▁pitch ▁that ▁breaks ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁is ▁the ▁curve ball . ▁When ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁curve ball s ▁they ▁snap ▁their ▁w rist ▁and ▁follow ▁their ▁arm ▁across ▁their ▁body , ▁making ▁the ▁ball ▁curve ▁to ▁the ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁plate . ▁There |
▁is ▁also ▁something ▁called ▁the ▁inside ▁curve ▁where ▁ball ▁start ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁and ▁curves ▁into ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁The ▁inside ▁curve ▁is ▁frequently ▁thrown ▁at ▁the ▁bat ters ▁hands ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁jam ▁them ▁forcing ▁a ▁f oul ▁hit . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁also ▁make ▁the ▁ball ▁curve ▁or ▁sc rew ▁to ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁plate . ▁The ▁one ▁pitch ▁that ▁dr ast ically ▁changes ▁speed ▁is ▁the ▁change ▁up , ▁dis rupt ing ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁timing . ▁P itch ers ▁also ▁throw ▁kn uck le ▁balls ▁which ▁are ▁generally ▁slower ▁and ▁move ▁er rat ically . ▁ ▁P itch es ▁may ▁reach ▁high ▁spe eds : ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁one ▁pitch ▁reached ▁. ▁Male ▁pitch ing ▁can ▁reach ▁spe eds ▁around ▁. ▁To ▁compare , ▁ML B ▁players ▁average ▁around ▁ 9 0 m ph ▁but ▁can ▁reach ▁spe eds ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 m ph . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁pitch es . ▁Some ▁are : ▁the ▁fast ball , ▁change up , ▁drop ball , ▁ris eb all , ▁sc rew ball , ▁curve ball , ▁drop cur ve , ▁drop change . ▁ ▁Bat ters ▁ ▁The ▁off ensive ▁team ▁sends ▁one ▁" b atter " ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁to ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁bat ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁pitch ▁forward ▁into ▁fair ▁territory . ▁The ▁order ▁the ▁players ▁bat ▁in , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" |
b atting ▁order ", ▁must ▁stay ▁the ▁same ▁throughout ▁the ▁game . ▁Sub st it utes ▁and ▁rep lac ements ▁must ▁bat ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁player ▁they ▁are ▁replacing . ▁In ▁co - ed , ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters ▁must ▁alternate . ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁stands ▁facing ▁the ▁pitch er ▁inside ▁a ▁" b atter ' s ▁box " ▁( there ▁is ▁one ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁either ▁right ▁or ▁left ▁handed ▁bat ters ). ▁The ▁bat ▁is ▁held ▁with ▁both ▁hands , ▁over ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁and ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁pitch er ▁( 9 0 ▁degree ▁angle ). ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁usually ▁hit ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁swing ing ▁motion ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁bat ▁may ▁move ▁through ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 6 0 ▁degrees . ▁The ▁batter ▁usually ▁steps ▁forward ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁foot , ▁the ▁body ▁weight ▁sh ifts ▁forward , ▁as ▁the ▁batter ▁simultaneously ▁sw ings ▁the ▁bat . ▁A ▁b unt ▁is ▁another ▁form ▁of ▁batt ing . ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁types , ▁including ▁a ▁sacrifice ▁b unt , ▁or ▁s lap ▁b unt . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁regular ▁sla pping ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁batter ▁takes ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁plate ▁and ▁usually ▁stands ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁box , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁form ▁anywhere . ▁The ▁batter ▁takes ▁a ▁step ▁back ▁with ▁their ▁leading ▁foot ▁as ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁wind up , ▁cross es ▁over ▁with ▁their ▁back |
▁foot ▁and ▁runs ▁toward ▁first ▁base ▁while ▁they ▁swing . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁sla pping ▁and ▁they ▁all ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁and ▁their ▁strength s . ▁There ▁are ▁half ▁swing ▁sla ps , ▁fake ▁sla ps , ▁and ▁full ▁swing ▁sla ps . ▁Each ▁type ▁of ▁s lap ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁purpose ▁or ▁goal . ▁No ▁matter ▁what ▁way ▁the ▁batter ▁hits ▁the ▁ball , ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁inside ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁box ▁when ▁the ▁bat ▁makes ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁ball . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁steps ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁while ▁swing ing , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁ ▁Once ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁into ▁fair ▁territory ▁the ▁runner ▁must ▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁or ▁beyond . ▁While ▁running ▁to ▁first ▁base , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁a ▁" b atter - runner ". ▁When ▁she ▁safely ▁reaches ▁first ▁( see ▁below ) ▁she ▁becomes ▁a ▁" base - runner " ▁or ▁" runner ". ▁ ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hit ▁high ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁is ▁a ▁" fly ▁ball ". ▁A ▁fly ▁ball ▁hit ▁up ward ▁at ▁an ▁angle ▁greater ▁than ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁is ▁a ▁" pop ▁fly ". ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁driven ▁in ▁the ▁air ▁through ▁the ▁in field ▁at ▁a ▁height ▁at ▁which ▁an ▁inf iel der ▁could ▁play ▁it ▁if ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁position ▁is ▁a ▁" line ▁drive ". ▁A ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁which ▁hits ▁the ▁ground ▁within ▁the ▁diam ond ▁is ▁a ▁" ground ▁ball ". |
▁If ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hits ▁a ▁player ▁or ▁a ▁base , ▁it ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁hit ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁A ▁batter ▁can ▁also ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁if ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁pitch . ▁If ▁a ▁batter ▁is ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁pitch ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dead ▁ball ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁reward ed ▁first ▁base . ▁She ▁must ▁make ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁get ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁u mp ire ' s ▁judgment al ▁call ▁whether ▁the ▁batter ▁attempted ▁to ▁move . ▁If ▁he ▁feels ▁the ▁batter ▁could ▁have ▁moved ▁and ▁avoided ▁getting ▁hit ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁not ▁reward ▁the ▁batter ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁the ▁pitch ▁will ▁be ▁recorded ▁as ▁a ▁ball . ▁ ▁Getting ▁the ▁batter ▁out ▁ ▁The ▁batter ▁is ▁out ▁if : ▁three ▁strik es ▁are ▁called ▁( a ▁" st rike out "); ▁a ▁ball ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁caught ▁before ▁touch ing ▁the ▁ground ▁( a ▁" fly out "); ▁the ▁batter ▁goes ▁to ▁a ▁base ▁that ▁is ▁already ▁tag ged ▁(" tag ged " ▁or ▁" tag ▁play "); ▁a ▁fiel der ▁holding ▁the ▁ball ▁touch es ▁a ▁base ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁base ▁towards ▁which ▁the ▁batter ▁may ▁run ▁before ▁the ▁batter ▁arriv es ▁there ▁( a ▁" force ▁out " ▁or ▁" force ▁play "); ▁or ▁in ▁certain ▁special ▁circumstances . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁not ▁so ▁common ▁occurrence ▁when ▁the ▁batter ▁has ▁ 2 ▁strik es ▁and ▁sw ings ▁at ▁strike ▁three . ▁If ▁the ▁catch er ▁doesn |
' t ▁catch ▁the ▁ball , ▁the ▁batter ▁has ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁the ▁catch er ▁can ▁throw ▁the ▁batter ▁out ▁at ▁first ▁base . ▁ ▁Ad van cing ▁around ▁the ▁bases ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁adv ances ▁to ▁a ▁base ▁without ▁a ▁field ing ▁error ▁or ▁an ▁out ▁being ▁recorded , ▁then ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁" base ▁hit ". ▁The ▁bases ▁must ▁be ▁reached ▁in ▁order ▁counter clock wise , ▁starting ▁with ▁first ▁base . ▁After ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁the ▁batter ▁may ▁advance ▁as ▁many ▁bases ▁as ▁possible . ▁An ▁advance ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁hit ▁is ▁a ▁" single ", ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁is ▁a ▁" double ", ▁to ▁third ▁base ▁is ▁a ▁" tri ple ", ▁and ▁to ▁home ▁plate ▁is ▁a ▁" home ▁run ". ▁Home ▁runs ▁are ▁usually ▁scored ▁by ▁hitting ▁the ▁ball ▁over ▁the ▁out field ▁f ence , ▁but ▁may ▁be ▁scored ▁on ▁a ▁hit ▁which ▁does ▁not ▁go ▁over ▁the ▁f ence . ▁A ▁home ▁run ▁includes ▁any ▁ball ▁that ▁b oun ces ▁off ▁a ▁fiel der ▁and ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁f ence ▁in ▁fair - ter rit ory ▁( dep ending ▁upon ▁association ▁and ▁local ▁league ▁rules ) ▁or ▁that ▁hits ▁the ▁f oul ▁pole . ▁If ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁b oun ces ▁off ▁a ▁fiel der ▁( in ▁fair ▁territory ) ▁and ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁f ence ▁in ▁f oul ▁territory , ▁or ▁if ▁it ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁f ence ▁at |
▁a ▁location ▁that ▁is ▁closer ▁than ▁the ▁official ▁distance , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁awarded ▁a ▁double ▁instead . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁runner ▁becomes ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁where ▁another ▁runner ▁is ▁standing , ▁the ▁latter ▁runner ▁must ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first , ▁the ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁must ▁try ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁second ▁because ▁the ▁batter - runner ▁is ▁entitled ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁batter ▁reaches ▁first ▁base ▁without ▁being ▁put ▁out , ▁then ▁that ▁player ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁forced ▁to ▁run ▁towards ▁second ▁base ▁the ▁next ▁time ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁driven ▁into ▁fair ▁territory . ▁That ▁is ▁because ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁vac ate ▁first ▁base ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁next ▁batter ▁to ▁reach ▁it , ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁can ▁only ▁go ▁to ▁second ▁base , ▁where ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁may ▁be ▁recorded . ▁ ▁R unn ers ▁may ▁advance ▁at ▁risk ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁out : ▁on ▁a ▁hit ▁by ▁another ▁player ; ▁after ▁a ▁fly ▁ball ▁has ▁been ▁caught , ▁provided ▁the ▁player ▁was ▁touch ing ▁a ▁base ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁first ▁touched ▁or ▁after ; ▁or ▁( in ▁fast p itch ) ▁automatically , ▁when ▁a ▁pitch ▁is ▁delivered ▁il leg ally . ▁ ▁R unn ers ▁advance ▁without ▁li ability ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁out : ▁when ▁a ▁walk ▁adv ances ▁another ▁player ▁to ▁the ▁runner ' s ▁current ▁base ; ▁or ▁automatically ▁in ▁certain ▁special ▁circumstances ▁described ▁below |
. ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁recent ▁years , ▁the ▁NCAA ▁rules ▁changed ▁when ▁concerning ▁the ▁bat ters ▁feet ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁box . ▁The ▁rule ▁now ▁states ▁that ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁foot ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁box ▁the ▁ball ▁will ▁stay ▁live . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁entire ▁foot ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box , ▁that ▁the ▁play ▁will ▁be ▁declared ▁dead ▁and ▁the ▁batter ▁called ▁out . ▁The ▁SE C ▁( col lege ▁ball ), ▁however , ▁claims ▁that ▁if ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁foot ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁when ▁she ▁makes ▁contact , ▁she ▁is ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁dead . ▁ ▁Special ▁circumstances ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁" w ild ▁throw " ▁( or ▁" over throw ") ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁designated ▁play ▁area , ▁each ▁runner ▁is ▁awarded ▁two ▁bases ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁base ▁touched ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁throw . ▁Ret re ating ▁past ▁a ▁made ▁base , ▁neg ates ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁that ▁base . ▁If ▁a ▁fiel der ▁intention ally ▁car ries ▁a ▁ball ▁out ▁of ▁play , ▁two ▁bases ▁are ▁awarded ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁ball ▁leaves ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play . ▁If ▁this ▁is ▁un intent ional ▁( f iel der ' s ▁momentum ), ▁the ▁award ▁is ▁one ▁base . ▁If ▁on ▁a ▁tag ▁play , ▁the ▁fiel der ▁los es ▁control ▁( after ▁establish ing ▁control ) ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁and ▁it |
▁leaves ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play , ▁one ▁base ▁is ▁awarded . ▁ ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁" w ild ▁pitch " ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁designated ▁play ▁area , ▁each ▁runner ▁is ▁awarded ▁one ▁base ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁occupied ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁pitch . ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁run ners ▁may ▁try ▁to ▁ste al ▁bases ▁by ▁running ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁base ▁on ▁the ▁pitch ▁and ▁reaching ▁it ▁before ▁being ▁tag ged ▁with ▁the ▁ball . ▁The ▁point ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁runner ▁can ▁ste al ▁a ▁base ▁var ies . ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁begin ▁ste aling ▁a ▁base ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁" wind mill " ▁pitch ing ▁motion , ▁but ▁until ▁recently , ▁ste aling ▁was ▁forb idden ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁because ▁a ▁runner ▁has ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁larger ▁head ▁start ▁while ▁the ▁slow ▁pitch ▁is ▁making ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁batter . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁rule ▁changes ▁initi ated ▁by ▁the ▁Independent ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁which ▁later ▁made ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁Federation ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁most ▁levels ▁of ▁slow ▁pitch ▁permit ▁ste aling ▁bases , ▁provided ▁the ▁runner ▁starts ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁either ▁touch es ▁the ▁ground ▁or ▁cross es ▁the ▁plate . ▁This ▁rule ▁encourag es ▁pitch ers ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁responsible ▁with ▁the ▁pitch ▁and ▁catch ers ▁to ▁play |
▁defense , ▁as ▁balls ▁which ▁miss ▁the ▁catch er ▁are ▁now ▁grounds ▁to ▁have ▁st olen ▁bases . ▁ ▁No ▁matter ▁what ▁level ▁of ▁play , ▁all ▁bas er unn ers ▁must ▁keep ▁one ▁foot ▁on ▁a ▁base ▁until ▁the ▁pitch er ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁or ▁until ▁the ▁ball ▁cross es ▁the ▁front ▁edge ▁of ▁home ▁plate ▁( dep ends ▁on ▁association ). ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch , ▁if ▁the ▁catch er ▁dro ps ▁strike ▁three ▁( a ▁" pass ed ▁ball ") ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁out s , ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁attempt ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁if ▁first ▁base ▁is ▁un occup ied . ▁The ▁catch er ▁must ▁then ▁attempt ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁runner . ▁If ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁cannot , ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁safe . ▁With ▁two ▁out s , ▁the ▁batter ▁can ▁attempt ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁first ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁it ▁is ▁already ▁occupied . ▁ ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁slow ▁pitch ▁only ▁a ▁f oul ▁ball ▁with ▁two ▁strik es ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁means ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁Ste aling ▁in ▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball ▁is ▁sever ely ▁restricted , ▁as ▁a ▁runner ▁may ▁only ▁ste al ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁them ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁open , ▁and ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁thrown ▁at , ▁à ▁la ▁pick off ▁move ▁or ▁snap ▁throw . ▁This ▁results ▁in ▁many ▁in ex per ien ced ▁players ▁being ▁thrown ▁or ▁double d ▁off ▁when ▁they ▁attempt ▁to |
▁advance ▁on ▁a ▁wild ▁pick off ▁at ▁another ▁bas er un ner . ▁ ▁Sc oring ▁runs ▁A ▁" run " ▁is ▁scored ▁when ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁touched ▁all ▁four ▁bases ▁in ▁order , ▁proceed ing ▁counter clock wise ▁around ▁them . ▁They ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁touched ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁play ; ▁a ▁batter ▁may ▁remain ▁safely ▁on ▁a ▁base ▁while ▁play ▁proceed s ▁and ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁on ▁a ▁later ▁play . ▁ ▁A ▁run ▁is ▁not ▁scored ▁if ▁the ▁last ▁out ▁is ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁or ▁occurs ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁play ▁that ▁the ▁runner ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate . ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁a ▁runner ▁is ▁on ▁third ▁base ▁prior ▁to ▁a ▁hit , ▁and ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁cross es ▁home ▁plate ▁after ▁an ▁out ▁is ▁made , ▁either ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁or ▁another ▁runner , ▁the ▁run ▁is ▁not ▁counted . ▁ ▁End ing ▁the ▁game ▁The ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁runs ▁after ▁seven ▁inn ings ▁wins ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁last ▁( bottom ) ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁in ning ▁or ▁any ▁remaining ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁in ning ▁is ▁not ▁played ▁if ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁second ▁is ▁leading . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁tied , ▁play ▁usually ▁continues ▁until ▁a ▁decision ▁is ▁reached , ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁international ▁tie - bre aker ▁rule ▁or ▁if ▁time ▁is ▁exp ired ▁the ▁score ▁would ▁be ▁just ▁tied . ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁in ning , ▁the ▁batt ing ▁team ▁starts ▁with ▁a ▁base |
- runner ▁on ▁second ▁base , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁player ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁available ▁to ▁bat ▁( in ▁other ▁words , ▁the ▁batter ▁who ▁last ▁took ▁their ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁box ; ▁regardless ▁whether ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁out ▁or ▁another ▁runner ▁was ▁put ▁out ). ▁ ▁In ▁games ▁where ▁one ▁team ▁leads ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁margin , ▁the ▁run ▁ahead ▁rule ▁may ▁come ▁into ▁play ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁any ▁potential ▁embar rass ment ▁of ▁we aker ▁teams . ▁In ▁fast p itch ▁and ▁modified ▁pitch , ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁runs ▁after ▁ 3 ▁inn ings , ▁ 1 0 ▁after ▁ 4 , ▁or ▁ 7 ▁after ▁ 5 ▁is ▁sufficient ▁for ▁the ▁leading ▁team ▁to ▁be ▁declared ▁the ▁winner . ▁In ▁slow ▁pitch , ▁the ▁margin ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁runs ▁after ▁ 4 ▁inn ings ▁or ▁ 1 5 ▁after ▁ 5 ▁inn ings . ▁In ▁the ▁NCAA , ▁the ▁required ▁margin ▁after ▁ 5 ▁inn ings ▁is ▁ 8 ▁runs . ▁The ▁mer cy ▁rule ▁takes ▁effect ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁an ▁in ning . ▁Thus , ▁if ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁first ▁is ▁ahead ▁by ▁enough ▁runs ▁for ▁the ▁rule ▁to ▁come ▁into ▁effect , ▁the ▁team ▁batt ing ▁second ▁has ▁their ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁in ning ▁to ▁narrow ▁the ▁margin . ▁ ▁A ▁game ▁may ▁be ▁lost ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁" for fe it ". ▁A ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 – 0 ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁not ▁at ▁fault ▁is |
▁recorded ▁( gener ally ▁one ▁run ▁is ▁awarded ▁for ▁each ▁in ning ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁played ). ▁A ▁for fe it ▁may ▁be ▁called ▁due ▁to ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁circumstances : ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁show ▁up ▁to ▁play ; ▁if ▁one ▁side ▁ref uses ▁to ▁continue ▁play ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁fails ▁to ▁res ume ▁play ▁after ▁a ▁susp ension ▁of ▁play ▁ends ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁uses ▁tact ics ▁intended ▁to ▁unf air ly ▁delay ▁or ▁hast en ▁the ▁game ; ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁does ▁not ▁leave ▁within ▁one ▁minute ▁of ▁being ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁do ▁so ; ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁that ▁cannot ▁play ▁enters ▁the ▁game ▁and ▁one ▁pitch ▁has ▁been ▁thrown ; ▁if ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁have , ▁for ▁whatever ▁reason , ▁enough ▁players ▁to ▁continue ; ▁or ▁if ▁after ▁warning ▁by ▁the ▁u mp ire , ▁a ▁player ▁continues ▁to ▁intention ally ▁break ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁This ▁last ▁rule ▁is ▁rarely ▁enfor ced ▁as ▁players ▁who ▁break ▁rules ▁after ▁being ▁war ned ▁are ▁usually ▁removed . ▁ ▁The ▁plate ▁u mp ire ▁may ▁susp end ▁play ▁because ▁of ▁darkness ▁or ▁anything ▁that ▁puts ▁players ▁or ▁spect ators ▁in ▁danger . ▁If ▁five ▁inn ings ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁recorded ▁as ▁it ▁stands . ▁This ▁includes ▁t ies . ▁If ▁fewer ▁than ▁four ▁inn ings ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁a ▁" reg ulation " ▁game . ▁ ▁Games ▁that ▁are ▁not |
▁reg ulation ▁or ▁are ▁reg ulation ▁t ies ▁are ▁res umed ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁susp ension . ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁championship ▁game , ▁it ▁is ▁re play ed ▁from ▁the ▁beginning . ▁Team ▁ro sters ▁may ▁be ▁changed . ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁There ▁are ▁nine ▁players ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁in ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁players ▁in ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball . ▁Although ▁the ▁pitch er ▁and ▁catch er ▁have ▁the ▁ball ▁the ▁most , ▁each ▁person ▁has ▁a ▁specific ▁job . ▁In ▁the ▁in field ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁pitch er , ▁catch er , ▁first ▁bas eman , ▁second ▁bas eman , ▁short stop , ▁and ▁third ▁bas eman . ▁In ▁the ▁out field ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁left ▁fiel der , ▁center ▁fiel der , ▁and ▁right ▁fiel der . ▁In ▁slow - p itch ▁soft ball ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁extra ▁out f iel der ▁in ▁the ▁out field , ▁who ▁is ▁specified ▁as ▁a ▁ro amer ▁or ▁ro ver . ▁Norm ally , ▁the ▁def ensive ▁team ▁will ▁play ▁with ▁four ▁out field ers , ▁meaning ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁left ▁fiel der , ▁left - center ▁fiel der , ▁right - center ▁fiel der , ▁and ▁right ▁fiel der . ▁The ▁recent ▁tr end ▁with ▁tournament ▁and ▁league ▁slow ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁play ▁is ▁to ▁field ▁ 5 ▁in field ers ▁instead ▁of ▁ 4 ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁extra ▁inf iel der ▁is ▁commonly ▁placed ▁behind ▁the |
▁pitch er ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁ 2 nd ▁base . ▁ ▁Design ated ▁player ▁ ▁In ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁teams ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁designated ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁line up ; ▁this ▁player , ▁which ▁functions ▁like ▁the ▁designated ▁h itter ▁in ▁baseball , ▁hits ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁players ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁play ▁defense . ▁ ▁Un like ▁a ▁designated ▁h itter , ▁a ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁also ▁become ▁a ▁temporary ▁def ensive ▁substitute , ▁and ▁the ▁player ▁subst it uted ▁by ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁position ▁at ▁a ▁later ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁However , ▁the ▁only ▁player ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁subst it uted ▁as ▁an ▁off ensive ▁replacement ▁( pin ch ▁runner ▁or ▁pin ch ▁h itter ) ▁is ▁the ▁def ensive ▁player ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁originally ▁replaced , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" flex ". ▁ ▁At ▁any ▁time , ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁can ▁be ▁subst it uted ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁line up ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁flex ▁player , ▁but ▁once ▁taken ▁out , ▁the ▁designated ▁player ▁cannot ▁take ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁player ▁in ▁the ▁line up . ▁ ▁P itch er ▁The ▁pitch er ▁is ▁the ▁individual ▁who ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond . ▁As ▁in ▁baseball , ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁has ▁a ▁rub ber ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁pitch ers ▁delivery . ▁A ▁pitch er ▁must ▁have ▁both ▁feet ▁on ▁the ▁rub |
ber ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁their ▁delivery ▁but ▁neither ▁foot ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁rub ber ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁released . ▁In ▁baseball , ▁the ▁rub ber ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁m ound ▁of ▁d irt ▁as ▁gravity ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁generate ▁speed . ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch ers ▁throw ▁from ▁within ▁a ▁circle ▁and ▁the ▁rub ber ▁in ▁the ▁circle ▁is ▁not ▁elev ated . ▁The ▁circle ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁base ▁run ners . ▁When ▁the ▁pitch er ▁is ▁in ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁the ▁circle , ▁a ▁runner ▁who ▁has ▁passed ▁a ▁base ▁must ▁either ▁advance ▁or ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁base . ▁They ▁cannot ▁" b ait " ▁the ▁pitch er ▁to ▁throw ▁or ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁called ▁out . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁tries ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁do ▁that , ▁they ▁start ▁while ▁having ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁their ▁glo ve , ▁they ▁throw ▁their ▁arms ▁behind ▁their ▁h ips , ▁they ▁shoot ▁for wards ▁with ▁their ▁leg , ▁which ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁side ▁as ▁their ▁glo ve , ▁and ▁leave ▁their ▁glo ve ▁hand ▁there ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁arm ▁goes ▁around ▁the ▁shoulder , ▁b ends ▁the ▁el bow , ▁and ▁turns ▁their ▁w rist ▁toward ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁bas eman , ▁and ▁brings ▁their ▁arm ▁through ▁at ▁the ▁end , ▁f lick s ▁their ▁w rist , ▁and ▁brings ▁the ▁arm ▁up , ▁with ▁the ▁hand ▁by ▁their ▁shoulder . ▁They ▁follow ▁through ▁with ▁their |
▁legs ▁turning ▁their ▁pitch ing ▁st ance ▁into ▁a ▁field ing ▁st ance . ▁They ▁try ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁ball ▁when ▁they ▁go ▁past ▁their ▁h ips . ▁ ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁uses ▁an ▁under arm ▁motion ▁to ▁pitch ▁the ▁ball ▁towards ▁the ▁strike ▁zone . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁pitch er ▁makes ▁a ▁throw , ▁the ▁field ers ▁are ▁ready ▁to ▁field ▁balls ▁that ▁are ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond . ▁P itch ers ▁usually ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁tall , ▁very ▁flexible ▁and ▁have ▁good ▁upper ▁body ▁strength . ▁P itch ers ▁can ▁be ▁r ighth and ed ▁or ▁le f th and ed . ▁The ▁soft ball ▁pitch er ▁makes ▁a ▁wind mill ▁motion ▁while ▁throwing ▁under hand , ▁unlike ▁baseball ▁pitch ers ▁who ▁throw ▁over hand . ▁ ▁C atch er ▁The ▁catch er ▁is ▁normally ▁behind ▁home ▁plate ▁in ▁a ▁squ atted ▁position ▁( some ▁plays ▁may ▁require ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁stand ▁at ▁an ▁angle ▁for ▁intent ional ▁wal ks ). ▁At ▁the ▁plate ▁the ▁catch er ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁catch ing ▁pitch es , ▁keeping ▁mis p itch ed ▁balls ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁plate , ▁calling ▁pitch es ▁that ▁are ▁normally ▁done ▁through ▁hand ▁signals , ▁pick ing ▁off ▁run ners , ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁C atch ers ▁must ▁know ▁how ▁many ▁out s ▁there ▁are , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁strik es ▁and ▁balls ▁on ▁the ▁batter ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁relay ▁that |
▁to ▁their ▁team m ates . ▁They ▁must ▁also ▁know ▁how ▁many ▁run ners ▁are ▁on ▁base ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁ball ▁should ▁be ▁thrown ▁next ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁play . ▁C atch ers ▁are ▁strong , ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁smart ▁and ▁quick ▁on ▁their ▁feet , ▁and ▁have ▁accurate ▁throws ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁pick ▁run ners ▁off ▁at ▁each ▁base . ▁ ▁C atch ers ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁have ▁strong ▁and ▁mus cular ▁legs ▁to ▁squ at ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁g ear ▁worn ▁by ▁a ▁catch er ▁protect s ▁them ▁from ▁balls ▁thrown ▁in ▁the ▁d irt ▁or ▁wild ▁pitch es . ▁The ▁catch er ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁off ▁his / her ▁mask ▁to ▁catch ▁a ▁pop ▁fly ▁or ▁to ▁watch ▁the ▁play . ▁ ▁First ▁bas eman ▁The ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond ▁when ▁facing ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁major ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁to ▁receive ▁throws ▁from ▁other ▁def ensive ▁players ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁force ▁play ▁at ▁first ▁base . ▁Another ▁role ▁they ▁play ▁is ▁to ▁make ▁field ing ▁plays ▁on ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁towards ▁first ▁base . ▁The ▁first ▁bas eman ▁is ▁usually ▁involved ▁in ▁every ▁play ▁that ▁occurs ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁Ind ividual s ▁at ▁first ▁base ▁have ▁quick ▁hands ▁and ▁good ▁reach , ▁and ▁are ▁always ▁on ▁the ▁look out ▁to ▁catch ▁the ▁player ▁off ▁base . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁generally ▁t aller ▁and ▁left |
- hand ed ▁throwing , ▁which ▁ ▁gives ▁them ▁an ▁extended ▁reach . ▁First ▁bas emen ▁however , ▁can ▁be ▁both ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁handed . ▁Just ▁like ▁the ▁catch er , ▁first ▁bas emen ▁may ▁wear ▁specific ▁first ▁base ▁mitt s , ▁usually ▁having ▁a ▁longer ▁web ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁t aller ▁throws ▁over ▁their ▁head . ▁ ▁Second ▁bas eman ▁The ▁second ▁bas eman ▁plays ▁in ▁between ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁and ▁second ▁base ▁itself , ▁usually ▁closer ▁to ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁covers ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁right - field ▁or ▁center ▁field , ▁they ▁become ▁the ▁cut - off ▁for ▁the ▁center ▁fiel der ▁or ▁the ▁right ▁fiel der ▁depending ▁who ▁the ▁ball ▁was ▁hit ▁to . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁then ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁covering ▁first . ▁If ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman , ▁they ▁either ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁second ▁if ▁there ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁player ▁on ▁first , ▁or ▁they ▁throw ▁to ▁first ▁if ▁there ▁was ▁nobody ▁on . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁person ▁up ▁to ▁bat ▁hits ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁short stop ▁or ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁is ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁covering ▁second ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁throw ▁from ▁the ▁short stop ▁or ▁third ▁bas eman . |
▁Then , ▁depending ▁where ▁the ▁runner ▁is ▁between ▁home ▁and ▁first , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁makes ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁first ▁or ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁ball . ▁Also , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁b unt , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁must ▁cover ▁first ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman ▁runs ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁the ▁b unt , ▁then ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁thrown ▁back ▁to ▁first ▁base . ▁ ▁Short stop ▁The ▁short stop ▁fields ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁in field ▁between ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁bases . ▁This ▁individual ▁also ▁helps ▁cover ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁bases , ▁is ▁frequently ▁involved ▁in ▁force ▁plays ▁and ▁double ▁plays , ▁and ▁often ▁throws ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁catch er ▁to ▁throw ▁out ▁run ners ▁at ▁home ▁plate . ▁On ▁ste als ▁to ▁second ▁base ▁( when ▁the ▁runner ▁from ▁first ▁is ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁pitch ) ▁the ▁short stop ▁usually ▁covers . ▁The ▁short stop ▁doesn ' t ▁cover ▁second ▁base ▁only ▁when ▁a ▁right ▁handed ▁batter ▁is ▁up . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁covers ▁the ▁ste al . ▁Most ▁short ▁stops ▁are ▁very ▁quick , ▁ag ile ▁and ▁think ▁fast . ▁Short st ops ▁may ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁restricted ▁zone ▁but ▁are ▁faced ▁with ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁hits ▁and ▁interact ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁base , ▁ 3 rd ▁base ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁O ften ▁double ▁plays ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁quick ▁thinking / re action ▁by ▁the ▁short |
▁stop . ▁When ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁up ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁the ▁short stop ▁catch es ▁it , ▁they ▁will ▁f lip ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁bas eman ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁result . ▁Short stop ▁also ▁takes ▁the ▁cut ▁off ▁for ▁the ▁left ▁field ▁when ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁at ▁second ▁base . ▁When ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁out field , ▁the ▁short ▁stop ▁then ▁covers ▁second ▁base . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁runner ▁on ▁first ▁base ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁hit ▁down ▁the ▁line ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁gap ▁to ▁right ▁field , ▁the ▁short stop ▁will ▁then ▁go ▁for ▁the ▁cut ▁to ▁third . ▁Mean ing ▁the ▁runner ▁that ▁is ▁going ▁from ▁first ▁to ▁second ▁will ▁most ▁likely ▁be ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁third , ▁and ▁in ▁that ▁case , ▁the ▁short stop ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁cut ▁off ▁for ▁the ▁throw ▁from ▁right ▁field ▁to ▁third ▁base . ▁Short stop ▁can ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁positions ▁to ▁play ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁being ▁hit ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁ ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁The ▁third ▁bas eman ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁diam ond ▁when ▁you ▁are ▁facing ▁home ▁plate . ▁They ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁field ing ▁all ▁balls ▁hit ▁their ▁way ▁including ▁b un ts . ▁In ▁fact , ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁fields ▁more ▁b un ts ▁than ▁a ▁pitch er ▁and ▁first ▁bas eman ▁do . ▁Third ▁base ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁" Hot ▁Cor ner " |
▁because ▁the ▁ball ▁can ▁pop ▁off ▁the ▁bat ▁at ▁the ▁fiel der ▁very ▁fast . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁have ▁great ▁ref lex es ▁and ▁be ▁very ▁quick ▁on ▁their ▁feet ▁because ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁quick ▁to ▁field ▁a ▁b unt ▁but ▁also ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁predict ▁whether ▁the ▁batter ▁will ▁b unt ▁or ▁hit , ▁a ▁ball ▁that ▁is ▁hit ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁line ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁face . ▁It ▁also ▁helps ▁if ▁they ▁can ▁run ▁fast ▁but ▁it ▁isn ' t ▁a ▁requirement . ▁A ▁third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁arm ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁throw ▁a ▁runner ▁out ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁diam ond . ▁Any ▁ball ▁that ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁can ▁get , ▁they ▁should . ▁They ▁will ▁have ▁more ▁momentum ▁towards ▁first ▁base ▁when ▁field ing ▁the ▁ball ▁than ▁a ▁short stop . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁closer ▁to ▁first ▁base ▁when ▁they ▁cut ▁off ▁a ▁slower ▁ground ▁ball ▁towards ▁short stop . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁covering ▁third ▁base ▁at ▁all ▁times ▁unless ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁to ▁them . ▁In ▁that ▁instance , ▁the ▁short stop ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁third ▁base . ▁Third ▁bas eman ▁must ▁be ▁smart , ▁have ▁great ▁ref lex es , ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁arm , ▁and ▁be ▁quick ▁with ▁their ▁hands . ▁ ▁Out field ers ▁The ▁out field ers ▁are ▁players ▁that ▁cover ▁the ▁grass y ▁area ▁behind ▁the ▁in field . ▁Out field ers ▁are ▁named ▁for ▁their ▁positions |
▁in ▁the ▁field ▁relative ▁to ▁home ▁plate . ▁Trad itional ▁out field ▁positions ▁include ▁a ▁left ▁fiel der , ▁a ▁center ▁fiel der , ▁and ▁a ▁right ▁fiel der . ▁Each ▁player ▁has ▁specific ▁job ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁out f iel der . ▁ ▁Right ▁fiel der ▁The ▁right ▁fiel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁bas emen , ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁right ▁fiel der ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁The ▁right ▁fiel der ▁has ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁jobs ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁soft ball ▁game . ▁Gener ally , ▁out field ers ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁back - up ▁to ▁the ▁in field ers ▁when ▁they ▁make ▁plays ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁past ▁the ▁in field . ▁Right ▁field ▁has ▁a ▁particular ▁job ▁of ▁covering ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁first ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁thrown ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁Right ▁field ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁cover ▁this ▁area ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁gets ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁bas eman . ▁This ▁will ▁prevent ▁base - run ners ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Trad itionally ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁right ▁fiel der ▁will ▁have ▁the ▁strong est ▁arm ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁other ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁right ▁fiel der ▁must ▁have ▁the ▁strong |
est ▁arm ▁because ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁fur th est ▁possibility ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁ball . ▁A ▁right ▁fiel der ▁will ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁to ▁each ▁base ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁out field ers ▁will ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁position ▁in ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁bases . ▁ ▁Center ▁fiel der ▁The ▁center ▁fiel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁out field ▁directly ▁behind ▁second ▁base ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁center ▁fiel der ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁Center ▁field ers ▁techn ically ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁" capt ains " ▁of ▁the ▁out field . ▁They ▁are ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁vocal ▁in ▁effectively ▁communic ating ▁with ▁their ▁out field ers . ▁Since ▁the ▁out field ers ▁are ▁further ▁apart ▁from ▁each ▁other , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁hard ▁to ▁hear ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁center ▁fiel der ▁covers ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁second ▁base ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁thrown ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁By ▁covering ▁this ▁area , ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁does ▁get ▁past ▁the ▁inf iel der , ▁the ▁center ▁fiel der ▁can ▁prevent ▁base - run ners ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Within ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁the ▁center ▁fiel der ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁the ▁fast est ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁out field ers . ▁The ▁center ▁fiel der ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁quick est ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁area ▁of ▁field ▁they ▁must |
▁cover . ▁Besides ▁being ▁a ▁quick ▁player , ▁the ▁center ▁fiel der ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁throwing ▁arm ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁player ▁and ▁home ▁plate . ▁ ▁Left ▁fiel der ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ' s ▁position ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁out field ▁behind ▁the ▁third ▁bas eman ▁when ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁behind ▁home ▁plate . ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁field ers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁out field . ▁Gener ally , ▁out field ers ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁back - up ▁to ▁the ▁in field ers ▁when ▁they ▁make ▁plays ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit ▁past ▁the ▁in field . ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ▁must ▁field ▁their ▁position , ▁but ▁also ▁cover ▁the ▁area ▁behind ▁third ▁base ▁if ▁a ▁ball ▁is ▁thrown ▁or ▁hit ▁in ▁that ▁direction . ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ▁covers ▁this ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁the ▁ball ▁will ▁pass ▁the ▁in field ers . ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ▁can ▁then ▁prevent ▁the ▁base ▁runner ▁from ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁unw anted ▁bases . ▁Besides ▁covering ▁certain ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁left ▁fiel der ▁must ▁be ▁the ▁smart est ▁of ▁the ▁out field ers . ▁In ▁the ▁left ▁field ▁position , ▁the ▁player ▁has ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁the ▁players , ▁the ▁base - run ners , ▁and ▁the ▁batter . ▁The ▁left ▁fiel der ▁must ▁constantly ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁situation ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁know ▁what ▁must ▁be |
▁done ▁in ▁different ▁circumstances . ▁More ▁advanced ▁levels ▁require ▁the ▁left ▁fiel der ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁field ▁the ▁ball ▁during ▁" s lap ▁hit " ▁situations ▁by ▁playing ▁shall ow . ▁Left ▁field ers ▁must ▁also ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁any ▁run ▁down ▁situation ▁between ▁third ▁base ▁and ▁home ▁plate ▁or ▁back ▁up ▁any ▁plays ▁that ▁happen ▁at ▁third ▁base ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁an ▁over throw . ▁ ▁Short ▁fiel der ▁In ▁some ▁le agues ▁and ▁organizations , ▁four ▁out field ▁players ▁are ▁util ized ▁by ▁each ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁extra ▁out f iel der ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁short ▁fiel der ▁and ▁plays ▁somewhere ▁behind ▁second ▁base , ▁adjust ing ▁position ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁handed ness ▁or ▁other ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁batter , ▁while ▁the ▁regular ▁center ▁fiel der ▁plays ▁a ▁consider ably ▁deeper ▁position . ▁ ▁The ▁short ▁fiel der ▁used ▁as ▁such ▁can ▁take ▁away ▁a ▁batt ing ▁strategy ▁in ▁soft ball , ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁hit ▁soft ▁lin ers ▁over ▁the ▁pitch er . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁some ▁teams ▁prefer ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁fourth ▁out f iel der ▁like ▁the ▁others , ▁with ▁the ▁center ▁field ▁position ▁being ▁shared ▁between ▁two ▁players ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁left - center ▁fiel der ▁and ▁the ▁right - center ▁fiel der . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁four ▁out field ers ▁are ▁spac ed ▁equ id ist antly ▁and ▁play ▁at ▁roughly ▁the ▁same ▁depth . ▁ ▁Rec re ational ▁play ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁le agues ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that |
▁ 1 4 . 6 2 ▁million ▁Americans ▁played ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁game ▁of ▁soft ball ▁during ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁played ▁by ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁both ▁recre ation ally ▁and ▁compet it ively . ▁ ▁So ft ball ▁is ▁especially ▁popular ▁as ▁a ▁recre ational ▁activity ▁for ▁adult s . ▁Le agues ▁for ▁such ▁play ▁are ▁often ▁character ized ▁as ▁either ▁" fun ▁le agues ", ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁out door ▁exercise ▁and ▁player ▁cam ar ader ie ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁the ▁final ▁result , ▁or ▁" ser ious ▁le agues ". ▁The ▁distinction ▁is ▁not ▁absolute ▁and ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁grad ations ▁within ▁each . ▁So ft ball ▁teams ▁are ▁often ▁organized ▁around ▁groups ▁of ▁employees ▁who ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁evening ▁after ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁In ▁many ▁US ▁cities , ▁adult ▁soft ball ▁teams ▁are ▁organized ▁by ▁bars ▁and ▁clubs , ▁hence ▁the ▁popular ▁term ▁" be er ▁league " ▁soft ball . ▁The ▁teams ▁can ▁be ▁men ' s , ▁women ' s ▁or ▁co - ed , ▁and ▁skill ▁levels ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁nov ice ▁to ▁el ite , ▁with ▁league ▁composition ▁reflect ing ▁that . ▁These ▁le agues ▁are ▁typically ▁either ▁slow - p itch ▁or ▁modified . ▁ ▁Co - ed ▁recre ational ▁le agues , ▁where ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁team , ▁generally ▁have ▁prov isions ▁to ▁keep ▁men ▁from ▁domin ating ▁the ▁game . ▁League ▁rules ▁may ▁st ip ulate ▁that |
▁there ▁must ▁be ▁an ▁equal ▁number ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁on ▁the ▁team , ▁or ▁that ▁batt ing ▁order ▁alternate ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters . ▁Some ▁le agues ▁only ▁require ▁three ▁women ▁to ▁play ▁but ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁present ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁at ▁all ▁times . ▁O thers ▁will ▁allow ▁a ▁game ▁to ▁proceed ▁when ▁a ▁team ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁requ is ite ▁number ▁of ▁women ▁available ▁but ▁charge ▁the ▁batt ing ▁team ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁out ▁whenever ▁the ▁missing ▁woman ' s ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁batt ing ▁order ▁comes ▁up . ▁ ▁Mod ification ▁of ▁rules ▁ ▁One ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁soft ball ▁is ▁the ▁ease ▁of ▁modification ▁of ▁its ▁rules , ▁thereby ▁allowing ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁be ▁adapted ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁skill ▁levels . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁some ▁slow ▁pitch ▁soft ball ▁le agues ▁a ▁batter ▁starts ▁at ▁bat ▁with ▁a ▁count ▁of ▁one ▁ball ▁one ▁strike . ▁In ▁some ▁le agues , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁home ▁runs ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁are ▁limited . ▁In ▁other ▁le agues , ▁ste aling ▁of ▁bases ▁is ▁prohib ited . ▁Some ▁groups ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁def ensive ▁game ▁by ▁making ▁home ▁plate ▁a ▁force ▁out ▁for ▁first ▁base . ▁This ▁reduces ▁scoring ▁even ly ▁on ▁both ▁sides , ▁and ▁allows ▁for ▁some ▁margin ▁of ▁error . ▁ ▁Co - ed ▁le agues ▁sometimes ▁adopt ▁live - play ▁rules ▁intended ▁to ▁reduce ▁gender ▁inequality , ▁under ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁men ▁will ▁be ▁generally |
▁more ▁powerful . ▁In ▁most ▁co - ed ▁or ▁mixed ▁gender ▁le agues ▁there ▁is ▁something ▁called ▁an ▁enc ro achment ▁line . ▁This ▁requires ▁the ▁out field ers ▁to ▁stay ▁behind ▁a ▁line ▁till ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁hit . ▁If ▁an ▁out f iel der ▁passes ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁this ▁line ▁before ▁the ▁female ▁batter ▁hits ▁a ▁fair ▁ball , ▁the ▁batter ▁will ▁receive ▁a ▁single ▁base ▁or ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁play , ▁and ▁the ▁base ▁run ners ▁will ▁advance ▁accordingly . ▁The ▁line ▁will ▁be ▁ 1 8 0 ▁feet ▁from ▁home ▁plate . ▁One ▁possible ▁rule ▁requires ▁male ▁bat ters ▁to ▁" switch ▁hit ". ▁Some ▁le agues ▁even ▁use ▁different ▁balls ▁for ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁bat ters . ▁While ▁these ▁modified ▁rules ▁are ▁common , ▁there ▁are ▁questions ▁as ▁to ▁their ▁place ▁in ▁modern ▁adult ▁sports . ▁ ▁Some ▁le agues ▁require ▁teams ▁to ▁use ▁limited ▁flight ▁soft ball s . ▁These ▁soft ball s , ▁when ▁hit , ▁will ▁not ▁go ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁regular ▁soft ball s . ▁Other ▁le agues ▁limit ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁runs ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁scored ▁in ▁an ▁in ning . ▁Five ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁limit . ▁ ▁By ▁allowing ▁these ▁and ▁other ▁modifications , ▁soft ball ▁can ▁be ▁enjoyed ▁by ▁children , ▁te en agers , ▁and ▁adult s . ▁Senior ▁le agues ▁with ▁players ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁are ▁not ▁un common . ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁rule ▁modification ▁is ▁the ▁" off ensive ▁pitch er |
" ▁( or ▁" self ▁pitch ") ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁inform al ▁games ▁where ▁the ▁emphas is ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁compet itive ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁a ids ▁the ▁batter ▁by ▁attempting ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁easiest ▁pitch ▁to ▁hit . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁wal ks , ▁and ▁a ▁batter ▁is ▁normally ▁given ▁a ▁fixed ▁number ▁of ▁pitch es ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁hit ▁( us ually ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 ). ▁The ▁batter ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁strike ▁out ▁if ▁the ▁batter ▁fails ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁ball ▁into ▁fair ▁territory ▁after ▁the ▁given ▁number ▁of ▁pitch es . ▁The ▁pitch er ▁does ▁not ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁fiel der , ▁and ▁a ▁rule ▁is ▁often ▁made ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁touch es ▁the ▁pitch er , ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁out . ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁le agues ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁pitch es ▁to ▁walk ▁or ▁strike out ▁can ▁be ▁reduced . ▁For ▁instance , ▁one ▁strike ▁is ▁an ▁out , ▁and ▁two ▁balls ▁is ▁a ▁walk . ▁This ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁le agues ▁where ▁double headers ▁are ▁played , ▁or ▁in ▁late ▁season ▁le agues ▁when ▁reduced ▁day light ▁is ▁an ▁issue . ▁It ▁results ▁in ▁shorter ▁games , ▁as ▁players ▁are ▁more ▁apt ▁to ▁swing , ▁even ▁at ▁marg inal ▁pitch es , ▁rather ▁than ▁risk ▁striking ▁out ▁on ▁one ▁pitch . ▁ ▁Many ▁le agues ▁also ▁include ▁a ▁second ▁first ▁base ▁immediately ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁one . ▁This ▁is ▁usually ▁orange ▁and ▁the |
▁batter ▁running ▁through ▁first ▁base ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁run ▁straight ▁through ▁it . ▁This ▁minim izes ▁the ▁ch ances ▁of ▁a ▁collision . ▁By ▁the ▁same ▁token ▁some ▁le agues ▁have ▁an ▁alternate ▁home ▁plate ▁and ▁rule ▁that ▁plays ▁at ▁home ▁are ▁always ▁force ▁plays . ▁In ▁these ▁cases ▁there ▁is ▁typically ▁a ▁white ▁line ▁drawn ▁approximately ▁ 1 / 3 ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁down ▁the ▁bas eline ▁that ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁no ▁return . ▁This ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁" P ick le " ▁which ▁can ▁put ▁a ▁great ▁stra in ▁on ▁the ▁an k les ▁and ▁kne es ▁of ▁older ▁bas er unn ers . ▁ ▁Ind oor ▁play ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁ind o ors , ▁soft ball ▁is ▁usually ▁played ▁out do ors . ▁The ▁ind oor ▁form ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁Arena ▁So ft ball . ▁Ind oor ▁soft ball ▁has ▁generally ▁the ▁same ▁rules ▁as ▁out door ▁soft ball . ▁Only ▁the ▁wall ▁behind ▁the ▁batter ▁is ▁considered ▁f oul ▁territory . ▁The ▁other ▁walls ▁are ▁considered ▁fair . ▁Usually , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁area ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁in ▁the ▁out field ▁that ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁being ▁awarded ▁if ▁the ▁batt ed ▁ball ▁hits ▁it . ▁P itch ing ▁is ▁generally ▁a ▁little ▁slower ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁ind oor ▁tur f , ▁or ▁pitch ed ▁through ▁a ▁pitch ing ▁machine ▁at ▁younger ▁levels . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁limit ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁bat |
ters ▁a ▁team ▁may ▁have ▁available , ▁although ▁only ▁so ▁many ▁can ▁bat ▁in ▁one ▁in ning . ▁Some ▁ind oor ▁facilities ▁do ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁cle ats ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁which ▁are ▁what ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁up ▁generally ▁use . ▁Also , ▁some ▁tournament s ▁may ▁require ▁a ▁time ▁limit ▁for ▁games ▁ ▁P itch ▁ ▁In ▁soft ball , ▁a ▁pitch ▁is ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁throwing ▁a ▁soft ball ▁toward ▁home ▁plate ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁play . ▁ ▁The ▁phases ▁of ▁throwing ▁include ▁the ▁g rip , ▁st ance , ▁wind up , ▁st ride , ▁release ▁and ▁follow ▁through . ▁ ▁P itch ers ▁throw ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁pitch es , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁slightly ▁different ▁velocity , ▁traject ory , ▁movement , ▁hand ▁position , ▁w rist ▁position ▁and / or ▁arm ▁angle . ▁These ▁variations ▁are ▁introduced ▁to ▁conf use ▁the ▁batter ▁in ▁various ▁ways , ▁and ▁ultimately ▁aid ▁the ▁def ensive ▁team ▁in ▁getting ▁the ▁batter ▁or ▁bas er unn ers ▁out . ▁To ▁obtain ▁variety , ▁and ▁therefore ▁enh ance ▁def ensive ▁baseball ▁strategy , ▁the ▁pitch er ▁manip ul ates ▁the ▁g rip ▁on ▁the ▁ball ▁at ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁release . ▁Vari ations ▁in ▁the ▁g rip ▁cause ▁the ▁se ams ▁to ▁" catch " ▁the ▁air ▁differently , ▁thereby ▁changing ▁the ▁traject ory ▁of ▁the ▁ball , ▁making ▁it ▁harder ▁for ▁the ▁batter ▁to ▁hit . ▁ ▁The ▁selection ▁of ▁which |
▁pitch ▁to ▁use ▁can ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁factors ▁including ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁h itter ▁who ▁is ▁being ▁faced ; ▁whether ▁there ▁are ▁any ▁base ▁run ners ; ▁how ▁many ▁out s ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁in ning ; ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁score . ▁ ▁Sign aling ▁The ▁responsibility ▁for ▁selecting ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁pitch ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁catch er ▁by ▁relay ing ▁hand ▁signals ▁to ▁the ▁pitch er ▁with ▁the ▁fingers . ▁In ▁more ▁advanced ▁play , ▁coach es ▁may ▁give ▁signs ▁to ▁bat ters ▁and / or ▁run ners ▁to ▁initi ate ▁special ▁plays ▁in ▁certain ▁situations . ▁A ▁catch er ▁may ▁signal ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁player ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁be ▁trying ▁to ▁throw ▁the ▁runner ▁out . ▁A ▁runner ▁on ▁base ▁may ▁see ▁the ▁pitch ▁sign ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁catch er ▁and ▁hint ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁batter ▁using ▁hand ▁or ▁body ▁mot ions . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁styles ▁The ▁IS F ▁recogn izes ▁three ▁pitch ing ▁styles : ▁ ▁fast p itch ▁ ▁" mod ified " ▁fast p itch ▁ ▁slow p itch ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁styles ▁of ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁The ▁pitch ing ▁distance ▁can ▁range ▁between ▁ 3 5 ▁and ▁ 4 3 ▁feet . ▁The ▁pitch es ▁travel ▁at ▁spe eds ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 5 m ph . ▁▁ ▁wind mill ▁or ▁full ▁wind mill ▁- ▁The ▁pitch er ▁begins ▁with ▁her ▁arm ▁at ▁the ▁hip . ▁Then ▁she ▁brings ▁the ▁ball ▁in |
▁a ▁circular ▁motion ▁over ▁the ▁head , ▁comple tes ▁the ▁circle ▁back ▁down ▁at ▁the ▁hip , ▁and ▁sn aps ▁the ▁hand . ▁▁ ▁figure ▁ 8 ▁- ▁The ▁ball ▁is ▁not ▁brought ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁at ▁all ▁but ▁down ▁and ▁behind ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁back ▁in ▁one ▁smooth ▁motion ▁trac ing ▁out ▁a ▁figure ▁eight . ▁ ▁illegal ▁forms ▁of ▁pitch ing ▁ ▁" c row - ho pping " ▁ ▁" le aping " ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁style ▁of ▁" mod ified " ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁ ▁" mod ified " ▁wind mill ▁- ▁A ▁" mod ified " ▁fast p itch ▁is ▁identical ▁to ▁a ▁" wind mill " ▁pitch ▁except ▁the ▁arm ▁is ▁not ▁brought ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁in ▁a ▁full ▁wind mill ▁motion , ▁but ▁instead ▁is ▁brought ▁behind ▁the ▁body ▁( rest rict ed ▁back ▁swing ) ▁and ▁is ▁then ▁thrust ▁directly ▁forward ▁for ▁the ▁release . ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁style ▁of ▁slow p itch ▁soft ball ▁The ▁pitch ing ▁distance ▁is ▁ 5 0 ▁feet . ▁The ▁pitch ▁must ▁be ▁lo ft ed ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁it ▁falls ▁onto ▁the ▁plate ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁called ▁strike ▁( the ▁ball ▁falls ▁into ▁the ▁strike - zone ▁instead ▁of ▁flying ▁through ). ▁St rike outs ▁are ▁rare ▁in ▁slow p itch . ▁P itch ers ▁strateg ize ▁to ▁pitch ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁enough ▁arc ▁that ▁the ▁batter ▁cannot ▁hit ▁a ▁line - drive . ▁The ▁speed |
▁of ▁the ▁pitch es ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 2 5 - 3 5 m ph , ▁resulting ▁in ▁plenty ▁of ▁reaction ▁time . ▁▁ ▁half ▁wind mill ▁- ▁High - arc ▁pitch ing ▁technique ▁- ▁The ▁pitch ▁must ▁be ▁thrown ▁with ▁an ▁arc ▁between ▁ 6 - 1 2 ▁feet ▁high . ▁If ▁the ▁arc ▁is ▁not ▁high ▁enough , ▁the ▁u mp ire ▁will ▁call ▁the ▁pitch ▁illegal . ▁ ▁Fast ball s ▁The ▁fast ball ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁pitch ▁in ▁soft ball ▁and ▁easiest ▁to ▁learn . ▁ ▁Two - se am ▁fast ball ▁ ▁Four - se am ▁fast ball ▁ ▁Ris eb all ▁( or ▁" Dim ple ") ▁ ▁Two - se am ▁ris eb all ▁ ▁Four - se am ▁ris eb all ▁- ▁Most ▁difficult ▁pitch ▁to ▁learn ▁and ▁to ▁teach . ▁ ▁Drop ball ▁ ▁Basic ▁drop ▁ ▁Half ▁turn ▁drop ▁ ▁Rol lo ver ▁( or ▁" S nap over " ▁or ▁" Turn over " ▁or ▁" Over - the - top ") ▁drop ▁ ▁Pe el ▁( or ▁" L ift - Up ") ▁drop ▁- ▁ ▁Some ▁pitch ers ▁successfully ▁develop ▁both ▁an ▁off - speed ▁and ▁a ▁full - speed ▁pe el ▁drop . ▁ ▁Off - speed ▁pitch es ▁ ▁Bre aking ▁balls ▁ ▁Cur ve ball ▁ ▁S cre w ball ▁ ▁Sl ider ▁ ▁Drop - cur ve ▁ ▁R ise - cur ve ▁ ▁Inside ▁curve ▁- ▁Ball ▁start ▁off ▁the ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁inside |
▁and ▁curves ▁into ▁the ▁strike zone . ▁The ▁inside ▁curve ▁is ▁frequently ▁thrown ▁at ▁the ▁bat ters ▁hands ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁jam ▁them ▁forcing ▁a ▁f oul ▁hit . ▁▁ ▁Drop ▁sc rew ▁ ▁Back door ▁sc rew ▁ ▁Drop ▁curve ▁ ▁Kn uck le ▁curve ▁ ▁Over hand ▁curve ▁ ▁Change ups ▁The ▁change up ▁is ▁the ▁st ap le ▁off - speed ▁pitch , ▁usually ▁thrown ▁to ▁look ▁like ▁a ▁fast ball ▁but ▁arriv ing ▁much ▁slower ▁to ▁the ▁plate . ▁Its ▁reduced ▁speed ▁couple d ▁with ▁its ▁de cept ive ▁delivery ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁conf use ▁the ▁batter ' s ▁timing . ▁▁ ▁Drop change ▁ ▁F lip ▁( or ▁" Back - hand ▁f lip ") ▁change ▁ ▁- ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁change up ▁ ▁St iff ▁w rist ▁change ▁ ▁Circle ▁change up ▁ ▁Other ▁pitch es ▁ ▁Flo ater ▁- ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁basic ▁pitch ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁most ▁pitch ers ▁in ▁the ▁slow - p itch ▁game . ▁To ▁throw ▁the ▁flo ater ▁accur ately , ▁pitch er ▁holds ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁just ▁hers ▁f ing ert ips ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁let ▁them ▁touch ▁the ▁la ces . ▁Then ▁comes ▁straight ▁up ▁with ▁her ▁hand ▁and ▁lets ▁the ▁ball ▁go ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 - foot ▁mark ▁and ▁come ▁down . ▁Kn uck le ball ▁in ▁baseball ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁flo ater . ▁ ▁Kn uck le ball ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁delivery ▁P itch ers ▁throw ▁the ▁ball ▁with ▁an ▁under hand |
▁motion . ▁ ▁International ▁competition ▁So ft ball ▁is ▁played , ▁at ▁some ▁level , ▁in ▁over ▁a ▁hundred ▁countries ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁Federation ▁has ▁ 1 1 3 ▁member ▁countries ▁( ex cluding ▁dependent ▁territ ories ). ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁Federation ▁holds ▁world ▁champion ships ▁in ▁several ▁categories . ▁The ▁IS F ▁is ▁the ▁international ▁gover ning ▁body . ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association ▁is ▁the ▁National ▁G over ning ▁Body ▁of ▁So ft ball ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁purs u ant ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Am ateur ▁Sports ▁Act . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁sport , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁gover ning ▁bodies ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Special ty ▁Sports ▁Association , ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁So ft ball ▁Association . ▁ ▁The ▁IS F ▁holds ▁world ▁championship ▁tournament s ▁in ▁several ▁categories . ▁The ▁tournament ▁in ▁each ▁category ▁is ▁held ▁every ▁four ▁years — two ▁years ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁tournament ▁was ▁XII ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁All ▁World ▁Championships ▁use ▁a ▁Page ▁play off ▁system ▁and ▁are ▁in ▁fast p itch . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁several ▁World ▁Cu ps ▁held ▁at ▁ 4 - year ▁intervals ▁in ▁different ▁categories . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁are ▁the ▁current ▁Men ' s ▁World ▁Champions , ▁having ▁won ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 3 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁that , ▁Australia ▁won ▁the ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁previous ▁three ▁tournament s ▁before ▁that . ▁The ▁current ▁Junior ▁Men ' s ▁World ▁Champion ▁is ▁Argentina , ▁having ▁won ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championships ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁dominant ▁team , ▁having ▁won ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁four ▁Olympic ▁tournament s ▁and ▁the ▁past ▁seven ▁World ▁Championships . ▁The ▁current ▁Junior ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Champion ▁is ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁soft ball ▁deb uted ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁program ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁So ft ball ▁and ▁Baseball ▁have ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁have ▁their ▁sport ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁program ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁heads ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁So ft ball ▁and ▁Baseball ▁Feder ations ▁announced ▁their ▁un ited ▁effort ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁program ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁" The ▁proposal ▁calls ▁for ▁men ' s ▁baseball ▁and ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁a ▁single ▁ven ue ▁during ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁days . ▁Each ▁tournament ▁would ▁feature ▁eight ▁teams . ▁Baseball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁would ▁be ▁two ▁discipl ines ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁sports |
▁b anner . ▁The ▁proposal ▁a wa its ▁formal ▁end ors ement ▁from ▁the ▁con gress ▁of ▁both ▁feder ations . ▁Other ▁sports ▁seeking ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁program , ▁when ▁only ▁one ▁spot ▁is ▁up ▁for ▁filling , ▁are : ▁kar ate , ▁roll er ▁sports , ▁squ ash , ▁sports ▁clim bing , ▁w ake board ▁and ▁w ush u . ▁The ▁IO C ▁executive ▁board ▁were ▁to ▁decide ▁at ▁their ▁May ▁meeting ▁which ▁sport ▁to ▁recommend ▁for ▁inclusion . ▁The ▁final ▁decision ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁in ▁a ▁vote ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁IO C ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁New ▁Zealand ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁nation ▁at ▁men ' s ▁world ▁championship ▁soft ball , ▁having ▁won ▁their ▁sevent h ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁New ▁Zealand ▁women ' s ▁team ▁have ▁also ▁won ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁World ▁Championship ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁widely ▁played ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁popular ▁summer ▁sport ▁behind ▁cr icket . ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁So ft ball ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁all ▁states ▁and ▁territ ories ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁academic ▁education . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁widely ▁promoted ▁to ▁maintain ▁fit ness , ▁health , ▁personal ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁pleasure . ▁Australia ▁has ▁excellent ▁soft ball ▁teams ▁which ▁are ▁a ▁reflection ▁of ▁its ▁co aching , ▁education ▁and ▁training ▁system . ▁ ▁Japan ▁Japan ▁has ▁had |
▁a ▁long ▁tradition ▁of ▁soft ball ▁which ▁is ▁played ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Many ▁high ▁schools ▁and ▁colleg es ▁have ▁sports ▁programs ▁which ▁include ▁soft ball . ▁Like ▁baseball , ▁soft ball ▁in ▁Japan ▁is ▁intens ely ▁compet itive . ▁Japan ' s ▁win ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Olympics ▁reflect s ▁the ▁advanced ▁level ▁of ▁play ▁in ▁this ▁East ▁Asian ▁country . ▁ ▁China ▁Since ▁the ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁Chinese ▁have ▁now ▁made ▁soft ball ▁a ▁priority ▁at ▁all ▁levels . ▁The ▁game ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁most ▁schools ▁and ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 . 3 ▁billion ▁population ; ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁great ▁players ▁is ▁turning ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁bo on ▁for ▁China . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁have ▁frequently ▁tou red ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁have ▁now ▁similar ▁cal iber ▁co aching ▁and ▁training ▁programs . ▁ ▁Europe ▁So ft ball ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁almost ▁every ▁country ▁in ▁Europe , ▁mainly ▁fast p itch . ▁Every ▁two ▁years ▁an ▁open ▁women ' s ▁European ▁fast p itch ▁championship ▁is ▁held ▁with ▁over ▁twenty ▁national s ▁teams . ▁Italy ▁and ▁Netherlands ▁are ▁the ▁best ▁nations , ▁and ▁both ▁have ▁an ▁almost ▁professional ▁championship ▁where ▁athlet es ▁from ▁the ▁US , ▁Australia ▁and ▁China ▁play . ▁In ▁the ▁men ' s ▁division ▁eight ▁to ▁ten ▁national ▁teams ▁comp ete ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁championship , ▁with ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Den mark ▁leading ▁the ▁way . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ |
▁Compet itive ▁fast p itch ▁soft ball ▁for ▁girls ▁is ▁growing ▁increasing ly ▁popular . ▁All ▁over ▁the ▁US , ▁there ▁are ▁thousands ▁of ▁teams ▁that ▁comp ete ▁year - round ▁at ▁tournament s . ▁During ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁tournament s ▁the ▁biggest ▁goal ▁is ▁not ▁winning ▁the ▁tournament , ▁but ▁attempting ▁to ▁get ▁as ▁many ▁college ▁coach es ▁as ▁possible ▁to ▁observe ▁( a ) ▁particular ▁player ▁or ▁players . ▁Compet itive ▁teams ▁are ▁now ▁beginning ▁around ▁eight ▁years ▁old , ▁if ▁not ▁younger . ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁team ▁they ▁can ▁travel ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁or ▁even ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁such ▁as ▁to ▁Canada , ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁fall ▁for ▁many ▁weeks ▁and ▁days ▁at ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁different ▁san ction ing ▁bodies ▁of ▁soft ball : ▁USS SA , ▁AS A , ▁I SA , ▁NS A , ▁W SL , ▁US FA , ▁Tri ple ▁Crown ▁and ▁S AS L ▁just ▁to ▁name ▁a ▁few . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁is ▁the ▁Am ateur ▁So ft ball ▁Association , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁AS A . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁national ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁soft ball , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁has ▁over ▁ 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁teams . ▁The ▁USS SA , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Slo - P itch ▁So ft ball ▁Association , ▁but ▁renamed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁the |
▁United ▁States ▁Special ty ▁Sports ▁Association , ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁association ▁that ▁still ▁has ▁a ▁men ' s ▁major ▁slow - p itch ▁program ▁alive . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁USS SA ▁program ▁is ▁run ▁out ▁of ▁V iera , ▁F L . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁compet itive ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁team ▁that ▁compet es ▁in ▁international ▁tournament s . ▁They ▁represented ▁the ▁US ▁each ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁until ▁soft ball ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁The ▁USA ▁So ft ball ▁Men ' s ▁Fast ▁P itch ▁National ▁Team ▁has ▁won ▁five ▁World ▁Championships ▁( 1 9 6 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁med als . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Pan - American ▁Games , ▁Team ▁USA ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁final s ▁in ▁all ▁seven ▁appearances ▁at ▁the ▁Games ▁when ▁Men ' s ▁Fast ▁P itch ▁was ▁played . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁National ▁Pro ▁Fast p itch , ▁the ▁main ▁professional ▁women ' s ▁soft ball ▁league ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁So ft ball ▁Australia , ▁the ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁soft ball ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁Com parison ▁of ▁baseball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁▁ 1 6 - inch ▁soft ball ▁ ▁Round ers ▁– ▁a ▁similar ▁game ▁from ▁which ▁baseball ▁and ▁soft ball ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁evol ved ▁ ▁Te e ▁Ball ▁– ▁a ▁reform ed ▁version ▁of ▁baseball ▁ |
▁D art ball ▁– ▁a ▁game ▁of ▁d arts ▁that ▁uses ▁rules ▁similar ▁to ▁soft ball ▁and ▁is ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁d art board ▁that ▁res emb les ▁a ▁soft ball ▁field ▁ ▁Sa fe ▁haven ▁games ▁ ▁Edd ie ▁Fe igner ▁ ▁P ek in ▁L ettes , ▁the ▁oldest ▁member - san ction ed ▁AS A ▁soft ball ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁So ft ball ▁in ▁Ireland ▁ ▁European ▁So ft ball ▁Federation ▁ ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I ▁So ft ball ▁Championship ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁AS A ▁So ft ball ▁ ▁NCAA ▁So ft ball ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁introdu ctions ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cli ps ▁Category : S ports ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sum mer ▁Olympic ▁discipl ines <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Schne ider ▁ES - 5 4 ▁G nome ▁was ▁an ▁experimental ▁low ▁cost ▁gl ider ▁with ▁a ▁l amin ar ▁flow ▁but ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁wing , ▁built ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s . ▁Its ▁performance ▁was ▁predict ably ▁poor ▁and ▁only ▁one ▁was ▁completed . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁development ▁The ▁ES - 5 4 ▁G nome ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Harry ▁Schne ider , ▁Edmund ▁Schne ider ' s ▁el dest ▁son , ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁ur ging ▁by ▁Fred ▁Ho in ville ▁for ▁small , ▁cheap ▁sail plan es ▁that ▁could ▁non eth eless ▁so ar . ▁Ho in ville ▁had ▁flow n ▁in ▁Australia ' |
s ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁World ▁Gl iding ▁Championships ▁team . ▁ ▁The ▁G nome ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁performance ▁and ▁handling ▁of ▁a ▁gl ider ▁with ▁a ▁wing ▁of ▁short ▁span , ▁very ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁( 6 . 1 8 ), ▁and ▁l amin ar ▁flow ▁aer of o il . ▁ ▁The ▁G nome ▁had ▁a ▁wood ▁fr amed ▁wing ▁and ▁a ▁steel ▁fr amed ▁pod ▁and ▁bo om ▁fus el age , ▁the ▁whole ▁covered ▁in ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁p lywood ▁and ▁fabric . ▁Its ▁cant ile ver , ▁constant ▁ch ord , ▁high ▁mounted ▁wing ▁was ▁built ▁around ▁a ▁single ▁sp ar , ▁placed ▁at ▁about ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁ch ord . ▁ ▁For ward ▁of ▁the ▁sp ar ▁the ▁wing ▁was ▁p ly ▁covered ▁around ▁the ▁leading ▁edge , ▁forming ▁a ▁t ors ion ▁resist ing ▁D - box . ▁Be hind ▁the ▁sp ar ▁both ▁wing ▁and ▁a iler ons ▁were ▁fabric ▁covered . ▁The ▁steel ▁fus el age ▁frame ▁defined ▁a ▁non oh ed ral ▁cross ▁section , ▁not ▁including ▁the ▁ke el , ▁which ▁with ▁its ▁fabric ▁covering ▁approxim ated ▁a ▁bl unt ▁o val . ▁ ▁The ▁co ck pit ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁wing ▁leading ▁edge , ▁with ▁flat ▁and ▁single ▁curv ature ▁panel led ▁gla zing ▁which ▁extended ▁rear wards ▁behind ▁the ▁leading ▁edge , ▁with ▁side ▁pan els ▁below ▁the ▁wing ▁and ▁an ▁upper ▁panel ▁reaching ▁into ▁it ▁for ▁up wards ▁vision . ▁Near ▁the ▁trailing |
▁edge ▁the ▁outer ▁fus el age ▁fr aming ▁simplified ▁into ▁four ▁tub es ▁forming ▁a ▁diam ond ▁cross ▁section ▁but ▁also ▁containing ▁the ▁bo om , ▁which ▁emer ged ▁briefly ▁( about ▁) ▁from ▁the ▁fus el age ▁as ▁it ▁t aper ed ▁away ▁a ft . ▁A ▁straight ▁ed ged , ▁constant ▁ch ord ▁horizontal ▁tail , ▁the ▁tail plane ▁p ly - sk inned ▁and ▁the ▁in set ▁elev ators ▁fabric ▁covered ▁was ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁bo om . ▁Its ▁vertical ▁tail ▁extended ▁both ▁above ▁and ▁below ▁the ▁bo om , ▁overall ▁forming ▁an ▁irregular ▁pent agon , ▁with ▁the ▁fin ▁p ly ▁sk inned ▁and ▁the ▁rud der ▁fabric ▁covered . ▁Both ▁vertical ▁fin ▁and ▁rud der ▁were ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁and ▁broad ▁ch ord . ▁A ▁short , ▁steel ▁spr ung ▁landing ▁sk id ▁reached ▁from ▁near ▁the ▁nose ▁almost ▁to ▁the ▁trailing ▁edge . ▁ ▁The ▁G nome ▁made ▁its ▁first ▁flight , ▁under ▁a ero - t ow , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁It ▁handled ▁safely ▁and ▁well ▁but ▁its ▁performance ▁was ▁as ▁poor ▁as ▁Schne ider ▁had ▁predicted ; ▁its ▁low ▁aspect ▁ratio ▁wing ▁producing ▁high ▁drag ▁at ▁the ▁low ▁spe eds ▁used ▁in ▁therm als . ▁No ▁so aring ▁fl ights ▁were ▁made . ▁During ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁some ▁alter ations ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁fus el age ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁tail ▁from ▁the ▁ground . ▁When ▁the ▁G nome ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁manufact ure ▁in |
▁k it ▁form ▁no ▁definite ▁orders ▁were ▁received ▁and ▁development ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁The ▁sole ▁prototype ▁then ▁fle w ▁with ▁the ▁Port ▁Pir ie ▁gl iding ▁club . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁Australian ▁sail plan es <0x0A> </s> ▁Med icago ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plants , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁med ick ▁or ▁bur clo ver , ▁in ▁the ▁leg ume ▁family ▁( F ab aceae ). ▁It ▁contains ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 7 ▁species ▁and ▁is ▁distributed ▁mainly ▁around ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁bas in . ▁The ▁best - known ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁is ▁al f alf a ▁( M . ▁s ativa ), ▁an ▁important ▁for age ▁c rop , ▁and ▁the ▁genus ▁name ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Latin ▁name ▁for ▁that ▁plant , ▁, ▁from ▁ ▁Med ian ▁( gr ass ). ▁Most ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁low , ▁cre eping ▁her bs , ▁res emb ling ▁clo ver , ▁but ▁with ▁b urs ▁( h ence ▁the ▁common ▁name ). ▁However , ▁al f alf a ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ 1 ▁meter , ▁and ▁tree ▁med ick ▁( M . ▁ar b ore a ) ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁produce ▁bio active ▁comp ounds ▁such ▁as ▁medic arp in ▁( a ▁flav ono id ) ▁and ▁medic agen ic ▁acid ▁( a ▁tr iter pen oid ▁sap on in ). ▁Ch |
rom os ome ▁numbers ▁in ▁Med icago ▁range ▁from ▁ 2 n ▁= ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 4 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ▁is ▁a ▁model ▁leg ume ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁relatively ▁small ▁stat ure , ▁small ▁gen ome ▁( 4 5 0 – 5 0 0 ▁M bp ), ▁short ▁generation ▁time ▁( about ▁ 3 ▁months ), ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁reproduce ▁both ▁by ▁out cross ing ▁and ▁self ing . ▁ ▁Com pre h ensive ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁are ▁Les in š ▁and ▁Les in š ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁Small ▁and ▁J omp he ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Major ▁collections ▁are ▁S AR DI ▁( Austral ia ), ▁US DA - GR IN ▁( Un ited ▁States ), ▁IC AR DA ▁( S y ria ), ▁and ▁IN RA ▁( France ). ▁ ▁E volution ▁Med icago ▁diver ged ▁from ▁G ly c ine ▁( so y bean ) ▁about ▁ 5 3 – 5 5 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( in ▁the ▁early ▁E oc ene ), ▁from ▁Lot us ▁( de erv etch ) ▁ 4 9 – 5 1 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( also ▁in ▁the ▁E oc ene ), ▁and ▁from ▁Tr ig on ella ▁ 1 0 – 2 2 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( in ▁the ▁Mi oc ene ). ▁ ▁E colog ical ▁interactions ▁with ▁other ▁organ isms ▁ ▁Sym b ios is ▁with ▁nit ro gen - fix ing ▁rh iz |
ob ia ▁ ▁Bé na ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁constructed ▁a ▁mole cular ▁ph y log eny ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁Sin or h iz ob ium ▁stra ins ▁and ▁tested ▁the ▁sym bi otic ▁ability ▁of ▁six ▁stra ins ▁with ▁ 3 5 ▁Med icago ▁species . ▁Com parison ▁of ▁these ▁ph y log en ies ▁indicates ▁many ▁trans itions ▁in ▁the ▁compatibility ▁of ▁the ▁association ▁over ▁evolution ary ▁time . ▁Furthermore , ▁they ▁propose ▁that ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁distribution ▁of ▁stra ins ▁limits ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁particular ▁Med icago ▁species . ▁ ▁Agricult ural ▁uses ▁Other ▁than ▁al f alf a , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁cre eping ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁( such ▁as ▁Med icago ▁l up ul ina ▁and ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ) ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁for age ▁cro ps . ▁ ▁In sect ▁her b iv ores ▁Med icago ▁species ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁food ▁plants ▁by ▁the ▁lar va e ▁of ▁some ▁Le pid optera ▁species ▁including ▁the ▁common ▁swift , ▁fl ame , ▁l att iced ▁he ath , ▁l ime - spe ck ▁p ug , ▁nut m eg , ▁set ace ous ▁Heb rew ▁character , ▁and ▁turn ip ▁moth s ▁and ▁case - b ear ers ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Cole op hora , ▁including ▁C . ▁fr isch ella ▁( record ed ▁on ▁M . ▁s ativa ) ▁and ▁C . ▁fus c oc il iella ▁( fe eds ▁exclus ively ▁on ▁Med icago ▁s |
pp .). ▁ ▁Species ▁This ▁list ▁is ▁compiled ▁from : ▁ ▁Section ▁Buc eras ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Def lex ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁retr ors a ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁E rect ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁aren icola ▁( H uber - Mor .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ast ro ites ▁( F isch . ▁& ▁Mey .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁car ica ▁( H uber - Mor .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cr ass ipes ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁f ischer iana ▁( Ser .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hal oph ila ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁held reich ii ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁medic ag ino ides ▁( R etz .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mon anth a ▁( C . ▁A . ▁Meyer ) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁orth oc eras ▁( Kar . ▁& ▁Kir .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pam phy lica ▁( H uber - Mor . ▁& ▁Sir ja ev ) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pers ica ▁( Bo iss .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ph ry gia ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁poly cer atia ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rig ida ▁( Bo iss . |
▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Ist hm oc ar pa e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rh yt idi oc ar pa ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁is thm oc ar pa ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Ref lex ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁m ons pel ia ca ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Section ▁Car st iens ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁car st i ensis ▁W ulf . ▁ ▁Section ▁D end rot el is ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ar b ore a ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cit r ina ▁( Font ▁Qu er ) ▁Gre uter ▁ ▁Med icago ▁str asser i ▁Gre uter , ▁Matth as ▁& ▁R isse ▁ ▁Section ▁Ge oc ar pa ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hyp og ae a ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Section ▁He yn ian ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁he yn iana ▁Gre uter ▁ ▁Section ▁H ymen oc ar pos ▁ ▁Med icago ▁radi ata ▁L . ▁ ▁Section ▁L un ata e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁b if l ora ▁( Gr is eb .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁bra chy car pa ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁h uber i ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ro str ata ▁( Bo iss . ▁& ▁Bal .) ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Section ▁L up ular ia ▁ ▁Med icago ▁l up ul ina ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sec |
und if l ora ▁Dur ieu ▁ ▁Section ▁Med icago ▁ ▁Med icago ▁can cell ata ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁dag h est an ica ▁Ru pr . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hy br ida ▁( P our r .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mar ina ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pap ill osa ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁macro car pa ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pap ill osa ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pir ona e ▁Vis . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pro str ata ▁Jac q . ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pro str ata ▁ ▁M . ▁p . ▁pseud or up est ris ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rh od ope a ▁V elen . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁r up est ris ▁M . ▁B ieb ▁ ▁Med icago ▁s ativa ▁L . ▁( alf alf a ) ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁ca er ule a ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁fal c ata ▁( M edic ago ▁fal c ata ) ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁f . ▁var . ▁fal c ata ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁f . ▁var . ▁vis c osa ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁gl omer ata ▁ ▁M . ▁s . ▁s ativa ▁* ▁Med icago ▁sa x at ilis ▁M . ▁B ieb ▁ ▁Med icago ▁suff rut ic osa ▁Ram ond ▁ex ▁DC . ▁M . ▁s . ▁lei oc ar pa ▁M . ▁s . ▁suff rut ic osa ▁ ▁Section ▁Or |
b icular es ▁ ▁Med icago ▁orb icular is ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Section ▁Pl aty car pa e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁arch id uc is - n icol ai ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cre t ace a ▁M . ▁B ieb . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁edge worth ii ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁o val is ▁( Bo iss .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁play t car pa ▁( L .) ▁Tra ut v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁p lic ata ▁( Bo iss .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pop ov ii ▁( E . ▁Kor .) ▁Sir ja ev ▁ ▁Med icago ▁r uth en ica ▁( L .) ▁Led eb our ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Rot ata e ▁ ▁Med icago ▁blan che ana ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁no e ana ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rug osa ▁Des r . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rot ata ▁Bo iss . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sc ut ell ata ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁she p ard ii ▁Post ▁ ▁Section ▁S pi ro car pos ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Inter text ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁c ili aris ▁( L .) ▁K ro cker ▁ ▁Med icago ▁gran ad ensis ▁Wil ld . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁inter text a ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁mur icole pt is ▁T in . ▁ ▁Sub section ▁Le pt osp ire ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁arab ica ▁( L .) ▁Hud |
s . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁coron ata ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁disc iform is ▁DC . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁lac ini ata ▁( L .) ▁Miller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁lan ig era ▁W ink l . ▁& ▁Fed t sch . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁la xis pi ra ▁He yn ▁ ▁Med icago ▁min ima ▁( L .) ▁Bart . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁polym or pha ▁L . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁pra ec ox ▁DC . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sau v age i ▁N è gre ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ten ore ana ▁Ser . ▁ ▁Sub section ▁P ach ys p ire ae ▁ ▁Med icago ▁con str ict a ▁Dur ieu ▁ ▁Med icago ▁d oli ata ▁Car m ign . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁ital ica ▁( M iller ) ▁F ior i ▁ ▁Med icago ▁les in si i ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁litt or alis ▁R oh de ▁ex ▁Lo is . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁m ure x ▁Wil ld . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rig id ula ▁( L .) ▁All . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁rig id ulo ides ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sin sk iae ▁Ul jan ova ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sole iro li i ▁D uby ▁ ▁Med icago ▁s pha er oc ar pos ▁Bert ol . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁sy ri aca ▁E . ▁Small ▁ ▁Med icago ▁tr un cat ula ▁Ga ert n . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁tur bin ata ▁( L .) ▁All . ▁ |
▁Species ▁names ▁with ▁uncertain ▁tax onom ic ▁status ▁The ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁species ▁is ▁un resol ved : ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁ag ropy ret orum ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁al at av ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁c au cas ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁cy ren ae a ▁Ma ire ▁& ▁We iller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁dif al c ata ▁Sin sk aya ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁gross heim ii ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁gun ib ica ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁hem ico er ule a ▁Sin sk aya ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁kar at sch a ica ▁( A . ▁H eller ) ▁A . ▁H eller ▁ ▁Med icago ▁kom ar ov ii ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁me yer i ▁Gr un er ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁pol ych ro a ▁Gros sh . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁sch isch k ini i ▁Sum ne v . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁tal y sch ensis ▁Lat sch . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁trans ox ana ▁V ass il cz . ▁▁ ▁Med icago ▁tun et ana ▁( M urb .) ▁A . W . ▁Hill ▁ ▁Med icago ▁v ard an is ' ▁V ass il cz . ▁ ▁Med icago ▁v ires c ens ▁Gros sh . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁mole cular ▁ph y log en ic ▁anal ys es ▁of ▁Med icago '' ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁sections ▁and ▁sub |
sections ▁defined ▁by ▁Small ▁& ▁J omp he , ▁as ▁out lined ▁above , ▁are ▁generally ▁poly phy let ic . ▁However , ▁with ▁minor ▁revis ions ▁sections ▁and ▁sub sections ▁could ▁be ▁rendered ▁mon oph y let ic . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ant ▁models ▁Category : F ab aceae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁" This ▁joy ful ▁E aster t ide " ▁is ▁an ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁E aster ▁car ol . ▁The ▁words ▁are ▁by ▁George ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Wood ward , ▁the ▁t une ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁( 1 6 2 4 ), ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁harm on isation ▁is ▁by ▁Charles ▁Wood . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁The ▁original ▁car ol ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁in ▁Car ols ▁for ▁E aster ▁and ▁As c ension t ide , ▁a ▁publication ▁put ▁together ▁by ▁Wood ward ▁and ▁Wood ; ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁in ▁The ▁Cow ley ▁Carol ▁Book ▁( second ▁edition ). ▁They ▁used ▁a ▁Dutch ▁t une ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 4 ▁by ▁D irk ▁Raf a els z ▁Cam ph u ys en ▁and ▁repub lished ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁by ▁Jo achim ▁O uda en ▁with ▁an ▁E aster ▁text ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁(" H oe ▁groot ▁de ▁v rug ten ▁zijn "). ▁ ▁The ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁repub lished ▁many ▁times , ▁often ▁under ▁ch oral ▁arrang ements . ▁Some ▁of |
▁the ▁arrang ements ▁published ▁include ▁that ▁of ▁William ▁L le wel lyn ▁published ▁by ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁Philip ▁Led ger . ▁More ▁recently , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁published ▁the ▁text ▁set ▁to ▁a ▁completely ▁new ▁t une ▁composed ▁by ▁Matthew ▁O w ens ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁ch oral ▁anth em . ▁ ▁Text ▁Many ▁versions ▁exist ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁original ▁vers es ; ▁but ▁in ▁its ▁original ▁form ▁as ▁written ▁by ▁George ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Wood ward ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁it ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Two ▁additional ▁vers es ▁were ▁p enn ed ▁by ▁Bas ilian ▁Father ▁M . ▁O wen ▁Lee : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E aster ▁h ym ns <0x0A> </s> ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁a ▁sub urb ▁and ▁elect oral ▁w ard ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁South am pton , ▁England . ▁The ▁sub urb ▁lies ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁and ▁is ▁largely ▁resident ial , ▁including ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South am pton ' s ▁Glen ▁E y re ▁H alls ▁of ▁residence ▁complex ▁( including ▁Chamber lain ), ▁which ▁houses ▁around ▁ 2 , 1 0 0 ▁students . ▁Bass ett ▁gives ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁A 3 3 ▁ar ter ial ▁road ▁which ▁links ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁to ▁the ▁M 3 , ▁described ▁by ▁Pe vs ner ▁& ▁Lloyd ▁as ▁" part ▁of ▁the ▁splendid ▁tree - lined ▁route ▁into ▁South am pton |
▁from ▁Win chester , ▁London ▁and ▁the ▁north ". ▁The ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁South am pton ▁( its ▁" count y ▁top ") ▁lies ▁on ▁Bass ett ▁Avenue ▁at ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁Ward ▁compr ises ▁Bass ett , ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁L ords wood . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 5 3 2 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁A ▁family ▁named ▁' B asset ' ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁South ▁Stone ham ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁place ▁name ▁may ▁be ▁from ▁their ▁name . ▁The ▁area ▁broad ly ▁occupied ▁by ▁Bass ett ▁today ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Stone ham ▁Common , ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁map ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Mil ne ▁on ▁which ▁' B assets ▁Lane ' ▁also ▁appears ▁( without ▁any ▁associated ▁village ). ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁map , ▁located ▁roughly ▁where ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁Village ▁is ▁today . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁it ▁grew ▁as ▁a ▁retre at ▁for ▁rich ▁people ▁outside ▁( and ▁away ▁from ▁civ ic ▁respons ib ilities ▁in ) ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁South am pton . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁Bass et ▁had ▁been ▁renamed ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁( with ▁a ▁double ▁' t '), ▁and |
▁a ▁more ▁w ester ly ▁area ▁( west ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Wood ) ▁was ▁identified ▁as ▁Bass ett . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Bass ett ▁consisted ▁of ▁many ▁substantial ▁vill as ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁classes . ▁Despite ▁having ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁well - to - do ▁district ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁Rev d . ▁Elli ott ▁Ken worth y - B row ne ▁( rect or ▁of ▁North ▁Stone ham ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁observed ▁that ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 0 0 ▁were ▁poor , ▁chief ly ▁mechan ics ▁and ▁labour ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁South am pton ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁include ▁Bass ett , ▁along ▁with ▁B itter ne , ▁Sh ol ing , ▁W ool ston , ▁West on , ▁Pe art ree ▁and ▁S way th ling . ▁ ▁Government ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁adjacent ▁neighbourhood s ▁of ▁Bass ett ▁Green ▁and ▁L ords wood , ▁Bass ett ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bass ett ▁Ward ▁of ▁South am pton , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 1 3 9 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census . ▁Coun c ill ors ▁for ▁the ▁w ard ▁are ▁elected ▁to ▁South am pton ▁City ▁Council , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁unit ary ▁authority ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁only ▁tier ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁covering ▁the ▁neighbourhood . |
▁Nation ally , ▁Bass ett ▁falls ▁within ▁the ▁Rom sey ▁and ▁South am pton ▁North ▁constitu ency ▁for ▁the ▁UK ▁parliament ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁East ▁England ▁constitu ency ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁parliament . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Bass ett ▁is ▁primarily ▁urban ▁or ▁sub urban ▁in ▁nature ▁but ▁is ▁sand wich ed ▁between ▁South am pton ' s ▁two ▁largest ▁open ▁spaces ; ▁South am pton ▁Common ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁South am pton ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁main ▁sho pping ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁neighbourhood ▁is ▁located ▁where ▁three ▁major ▁roads ▁meet ; ▁Hill ▁Lane ▁( the ▁main ▁road ▁from ▁Bass ett ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁centre ), ▁Win chester ▁Road ▁and ▁Burg ess ▁Road ▁( both ▁major ▁east - west ▁routes ▁across ▁the ▁city ). ▁The ▁sh ops ▁there ▁include ▁a ▁well - est ab lished ▁ph arm acy , ▁Bass ett ▁Te a ▁Ro oms , ▁and ▁a ▁but cher , ▁U pt ons ▁of ▁Bass ett . ▁U pton ' s ▁frequently ▁appear ▁in ▁regional ▁and ▁national ▁but ch ery ▁compet itions ; ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁they ▁were ▁named ▁supre me ▁champions ▁in ▁the ▁Great ▁Ham pshire ▁S aus age ▁& ▁Pie ▁Compet ition . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bass ett ▁Hotel ▁at ▁ 1 1 1 ▁Burg ess ▁Road ▁dated ▁from ▁before ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁and ▁was ▁by ▁that ▁year ▁owned ▁by ▁Co op ers ▁Bre wer y , ▁subsequently ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Wat ney ▁Com be ▁& ▁Re id . |
▁It ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁music ▁ven ue , ▁with ▁its ▁back ▁room ▁housing ▁a ▁jazz ▁club , ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁Club , ▁which ▁subsequently ▁moved ▁to ▁separate ▁prem ises ▁in ▁North ▁Stone ham . ▁While ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Bass ett ▁Hotel , ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁early ▁performances ▁from ▁the ▁lik es ▁of ▁Chris ▁Bar ber , ▁Joe ▁C ocker ▁and ▁Man fred ▁Mann . ▁The ▁hotel ' s ▁bar ▁was ▁also ▁visited ▁by ▁Ken ▁Russell ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁an ▁inf am ous ▁television ▁interview ▁for ▁the ▁View point ▁programme ; ▁after ▁drink ing ▁at ▁least ▁four ▁sc ot ches ▁at ▁the ▁Bass ett , ▁Russell ▁initially ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁wrong ▁television ▁studio ▁and ▁when ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁correct ▁one ▁he ▁failed ▁to ▁answer ▁any ▁questions . ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁under w ent ▁an ▁£ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ref urb ishment ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁was ▁rela unch ed ▁as ▁a ▁Bern i ▁Ste ak ▁House . ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁sold ▁to ▁Whit b read ▁who ▁turned ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁Be efe ater ▁restaurant ▁and ▁subsequently ▁a ▁B rew ers ▁F ay re ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁closed . ▁The ▁hotel ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Sun r ise ▁Senior ▁Living ▁who ▁demol ished ▁it ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁resident ial ▁care ▁home ▁on ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Education ▁Primary - age ▁children ▁in ▁Bass ett ▁tend ▁to ▁attend ▁local ▁schools ▁in ▁adjacent ▁neighbourhood s , ▁such ▁as ▁Bass ett ▁Green , ▁Sh ir ley ▁and ▁L |