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. ▁Official ▁figures ▁reve al ▁around ▁ 1 1 0 ▁people ▁have ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁ 5 3 7 ▁civ ili ans ▁were ▁injured ▁during ▁stone - pel ting ▁inc idents ▁from ▁May ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 , 2 7 4 ▁CR PF ▁men ▁and ▁ 2 , 7 4 7 ▁police ▁personnel ▁were ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period ▁across ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁Indian ▁intelligence ▁ag encies ▁claimed ▁that ▁these ▁protest s ▁and ▁demonstr ations ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁cover t ▁operations ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁intelligence ▁ag encies ▁and ▁were ▁spons ored ▁and ▁supported ▁from ▁them . ▁Media ▁reports ▁earlier ▁in ▁march ▁had ▁suggested ▁that ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁its ▁intelligence ▁ag encies ▁Pakistan ▁has ▁been ▁once ▁again ▁' boost ing ' ▁K ash mir ▁milit ants ▁and ▁rec ruit ment ▁of ▁' mart y rs ' ▁in ▁Pak ist ani ▁state ▁of ▁P un j ab . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁held ▁in ▁Mu za ff ar abad ▁in ▁mid ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁which ▁was ▁cha ired ▁by ▁former ▁Inter - Services ▁Int elligence ▁chief ▁Ham id ▁Gul , ▁United ▁J ih ad ▁Council ▁called ▁for ▁re inv ig or ated ▁j ih ad ▁until ▁K ash mir ▁was ▁free ▁of ▁" Ind ian ▁occupation ". ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁increased ▁activities ▁of ▁milit ants ▁was ▁reported ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁border ▁in ▁Ne el um ▁valley ▁in ▁Pak ist ani |
- admin ister ed ▁Gil git - B alt istan . ▁The ▁loc als ▁reported ▁that ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁milit ants ▁had ▁set ▁up ▁cam ps ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁with ▁plans ▁of ▁crossing ▁into ▁the ▁K ash mir ▁valley , ▁and ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁K ash mi ri . ▁ ▁Dem ands ▁of ▁protest ers ▁The ▁erst while ▁und iv ided ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁militar ised ▁territorial ▁dispute . ▁Ar ound ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 ▁– 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 ▁Indian ▁troops ▁and ▁par amil itar ies ▁station ▁perman ently ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁million . ▁Protest ers ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁be ▁reduced . ▁In ▁addition ▁protest ers ▁shout ed ▁pro - in dep end ence ▁s log ans ▁demand ing ▁Indian ▁forces ▁' Qu it ▁K ash mir '. ▁ ▁Vi ol ent ▁Protest ▁and ▁Ri ots ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁June , ▁T uf ail ▁A hm ad ▁Mat to o ▁a ▁ 1 7 - year - old ▁student ▁died ▁after ▁being ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁te ar ▁gas ▁shell . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁a ▁mart yr ▁immediately ▁and ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Mart y rs ▁gra vey ard ▁against ▁his ▁family ' s ▁wishes . ▁ ▁His ▁death ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁catal yst ▁and ▁subsequently ▁stone ▁throwing ▁mob |
s ▁confront ed ▁the ▁police ▁almost ▁daily . ▁A ▁v icious ▁circle ▁was ▁set , ▁killing ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁cl ash es ▁with ▁police ▁and ▁Central ▁Reserve ▁Police ▁Force ▁in ▁which ▁another ▁person ▁was ▁killed ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁another ▁protest ▁till ▁more ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁security ▁personnel ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁ri ots . ▁ ▁Stone ▁pel ting ▁The ▁mob ▁p elt ed ▁stones ▁and ▁br icks ▁at ▁the ▁ri ot ▁police ▁and ▁in ▁response ▁the ▁security ▁forces ▁used ▁te ar ▁gas , ▁rub ber ▁bul lets ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁live ▁am mun ition ▁resulting ▁in ▁death ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁un ar med ▁protest ors . ▁The ▁protest ers ▁were ▁accused ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁using ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁as ▁a ▁violent ▁mean ▁of ▁creating ▁cha os . ▁The ▁violent ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁by ▁the ▁mob ▁resulted ▁in ▁several ▁security ▁personnel ▁being ▁injured . ▁ ▁To ▁prevent ▁the ▁ri ots ▁Indian ▁authorities ▁im posed ▁cur f ew ▁in ▁S rin agar ▁and ▁other ▁towns ▁in ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁In ▁August , ▁the ▁government ▁respond ed ▁by ▁impos ing ▁cur f ew s ▁in ▁the ▁dist urbed ▁areas ▁and ▁by ▁deploy ing ▁Rap id ▁Action ▁Force ▁( RA F ) ▁in ▁the ▁S rin agar ▁valley ▁to ▁control ▁demonstr ations . ▁Protest ers , ▁however , ▁def ied ▁cur f ew ▁and ▁also ▁p elt ed ▁stones ▁on ▁the ▁police ▁and ▁par amil it ary ▁personnel . ▁The ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 |
0 ▁opened ▁the ▁P and ora ' s ▁box ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁which ▁respond ed ▁to ▁the ▁cha os ▁by ▁using ▁live ▁am mun ition ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁death ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁hundred ▁protest ors . ▁ ▁September ▁protest s ▁Pro tests ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁es cal ated ▁over ▁several ▁days , ▁as ▁demonstr ations ▁against ▁public ▁burning ▁of ▁the ▁Kor an ▁as ▁a ▁protest ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁comm emor ating ▁the ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁attacks ▁quickly ▁turned ▁into ▁separ at ist ▁protest s ▁against ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁in ▁the ▁Muslim - major ity ▁province . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁September , ▁Muslim ▁protest ers ▁def ied ▁a ▁cur f ew , ▁setting ▁fire ▁to ▁a ▁Christian ▁mission ary ▁school ▁and ▁government ▁buildings . ▁ ▁At ▁least ▁ 1 7 ▁people ▁were ▁shot ▁dead ▁by ▁police , ▁and ▁one ▁polic eman ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁thrown ▁rock ; ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 1 3 ▁polic emen ▁and ▁ 4 5 ▁protest ers ▁were ▁wounded . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September , ▁a ▁church ▁was ▁burn ed ▁and ▁a ▁cur f ew ▁instit uted ▁in ▁P un j ab . ▁Vi ol ence ▁spread ▁into ▁Po on ch ▁in ▁the ▁Jam mu ▁division , ▁with ▁three ▁protest ers ▁shot ▁by ▁police . ▁ ▁Protest ers ▁burn ed ▁government ▁buildings ▁and ▁vehicles ▁including ▁the ▁SD M ' s ▁office , ▁where ▁a ▁gas ▁cyl inder ▁expl oded ▁inf lic ting ▁inj uries ▁on ▁six ▁persons ; ▁the ▁SD PO ▁office |
; ▁the ▁Forest ▁Department ▁office ; ▁the ▁B DO ▁office ▁and ▁two ▁police ▁and ▁five ▁civil ian ▁vehicles . ▁Police ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁burning ▁of ▁a ▁Christian ▁school ▁in ▁Po on ch , ▁and ▁another ▁in ▁M end har ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁in ▁cl ash es ▁leaving ▁four ▁protest ers ▁killed , ▁ 1 9 ▁wounded , ▁but ▁do z ens ▁of ▁government ▁offices , ▁a ▁police ▁station , ▁and ▁eight ▁vehicles ▁were ▁burn ed . ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁the ▁estimated ▁death ▁to ll ▁was ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁H indust an ▁Times ▁bl amed ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁res ent ment ▁on ▁the ▁in defin ite ▁military ▁cur f ew , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁ten ▁years ▁to ▁affect ▁the ▁entire ▁K ash mir ▁Valley , ▁calling ▁the ▁cur f ew ▁" collect ive ▁pun ishment " ▁and ▁writing ▁that ▁after ▁four ▁days , ▁" Pe ople ▁are ▁running ▁out ▁of ▁milk , ▁veget ables ▁and ▁baby ▁food . ▁" ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁after ▁six ▁days , ▁the ▁cur f ew ▁was ▁relax ed ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁S rin agar ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁areas ▁for ▁four ▁hours ▁to ▁allow ▁people ▁to ▁buy ▁ess entials . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁September , ▁a ▁polic eman ' s ▁house ▁was ▁set ▁on ▁fire ▁in ▁Pin jo ora ▁village . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁a ▁large ▁process ion ▁in ▁An ant n ag ▁def ied ▁cur f ew , |
▁carrying ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Mar o of ▁A hm ad ▁N ath , ▁who ▁d rown ed ▁while ▁fle eing ▁police . ▁ ▁After ▁" agit ating ▁mob s ▁attempted ▁to ▁tor ch ▁government ▁property ", ▁security ▁forces ▁opened ▁fire , ▁killing ▁No or ul ▁A min ▁D ag ga ▁and ▁inj uring ▁five . ▁ ▁F ay az ▁A hm ad ▁Na iku ▁of ▁Bo at man ▁Col ony ▁( B em ina ), ▁S rin ig ar ▁died ▁from ▁inj uries ▁received ▁the ▁preceding ▁day . ▁A ▁group ▁st oning ▁and ▁attempting ▁to ▁burn ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Sam aj w adi ▁Party ▁leader ▁F ay az ▁A hm ad ▁B hat ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁by ▁gun fire . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁men ▁emer ging ▁from ▁a ▁mos que ▁were ▁fired ▁on ▁with ▁one ▁killed ▁and ▁four ▁injured ▁in ▁P attan ▁area . ▁ ▁A ▁police ▁sp okes man ▁disput ed ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁attack ▁was ▁un prov oked , ▁because ▁a ▁mob ▁tried ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁S rin agar - Bar am ulla ▁National ▁Highway ▁and ▁started ▁heavy ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁on ▁police . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁security ▁forces ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁called ▁on ▁Indian ▁security ▁forces ▁not ▁to ▁use ▁gun fire ▁against ▁ri ot ers . ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁India ▁Man m oh an ▁Singh ▁express ing ▁concern ▁over ▁the ▁death s ▁asked ▁for ▁revis iting ▁operating ▁procedures ▁and ▁" non - le th al , ▁yet ▁effective ▁and ▁more ▁foc uss ed " ▁crowd ▁control ▁measures |
▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁violent ▁protest ers . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁protest s ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁un rest ▁in ▁K ash mir , ▁K ash mi ri ▁P and its ▁met ▁with ▁Indian ▁fin ance ▁minister ▁P ran ab ▁M uk her je e ▁and ▁asked ▁that ▁there ▁be ▁no ▁dil ution ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁( Special ▁Pow ers ) ▁Act ▁that ▁applies ▁to ▁K ash mir . ▁Their ▁leader ▁R ames h ▁Man v ati , ▁belonging ▁to ▁Pan un ▁K ash mir , ▁stated : ▁" The ▁security ▁forces ▁must ▁be ▁provided ▁the ▁constitution al ▁protection ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁playing ▁cru cial ▁role ▁in ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁so vere ig nt y ." ▁the ▁K ash mi ri ▁P and its ▁also ▁st aged ▁a ▁d har na ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁stating ▁that ▁no ▁solution ▁of ▁the ▁problem ▁was ▁possible ▁without ▁including ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁dialog ue . ▁ ▁Indian ▁Home ▁minister ▁P . ▁Ch id amb aram ▁hint ed ▁at ▁Pakistan ' s ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁un rest ▁saying ▁that ▁" It ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁they ▁believe ▁that ▁re lying ▁upon ▁civil ian ▁un rest ▁will ▁pay ▁them ▁better ▁divid ends . ▁But ▁I ▁am ▁confident ▁if ▁we ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁hearts ▁and ▁minds ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁those ▁designs ▁can ▁be ▁fo iled ." ▁ ▁Con dem ning ▁the ▁violent ▁protest s ▁Far oo q ▁Abd ul lah ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁K ash |
mir ▁Jam mu ▁& ▁K ash mir ▁National ▁Conference ▁stated ▁that ▁K ash mir ▁has ▁been ▁and ▁will ▁always ▁remain ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁He ▁however ▁demanded ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁AF SP A . ▁Chief ▁minister ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁& ▁K ash mir ▁O mar ▁Abd ul lah ▁has ▁also ▁called ▁for ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁AF SP A . ▁ ▁However ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁opposed ▁the ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁AF SP A ▁and ▁the ▁party ▁sp okes man ▁said ▁that ▁B J P ▁saw ▁the ▁hand ▁of ▁Inter - Services ▁Int elligence ▁behind ▁the ▁protest s . ▁ ▁Y as in ▁Mal ik , ▁leader ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁K ash mir ▁Liber ation ▁Front , ▁accused ▁Pak ist ani ▁milit ants ▁of ▁sub ver ting ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁movement . ▁ ▁J & K ▁police ▁claimed ▁that ▁there ▁exist ▁a ▁ne x us ▁that ▁ra ises ▁money ▁to ▁make ▁week ly ▁pay ments ▁for ▁stone ▁pel ting ▁and ▁many ▁arr ests ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁on ▁this . ▁ ▁Response ▁of ▁Central ▁Government ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁September , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Man m oh an ▁Singh ▁proposed ▁an ▁all - party ▁meeting ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir , ▁saying ▁that ▁dialog ue ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁way ▁to ▁find ▁last ing ▁peace , ▁and ▁" We ▁are ▁ready ▁for ▁dialog ue ▁with ▁anybody ▁or ▁any ▁group ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁esp ouse ▁or ▁practice ▁violence ". ▁ ▁Writ ten ▁inv itations ▁included ▁K ash |
mi ri ▁separ at ists ▁Mir wa iz ▁U mar ▁Far oo q ▁and ▁Y as in ▁Mal ik , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁a ▁previous ▁all - party ▁meeting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁during ▁the ▁Am arn ath ▁land ▁transfer ▁controvers y . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 9 - member ▁deleg ation ▁include ▁Home ▁Minister ▁P ▁Ch id amb aram ▁and ▁Parliament ary ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁P aw an ▁K umar ▁B ans al , ▁S ush ma ▁Sw ar aj ▁and ▁Ar un ▁J ait ley ▁( B J P ), ▁Bas ude b ▁A char ia ▁( CP M ), ▁G ur ud as ▁Das gu pta ▁( C PI ), ▁Mul ay am ▁Singh ▁Y ad av ▁( Sam aj w adi ▁Party ) ▁and ▁Ram ▁Vil as ▁Pas wan ▁( L ok ▁J ans h ak ti ▁Party ). ▁The ▁deleg ation ▁subsequently ▁visited ▁K ash mir . ▁Following ▁this ▁visit ▁Indian ▁government ▁announced ▁several ▁measures ▁to ▁def use ▁the ▁t ensions . ▁ ▁The ▁measures ▁included ▁release ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁students ▁arrested ▁during ▁the ▁protest s , ▁re open ing ▁of ▁schools , ▁discuss ions ▁on ▁reducing ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁security ▁forces ▁in ▁K ash mir ▁and ▁appointment ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁to ▁begin ▁sust ained ▁dialog ue ▁with ▁the ▁K ash mir is . ▁In ▁addition ▁financial ▁compens ation ▁of ▁$ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁the ▁families ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁those ▁killed ▁was ▁announced . ▁Most ▁of ▁the |
▁families ▁rejected ▁the ▁compens ation ▁but ▁a ▁few ▁accepted ▁it , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁calls ▁by ▁the ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁and ▁social ▁pressure ▁on ▁families ▁to ▁reject ▁the ▁money ▁from ▁Government ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁Con v iction ▁for ▁killing ▁The ▁army ▁conv icted ▁seven ▁soldiers , ▁including ▁two ▁officers , ▁and ▁sent enced ▁them ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁a ▁st aged ▁killing ▁of ▁three ▁K ash mi ri ▁civ ili ans ▁and ▁passing ▁it ▁off ▁as ▁an ▁anti - mil it ancy ▁operation ▁for ▁re wards ▁and ▁rem un er ations ▁in ▁J & K ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁court ▁mart ial ▁proceed ings ▁began ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ended ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁army ▁had ▁said ▁it ▁had ▁killed ▁three ▁in fil tr ators ▁in ▁the ▁Mach il ▁sector ▁and ▁claimed ▁they ▁were ▁Pak ist ani ▁milit ants . ▁The ▁men ▁were ▁later ▁identified ▁as ▁Shah z ad ▁A hm ad ▁Khan , ▁R iy az ▁A hm ad ▁L one ▁and ▁Muhammad ▁Sh af i ▁L one , ▁all ▁residents ▁of ▁Bar am ulla ▁district . ▁They ▁were ▁l ured ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁por ters ▁for ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁K up w ara ▁district . ▁Instead , ▁the ▁Army ▁killed ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁fake ▁encounter , ▁applied ▁black ▁paint ▁on ▁the ▁clean - sh aven ▁faces ▁of ▁the ▁s lain , ▁placed ▁weapons ▁on ▁them ▁and ▁said ▁they ▁had |
▁killed ▁foreign ▁milit ants . ▁ ▁Sus p ension ▁of ▁sentences ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁The ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁Trib unal ▁susp ended ▁the ▁life ▁sentence ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁army ▁personnel ▁including ▁a ▁Colonel ▁and ▁a ▁Captain ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁conv icted ▁by ▁a ▁General ▁Court ▁Mart ial ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁for ▁st aging ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁three ▁K ash mi ri ▁civ ili ans ▁at ▁Mac ch il ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁brand ing ▁them ▁as ▁foreign ▁milit ants ▁for ▁br ass ▁med als ▁and ▁c ash ▁re wards . ▁ ▁F IR ▁against ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁and ▁Police ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁All ▁Part ies ▁Hur ri y at ▁Conference ▁leader ▁Sy ed ▁Ali ▁Shah ▁Ge el ani ▁entirely ▁bl amed ▁then ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁O mar ▁Abd ul lah ▁and ▁former ▁Senior ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁Police ▁( SS P ) ▁Ash i q ▁B uk h ari ▁for ▁kill ings ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁un rest ▁and ▁file d ▁a ▁F IR ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁Chief ▁Jud icial ▁Mag istr ate ▁( C J M ), ▁S rin agar . ▁ ▁"( We ) ▁have ▁decided ▁to ▁register ▁a ▁criminal ▁case ▁against ▁O mar ▁Abd ul lah ▁and ▁Ash i q ▁B uk h ari ▁for ▁the ▁innoc ent ▁kill ings ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁will ▁try ▁to ▁bring ▁the |
▁murder ers ▁of ▁the ▁innoc ent ▁students ▁to ▁justice ." ▁a ▁Hur ri y at ▁statement ▁said . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Video : K ash mir ▁un rest ▁prompt s ▁new ▁cur f ew , ▁Re ut ers ▁ ▁Category : K ash mir ▁conflict ▁K ash mir ▁Un rest , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁ab uses ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁in ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand ▁is ▁a ▁fully ▁art ic ulated ▁robot ic ▁hand ▁prost h esis ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁prost het ics ▁company ▁Otto bo ck ▁and ▁its ▁American ▁partner ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁Dynam ics . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁prost h esis ▁to ▁feature ▁an ▁electron ically ▁actu ated ▁thumb ▁which ▁m im ics ▁natural ▁human ▁hand ▁movements . ▁The ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁del icate ▁every day ▁tasks , ▁was ▁first ▁fitted ▁to ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁elect ive - am put ee ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁military ▁and ▁civil ian ▁am put ees ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁development ▁The ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand ' s ▁development ▁was ▁begun ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁prost het ics ▁manufact urer ▁Otto bo ck . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁American ▁company ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁Dynam |
ics ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁testing ▁and ▁further ▁ref in ement ▁of ▁the ▁prost h esis . ▁ ▁The ▁prost h esis ▁is ▁battery - power ed ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁hours ▁between ▁charges . ▁Con struct ed ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁pl astic , ▁it ▁is ▁designed ▁with ▁a ▁natural , ▁anth rop omorphic ▁a est h etic , ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁custom - f itted ▁for ▁each ▁user . ▁Its ▁mot ions ▁are ▁controlled ▁by ▁built - in ▁electro des , ▁which ▁detect ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁user ' s ▁remaining ▁arm ▁mus cles ▁and ▁interpret ▁them ▁using ▁elect rom y ography ▁software . ▁The ▁fingers ▁can ▁form ▁numerous ▁natural istic ▁configurations ▁to ▁hold , ▁g rip ▁or ▁pin ch ▁objects . ▁The ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁moving ▁with ▁enough ▁precision ▁to ▁conduct ▁del icate ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁cook ing , ▁iron ing ▁and ▁opening ▁a ▁to oth paste ▁t ube , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁ex ert ▁enough ▁strength ▁to ▁use ▁an ▁autom obile ' s ▁ste ering ▁wheel . ▁Sk in - ton ed ▁cos met ic ▁glo ves ▁are ▁also ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁prost h esis . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand ▁had ▁a ▁unit ▁cost ▁of ▁around ▁£ 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁( US $ 7 3 , 8 0 0 ). ▁ ▁Users ▁Aust rian ▁electric ian ▁Patrick ▁May rho fer ▁suffered ▁serious ▁inj uries ▁to ▁his ▁hands ▁at ▁the ▁age |
▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁when ▁he ▁touched ▁a ▁ 6 0 0 0 - vol t ▁power ▁line ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁After ▁un success ful ▁attempts ▁to ▁re construct ▁his ▁left ▁hand , ▁it ▁was ▁am put ated ▁below ▁the ▁el bow ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁patient ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁be ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand . ▁He ▁joined ▁Otto bo ck ▁ 3 ▁years ▁later , ▁helping ▁their ▁customers ▁learn ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁prost hes es . ▁Having ▁started ▁para - s now board ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁May rho fer ▁was ▁named ▁Par al ym pic ▁Aust rian ▁Sports ▁Person ality ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁after ▁winning ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁bank ed ▁sl alom ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Para - S now board ▁World ▁Championships ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Par al ym pic ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁bank ed ▁sl alom ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁American ▁soldiers ▁who ▁suffered ▁lim b ▁am putation ▁in ▁combat ▁have ▁received ▁Michel ang elo ▁H ands ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Matt ▁Re z ink ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁civil ian ▁to ▁receive ▁a ▁unit . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Chris ▁Taylor , ▁a ▁British ▁service ▁engineer ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁his ▁right ▁hand ▁in ▁a |
▁jet ▁ski ▁accident ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁UK ▁citiz en ▁to ▁be ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁Michel ang elo ▁Hand . ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁hand ▁was ▁offered ▁by ▁several ▁British ▁prost h etic ▁services ▁companies , ▁including ▁Dor set ▁Orth op a edic . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Boston ▁Digital ▁Arm , ▁an ▁American ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁power ed ▁prost hes es ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Advanced ▁Arm ▁Dynam ics ▁website ▁Otto ▁B ock ▁Michel ang elo ▁page ▁ ▁Category : B ion ics ▁Category : Pro st het ics ▁Category : B iom ed ical ▁engineering ▁Category : Med ical ▁equipment ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁rob ots <0x0A> </s> ▁Vas il ena ▁Am z ina ▁( , ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁middle - distance ▁runner . ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 8 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁female ▁middle - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sof ia ▁Category : Place |
▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁South ▁ 9 th ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁Nob les ville , ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana . ▁▁ ▁It ▁en comp ass es ▁ 3 9 ▁contrib uting ▁buildings ▁and ▁ 1 ▁contrib uting ▁site ▁in ▁a ▁pre domin antly ▁resident ial ▁section ▁of ▁Nob les ville . ▁It ▁developed ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁and ▁includes ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁Queen ▁Anne , ▁Italian ate , ▁and ▁B ung al ow ▁/ ▁American ▁C raft s man ▁style ▁architecture . ▁Notable ▁buildings ▁include ▁the ▁Mason ic ▁Temple ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 1 4 ) ▁and ▁Ad ler ▁Building ▁( former ly ▁First ▁Christian ▁Church , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Que en ▁Anne ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Ital ian ate ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁was ▁a ▁treat y ▁between ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sloven es ▁( ren amed ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ), ▁signed ▁to |
▁solve ▁the ▁dispute ▁over ▁some ▁territ ories ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁Adri atic , ▁and ▁in ▁Dal mat ia . ▁ ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁signed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Rap allo , ▁near ▁Gen oa , ▁Italy . ▁T ension ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁arose ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁when ▁the ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁Empire ▁dissol ved ▁and ▁Italy ▁claimed ▁the ▁territ ories ▁assigned ▁to ▁it ▁by ▁the ▁secret ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁London ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁treat y ▁signed ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁by ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁Tri ple ▁Ent ente , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁Italy ▁was ▁to ▁obtain ▁several ▁territorial ▁g ains ▁including ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral , ▁northern ▁Dal mat ia ▁and ▁not ably ▁Z ad ar ▁( ), ▁Š iben ik ▁( ), ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁islands ▁( except ▁Kr k ▁and ▁Rab ). ▁ ▁These ▁territ ories ▁had ▁an ▁eth n ically ▁mixed ▁population , ▁with ▁Sloven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ▁compos ing ▁over ▁the ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁The ▁treat y ▁was ▁therefore ▁null ified ▁with ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Vers a illes ▁under ▁pressure ▁of ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson , ▁making ▁void ▁Italian ▁claims ▁on ▁northern |
▁Dal mat ia . ▁The ▁objective ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁was ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁comprom ise ▁following ▁the ▁void ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁non - application ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁London ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Content ▁At ▁the ▁conclus ions ▁of ▁the ▁discuss ions , ▁the ▁following ▁territ ories ▁were ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Italy : ▁The ▁western ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Car ni ola : ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Inner ▁Car ni ola , ▁with ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Id ri ja ▁( ), ▁V ip ava ▁( ), ▁Š t ur je ▁( ), ▁Post oj na ▁( ), ▁Š ent ▁Peter ▁na ▁K ras u ▁( , ▁now ▁P iv ka ), ▁and ▁Il ir ska ▁B istr ica ▁( ), ▁and ▁the ▁Upper ▁Car ni olan ▁municipality ▁of ▁F us ine ▁in ▁Val rom ana ▁(); ▁The ▁entire ▁territory ▁of ▁former ▁Aust rian ▁L itt oral , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁K ast av ▁and ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kr k , ▁which ▁were ▁c eded ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sloven es ; ▁The ▁former ▁Dal mat ian ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Z ad ar ▁and ▁the ▁small ▁Dal mat ian ▁islands ▁of ▁Las to vo ▁and ▁Pal ag ru ž a . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁treat y , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁R ije ka ▁() ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁independent ▁Free ▁State ▁of ▁F ium e , ▁thus ▁ending ▁the |
▁military ▁occupation ▁of ▁Gab rie le ▁d ' An n un z io ' s ▁troops , ▁begun ▁by ▁the ▁Im presa ▁di ▁F ium e ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Italian ▁Reg ency ▁of ▁Car n aro . ▁This ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁treat y ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁when ▁Italy ▁and ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁signed ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Rome , ▁which ▁gave ▁F ium e ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁adjacent ▁port ▁of ▁Su š ak ▁to ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁ ▁The ▁treat y ▁left ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Sloven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ▁in ▁Italy . ▁According ▁to ▁author ▁Paul ▁N . ▁He hn , ▁" the ▁treat y ▁left ▁half ▁a ▁million ▁S lav s ▁inside ▁Italy ▁while ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁hundred ▁It ali ans ▁in ▁the ▁fled g ling ▁Y ug oslav ▁state ". ▁Indeed , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Aust rian ▁census ▁ 4 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁South ▁S lav s ▁( S lo ven es ▁and ▁Cro ats ) ▁became ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy , ▁while ▁around ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁It ali ans ▁became ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Y ug oslav ▁state ▁( around ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Dal mat ia , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁in ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Kr k ). ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁census , ▁around ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁eth nic ▁Germ ans ▁and ▁ |
3 , 0 0 0 ▁Hung ari ans ▁also ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁regions ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Italy ▁with ▁the ▁Tre aty , ▁while ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁It ali ans ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁between ▁ 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Tre aty ▁between ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bs , ▁Cro ats ▁and ▁Sloven es ▁signed ▁at ▁Rap allo , ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Map ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Rap allo ▁at ▁om ni at las . com ▁Map ▁of ▁modern ▁Sloven ia ▁with ▁super im posed ▁Rap allo ▁border ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : Mod ern ▁history ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁Sloven ia ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Inter war ▁period ▁treat ies ▁Category : T re aties ▁concluded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Rap allo ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁Category : T re aties ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : Ital y – Y ug oslav ia ▁relations ▁Category : It ali ans ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Category : R ap allo ▁Category : Ad ri atic ▁Question <0x0A> </s> ▁Ah ▁ha ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁▁ ▁" Ah ▁ha ", ▁a ▁track ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁album ▁Gang str ess ▁by ▁American ▁ra pper ▁Kh |
ia ▁ ▁A - ha , ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁new ▁wave / syn th pop / pop ▁rock / altern ative ▁rock ▁band <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 , ▁Ver ia ▁will ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁compet itions ▁Football ▁League ▁and ▁Greek ▁Cup . ▁The ▁season ▁covers ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁F i xt ures ▁& ▁Results ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁Friend lies ▁ ▁Greek ▁Cup ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 Source : ▁H FF ▁ ▁A ggreg ate : ▁ 2 - 2 . ▁A igin iak os ▁win ▁on ▁away ▁goals ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ver ia ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁Ver ia ▁F . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁G le ch ner ▁( 1 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁G le ch ner ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁Austria ▁gi ants ▁Rap id ▁Wien , ▁playing ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁league ▁matches ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 3 - year ▁spell . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁G le ch ner ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Austria ▁in ▁a ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁Scotland ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 5 ▁caps , |
▁scoring ▁ 1 ▁goals . ▁He ▁represented ▁his ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ification ▁matches . ▁ ▁His ▁final ▁international ▁was ▁a ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁International ▁goals ▁Sc ores ▁and ▁results ▁list ▁Austria ' s ▁goal ▁t ally ▁first . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁St urm ▁Archiv ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ers ▁Category : A ust ria ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : SK ▁Rap id ▁Wien ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Leonard ▁H ought on ▁Geoff rey ▁Martin ▁( 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Ge el ong ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Ge el ong ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : Rich mond ▁Football ▁Club ▁( V FA ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁often ▁abbre vi ated ▁Ap J ▁( pr on ounced ▁" ap ▁j ay ") ▁in ▁references ▁and ▁speech , ▁is ▁a ▁peer - review ed ▁scientific ▁journal ▁of |
▁ast ro physics ▁and ▁astronom y , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁by ▁American ▁astronom ers ▁George ▁Ell ery ▁H ale ▁and ▁James ▁Edward ▁Ke eler . ▁The ▁journal ▁dis cont in ued ▁its ▁print ▁edition ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁electronic - only ▁journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Supp lement ▁Series ▁( Ap JS ) ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁with ▁generally ▁longer ▁articles ▁to ▁supp lement ▁the ▁material ▁in ▁the ▁journal . ▁It ▁publish es ▁six ▁volumes ▁per ▁year , ▁with ▁two ▁ 2 8 0 - page ▁issues ▁per ▁volume . ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Let ters ▁( Ap J L ), ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁by ▁Sub rah man yan ▁Ch andr ase k har ▁as ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁of ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal , ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁separate ▁journal ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁rapid ▁publication ▁of ▁high - imp act ▁astronom ical ▁research . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁journ als ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press ▁for ▁the ▁American ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁until , ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁publication ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁I OP ▁Publishing , ▁following ▁the ▁move ▁of ▁the ▁society ' s ▁Astronom ical ▁Journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁changes ▁were ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁society ▁as ▁the ▁increasing ▁financial ▁dem ands |
▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁journ als ▁in ▁other ▁scientific ▁discipl ines , ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁has ▁a ▁larger ▁( > ▁ 8 5 %) ▁accept ance ▁rate , ▁which , ▁however , ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁journ als ▁covering ▁astronom y ▁and ▁ast ro physics . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁journal ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁by ▁George ▁Ell ery ▁H ale ▁and ▁James ▁E . ▁Ke eler ▁as ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal : ▁An ▁International ▁Review ▁of ▁Spect ro sc opy ▁and ▁Astronom ical ▁Physics . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁found ing ▁edit ors , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁board ▁of ▁associate ▁edit ors : ▁M . ▁A . ▁Corn u , ▁Paris ; ▁N . ▁C . ▁Dun ér , ▁U ps ala ; ▁William ▁H ugg ins , ▁London ; ▁P . ▁T ac ch ini , ▁Rome ; ▁H . ▁C . ▁Vog el , ▁P ots dam , ▁C . ▁S . ▁H ast ings , ▁Y ale ; ▁A . ▁A . ▁Michel son , ▁Chicago ; ▁E . ▁C . ▁Pick ering , ▁Harvard ; ▁H . ▁A . ▁Row land , ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ; ▁and ▁C . ▁A . ▁Young , ▁Pr inc eton . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁intended ▁that ▁the ▁journal ▁would ▁fill ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁journ als ▁in ▁astronom y ▁and ▁physics , ▁providing ▁a ▁ven ue ▁for ▁publication ▁of ▁articles ▁on ▁astronom ical ▁applications |
▁of ▁the ▁spect ros cope ; ▁on ▁labor atory ▁research ▁closely ▁al lied ▁to ▁astronom ical ▁physics , ▁including ▁w avel ength ▁determin ations ▁of ▁met all ic ▁and ▁g ase ous ▁spect ra ▁and ▁experiments ▁on ▁radiation ▁and ▁absor ption ; ▁on ▁theories ▁of ▁the ▁Sun , ▁Moon , ▁plan ets , ▁com ets , ▁met e ors , ▁and ▁ne b ula e ; ▁and ▁on ▁instrument ation ▁for ▁teles cop es ▁and ▁labor ator ies . ▁ ▁The ▁further ▁development ▁of ▁Ap J ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁was ▁out lined ▁by ▁Hel mut ▁Ab t ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁entitled ▁" Some ▁Statist ical ▁High light s ▁of ▁the ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Edit ors ▁The ▁following ▁persons ▁have ▁been ▁edit ors - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁journal : ▁George ▁H ale ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 0 2 ) ▁Ed win ▁Br ant ▁F rost ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 3 2 ) ▁Ed win ▁Hub ble ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 5 2 ) ▁Sub rah man yan ▁Ch andr ase k har ▁( 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁Hel mut ▁A . ▁Ab t ▁( 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Robert ▁Kenn ic utt ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Eth an ▁V ish nia c ▁( since ▁ |
2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁Astronom ical ▁Journal ▁Astronom y ▁and ▁Ast ro physics ▁Month ly ▁Notices ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁Publications ▁of ▁the ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Publications ▁of ▁the ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁of ▁Australia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Supp lement ▁Series ▁ ▁The ▁Ast ro phys ical ▁Journal ▁Let ters ▁ ▁Category : A st ro physics ▁journ als ▁Category : I OP ▁Publishing ▁academic ▁journ als ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press ▁academic ▁journ als ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : English - language ▁journ als ▁Category : American ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁academic ▁journ als ▁Category : On line - only ▁journ als <0x0A> </s> ▁Pil gr image ▁Music ▁& ▁Cultural ▁Festival ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁arts ▁festival ▁in ▁Franklin , ▁Tennessee . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁two - day ▁festival ▁takes ▁place ▁ann ually ▁in ▁September . ▁ ▁History ▁H eld ▁at ▁the ▁Franklin ' s ▁Park ▁at ▁Har l ins dale ▁Farm , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁festival ▁was ▁head lined ▁by ▁Wil co , ▁Will ie ▁Nelson , ▁We e zer , ▁The ▁December ists ▁and ▁C age ▁The ▁Ele ph ant . ▁Beck , ▁D ary l ▁Hall ▁and ▁John ▁O ates ▁and ▁Jason ▁Is bell ▁head lined ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁event . ▁Justin ▁Tim ber la ke |
▁( one ▁of ▁its ▁produ cers ), ▁Edd ie ▁V ed der , ▁The ▁Av ett ▁Brothers , ▁Gary ▁Clark ▁Jr ., ▁Ryan ▁Adams ▁and ▁Walk ▁the ▁Moon , ▁led ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁line - up . ▁Jack ▁White , ▁Chris ▁St ap leton ▁and ▁Lion el ▁Rich ie ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁perform ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁event . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F olk ▁festiv als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fran k lin , ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Music ▁festiv als ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : Music ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁An atol y ▁Vlad im iro v ich ▁Sof ron ov ▁( ; ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁in ▁Min sk , ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁now ▁Bel arus ▁– ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁USS R ) ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet ▁Russian ▁writer , ▁poet , ▁play w right , ▁script writer , ▁editor ▁( O g ony ok , ▁ 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁literary ▁administrator , ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Writ ers ' ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 - 1 9 5 3 . ▁Sof ron ov ▁was ▁a ▁St alin ▁Prize ▁la ure ate ▁( tw ice , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁and ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Hero ▁of ▁Social ist |
▁Labour ▁( 1 9 8 1 ). ▁ ▁An ▁o min ous ▁figure ▁with ▁the ▁reputation ▁of ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁fe ared ▁literary ▁hang men ▁of ▁the ▁St alin ist ▁era ," ▁Sof ron ov ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁his ▁play ▁S try ap uk ha ▁( С тря пу ха , ▁The ▁K ook ie ) ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁three ▁sequ els ▁and ▁the ▁popular ▁comedy ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁Working ▁with ▁compos ers ▁like ▁S emy on ▁Z as lav sky , ▁Mat vey ▁Bl anter , ▁Sig iz mund ▁K ats , ▁he ▁co - author ed ▁do z ens ▁of ▁songs , ▁made ▁popular ▁by ▁the ▁artists ▁like ▁Vladimir ▁B unch ik ov , ▁Vladimir ▁Ne ch ay ev , ▁V ad im ▁K oz in , ▁Nikol ai ▁Rub an , ▁Vladimir ▁Tro sh in , ▁Ol ga ▁Vor on ets , ▁May a ▁Krist alin sk aya , ▁I os if ▁Kob zon ▁and ▁N ani ▁B reg v ad ze . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Russ ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Min sk ▁Category : Russ ian ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁death s ▁Category : St alin ▁Prize ▁w inners ▁Category : H ero es ▁of ▁Social ist ▁Labour ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁Category : Russ ian ▁transl ators ▁Category |
: Russ ian ▁mem oir ists ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁War , ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁members ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁in ▁T roy ek uro v sko ye ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁O raz ak ▁Is mag ul ov ▁( , ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁intern ation ally ▁known ▁ ▁anth rop ologist , ▁doctor ▁of ▁historical ▁sciences ▁( 1 9 8 4 ), ▁corresponding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Kaz akh stan ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁Is mag ul ov ▁uses ▁anth rop ological ▁studies ▁of ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁people ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁historical ▁information ▁for ▁eth n ogen esis ▁and ▁eth nic ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Asia ▁pe op les . ▁This ▁work ▁shed ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁S cy th ians , ▁S arm ati ans , ▁K ang ars , ▁Al ans , ▁and ▁other ▁Central ▁Asia ▁pe op les , ▁following ▁the ▁anth rop ological ▁development ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Is mag ul ov ▁was ▁a ▁permanent ▁particip ant ▁and ▁a ▁head ▁of ▁anth rop ological ▁exped itions ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan ▁and ▁beyond : ▁Indian - S ov iet ▁( 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Kaz akh - M ong ol ian ▁( |
1 9 9 1 - 1 9 9 3 ), ▁Kaz akh - Ital ian ▁( 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 4 ). ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 4 , ▁within ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁scientific ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Anth rop ology ▁at ▁the ▁Bol onia ▁University ▁in ▁Italy , ▁Is mag ul ov ▁head ed ▁an ▁international ▁project ▁for ▁problems ▁of ▁adaptation ▁of ▁high - mount ain ▁Kaz akh stan ▁and ▁K yr gy z stan ▁populations ▁in ▁respect ▁to ▁eth no - c ult ural ▁processes ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Is mag ul ov ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁scientific ▁works . ▁Among ▁them ▁a ▁special ▁place ▁takes ▁a ▁comp end ium ▁of ▁mon ograph s ▁for ▁c ran i ological ▁series , ▁gen etic ▁markers , ▁and ▁od ont ological ▁attributes , ▁compiled ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁gen etic ▁continu ity ▁between ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁populations ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Asia , ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁process , ▁study ▁the ▁Kaz akh ▁gen etic ▁fund , ▁and ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁its ▁formation , ▁and ▁major ▁historical ▁phases ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁local ▁ancient ▁populations ▁and ▁new coming ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁Is mag ul ov ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁lect urer ▁about ▁anth rop ology ▁in ▁Del hi , ▁California ▁and ▁Bol onia ▁univers ities . ▁ ▁Main ▁scientific ▁works ▁▁ ▁Population ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁from ▁Bron ze ▁E po ch ▁to ▁present |
: ▁( p ale o anth rop ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁gen etic ▁ge ography ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan : ▁( ser ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁anth rop ology ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan : ▁( som at ological ▁research ). ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁▁ ▁Eth nic ▁od ont ology ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan . ▁Al ma - A ta , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁( co - author ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ис ма гу лов ▁О ра за к ▁ ▁Tr ading ▁Gen es ▁along ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road : ▁m t D NA ▁Se qu ences ▁and ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁Central ▁Asian ▁Population ▁Am . ▁J . ▁Hum . ▁Gen et . ▁ 6 3 : 1 8 2 4 – 1 8 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Je ann ine ▁Davis - K im ball . ▁" Ch ie ft ain ▁or ▁War rior ▁Pri est ess " ▁Arch ae ology , ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁ 4 0 – 4 1 . ▁Article ▁Review ▁from ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁E uras ian ▁Nom ads . ▁▁ ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁scient ists ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁anth rop olog ists ▁Category : T urk olog |
ists ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( DE - 6 9 1 / AP D - 1 2 4 / L PR - 1 2 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁high - speed ▁transport ▁in ▁commission ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁commission ing ▁Origin ally ▁project ed ▁as ▁a ▁Rud der ow - class ▁destroy er ▁esc ort ▁( DE - 6 9 1 ), ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( AP D - 1 2 4 ) ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁completion ▁to ▁a ▁modified ▁design ▁as ▁a ▁C ros ley ▁Class ▁High - speed ▁Transport ▁( AP D ), ▁designed ▁for ▁landing ▁and ▁supporting ▁ra iding ▁parties ▁while ▁retain ing ▁a ▁secondary , ▁destroy er ▁esc ort - like ▁role ▁of ▁con voy ▁esc ort . ▁ ▁La id ▁down ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁at ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts , ▁by ▁the ▁Beth le hem ▁Ste el ▁Company , ▁Fore ▁River , ▁she ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Mrs . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁Jr ., ▁wid ow ▁of ▁En sign ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁Jr ., ▁and ▁commission ed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁F . ▁W . ▁Ku hn ▁in ▁command . ▁ |
▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service ▁ 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 5 ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁fitted ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁Boston ▁Navy ▁Y ard , ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁and ▁conducted ▁sh aked own ▁training ▁off ▁B erm uda , ▁after ▁which ▁she ▁sa iled ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁where ▁she ▁arrived ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Depart ing ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁esc orted ▁am mun ition ▁ship ▁USS ▁F ired ra ke ▁( AE - 1 4 ) ▁to ▁Pan ama , ▁from ▁where ▁she ▁proceeded ▁to ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁arriv ing ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁g unn ery ▁exer cis es ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁she ▁sa iled ▁west ward ▁to ▁join ▁in ▁the ▁clim actic ▁phase ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁stopped ▁at ▁Pear l ▁Har bor , ▁Hawai i ; ▁En iw et ok ; ▁and ▁Ul ith i ▁At oll , ▁en ▁route ▁Ok ina wa , ▁where ▁the ▁largest ▁fleet ▁assemble d ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁was ▁supporting ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁forces ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁final ▁major ▁land ▁battle ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁Japan . ▁She ▁arrived ▁off ▁Ok ina wa ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁just ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁rep elling ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fier |
c est ▁Japanese ▁air ▁assault s ▁of ▁the ▁campaign . ▁As ▁the ▁des perate ▁attack ▁was ▁driven ▁off , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁plane ▁shot ▁down . ▁As ▁the ▁battle ▁ra ged ▁ash ore , ▁she ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁vital ▁pick et ▁line ▁to ▁warn ▁of ▁incoming ▁Japanese ▁air ▁ra ids ▁until ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁when ▁she ▁sa iled ▁with ▁a ▁con voy ▁to ▁Gu am . ▁On ▁the ▁return ▁passage ▁she ▁s ank ▁the ▁Japanese ▁sub marine ▁RO - 1 0 9 ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁accurate ▁depth ▁charge ▁attack ▁south ▁of ▁Ok ina wa ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Ar riv ing ▁at ▁Ok ina wa ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁res umed ▁the ▁hect ic ▁pick et ▁duty ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁con voy ▁voy ages ▁to ▁Sa ip an ▁and ▁Gu am . ▁Though ▁Ok ina wa ▁was ▁secured ▁in ▁mid - J une ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Japanese ▁air ▁attacks ▁continued , ▁and ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁continued ▁to ▁provide ▁ant ia ircraft ▁and ▁ant is ub marine ▁protection ▁to ▁the ▁many ▁ships ▁off ▁Ok ina wa . ▁Early ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁she ▁was ▁on ▁pick et ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁when ▁a ▁low - f lying ▁kam ik aze ▁suic ide ▁aircraft ▁crash |
ed ▁through ▁her ▁super structure ▁and ▁fell ▁alongside , ▁its ▁bomb ▁expl oding ▁close ▁ab o ard . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁suffered ▁h ull ▁damage ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁cas ual ties , ▁but ▁was ▁quickly ▁rep a ired . ▁She ▁remained ▁off ▁Ok ina wa ▁until ▁sail ing ▁north ▁toward ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁received ▁two ▁battle ▁stars ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service , ▁for : ▁ ▁Ok ina wa ▁G unto ▁Operation : ▁Ass ault ▁and ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁Ok ina wa ▁G unto ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Third ▁Fle et ▁Oper ations ▁Again st ▁Japan ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁Pe ac etime ▁service , ▁ 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 5 0 ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁host ilities ▁with ▁Japan ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁remained ▁off ▁Japan ▁with ▁United ▁States ▁Third ▁Fle et ▁units ▁until ▁the ▁ships ▁triumph antly ▁entered ▁Tokyo ▁Bay ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁' the ▁occupation ▁of ▁the ▁giant ▁Y ok |
os uka ▁Naval ▁Base , ▁furn ishing ▁the ▁prize ▁crew ▁which ▁took ▁possession ▁of ▁batt les hip ▁Nag ato , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁few ▁major ▁ships ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Navy . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁remained ▁at ▁Y ok os uka ▁assist ing ▁in ▁the ▁occupation ▁until ▁sail ing ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California , ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁She ▁was ▁in ▁over ha ul ▁at ▁the ▁Mare ▁Island ▁Navy ▁Y ard , ▁Valle jo , ▁California , ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁then ▁spent ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁area ▁on ▁training ▁operations . ▁She ▁sa iled ▁again ▁for ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁support ▁American ▁efforts ▁to ▁stabil ize ▁the ▁vol atile ▁situation ▁in ▁China ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁civil ▁war ▁there . ▁Ar riv ing ▁at ▁T sing ta o , ▁China , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁station ▁ship ▁until ▁sail ing ▁again ▁for ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She ▁spent ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁on ▁training |
▁exer cis es ▁in ▁California ▁waters , ▁and ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁she ▁operated ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁She ▁proceeded ▁to ▁China ▁again ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁and ▁again ▁served ▁as ▁station ▁ship ▁at ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁T sing ta o , ▁occasionally ▁sail ing ▁to ▁the ▁Marshall ▁Islands ▁and ▁Gu am . ▁As ▁commun ist ▁troops ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁upper ▁hand ▁in ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Civil ▁War , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁ev acu ated ▁civ ili ans ▁of ▁several ▁nations ▁from ▁N ank ing ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁She ▁depart ed ▁China ▁on ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁for ▁rep airs ▁and ▁training . ▁ ▁After ▁exer cis es ▁off ▁San ▁Diego ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁training ▁assault ▁in ▁Hawai i , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ''' ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Hawai i ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁for ▁another ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁China . ▁Ar riv ing ▁at ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁she ▁remained ▁in ▁waters ▁off ▁China ▁and ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁countries ▁to ▁protect ▁American ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Korean ▁War ▁service ▁ 1 |
9 5 0 - 1 9 5 3 ▁With ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁American ▁naval ▁power ▁moved ▁swift ly ▁into ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁to ▁support ▁land ▁operations . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁sa iled ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁fleet ▁units ▁already ▁deployed ▁off ▁Korea , ▁arriv ing ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁with ▁troops ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Marine ▁Division . ▁Under water ▁Dem ol ition ▁Teams ▁and ▁Marine ▁Re con na issance ▁units ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁her , ▁and ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁Korea ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁ra ids ▁on ▁Commun ist ▁supply ▁lines . ▁Between ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁she ▁made ▁three ▁successful ▁ra ids , ▁destroy ing ▁three ▁t unn els ▁and ▁two ▁brid ges . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁also ▁conducted ▁shore ▁bomb ard ments ▁during ▁day light ▁hours . ▁ ▁As ▁United ▁Nations ▁forces ▁prepared ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁the ▁off ensive , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁planning ▁for ▁the ▁up coming ▁In ch on ▁operation . ▁Her ▁ra iding ▁parties ▁recon no iter ed ▁possible ▁landing ▁be aches ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁and ▁depart ed ▁P |
us an ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁In ch on ▁assault . ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁put ▁her ▁troops ▁ash ore ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁wave ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁as ▁the ▁extremely ▁successful ▁am ph ib ious ▁operation ▁suddenly ▁revers ed ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁As ▁United ▁Nations ▁troops ▁pushed ▁north ward , ▁Howard ▁A . ▁Bass ▁res umed ▁her ▁ra iding ▁duties , ▁making ▁two ▁attacks ▁on ▁t unn els ▁and ▁brid ges ▁near ▁Song jin ▁between ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁For ▁this ▁operation ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁carried ▁Royal ▁Marine ▁Command os . ▁Late ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁she ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁operations ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁W ons an ▁for ▁another ▁landing , ▁assist ing ▁mines we eping ▁groups . ▁She ▁then ▁spent ▁three ▁months ▁on ▁beach ▁survey ▁duty ▁before ▁sail ing ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁For ▁this ▁highly ▁successful ▁tour ▁of ▁duty , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁and ▁her ▁special ▁operations ▁group ▁received ▁the ▁Navy ▁Unit ▁Comm end ation . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁ste amed ▁toward ▁Korea ▁again ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁after ▁stopping ▁at ▁Y ok os uka ▁res umed ▁bomb ard ment ▁and ▁ra iding ▁duties ▁along |
▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁Korea . ▁In ▁ 1 4 ▁separate ▁ra ids ▁with ▁American , ▁British , ▁and ▁Republic ▁of ▁Korea ▁landing ▁parties , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁did ▁much ▁to ▁interrupt ▁the ▁all - important ▁supply ▁lines ▁from ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁proved ▁vulner able ▁to ▁mobile ▁forces ▁af loat . ▁She ▁completed ▁her ▁second ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁Korea ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁when ▁she ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Y ok os uka . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 2 . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁in ▁operations ▁off ▁the ▁California ▁coast , ▁but ▁sa iled ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁for ▁her ▁third ▁tour ▁of ▁Korean ▁duty . ▁The ▁Korean ▁War ▁ended ▁later ▁that ▁month ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁en ▁route . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁received ▁six ▁battle ▁stars ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁her ▁Navy ▁Unit ▁Comm end ation ▁for ▁Korean ▁War ▁service . ▁The ▁battle ▁stars ▁were ▁for : ▁ ▁North ▁Korean ▁Ag gression ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Commun ist ▁China ▁Ag gression ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁In ch on ▁Land ing ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁United ▁Nations ▁Summer - F all |
▁Off ensive ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁ ▁Second ▁Korean ▁Winter ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 2 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Korean ▁Def ense ▁Summer - F all ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Pe ac etime ▁service ▁ 1 9 5 3 - 1 9 6 9 ▁Upon ▁her ▁arrival ▁at ▁Y ok os uka ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 0 , |
▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁became ▁flags hip ▁of ▁an ▁am ph ib ious ▁control ▁squad ron , ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁various ▁training ▁land ings ▁in ▁Japan . ▁She ▁also ▁conducted ▁three ▁survey ▁operations ▁and ▁two ▁demol ition ▁assign ments ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁coast , ▁where ▁the ▁arm ist ice ▁was ▁now ▁in ▁effect . ▁She ▁visited ▁other ▁Pacific ▁ports ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁before ▁depart ing ▁Y ok os uka ▁on ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁operated ▁off ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁West ▁Coast ▁on ▁training ▁cru ises ▁and ▁ant is ub marine ▁exer cis es ▁until ▁getting ▁under way ▁for ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁again ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁She ▁carried ▁on ▁practice ▁land ings ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁fleet ▁exer cis es ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁when ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Taiwan ▁Stra it ▁to ▁ev acu ate ▁National ist ▁Chinese ▁troops ▁from ▁the ▁T achen ▁Islands . ▁With ▁this ▁important ▁Cold ▁War ▁operation ▁over , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁ste amed ▁to ▁H ai ph ong , ▁French ▁Ind och ina , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁Operation ▁Pass age ▁to ▁Fre edom , ▁as ▁thousands ▁of ▁Vietnam ese ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁fled ▁the ▁advance ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁forces . ▁The ▁transport ing ▁of ▁these ▁civ ili ans ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 |
5 5 , ▁and ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁under way ▁from ▁S ase bo , ▁Japan , ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁bound ▁for ▁San ▁Diego . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁arrival ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Atlantic ▁Fle et , ▁trans iting ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁between ▁ 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Naval ▁District ▁as ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁training ▁ship . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁years ▁that ▁followed , ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁made ▁short ▁cru ises ▁with ▁naval ▁res erv ists ▁to ▁Car ib bean ▁ports , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁and ▁New found land , ▁helping ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁skills ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁reserve ▁officers ▁and ▁men . Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁arrived ▁at ▁Orange , ▁Texas , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁and ▁de comm ission ed ▁there ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁She ▁entered ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Reserve ▁Fle et ▁at ▁Orange . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁at ▁an ▁un record ed ▁date . ▁She ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁an ▁" am ph ib ious ▁transport , ▁small " ▁and ▁L PR - 1 2 4 ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January |
▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁De comm ission ing ▁and ▁dispos al Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁and ▁str icken ▁from ▁the ▁Naval ▁Register ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁She ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁scra pping ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁J . ▁R . ▁Ste el , ▁Inc . ▁of ▁Houston , ▁Texas , ▁for ▁$ 7 9 , 0 0 2 ▁( US D ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( L PR - 1 2 4 ) ▁ex ▁USS ▁Hor ace ▁A . ▁Bass ▁( AP D - 1 2 4 ) ▁( 1 9 4 4 ▁- ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁Ch es ne au , ▁Roger , ▁Ed . ▁Con ways ▁All ▁the ▁World s ▁Fight ing ▁Sh ips ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 4 6 ' '. ▁London : ▁Con way ▁Mar itime ▁Press ▁Ltd ., ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁. ▁ ▁Category : C ros ley - class ▁high ▁speed ▁trans ports ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : K ore an ▁War ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un |
ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁Virginia - related ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Sim pson ▁O bed ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Van u atu an ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Six ▁tournament . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Van u atu ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Four ▁tournament ▁in ▁Malays ia . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁International ▁( T 2 0 I ) ▁debut ▁for ▁Van u atu ▁against ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁Van u atu ▁cr icket ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pacific ▁Games . ▁In ▁Van u atu ' s ▁opening ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁against ▁New ▁C aled onia , ▁O bed ▁took ▁five ▁w ick ets ▁for ▁ten ▁runs . ▁New ▁C aled onia ▁scored ▁ 2 3 ▁runs , ▁with ▁Van u atu ▁winning ▁by ▁ 1 0 ▁w ick ets . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Van u atu ' s ▁squad |
▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Malays ia ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁Challenge ▁League ▁A ▁tournament . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁List ▁A ▁debut ▁for ▁Van u atu , ▁against ▁Canada , ▁in ▁the ▁Cr icket ▁World ▁Cup ▁Challenge ▁League ▁A ▁tournament ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V anu atu an ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : V anu atu ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁International ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁K ry š to f ovy ▁Ham ry ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municipality ▁( ob ec ) ▁in ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Ú st í ▁nad ▁Lab em ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 6 ▁( as ▁at ▁ 2 8 August ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁K ry š to f ovy ▁Ham ry ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ch om ut ov , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Ú st í ▁nad ▁Lab em , ▁and ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Prag ue . ▁ ▁References ▁Czech ▁Statist ical ▁Office : ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ch om ut ov ▁District ▁Category : H ammer ▁mill s ▁Category : Met al ▁companies ▁of ▁the |
▁Czech ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁T ribute ▁is ▁a ▁live ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁pian ist ▁Keith ▁Jar rett ' s ▁" Stand ards ▁T rio " ▁featuring ▁Gary ▁Pe ac ock ▁and ▁Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁recorded ▁in ▁concert ▁in ▁October , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Phil harm onie ▁in ▁ ▁C ologne ▁( K ö ln ), ▁West ▁Germany ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁EC M ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁All music ▁review ▁by ▁Richard ▁S . ▁G in ell ▁awarded ▁the ▁album ▁ 4 ½ ▁stars ▁and ▁states , ▁" Wh ile ▁the ▁Stand ards ▁T rio ▁rarely ▁takes ▁anything ▁for ▁granted , ▁transform ing ▁everything ▁in ▁its ▁path , ▁the ▁results ▁are ▁not ▁quite ▁as ▁invent ive ▁here ▁as ▁on ▁other ▁releases ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" L over ▁Man " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Lee ▁Kon itz ] ▁( J im my ▁Davis , ▁Ram ▁Ram ire z , ▁James ▁Sh erman ) ▁- ▁▁ 1 3 : 1 4 ▁▁▁ ▁" I ▁H ear ▁a ▁R haps ody " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Jim ▁Hall ] ▁( Jack ▁Baker , ▁George ▁F rag os , ▁Dick ▁Gas par re ) ▁- ▁ 1 1 : 1 9 ▁▁▁ ▁" L ittle ▁Girl ▁Blue " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Nancy ▁Wilson ] ▁( L or enz ▁Hart , ▁Richard ▁Rod gers ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 0 5 ▁▁▁ ▁" S olar " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Bill ▁Evans |
] ▁( M iles ▁Davis ) ▁- ▁ 9 : 3 2 ▁▁▁ ▁" S un ▁P ray er " ▁( Ke ith ▁Jar rett ) ▁- ▁ 1 4 : 1 5 ▁▁▁ ▁" Just ▁in ▁Time " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Son ny ▁Roll ins ] ▁( B et ty ▁Com den , ▁Ad olph ▁Green , ▁J ule ▁St y ne ) ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 0 7 ▁▁▁ ▁" S mo ke ▁G ets ▁in ▁Your ▁E yes " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Cole man ▁Haw kins ] ▁( O tto ▁Har bach , ▁Jer ome ▁K ern ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 2 6 ▁▁▁ ▁" All ▁of ▁You " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Mil es ▁Davis ] ▁( C ole ▁Por ter ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 0 8 ▁▁▁ ▁" B all ad ▁of ▁the ▁Sad ▁Young ▁Men " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁An ita ▁O ' Day ] ▁( Fran ▁Landes man , ▁Tommy ▁Wolf ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 2 ▁▁▁ ▁" All ▁the ▁Things ▁You ▁Are " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁Charlie ▁Parker ] ▁( O scar ▁Ham mer stein ▁II , ▁Jer ome ▁K ern ) ▁- ▁ 8 : 5 7 ▁▁▁ ▁" It ' s ▁E asy ▁to ▁Remember " ▁[ ded ic ated ▁to ▁John ▁Col tr ane ] ▁ ▁( H art , ▁Rod gers ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 8 ▁▁▁ ▁" U ▁Dance " ▁( J ar rett |
) ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 4 6 ▁▁ ▁Record ed ▁in ▁concert ▁at ▁the ▁Phil harm onie ▁in ▁C ologne ▁( K ö ln ), ▁West ▁Germany ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Keith ▁Jar rett ▁– ▁piano ▁Gary ▁Pe ac ock ▁- ▁bass ▁Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Stand ards ▁T rio ▁albums ▁Category : G ary ▁Pe ac ock ▁albums ▁Category : Jack ▁De J oh net te ▁albums ▁Category : Ke ith ▁Jar rett ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : EC M ▁Records ▁live ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Man fred ▁E icher <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁agreement ▁between ▁states ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁establish ing ▁mut ual ▁rights ▁and ▁reg ulating ▁conditions ▁of ▁trade . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁bil ater al ▁act ▁where by ▁definite ▁arrang ements ▁are ▁entered ▁into ▁by ▁each ▁contract ing ▁party ▁towards ▁the ▁other — not ▁mere ▁con cess ions . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁M eth uen ▁Tre aty ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁between ▁Portugal ▁and ▁England . ▁ ▁Another ▁example , ▁between ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁wars ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁and ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁the ▁tar iff ▁system ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁was ▁changed ▁from ▁elaborate ▁protection ▁to ▁pract ically ▁complete ▁free ▁trade . ▁An ▁attempt ▁had ▁indeed ▁been |
▁made ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 6 ▁to ▁modify ▁the ▁rig id ly ▁protect ive ▁legisl ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁In ▁that ▁year ▁Pitt ▁concluded ▁a ▁commercial ▁treat y ▁with ▁France , ▁providing ▁for ▁large ▁redu ctions ▁of ▁duties ▁in ▁both ▁countries . ▁ ▁But ▁the ▁treat y ▁was ▁swe pt ▁away ▁with ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁wars ▁with ▁France , ▁and ▁accordingly ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁important ▁step , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁respect s ▁the ▁decis ive ▁step , ▁towards ▁modifying ▁it ▁was ▁taken ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 , ▁under ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁H usk isson . ▁In ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁great ▁redu ctions ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁duties ▁on ▁raw ▁materials , ▁especially ▁on ▁w ool , ▁raw ▁sil k , ▁fla x ▁and ▁iron , ▁while ▁considerable ▁redu ctions ▁were ▁also ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁duties ▁on ▁manufact ured ▁goods . ▁The ▁most ▁sharp ly ▁cont ested ▁of ▁the ▁changes ▁was ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁sil ks , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁completely ▁prohib ited , ▁and ▁were ▁now ▁admitted ▁at ▁a ▁duty ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁per ▁cent . ▁A ▁considerable ▁bre ach ▁was ▁thus ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁protect ive ▁system ; ▁and ▁some ▁further ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁direction ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁de cade , ▁especially ▁under ▁Lord ▁Al th orp ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁But ▁in |
▁the ▁de cade ▁from ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁the ▁Corn ▁La ws ▁were ▁the ▁chief ▁subject ▁of ▁cont ention . ▁ ▁The ▁great ▁increase ▁in ▁population ▁since ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁had ▁made ▁England ▁a ▁corn - import ing ▁country , ▁especially ▁with ▁the ▁rapid ▁growth ▁of ▁manufact ures ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁first ▁system atic ▁Corn ▁La ws ▁impos ing ▁duties ▁on ▁gra in ▁had ▁been ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 . ▁From ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁on wards ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁measures ▁were ▁passed , ▁all ▁designed ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁high ▁price ▁of ▁gra in . ▁The ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁prohib ited ▁the ▁import ation ▁of ▁whe at ▁when ▁the ▁price ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁sh ill ings ▁a ▁quarter ▁( =$ 2 . 5 0 ▁a ▁bush el ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁the ▁prohib itive ▁point ▁was ▁lower ed ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁sh ill ings . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁sl iding ▁scale ▁was ▁introduced , ▁under ▁which ▁the ▁duty ▁went ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁as ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁gra in ▁went ▁down ▁and ▁up ; ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁against ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Corn ▁Law ▁that ▁the ▁great ▁ag itation ▁led ▁by ▁Cob den ▁and ▁Bright ▁was ▁directed ▁after ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁For ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁the ▁anti - C |
orn - L aw ▁ag itation ▁seemed ▁to ▁have ▁no ▁effect , ▁although ▁conducted ▁with ▁extraordinary ▁skill ▁and ▁enthus ias m . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁however , ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Pe el ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁important ▁con cess ion , ▁by ▁modifying ▁the ▁sl iding ▁scale , ▁his ▁oppon ent , ▁Lord ▁John ▁Russell , ▁having ▁proposed ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁year ▁a ▁fixed ▁duty ▁of ▁ 8 ▁sh ill ings ▁a ▁quarter . ▁In ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁bad ▁har vest ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 5 - 4 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁fam ine ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁Pe el ▁surrender ed , ▁and ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁the ▁ad mission ▁of ▁gra in ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁fixed ▁duty ▁of ▁one ▁sh illing ▁a ▁quarter ▁as ▁a ▁registration ▁fee . ▁This ▁change ▁was ▁carried , ▁but ▁Pe el , ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁carry ▁only ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁his ▁party ▁with ▁him , ▁was ▁comp elled ▁shortly ▁afterwards ▁to ▁res ign . ▁The ▁Corn ▁La ws ▁had ▁great ▁political ▁strength , ▁serving ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁the ▁land own ers , ▁whose ▁hold ▁on ▁parliament ▁was ▁still ▁very ▁strong ; ▁but ▁the ▁general ▁economic ▁situation ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁from ▁the ▁rapid ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁manufact uring ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁imper ative ▁need ▁of ▁more ▁food , ▁made ▁the ▁abol ition ▁in ev itable . ▁After ▁having ▁been ▁maintained ▁till ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁century , ▁apparently ▁with ▁ir |
res ist ible ▁support , ▁they ▁suddenly ▁col lapsed ▁under ▁the ▁stra in ▁of ▁a ▁season ▁of ▁exception ally ▁short ▁cro ps . ▁Both ▁their ▁continued ▁maintenance ▁and ▁their ▁final ▁sudden ▁abol ition ▁are ▁in ▁some ▁respect s ▁diver gent ▁from ▁the ▁general ▁course ▁of ▁British ▁tar iff ▁history . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Bar cl ay , ▁T ., ▁Bear ing ▁and ▁Import ance ▁of ▁Com mer cial ▁Tre aties ▁in ▁the ▁Tw enti eth ▁Century ▁( 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁International ▁invest ment ▁agreement ▁Free ▁trade ▁agreement ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁" G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁song ▁by ▁American ▁R & B ▁recording ▁artist ▁An ita ▁Baker . ▁The ▁song ▁appears ▁on ▁Baker ' s ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Baker , ▁Sk ip ▁Sc ar borough ▁and ▁R andy ▁Holland . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁Baker ' s ▁highest ▁chart ing ▁hit ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁where ▁it ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁three ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁It ▁also ▁spent ▁two ▁weeks ▁at ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁R & B ▁chart ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Baker ' s ▁first ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁this ▁t ally . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁song ▁spent ▁one ▁week ▁at op ▁the ▁Billboard ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁chart ▁in |
▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁song ▁" G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got " ▁was ▁released ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁el ig ibility ▁cut off ▁date ▁of ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁allowing ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁nominated ▁for ▁four ▁awards ▁at ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁song ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁categories ▁Best ▁R & B ▁V ocal ▁Performance , ▁Fem ale ▁and ▁Best ▁R & B ▁Song ; ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁both ▁Record ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁and ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁The ▁album ▁G iving ▁You ▁the ▁Best ▁That ▁I ▁Got ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁meaning ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁Gram my ▁consideration ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ceremony . ▁There , ▁Baker ' s ▁album ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁R & B ▁V ocal ▁Performance , ▁ear ning ▁her ▁the ▁same ▁award ▁two ▁years ▁running ▁for ▁a ▁song ▁and ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁ ▁Song writer ▁Sk ip ▁Sc ar borough ▁had ▁offered ▁the ▁song ▁to ▁various ▁sing ers , ▁including ▁Howard ▁H ew ett , ▁without ▁success . ▁Prior ▁to ▁recording ▁the ▁song , ▁Baker ▁made ▁some ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁original , ▁including ▁impro vis ing ▁a ▁sc at ▁opening ▁and ▁request ing ▁that ▁the ▁tempo ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁be ▁increased . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁season |
▁ 1 0 ▁episode ▁of ▁K not s ▁Land ing . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁day time ▁soap ▁opera ▁All ▁My ▁Children ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁episode ▁of ▁Gu iding ▁Light ▁. ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁R & B ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁( U . S .) ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁( U . S .) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Single ▁release ▁info ▁at ▁disc ogs . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁singles ▁Category : An ita ▁Baker ▁songs ▁Category : B ill board ▁Hot ▁R & B / H ip - H op ▁Songs ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : B ill board ▁Ad ult ▁Contempor ary ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Sk ip ▁Sc ar borough ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁An ita ▁Baker ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁songs ▁Category : Cont empor ary ▁R & B ▁ball ads ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁ball ads ▁Category : E le kt ra ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁F . ▁Turner ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁optical ▁thin |
- film ▁coat ings . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Techn ical ▁Oscar ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁for ▁the ▁Bal c old ▁projection ▁mirror , ▁and ▁the ▁Freder ic ▁I ves ▁Medal ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America # P ast ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁OS A ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Articles ▁Pub lished ▁by ▁early ▁OS A ▁Pres idents ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁ ▁Category : Opt icians ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : Opt ical ▁phys ic ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mac ara o ▁National ▁Park ▁() ▁Is ▁a ▁protected ▁area ▁with ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Mac ara o , ▁San ▁Pedro ▁and ▁Jar illo ▁rivers , ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁American ▁country ▁of ▁Venezuela . ▁Its ▁extension ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁hect ares ▁covers ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Capital ▁District ▁and ▁Mir anda ▁State . ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁declared ▁National ▁Park ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁It ▁constit utes ▁a ▁zone ▁of ▁protection ▁of ▁hydro graph ic ▁resources ▁that ▁cont ributes ▁to ▁satisfy ▁the ▁drink ing ▁water ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Car ac as . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁a ▁mountain ous ▁relief ▁that ▁forms ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁Cord ill era ▁de ▁la ▁Costa , ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Al to ▁de ▁ Ñ o ▁León . ▁It ▁has ▁facilities ▁to ▁facil itate ▁sports , ▁scientific ▁and ▁educational ▁exc urs ions . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁national ▁par ks ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁M och ima ▁National ▁Park ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : National ▁par ks ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁( , ▁literally ▁Temple ▁of ▁the ▁B am bo o ▁C ave ) ▁is ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁temple ▁( w at ) ▁in ▁Th ailand , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ph ra ▁Ph ut th ab at ▁district ▁of ▁Sar ab uri ▁Province , ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁was ▁first ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁monaster y ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁by ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁nun ▁M ian ▁Par n ch and ▁( gener ally ▁known ▁as ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Y ai ) ▁and ▁her ▁two ▁nep he ws , ▁Cham ro on ▁and ▁Char o en ▁Par n ch and , ▁who ▁had ▁both ▁ord ained ▁as ▁mon ks ▁at ▁Wat ▁K hl ong ▁Ma o ▁in ▁L op b uri ▁Province , ▁Th ailand . ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Cham ro on , ▁a ▁former ▁Th ai ▁polic eman , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ab bot , ▁although ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁is ▁not ▁officially ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁temple , ▁but ▁is ▁a |
▁" Sam nak ▁Song ", ▁because ▁it ▁follows ▁the ▁teach ings ▁of ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Y ai , ▁a ▁woman . ▁Still , ▁the ▁entrance ▁claims ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁or ▁Wat . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁is ▁maj estic ▁in ▁its ▁appearance , ▁with ▁two ▁ele ph ants ▁supporting ▁a ▁glo be ▁mark ing ▁its ▁entrance . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁large ▁Bud d ha ▁images ▁on ▁the ▁temple ▁grounds . ▁ ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁hosted ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁in ▁a ▁camp ▁on ▁its ▁grounds ▁as ▁result ▁of ▁losing ▁the ▁Secret ▁War , ▁most ▁of ▁whom ▁fled ▁La os ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁per sec uted ▁by ▁the ▁commun ist ▁government ▁that ▁has ▁ruled ▁La os ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Many ▁thousands ▁of ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁had ▁also ▁sought ▁refuge ▁at ▁the ▁Temple ▁after ▁fle eing ▁forced ▁rep atri ation ▁efforts ▁at ▁other ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁in ▁Th ailand , ▁because ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Marx ist ▁government ▁in ▁La os ▁that ▁they ▁fled . ▁More ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁continued ▁to ▁arrive ▁and ▁seek ▁san ctu ary ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁until ▁over ▁ 1 5 , 0 |
0 0 ▁H m ong ▁were ▁eventually ▁allowed , ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁policy ▁battle ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Th ailand , ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁political ▁refuge es , ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁forced ▁back ▁to ▁La os . ▁ ▁However , ▁some ▁even ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok , ▁and ▁particularly ▁its ▁ab bot , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Cham ro on , ▁supported ▁the ▁H m ong ▁armed ▁resistance ▁against ▁the ▁La o ▁P DR ▁government , ▁particularly ▁the ▁Ne o ▁Hom ▁led ▁by ▁General ▁V ang ▁Pa o ▁and ▁other ▁La ot ian ▁leaders , ▁independent ▁Ch ao ▁Fa ▁groups , ▁and ▁one ▁sub - f action ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ao ▁Fa ▁led ▁by ▁Pa ▁K ao ▁Her . ▁ ▁The ▁H m ong ▁were ▁United ▁States ▁war ▁al lies ▁in ▁the ▁Secret ▁War ▁against ▁the ▁commun ist ▁Path et ▁La o , ▁the ▁V iet ▁Cong ▁and ▁North ▁Vietnam . ▁ ▁When ▁several ▁Th ailand - based ▁H m ong ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁closed ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁financial ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁temple ▁to ▁avoid ▁rep atri ation ▁to ▁La os . ▁The ▁population ▁at |
▁the ▁temple ▁quickly ▁grew ▁to ▁about ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁although ▁it ▁later ▁decl ined ▁significantly . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁Washington , ▁D . C .- based ▁Center ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁or ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁( CP PA ), ▁and ▁its ▁Executive ▁Director , ▁Philip ▁Smith , ▁made ▁over ▁seven ▁research ▁miss ions ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁Philip ▁Smith , ▁the ▁CP PA , ▁and ▁the ▁La o ▁V eter ans ▁of ▁America , ▁repeatedly ▁conducted ▁U . S . ▁Cong r essional - back ed ▁research ▁miss ions ▁about ▁the ▁hor r ific ▁pl ight ▁of ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁ ▁refuge es ▁fle eing ▁forced ▁rep atri ation ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁in ▁commun ist ▁La os ▁and ▁Th ailand . ▁These ▁joint ▁U . S . ▁Cong r essional ▁and ▁CP PA ▁research ▁miss ions ▁sought ▁to ▁review ▁policy ▁develop ments ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁La os , ▁and ▁to ▁convey ▁human itar ian ▁offers ▁of ▁support ▁and ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁Buddh ist ▁abb ott , ▁temple ▁mon ks , ▁and ▁H m ong ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁refuge e ▁leaders , ▁from ▁M embers ▁of ▁Congress ▁and ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁organizations . ▁For ▁over ▁a ▁de cade , ▁prominent ▁M embers ▁of ▁Congress , ▁in ▁b ipart isan |
▁fashion , ▁also ▁supported ▁U . S . ▁Cong r essional - back ed ▁research ▁miss ions ▁by ▁Philip ▁Smith ▁and ▁the ▁CP PA ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok , ▁and ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge e ▁cam ps , ▁along ▁the ▁M ek ong ▁River ▁and ▁Th ai - La o ▁border . ▁ ▁Support ▁for ▁these ▁miss ions ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁b ipart isan ▁coal ition ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress , ▁including ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁Steve ▁G und erson ▁( Rep ublic an - W is consin ), ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁Bruce ▁V ento ▁( D - M inn esota ), ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁Paul ▁Well stone ▁( D - M inn esota ) ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁find ings ▁of ▁these ▁miss ions ▁were ▁frequently ▁discussed ▁in ▁news ▁stories , ▁and ▁at ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Cong r essional ▁Forum ▁on ▁La os ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁and ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁and ▁its ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁drew ▁global ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁late - 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s , ▁as ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁global ▁political ▁debate ▁over ▁their ▁future , ▁and ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁The |
▁government ▁of ▁Th ailand , ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁Cl inton ▁administration , ▁sought ▁to ▁rep atri ate ▁the ▁La o - H m ong ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime ▁in ▁La os ▁that ▁the ▁La o - H m ong ▁refuge es ▁fled . ▁This ▁effort ▁drew ▁opposition ▁from ▁several ▁human ▁rights ▁groups , ▁and ▁some ▁key ▁H m ong ▁organizations . ▁ ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁human ▁scholar ▁and ▁advoc ate , ▁V ang ▁P ob z eb , ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁Minnesota - based ▁La o ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Council , ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁research ▁miss ions ▁with ▁Philip ▁Smith ▁and ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁U . S . ▁Cong r essional ▁offices , ▁including ▁U . S . ▁Congress men ▁Bruce ▁V ento ▁and ▁Steve ▁G und erson , ▁to ▁the ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁Paul ▁Well stone ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁others ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁were ▁active ▁in ▁raising ▁concerns ▁about ▁e greg ious ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁in ▁La os ▁and ▁the ▁pl ight ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁and ▁as yl um ▁seek ers ▁who ▁fled ▁La os ▁to |
▁refuge e ▁cam ps ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁to ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok . ▁ ▁Michael ▁Joh ns , ▁a ▁former ▁Heritage ▁Foundation ▁foreign ▁policy ▁anal yst ▁and ▁a ide ▁to ▁former ▁President ▁George ▁H . ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁helped ▁opp ose ▁the ▁forced ▁rep atri ation , ▁label ing ▁it ▁a ▁" bet ray al ", ▁since ▁many ▁H m ong ▁had ▁a ided ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁the ▁Secret ▁War . ▁ ▁While ▁some ▁H m ong ▁were ▁rep atri ated , ▁most ▁were ▁res ett led ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁most ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁states ▁of ▁Minnesota , ▁California , ▁and ▁Wisconsin . ▁There ▁are ▁presently ▁only ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁H m ong ▁families ▁living ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok . ▁ ▁D rug ▁re h abil itation ▁▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁global ▁attention ▁for ▁its ▁hero in ▁and ▁op ium ▁drug ▁re h abil itation ▁program , ▁which ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁hero in ▁and ▁op ium ▁add ict s ▁have ▁since ▁gone ▁through ▁the ▁unique ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁det ox ▁program , ▁a ▁program ▁consisting ▁of ▁Buddh ist ▁med itation , ▁Asian ▁her bal ▁supp lement ation ▁used ▁for ▁relax ation , ▁induced ▁vom iting , ▁and ▁the ▁consumption ▁of ▁a ▁secret ▁det |
ox ification ▁pot ion ▁composed ▁of ▁many ▁different ▁her bs . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Cham run ▁Par n ch and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Ram on ▁M ags ays ay ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁temple ' s ▁drug ▁re h abil itation ▁work . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Western ▁drug ▁users ▁have ▁sought ▁treatment ▁for ▁their ▁add ict ions ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok , ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Stuart ▁Br ind ley ▁ ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁m eth ad one ▁add ict ▁from ▁the ▁UK ▁to ▁be ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁monaster y ▁while ▁other ▁prominent ▁western ers ▁including ▁British ▁punk ▁rock ▁music ian ▁P ete ▁D oh ert y , ▁ ▁Irish ▁rock ▁music ▁singer ▁Christ y ▁D ign am ▁of ▁As lan , ▁American ▁computer ▁under ground ▁person ality ▁Patrick ▁K . ▁Kr oup a ▁and ▁British ▁singer ▁song writer ▁Tim ▁Arnold . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Tim ▁Arnold ' s ▁success ▁story ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁many ▁news ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁After ▁comple ting ▁his ▁programme ▁Arnold ▁subsequently ▁became ▁a ▁permanent ▁Th am ▁K rab ok ▁resident ▁and ▁favour ite ▁' son ' ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ' s ▁ab bot , ▁Lu ang ▁Por ▁Char o en . ▁ ▁Because ▁op ium ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁commonly ▁grown ▁and , ▁at ▁times , ▁consum ed ▁by ▁the ▁H m ong ▁( larg ely ▁for ▁medic inal ▁purposes ) ▁in ▁the ▁high lands |
▁of ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁La os , ▁some ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁have ▁under g one ▁add iction ▁treatment ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok . ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁also ▁supports ▁the ▁det ox ification ▁of ▁those ▁add icted ▁to ▁alco hol ▁and ▁m eth am ph et am ines . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁center ▁of ▁armed ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁La o ▁government ▁with ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁weapons ▁alleg edly ▁sm ugg led ▁to ▁some ▁H m ong ▁and ▁La ot ian ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁opposition ▁groups ▁in ▁La os . ▁ ▁Res pond ing ▁to ▁these ▁concerns , ▁the ▁Th ai ▁military ▁deployed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁troops ▁to ▁surr ound ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁This ▁action ▁was ▁undert aken ▁despite ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁military — many ▁of ▁whose ▁officers ▁were ▁sympath etic ▁to ▁the ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁diss idents , ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁resistance ▁f ighter ▁groups — al leg edly , ▁continu ing ▁to ▁act ively ▁help ▁to ▁provide ▁weapons ▁and ▁log ist ical ▁support ▁to ▁La ot ian ▁and ▁H m ong ▁groups ▁in ▁La os ▁who ▁opp ose ▁the ▁commun ist ▁government ▁in ▁V ient iane . ▁ ▁The ▁Th ai ▁military ▁and ▁police ▁f enced ▁the ▁H m ong ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁with ▁concert ina ▁wire ▁in ▁an ▁effort |
▁to ▁monitor ▁and ▁control ▁entrance ▁to ▁it , ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁imm igr ate ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁f enced . ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁Wat ▁( Tem ple ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁V ich ien ▁G iti w anno ▁( Lu ang ▁Por ▁V ich ien ) ▁has ▁been ▁entitled ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁ab bot ▁of ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁temple ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁Th ai ▁Government . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁patients ▁has ▁reached ▁to ▁ 1 1 0 , 3 1 2 ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Global ▁intr igue ▁ ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ' s ▁historic ▁role ▁in ▁har bor ing ▁H m ong ▁refuge es ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁and ▁its ▁global ▁reputation ▁for ▁unique ▁Buddh ist ▁approaches ▁to ▁l ifest yle ▁management ▁and ▁det ox ification , ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁temple ▁a ▁popular ▁destination ▁for ▁foreign ▁tour ists ▁and ▁those ▁seeking ▁help ▁with ▁char itable ▁and ▁drug ▁add iction ▁treatment ▁ ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁There ▁have , ▁however , ▁been ▁concerns , ▁from ▁some ▁qu arters , ▁that ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁may ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁as ▁an ▁alleg ed ▁condu it ▁for ▁weapons ▁and ▁military ▁support |
▁to ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁military ▁ins urg ents ▁and ▁diss ident ▁groups , ▁who ▁were ▁alleg edly ▁engaged ▁in ▁opposition ▁to , ▁and ▁ ▁military ▁conflict ▁with , ▁the ▁commun ist ▁Path et ▁La o ▁government ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁La os ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁military ▁and ▁security ▁forces ▁from ▁the ▁al lied ▁mar x ist ▁government ▁in ▁H ano i , ▁Vietnam . ▁That ▁alleg ed ▁military ▁support , ▁and ▁alleg ed ▁assistance ▁with ▁weapons ▁sm ugg ling , ▁ ▁has , ▁however , ▁from ▁Th ai ▁military ▁and ▁other ▁sources , ▁apparently ▁ended ▁at ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁and ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Resources ▁Wat ▁Th am k rab ok ▁Mon aster y ▁Official ▁Web ▁Site . ▁Center ▁for ▁Public ▁Policy ▁Analysis : ▁ ▁Research ▁on ▁For ced ▁Re pat ri ation ▁of ▁La o ▁and ▁H m ong ▁refuge es , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Vi ol ations ▁in ▁La os , ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁Vietnam . ▁" Year ning ▁to ▁be ▁H m ong ". ▁" Der iv ations ▁of ▁the ▁H m ong ▁D ias por a ". ▁" Act s ▁of ▁Bet ray al : ▁Per sec ution ▁of ▁H m ong ", ▁by ▁Michael ▁Joh ns , ▁National ▁Review , ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Th am ▁K rab ok ▁Category : B ud dh ist ▁c aves ▁in ▁Th |
ailand ▁Category : H m ong ▁Category : Add iction ▁organizations ▁in ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Case ▁roles , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁by ▁F ill more ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁are ▁the ▁semantic ▁roles ▁of ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁s ynt actic ▁structures ▁that ▁contain ▁these ▁n oun ▁phr ases . ▁The ▁term ▁case ▁role ▁is ▁most ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁purely ▁semantic ▁relations , ▁including ▁the ta ▁roles ▁and ▁them atic ▁roles , ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁independent ▁of ▁the ▁morph o - syntax . ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁case ▁roles ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁larger ▁notion ▁of ▁Case ▁( with ▁a ▁capital ▁letter ▁C ) ▁which ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁mark ing ▁dependent ▁n oun s ▁for ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁semantic ▁or ▁s ynt actic ▁relationship ▁they ▁bear ▁to ▁their ▁heads . ▁Case ▁tradition ally ▁refers ▁to ▁inf lection al ▁mark ing . ▁ ▁The ▁relationships ▁between ▁n oun s ▁and ▁their ▁containing ▁structures ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁both ▁s ynt actic ▁and ▁semantic ▁value . ▁The ▁s ynt actic ▁position al ▁relationships ▁between ▁forms ▁in ▁sentences ▁var ies ▁cross - ling u ist ically ▁and ▁allows ▁gr amm ari ans ▁to ▁observe ▁semantic ▁values ▁in ▁these ▁n oun s ▁by ▁exam ining ▁their ▁s ynt actic ▁values . ▁Using ▁these ▁semantic ▁values ▁gives ▁the ▁base ▁for ▁considering ▁case ▁role ▁in ▁a ▁specific ▁language . ▁ ▁Case ▁theory ▁includes , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁invent ory ▁of ▁struct ural ▁cases , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁lex ical |
▁cases ▁that ▁are ▁assigned ▁at ▁deep - structure ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ta ▁role ▁assignment . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁relation ▁to ▁Case ▁( case ▁based ▁on ▁s ynt actic ▁structures ), ▁these ▁semantic ▁not ions ▁of ▁case ▁role ▁are ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁morph ological ▁case ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ventory ▁of ▁case ▁roles ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁of ▁case ▁roles ▁are ▁frequently ▁distinguished ▁in ▁literature , ▁but ▁are ▁by ▁no ▁means ▁an ▁exhaust ive ▁list ▁since ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁cons ensus ▁on ▁the ▁universal ▁invent ory ▁of ▁roles , ▁nor ▁a ▁universal ▁agreement ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁correct ▁assignment ▁of ▁constitu ents ▁to ▁roles . ▁ ▁Early ▁contributions ▁to ▁case ▁role ▁ ▁Roman ▁Jakob son ' s ▁work ▁on ▁Case ▁Ro le ▁in ▁Russian ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁case ▁system ▁of ▁Russian , ▁Roman ▁Jakob son ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁closely ▁exam ines ▁case ▁assignment ▁and ▁arg ues ▁for ▁a ▁feature ▁decomposition ▁of ▁case ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁semantic ▁consider ations . ▁Jakob son ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁proposed ▁a ▁ 3 - feature ▁binary ▁case ▁system ▁for ▁Russian ▁case ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁following : ▁[ ± m arg inal , ▁ ± quant ifying , ▁ ± as cript ive ] ▁( where ▁the ▁negative ▁value ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁un mark ed ). ▁The ▁term ▁' m arg inal ', ▁distingu ishes ▁the ▁direct ▁and ▁non - direct ▁cases . ▁Only ▁the ▁[- M arg inal ] ▁cases ▁may ▁occur ▁in ▁subject ▁and |
▁object ▁position . ▁' Quant ifying ' ▁indicates ▁the ▁relev ance ▁of ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁n oun ▁is ▁a ▁particip ant ▁in ▁the ▁event . ▁' A script ive ' ▁puts ▁emphas is ▁on ▁direction ality . ▁ ▁Jakob son ▁cons iders ▁case ▁to ▁be ▁bund les ▁of ▁these ▁three ▁features ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁morph ological ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁way : ▁ ▁He ▁uses ▁these ▁decom posed ▁case ▁features ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁case ▁altern ations ▁in ▁subject ▁and ▁object ▁position . ▁Additionally , ▁he ▁also ▁arg ues ▁for ▁how ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁universal ▁invent ory ▁of ▁case ▁roles . ▁F ill more ' s ▁work ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁on ▁case ▁role ▁closely ▁follows ▁up ▁on ▁these ▁ideas ▁and ▁contributions ▁by ▁Jakob son . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁case ▁roles ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁theory ▁that ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁n oun ▁phr ases . ▁The ▁reasons ▁for ▁having ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁case ▁role ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁sentences ’ ▁semantic ▁effects . ▁B hat ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁speaker ▁of ▁a ▁language ▁would ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁assigning ▁any ▁single ▁case ▁role ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁multiple ▁case ▁role ▁altern ations ▁available ▁in ▁a ▁given ▁context . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁done ▁by ▁a ▁transform ational ▁rule , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁deep ▁structure ▁representations ▁( the ▁core ▁semantic ▁relations ▁of ▁the ▁sentence ). ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Ex amples ▁▁▁ ▁( 1 a ) ▁|| ▁John ▁sp rayed |
▁the ▁wall ▁with ▁paint . ▁▁▁ ▁( 1 b ) ▁|| John ▁sp rayed ▁paint ▁on ▁the ▁wall . ▁ ▁In ▁comparing ▁sentences ▁( 1 a ) ▁and ▁( 1 b ), ▁it ▁demonstr ates ▁that ▁the ▁surface ▁structure ▁representation ▁for ▁each ▁sentence ▁( the ▁structure ▁following ▁the ▁ph on ological ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁sentence ) ▁is ▁different . ▁However , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁meaning ▁dist in ctions ▁that ▁exist ▁in ▁( 1 a ) ▁and ▁( 1 b ), ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁these ▁dist in ctions ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁deep ▁structures ▁of ▁each ▁sentence ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁resolved ▁by ▁assigning ▁a ▁different ▁case ▁role ▁to ▁the ▁N P . ▁With ▁" p aint " ▁acting ▁as ▁an ▁instrument , ▁and ▁" the ▁wall " ▁being ▁the ▁location , ▁sentence ▁( 1 a ) ▁might ▁infer ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁paint ▁was ▁used , ▁but ▁that ▁not ▁necessarily ▁all ▁the ▁wall ▁was ▁covered . ▁Sent ence ▁( 1 b ) ▁might ▁imply ▁that ▁the ▁whole ▁wall ▁is ▁covered , ▁but ▁that ▁John ▁did ▁not ▁use ▁all ▁the ▁paint ▁he ▁had ▁available ▁to ▁him . ▁This ▁analysis ▁supports ▁how ▁N P s ▁can ▁have ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles . ▁ ▁F ill more ' s ▁alternative ▁theory ▁ ▁Con vers ely , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁by ▁F ill more ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁sentences ▁following ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁examples , ▁the ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁are ▁not |
▁assigned ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles , ▁but ▁instead ▁retain ▁the ▁same ▁case ▁roles ▁in ▁both ▁sentences ▁(' inst rument ' ▁for ▁paint , ▁and ▁' location ' ▁for ▁wall ). ▁The ▁difference ▁in ▁meaning , ▁then , ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁transformation ▁that ▁takes ▁both ▁identical ▁deep ▁structures ▁and ▁cho oses ▁the ▁direct ▁object ▁as ▁it ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁surface ▁form . ▁▁ ▁This ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁basic ▁similarity ▁in ▁the ▁sentence ▁pairs , ▁as ▁the ▁event ▁taking ▁place ▁within ▁them ▁is ▁essentially ▁the ▁same . ▁What ▁diff ers ▁is ▁the ▁surface ▁structure ' s ▁semantic ▁meaning , ▁which ▁while ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁case ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁n oun ▁phr ases , ▁can ▁be ▁proven ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁transformation ▁that ▁occurred ▁between ▁the ▁deep ▁structure ▁and ▁surface ▁structure . ▁ ▁Both ▁theories ▁account ▁for ▁semantic ▁meaning , ▁with ▁B hat ▁allowing ▁for ▁n oun s ▁to ▁contain ▁multiple ▁semantic ▁mean ings ▁through ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles , ▁and ▁F ill more ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁single ▁case ▁role ▁assignment ▁theory ▁but ▁re - int rodu cing ▁semantic ▁transformations . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁in ▁K ann ada ▁ ▁K ann ada ▁( a ▁language ▁spoken ▁in ▁India ▁with ▁over t ▁usage ▁of ▁case ▁in ▁its ▁suffix es ) ▁aff ords ▁some ▁good ▁evidence ▁of ▁how ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁N P s ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁examples : ▁( 1 ) ▁how ▁N P s ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁either ▁Object ▁or ▁Location ▁case ▁roles , ▁and ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁how ▁N |
P s ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁either ▁Agent ▁or ▁Exper ien cer ▁case ▁roles . ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁for ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁K ann ada : ▁N P s ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁either ▁Object ▁or ▁Location ▁case ▁roles . ▁Ev idence ▁is ▁found ▁from ▁the ▁meaning ▁dist in ctions ▁of ▁exhaust iveness : ▁▁▁▁ ▁Ex amples ▁▁ ▁( 2 a ) ▁|| bek ku ▁mar av ann u ▁h att itu ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁cat ( nom ) ▁tree ( acc ) ▁clim bed ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁cat ▁clim bed ▁the ▁tree ." ▁▁ ▁( 2 b ) ▁|| ▁bek ku ▁mar ak ke ▁h att itu ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁cat ( nom ) ▁tree ( dat ) ▁clim bed ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁cat ▁clim bed ▁to ▁the ▁tree ." ▁ ▁( 2 a ) ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁cat ▁clim bed ▁the ▁tree ▁from ▁the ▁ground ▁itself , ▁whereas ▁ ▁( 2 b ) ▁has ▁no ▁such ▁imp lication . ▁The ▁common ▁feature ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁uses ▁is ▁that ▁whenever ▁an ▁element ▁occurs ▁as ▁the ▁Object ▁case ▁role , ▁it ▁gets ▁the ▁added ▁meaning ▁of ▁being ▁exhaust ively ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁action ▁denoted ▁by ▁the ▁verb ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁( 2 a ) ▁( like ▁clim bing ▁up ▁the ▁tree ▁completely ▁from ▁the ▁ground ▁up wards ). ▁No ▁such ▁additional ▁meaning ▁is ▁observed ▁in ▁sentences ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁element ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁Location ▁case ▁role ▁( as ▁in ▁ 2 b ). ▁ ▁How ▁N P s ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁either ▁Agent ▁or ▁Exper |
ien cer ▁case ▁roles : ▁Ev idence ▁found ▁from ▁the ▁meaning ▁dist in ctions ▁of ▁vol ition . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Example ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 3 a )| ▁ra : ju ▁pa : th av ann u ▁m aret id da : ne ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Raj u ( nom ) ▁less on ▁( acc ) ▁has - f org ot ten ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" R aju ▁has ▁forgotten ▁the ▁less on ." ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 3 b ) ▁|| ra : j uv ige ▁pa : tha ▁m aret ide ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Raj u ( dat ) ▁less on ( nom ) ▁forgotten ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁less on ▁has ▁been ▁forgotten ▁by ▁Raj u ." ▁ ▁Although ▁both ▁sentences ▁indicate ▁the ▁same ▁event , ▁the ▁meaning ▁difference ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁in ▁( 3 a ) ▁Raj u , ▁occurr ing ▁as ▁the ▁Agent , ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁acted ▁vol itionally ▁( not ▁making ▁any ▁special ▁effort ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁less on ▁in ▁his ▁memory ), ▁and ▁is ▁hence ▁held ▁responsible ▁for ▁that ▁event , ▁whereas ▁in ▁( 3 b ) ▁he , ▁being ▁an ▁Exper ien cer , ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁that ▁event ▁only ▁non - vol itionally , ▁and ▁hence ▁one ▁does ▁not ▁hold ▁him ▁responsible ▁for ▁it . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁two ▁examples ▁shown ▁above , ▁multiple ▁case ▁roles ▁are ▁available . ▁D ifferent ▁case ▁roles ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁deep ▁structure ▁representation ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁different ▁semantic ▁meaning . ▁ ▁Rel ating ▁case ▁roles ▁to ▁morph ological ▁case ▁and ▁struct ural ▁Case ▁ |
▁Sem antic ▁vs . ▁morph ological ▁ ▁The ▁semantic ▁category ▁of ▁case ▁( specific ally ▁case ▁role ) ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁morph ological ▁case . ▁ ▁Mor ph ological ▁case ▁( such ▁as ▁accus ative , ▁erg ative , ▁d ative , ▁gen itive , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁also ▁part itive ) ▁reflect s ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁arguments , ▁while ▁semantic ▁case ▁( such ▁as ▁instrument al , ▁com itative , ▁loc ative , ▁direction al ) ▁enc odes ▁a ▁semantic ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁D P ▁and ▁the ▁gover ning ▁head . ▁Mor ph ological ▁case ▁is ▁typical ▁of ▁comple ments ▁and ▁is ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁struct ural ▁Case ▁( des cribed ▁below ). ▁By ▁contrast , ▁semantic ▁case ▁is ▁typical ▁of ▁adj unct s ; ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁head . ▁From ▁the ▁case ▁roles ▁proposed ▁by ▁F ill more ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁it ▁was ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁case ▁roles ▁appeared ▁where ▁the ▁morph ological ▁cases ▁of ▁d ative , ▁gen itive ▁or ▁instrument al ▁appeared : ▁ ▁The ▁experien cer ▁case ▁role ▁( d ative ▁in ▁many ▁languages ) ▁The ▁recip ient ▁case ▁role ▁( d ative ▁in ▁many ▁languages ) ▁The ▁poss essor ▁case ▁role ▁( gen itive ▁in ▁many ▁languages ) ▁The ▁part itive ▁case ▁role ▁( gen itive ▁or ▁part itive ▁in ▁many ▁languages ) ▁The ▁instrument ▁case ▁role ▁( inst rument al ▁or ▁d ative ▁in ▁many ▁languages ) ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁observations ▁from ▁Sig ur ð sson ▁ |
▁on ▁the ▁' case - sem antics ' ▁in ▁case - l anguages ▁demonstr ating ▁how ▁morph ological ▁case ▁is ▁not ▁blind ▁to ▁semantics : ▁ ▁Agent ive ▁subjects ▁are ▁nomin ative ▁Ind irect ▁objects ▁are ▁either ▁d ative ▁or ▁accus ative ▁Most ▁benef active ▁( ind irect ▁or ▁direct ) ▁objects ▁are ▁d ative ▁Most ▁male f active ▁( ind irect ▁or ▁direct ) ▁objects ▁are ▁accus ative ▁Inst rument al ▁D P - ‘ objects ’ ▁are ▁d ative ▁If ▁a ▁lex ical ▁item ▁has ▁a ▁choice ▁between ▁an ▁accus ative ▁or ▁a ▁d ative ▁complement , ▁then ▁that ▁choice ▁is ▁normally ▁sem ant ically ▁controlled ▁ ▁Mor ph ological ▁vs . ▁struct ural ▁Mor ph ological ▁case ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁struct ural ▁Case ▁( based ▁on ▁syntax ) ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁ways : ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁Case ▁is ▁a ▁condition ▁for ▁arguments ▁that ▁origin ates ▁from ▁a ▁rel ational ▁head ▁( e . g . ▁verb ), ▁while ▁morph ological ▁case ▁is ▁a ▁property ▁that ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁N P ▁or ▁D P ▁complement . ▁ ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁morph ological ▁case ▁and ▁struct ural ▁case ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁how ▁morph ological ▁case ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁case ▁agreement ▁where by ▁the ▁morph ological ▁case ▁appearing ▁on ▁a ▁D P ▁must ▁be ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁the ▁s ynt actic ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁D P . ▁ ▁In ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁transform ational ▁grammar ▁literature , ▁morph ological ▁cases ▁are ▁viewed ▁as ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁s ynt actic ▁configuration . ▁In ▁particular |
, ▁the ▁accus ative ▁case ▁is ▁assigned ▁through ▁a ▁struct ural ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁ver bal ▁head ▁and ▁its ▁complement . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁direct ▁complement ▁of ▁a ▁verb ▁is ▁assigned ▁accus ative , ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁properties ▁that ▁it ▁might ▁have . ▁It ▁must ▁be ▁acknowled ged ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁accus ative ▁alone ▁that ▁is ▁struct ural , ▁rather ▁the ▁spec ifier ▁of ▁a ▁N P ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁gen itive ▁in ▁many ▁languages , ▁and ▁so ▁is ▁the ▁direct ▁object ▁of ▁a ▁nom inal ized ▁verb . ▁ ▁Mor ph ological ▁case ▁ ▁L ingu istic ▁typ ology ▁of ▁morph ological ▁case ▁ ▁Case ▁can ▁be ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁categories : ▁gram mat ical ▁cases ▁and ▁semantic ▁cases . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁gram mat ical ▁cases ▁are ▁nomin ative ▁case , ▁accus ative , ▁d ative , ▁and ▁erg ative . ▁These ▁typically ▁code ▁core ▁gram mat ical ▁relations ▁which ▁are ▁sem ant ically ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁verb , ▁such ▁as ▁subject ▁and ▁object . ▁Sem antic ▁( or ▁ad verb ial ) ▁cases ▁are ▁instrument al , ▁com itative , ▁and ▁loc ative ▁cases . ▁These ▁are ▁sem ant ically ▁rich er ▁and ▁less ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁verb . ▁There ▁exists ▁cases , ▁such ▁as ▁d ative , ▁that ▁are ▁border line ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁categories , ▁having ▁both ▁semantic ▁and ▁gram mat ical ▁case ▁features . ▁ ▁E ight ▁commonly ▁seen ▁cases ▁( Ind o - Europe an ▁case ): ▁ |
▁(* P rec ise ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁cases ▁vary ▁cross - ling u ist ically .) ▁ ▁Er g ative ▁case ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁lex ical ▁case ▁associated ▁with ▁agents ▁is ▁the ▁erg ative ▁( ER G ) ▁lex ical ▁case : ▁This ▁case ▁ER G ▁ident ifies ▁the ▁n oun ▁as ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁trans itive ▁verb ▁in ▁languages ▁that ▁allow ▁erg ative ▁case . ▁The ▁correlation ▁demonstrated ▁between ▁the ▁erg ative ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁the ta ▁role ▁of ▁agent ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁perfect ▁correlation : ▁It ▁is ▁as ▁closely ▁correl ated ▁as ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁d ative ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁the ta ▁role ▁goals / ▁experien cers . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁Er g ative ▁languages ▁ 1 ) ▁languages ▁that ▁allow ▁and ▁ 2 ) ▁those ▁that ▁prohib it ▁erg ative ▁subjects ▁in ▁in trans itive ▁cla uses . ▁ ▁There ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁distinction ▁made ▁between ▁erg ative ▁and ▁accus ative ▁type ▁languages ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁subject ▁and ▁object ▁mark ings ▁they ▁will ▁display . ▁This ▁distinction ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁cla uses ▁a ▁language ▁allows , ▁such ▁as ▁erg ative , ▁absol utive , ▁accus ative , ▁and ▁nomin ative . ▁The ▁distinction ▁made ▁between ▁language ▁type ▁and ▁clause ▁type ▁is ▁illustrated ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁below : ▁ ▁Case ▁assignment ▁ ▁The ▁typ ological ▁differences ▁among ▁languages ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁consequence ▁of ▁differences ▁in ▁whether ▁erg ative , ▁d ative , ▁or |
▁other ▁individual ▁case ▁assignment ▁is ▁optional ▁or ▁oblig atory ▁in ▁a ▁language ▁( although , ▁the ▁erg ative - acc us ative ▁case ▁pattern ▁does ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁univers ally ▁blocked ). ▁To ▁represent ▁that ▁a ▁particular ▁case ▁is ▁a ▁lex ical ▁case , ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁shown ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁the ta ▁related . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁lex ical ▁case ▁cannot ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁by ▁a ▁verb ▁unless ▁the ▁verb ▁also ▁assign s ▁a ▁the ta ▁role ▁to ▁that ▁same ▁n oun ▁phrase . ▁Not ▁all ▁lex ical ▁cases ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁associated ▁the ta ▁role . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁d ative ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁goal / ex per ien cer ▁the ta ▁role ; ▁not ▁all , ▁and ▁not ▁only , ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁with ▁the ▁the ta - role ▁goal / ex per ien cer ▁get ▁marked ▁with ▁the ▁d ative ▁case . ▁ ▁The ▁class ▁of ▁ver bs ▁that ▁mark ▁their ▁subjects ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁lex ical ▁d ative ▁case ▁is ▁similar ▁across ▁languages , ▁but ▁the ▁inclusion ▁in ▁this ▁verb ▁class ▁is ▁not ▁completely ▁predict able . ▁Lex ical ▁cases ▁such ▁as ▁nomin ative ▁usually ▁mark ▁predict able ▁the ta ▁roles , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁substantial ▁amount ▁of ▁characteristic ▁behaviour ▁involved ▁indicating ▁that ▁a ▁verb ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁assign ▁a ▁lex ical ▁case ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁arguments ▁must ▁be ▁specified ▁in ▁that ▁verb ' s ▁lex ical ▁entry . ▁Once ▁a ▁verb ▁marks ▁its ▁subject ▁with ▁a ▁given ▁lex |
ical ▁case , ▁such ▁as ▁nomin ative , ▁that ▁verb ▁cannot ▁assign ▁struct ural ▁accus ative ▁case ▁to ▁its ▁object . ▁ ▁Mor ph olog ically ▁over t ▁case ▁assignment ▁ ▁In ▁languages ▁with ▁case ▁mark ing ▁of ▁explicit ▁morph ology , ▁any ▁nom inal ▁that ▁is ▁morph olog ically ▁capable ▁of ▁showing ▁case ▁morph ology ▁is ▁oblig ated ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁This ▁observation ▁can ▁be ▁stated ▁explicitly ▁by ▁what ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Case ▁Filter . ▁Case ▁Filter ▁can ▁be ▁further ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁abstract ▁Case ▁hypothesis ▁that ▁st ip ul ates ▁all ▁lex ical ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁are ▁assigned ▁a ▁specific ▁Case ▁regardless ▁if ▁this ▁Case ▁manifest s ▁at ▁the ▁surface ▁level : ▁If ▁this ▁lex ical ▁N P ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁Case ▁mark ing ▁at ▁surface ▁structure , ▁then ▁the ▁sentence ▁that ▁contains ▁it ▁is ▁considered ▁un gram mat ical . ▁Case ▁theory ▁includes ▁an ▁invent ory ▁of ▁struct ural ▁Case ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁lex ical ▁cases ▁that ▁are ▁assigned ▁( in ▁all ▁languages ) ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁deep ▁structure ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ta ▁role ▁assignment . ▁ ▁L anguages ▁such ▁as ▁Russian ▁and ▁Japanese , ▁among ▁others , ▁follow ▁a ▁similar ▁mechanism ▁of ▁case ▁assignment ▁as ▁that ▁seen ▁in ▁Latin . ▁Russian ▁is ▁like ▁Latin , ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁have ▁gen itive ▁and ▁d ative ▁case ▁that ▁is ▁assigned ▁by ▁the ▁N ▁( n oun ) ▁and ▁A ▁( ad jective ▁or ▁ad verb ). ▁In ▁Russian ▁for |
▁example , ▁most ▁n oun s ▁show ▁over t ▁case ▁morph ology ▁as ▁does ▁Latin , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁product ive ▁class ▁of ▁inde cl in able ▁n oun s . ▁These ▁inde cl in able ▁n oun s ▁are ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁receive ▁case ▁morph ology . ▁Ex amples ▁from ▁languages ▁exhib iting ▁morph olog ically ▁over t ▁case ▁mark ing ▁indicate ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁rules ▁of ▁case ▁assignment ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁grammar ▁of ▁a ▁language . ▁To ▁account ▁for ▁this , ▁rules ▁can ▁be ▁generated ▁as ▁support . ▁For ▁example , ▁support ▁account ing ▁for ▁accus ative ▁case ▁in ▁Latin - type ▁case ▁marked ▁languages ▁could ▁be ▁presented ▁as : ▁ ▁Application ▁of ▁these ▁accus ative ▁case ▁assignment ▁rules ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁examples : ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁morph olog ically ▁rich ▁case ▁language ▁of ▁Latin , ▁there ▁are ▁seven ▁cases ▁for ▁Latin ▁N oun s . ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁demonstr ates ▁Latin ▁case ▁morph ology ▁assignment ▁for ▁a ▁mascul ine ▁n oun ▁som n us ▁meaning ▁' sleep '. ▁ ▁Modern ▁German ▁ ▁In ▁modern ▁German , ▁all ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁show ▁Case ▁forms ▁with ▁Case ▁generally ▁being ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁determ iner . ▁However , ▁for ▁the ▁gen itive ▁form ▁German ▁marks ▁the ▁n oun ▁with ▁a ▁morph olog ically ▁over t ▁Case ▁form ▁( this ▁case ▁form ▁is ▁retained ▁on ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁in ▁modern ▁English , ▁sur f acing ▁as ▁- ' s ). ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁mascul |
ine ▁Case ▁forms ▁of ▁German . ▁ ▁Case ▁hierarchy ▁ ▁As ▁discussed ▁in ▁L ingu istic ▁typ ology ▁of ▁Mor ph ological ▁Case , ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cases ▁found ▁within ▁a ▁single ▁language . ▁If ▁we ▁look ▁at ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁case ▁systems , ▁we ▁find ▁that ▁they ▁indeed ▁appear ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁order - ▁i . e . ▁a ▁hierarchy ▁emer ges . ▁This ▁specific ▁ordering ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁case ▁hierarchy . ▁ ▁N omin ative / Ab sol utive ▁→ ▁Acc us ative / Er g ative ▁→ ▁Gen itive ▁→ ▁D ative ▁→ ▁Ab l ative / Inst rument al ▁→ ▁Other ▁ob lique ▁arguments ▁ ▁This ▁hierarchy ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁follows : ▁If ▁a ▁language ▁has ▁a ▁case ▁that ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁hierarchy , ▁it ▁will ▁usually ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁case ▁from ▁each ▁position ▁to ▁the ▁left . ▁So ▁for ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁language ▁has ▁a ▁d ative ▁case , ▁it ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁gen itive ▁( position ▁to ▁the ▁left ), ▁an ▁accus ative ▁or ▁erg ative ▁case ▁or ▁both , ▁and ▁a ▁nomin ative . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁case ▁hierarchy ▁holds ▁for ▁many ▁languages , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁univers ally ▁valid . ▁Some ▁languages ▁may ▁lack ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁above ▁categories , ▁or ▁may ▁collapse ▁categories ▁into ▁one ▁hierarchy ▁position . ▁There ▁are ▁times ▁when ▁the ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁cases ▁in ▁one ▁system ▁will ▁correspond ▁with ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁system . ▁For ▁example , ▁the |
▁d ative ▁in ▁An cient ▁Greek ▁does ▁not ▁correspond ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁d ative ▁of ▁Latin . ▁So ▁when ▁comparing ▁cases ▁across ▁languages , ▁the ▁functions ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁case ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁considered , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁labels ▁the ▁language ▁has ▁assigned . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁two ▁case ▁and ▁three ▁case ▁systems ▁within ▁the ▁case ▁hierarchy ▁ ▁The ▁hierarchy ▁predict s ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁for ▁a ▁language ▁to ▁only ▁have ▁two ▁cases . ▁In ▁fact , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁languages ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁two - case ▁system , ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁Ch eme he u vi , ▁Kab ard ian , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁Iran ian ▁languages . ▁Ch eme he u vi ▁is ▁a ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁Num ic ▁branch ▁of ▁U to - A zte can ▁family ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁nomin ative - ob lique ▁system . ▁Y agn obi , ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁language , ▁has ▁both ▁an ▁accus ative ▁and ▁erg ative ▁case . ▁ ▁Sem it ic ▁languages , ▁N ub ian ▁languages , ▁Modern ▁Greek ▁operate ▁with ▁a ▁three - case ▁systems , ▁with ▁a ▁nomin ative , ▁accus ative , ▁and ▁gen itive / ob lique ▁case . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁Case ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁Struct ural ▁Case ▁in ▁English ▁ ▁Mor ph ological ▁Case ▁is ▁the ▁surface ▁Case ▁form ▁which ▁is ▁assigned ▁to ▁either ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁or ▁a ▁pron oun ▁phrase ▁depending ▁on ▁its ▁surface ▁position ▁within ▁a ▁sentence . ▁English ▁case ▁morph ology ▁is ▁very |
▁sparse ▁or ▁in ▁some ▁instances , ▁non - ex istent . ▁The ▁distribution ▁of ▁nom inals ▁in ▁languages ▁such ▁as ▁English , ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁case ▁morph ology , ▁is ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁precise ▁laws ▁that ▁also ▁reg ulate ▁nomin ative ▁and ▁accus ative ▁case ▁in ▁morph olog ically ▁over t ▁case ▁marked ▁languages ▁such ▁as ▁Latin ▁and ▁Russian . ▁For ▁example ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁accus ative ▁case : ▁ <0x09> ▁ <0x09> ▁ <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Acc us ative ▁case ▁assignment : ▁α ▁assign s ▁accus ative ▁case ▁to ▁ β ▁only ▁if : ▁ ▁i ii . ▁α ▁is ▁V ▁or ▁P ▁( not ▁N ▁or ▁A ); ▁and ▁iv . ▁ β ▁is ▁the ▁complement ▁of ▁α ▁ ▁In ▁English , ▁the ▁object ▁of ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁is ▁assigned ▁Case ▁by ▁the ▁closest ▁c - command ing ▁V ▁( verb ) ▁or ▁P ▁( pre position ) ▁head ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁verb ▁or ▁pre position ▁that ▁selects ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁complement . ▁Similarly ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁is ▁assigned ▁Case ▁from ▁the ▁finite ▁t ense ▁head , ▁T . ▁The ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁finite ▁clause ▁in ▁English ▁is ▁nomin ative . ▁As ▁seen ▁in ▁English ▁with ▁sentences ▁in ▁pass ive ▁form , ▁the ▁finite ▁T ▁is ▁the ▁head ▁that ▁assign s ▁the ▁nomin ative ▁Case ▁to ▁the ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁( subject ▁position ); ▁the ▁closest ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁that ▁T ▁( ten se ▁head ) ▁c - commands |
▁is ▁attract ed ▁to ▁the ▁empty ▁spec ifier ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁t ense ▁phrase . ▁This ▁movement ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁spec ifier - to - spec ifier ▁movement , ▁satisfying ▁Case ▁requirements ▁at ▁the ▁deep - structure ▁level . ▁Any ▁sentence ▁in ▁English ▁that ▁surfaces ▁with ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase ▁not ▁containing ▁Case , ▁is ▁a ▁viol ation ▁of ▁the ▁Case ▁Filter ▁and ▁thus ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁' cr ash ' ▁( det erm ined ▁to ▁be ▁un gram mat ical ). ▁ ▁Although ▁English ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁non - zero ▁case ▁morph ology , ▁except ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁personal ▁pron oun s , ▁it ▁does ▁satisfy ▁the ▁Case ▁Filter . ▁The ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁ph on olog ically ▁zero ▁case ▁morph ology , ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁languages ▁where ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁rich ▁case ▁system ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁doubt . ▁English ▁has ▁an ▁abstract ▁or ▁non - over t ▁variant ▁of ▁case . ▁For ▁example , ▁accus ative ▁case ▁may ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁nom inal ▁complement ▁of ▁V ▁( verb ) ▁or ▁P ▁( pre position ) ▁by ▁either ▁V ▁( verb ) ▁or ▁P ▁( pre position ), ▁but ▁these ▁comple ments ▁receiving ▁case ▁show ▁no ▁over t ▁morph ology ▁reflect ing ▁this ▁process . ▁English ▁la cks ▁formal ▁cases ▁such ▁as ▁voc ative ▁case ▁and ▁ab l ative ▁case ▁( which ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁to ▁nom inals ), ▁in ▁this ▁regard , ▁comple ments ▁to ▁the ▁heads ▁assigning ▁case ▁will ▁not ▁receive ▁an ▁abstract ▁mark ing ▁of ▁case ▁therefore |
▁being ▁ex cluded ▁by ▁the ▁case ▁filter . ▁ ▁Pr on oun s ▁in ▁English , ▁however , ▁do ▁change ▁form ▁when ▁they ▁change ▁case . ▁These ▁changes ▁are ▁clearly ▁seen ▁with ▁personal ▁pron oun s ▁for ▁example : ▁first ▁person , ▁second ▁person , ▁and ▁third ▁person ▁are ▁represented ▁as ▁“ I ,” ▁“ You ,” ▁and ▁“ H / She .” ▁Sub ject s ▁of ▁active ▁voice ▁sentences ▁typically ▁in ▁English ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁nomin ative ▁Case ▁and ▁objects ▁that ▁accus ative ▁Case . ▁Consider ▁the ▁simple ▁active ▁English ▁example ▁where ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁nomin ative ▁Case ▁form ▁and ▁her ▁is ▁the ▁accus ative ▁Case ▁form . ▁ ▁" She ▁saw ▁her " ▁ ▁Personal ▁pron oun s ▁in ▁English ▁can ▁be ▁class ified ▁into ▁three ▁Case ▁categories : ▁ ▁English ▁has ▁case ▁forms ▁for ▁pron oun s ▁for ▁gen itive , ▁accus ative , ▁and ▁nomin ative ▁cases , ▁which ▁is ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁above . ▁Con vers ely ▁English ▁has ▁only ▁gen itive ▁case ▁forms ▁for ▁' full ▁n oun ▁phr ases ' ▁( in ▁other ▁words ▁determ iner ▁phr ases ): ▁For ▁example , ▁" John ' s ▁blue ▁cat " ▁is ▁assigned ▁gen itive ▁case . ▁Full ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁( det erm iner ▁phr ases ) ▁cannot ▁be ▁assigned ▁accus ative ▁or ▁nomin ative ▁case . ▁The ▁possess ive ▁mark ing ▁- ' s ▁as ▁a ▁case ▁ending ▁attach es ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁n oun ▁phrase , ▁not ▁necessarily ▁to ▁the ▁head |
▁n oun ▁itself . ▁ ▁Example : ▁English ▁N oun ▁P hr ase ▁Mark ed ▁with ▁Gen itive ▁Case ▁ ▁[ NP ▁[ NP ▁The ▁boy ] ▁- ' sp oss ▁ball ] ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁question ▁of ▁present - day ▁research , ▁why ▁is ▁it ▁that ▁with ▁pron oun s ▁in ▁English , ▁Case ▁mark ing ▁is ▁preserved ? ▁A ▁proposed ▁answer ▁has ▁been ▁that ▁since ▁pron oun s ▁are ▁a ▁closed ▁category ▁and ▁don ' t ▁part ake ▁in ▁product ive ▁morph ology , ▁then ▁they ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁' mem or ized ' ▁by ▁speak ers ▁of ▁English . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁just ▁memor ized ▁forms ▁suggests ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁significant ▁reason ▁for ▁why ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁category ▁should ▁under go ▁a ▁dr astic ▁change , ▁losing ▁morph olog ically ▁over t ▁Case ▁mark ing . ▁Consider ing ▁this ▁argument , ▁why ▁then ▁do ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁receive ▁gen itive ▁Case ▁mark ing ▁in ▁English ? ▁The ▁notion ▁of ▁abstract ▁Case ▁mark ing ▁on ▁all ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁can ▁help ▁answer ▁this ▁question : ▁All ▁n oun ▁phr ases ▁under go ▁Case ▁mark ing ▁assignment ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁ph on et ically ▁realized ▁at ▁surface ▁structure ▁( the ▁exception ▁to ▁sur f acing ▁of ▁this ▁morph ological ▁case ▁is ▁the ▁possess ive ▁form ▁- ' s ). ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁phenomen on ▁in ▁English ▁known ▁as ▁Exception al ▁case - mark ing ▁( EC M ). ▁The ▁phenomen on |
▁of ▁EC M ▁makes ▁it ▁evident ▁that ▁accus ative ▁case ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁complement ▁of ▁the ▁assign er . ▁The ▁following ▁example ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁case ▁can ▁be ▁assigned ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁bar rier ▁that ▁interven es , ▁and ▁given ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁nom inal ▁closer ▁in ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁the ▁assign er ▁than ▁the ▁ass igne e . ▁For ▁example ▁(* ▁indicates ▁an ▁un gram mat ical ity ): ▁ ▁Deb ate ▁about ▁case ▁role ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁arguments ▁made ▁for ▁case ▁role ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁universal ▁in ▁language , ▁for ▁several ▁reasons . ▁In ▁previous ▁studies , ▁primarily ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁where ▁case ▁role ▁in ▁languages ▁was ▁considered ▁using ▁Latin ▁or ▁Greek ▁classification , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁difficulties ▁in ▁approaching ▁other ▁languages ▁such ▁as ▁Ale ut ▁or ▁Th ai . ▁These ▁methods ▁involved ▁illustr ating ▁semantic ▁relationships ▁of ▁given ▁case ▁forms ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁primarily ▁s ynt act ical ▁stand point . ▁Case ▁role ▁in ▁Latin ▁and ▁Greek ▁class ifications ▁t ended ▁to ▁neglect ▁nomin ative ▁case ▁as ▁well , ▁and ▁instead ▁focused ▁on ▁creating ▁different ▁semantic ▁classes ▁for ▁other ▁cases , ▁such ▁as ▁' D ative ▁of ▁Poss ession .' ▁ ▁Because ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁such ▁problems ▁analyz ing ▁case ▁role ▁cross - ling u ist ically ▁when ▁using ▁one ▁language ▁as ▁a ▁standard , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁common ▁practice ▁to ▁take ▁traditional ▁Latin ▁or ▁Greek ▁class |
ifications . ▁Instead , ▁the ▁particular ▁languages ' ▁s ynt actic ▁structure ▁forms ▁the ▁base ▁for ▁analyz ing ▁semantic ▁value ▁and ▁case ▁role ▁in ▁that ▁language . ▁ ▁Also , ▁there ▁are ▁still ▁questions ▁regarding ▁case ▁morph ology . ▁One ▁approach ▁to ▁defining ▁case ▁morph ology ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁some ▁special ▁morph ology , ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁correlation ▁with ▁a ▁specific ▁s ynt actic ▁position . ▁Dec ades ▁of ▁past ▁research ▁supports ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁particular ▁cross - ling u istic ▁property ▁specific ▁to ▁nom inals . ▁When ▁discuss ing ▁case ▁features , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁no ▁associated ▁semantic ▁interpretation , ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁s ynt actic ▁position . ▁An ▁early ▁perspective ▁taken ▁on ▁case ▁was ▁the ▁initial ▁suggestion ▁by ▁a ▁French ▁lingu ist ▁Jean - R og er ▁Ver g na ud ▁that ▁the ▁grammar ▁of ▁case ▁is ▁a ▁cross - ling u istic ▁feature , ▁central ▁to ▁the ▁syntax ▁of ▁all ▁languages ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁just ▁apply ▁to ▁languages ▁with ▁a ▁rich ▁case ▁morph ology ▁for ▁example , ▁Latin . ▁Ver g na ud ▁st ip ulated ▁that ▁any ▁nom inal ▁that ▁is ▁morph olog ically ▁able ▁to ▁show ▁case ▁morph ology ▁is ▁required ▁and ▁must ▁do ▁so . ▁This ▁observation ▁was ▁explicitly ▁stated ▁above ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁Case ▁Filter . ▁A ▁second ▁perspective ▁on ▁Case ▁is ▁Ch om sky ' s ▁Min imal ist ▁conject ures . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁fundamental ▁questions |
▁regarding ▁case ▁role , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁why ▁case ▁should ▁even ▁exist , ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁yet ▁accompanied ▁by ▁substant ive ▁answers . ▁This ▁indicates ▁that ▁research ▁on ▁case ▁role ▁remains ▁still ▁as ▁a ▁‘ work ▁in ▁progress .’ ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Case ▁grammar ▁ ▁Case ▁hierarchy ▁ ▁Gram mat ical ▁case ▁ ▁Th ematic ▁relations ▁ ▁Th eta ▁roles ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G ram mat ical ▁cases <0x0A> </s> ▁Mir ce a ▁Georges cu ▁( born ▁ 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁former ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Mir ce a ▁Georges cu ▁played ▁three ▁games ▁at ▁international ▁level ▁for ▁Roman ia , ▁including ▁a ▁ 6 – 0 ▁loss ▁against ▁Spain ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁European ▁Nations ' ▁Cup ▁qual ifiers . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Ste au a ▁Buc ure ş ti ▁Cup a ▁Româ nie i : ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 6 , ▁runner - up ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 6 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mir ce a ▁Georges cu ▁at ▁Lab to f . ro ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : R oman ian ▁football ers ▁Category : R oman ia ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : L iga ▁I ▁players ▁Category : L iga ▁II ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Pol ite hn ica ▁Tim i ș o |
ara ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Far ul ▁Const an ța ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ste au a ▁Buc ure ști ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Fest uca ▁rub ra ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁grass ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁common ▁name ▁red ▁f esc ue ▁or ▁cre eping ▁red ▁f esc ue . ▁It ▁is ▁w ides p read ▁across ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere ▁and ▁can ▁toler ate ▁many ▁habit ats ▁and ▁clim ates . ▁It ▁is ▁best ▁adapted ▁to ▁well - dra ined ▁so ils ▁in ▁cool , ▁temper ate ▁clim ates ; ▁it ▁pre fers ▁sh ad ier ▁areas ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁plant ed ▁for ▁its ▁sh ade ▁toler ance . ▁Wild ▁animals ▁brow se ▁it , ▁but ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁important ▁for ▁domestic ▁for age ▁due ▁to ▁low ▁product ivity ▁and ▁pal at ability . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁orn amental ▁plant ▁for ▁gard ens . ▁ ▁Description ▁Fest uca ▁rub ra ▁is ▁per enn ial ▁and ▁has ▁sub - species ▁that ▁have ▁rh iz om es ▁and / or ▁form ▁bunch gr ass ▁tu ft s . ▁It ▁mainly ▁exists ▁in ▁neutral ▁and ▁acid ic ▁so ils . ▁It ▁can ▁grow ▁between ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 cm ▁tall . ▁ ▁Like ▁all ▁f esc ues , ▁the ▁leaves ▁are ▁narrow ▁and ▁need le ▁like , ▁making ▁it ▁less ▁pal atable ▁to ▁liv est ock . ▁The ▁s wards ▁that ▁it ▁forms ▁are ▁not ▁as ▁tu ft ed ▁as ▁sheep ' s |
▁f esc ue ▁( F est uca ▁ov ina ) ▁or ▁w avy ▁hair ▁grass ▁( D esch amps ia ▁flex u osa ). ▁ ▁The ▁tu ft ed ▁nature ▁is ▁what ▁gives ▁the ▁grass ▁its ▁spring y ▁characteristic . ▁ ▁The ▁leaves ▁are ▁bright ▁green . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁sp ike let ▁flowers , ▁which ▁are ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 5 mm ▁long . ▁ ▁The ▁lig ule ▁is ▁very ▁short ▁and ▁bl unt . ▁ ▁Cult iv ation ▁Fest uca ▁rub ra , ▁as ▁red ▁f esc ue ▁or ▁cre eping ▁red ▁f esc ue , ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁as ▁an ▁orn amental ▁plant ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁tur f gr ass ▁and ▁ground cover . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁left ▁completely ▁un m owed , ▁or ▁occasionally ▁trim med ▁for ▁a ▁l ush ▁me adow - like ▁look . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁sub species , ▁and ▁many ▁cultiv ars ▁have ▁been ▁b red ▁for ▁the ▁h ort icult ure ▁trade . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Native ▁grass es ▁of ▁California ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Fest uca ▁Rub ra , ▁detailed ▁e col ogy ▁at ▁the ▁Fire ▁Effect s ▁Information ▁System , ▁US ▁Forest ▁Service ▁ ▁Je pson ▁Man ual ▁Tre at ment : ▁Fest uca ▁rub ra ▁" T ips ▁for ▁Fine ▁Fall ▁F esc ue ", ▁article ▁at ▁Lear n 2 G row . com ▁US DA ▁Pl ants ▁Profile ▁– ▁Fest uca ▁rub ra ▁ ▁rub ra ▁Category : Gr ass es |
▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : Gr ass es ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : Gr ass es ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Native ▁grass es ▁of ▁California ▁Category : N atural ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Coast ▁R anges ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 3 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na eus ▁Category : G arden ▁plants ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : Dr ought - tol er ant ▁plants ▁Category : Gr ound co vers ▁Category : La wn ▁grass es <0x0A> </s> ▁P ou li ot ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁P ou li ot ▁( s urname ) ▁Ad rien ▁P ou li ot ▁Award , ▁presented ▁ann ually ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society ▁Michel - P ou li ot ▁G asp é ▁Airport ▁in ▁Quebec , ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Ir ving ▁Josh ua ▁Matrix ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 8 ) ▁— ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Ir ving ▁Josh ua ▁Bush ▁and ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Dr . ▁( I . ▁J .) ▁Matrix ▁— ▁is ▁a ▁fict it ious ▁poly math ▁scient ist , ▁scholar , ▁cow boy , ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ▁who ▁made ▁extraordinary ▁contributions ▁to ▁perpet ual ▁motion ▁engineering , ▁Bib lic al ▁crypt ography ▁and ▁numer ology , ▁py ram id ▁power , ▁pent ag onal ▁med itation , ▁extra - sens ory ▁per ception , ▁psych ic ▁met all ur gy , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁topics . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁accomplished ▁prest id ig it ator ▁and ▁an |
▁intuit ive ▁math ematic ian , ▁two ▁qual ities ▁which ▁he ▁put ▁to ▁good ▁use ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁enter pr ises . ▁Being ▁a ▁fict it ious ▁character ▁he ▁could ▁perform ▁tasks ▁that ▁were ▁log ically ▁impossible ; ▁for ▁example , ▁he ▁could ▁" c lap ▁one ▁hand ▁in ▁the ▁air " ▁when ▁sum mon ing ▁a ▁wait er ▁or ▁a ▁min ion . ▁▁ ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁was ▁the ▁sat ir ical ▁creation ▁of ▁Scient ific ▁American ▁column ist ▁Martin ▁Gard ner ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁who ▁introduced ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁" Math emat ical ▁Games " ▁column ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁myth ical ▁doctor ▁appeared ▁frequently ▁there after ▁and ▁the ▁relevant ▁columns ▁were ▁eventually ▁collected ▁into ▁a ▁book . ▁ ▁The ▁intent ▁was ▁partly ▁to ▁provide ▁color ful ▁context ▁to ▁mathematical ▁puzz les ▁and ▁curios ities , ▁partly ▁to ▁spo of ▁various ▁pseudo - s cient ific ▁theories , ▁and ▁always ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁hum orous ▁introduction ▁to ▁the ▁serious ▁topic ▁at ▁hand . ▁ ▁F ict it ious ▁bi ography ▁Matrix ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Japan , ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁ ▁seven ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁Re ver end ▁William ▁Miller ▁Bush , ▁a ▁Se vent h - day ▁Advent ist ▁mission ary . ▁ ▁He ▁res ided ▁in ▁Japan ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁where ▁he ▁learned ▁the ▁secre ts ▁of ▁the ▁conj uring ▁art ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁famous ▁Japanese |
▁mag ician ▁Ten ka i . ▁ ▁Pres umably ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁Japan ▁that ▁he ▁met ▁M s . ▁E ise i ▁T oshi y ori , ▁and ▁where ▁their ▁daughter ▁I va ▁Matrix ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁I va ▁accompanied ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁through ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁public ▁life , ▁acting ▁as ▁assistant ▁and ▁manager ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁enter pr ises . ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁fict it ious ▁narr ative ▁pret ended ▁to ▁be ▁rom ant ically ▁interested ▁in ▁I va , ▁thus ▁explaining ▁his ▁continu ing ▁interest ▁in ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ' s ▁activities . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁close ▁friend ▁and ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Nicolas ▁Bour b aki . ▁ ▁Martin ▁Gard ner ▁tells ▁of ▁meeting ▁the ▁sh ady ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁at ▁Py ram id ▁Lake , ▁Nev ada . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁Filip ino ▁assistant ▁named ▁R he e , ▁who ▁was ▁missing ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁teeth . ▁ ▁They ▁called ▁him ▁" One - To oth ▁R he e ." ▁ ▁Both ▁were ▁ch ased ▁out ▁of ▁town ▁for ▁running ▁a ▁py ram id ▁scheme . ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁was ▁often ▁per sec uted ▁by ▁establishment ▁authorities , ▁and ▁many ▁times ▁had ▁to ▁change ▁ab ode ▁and ▁live ▁under ▁assumed ▁names , ▁with ▁appropriate ▁matching ▁changed ▁appearances . ▁He ▁was ▁accused ▁several ▁times ▁of ▁fra ud . ▁He ▁reported ly ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁in ▁a |
▁du el ▁against ▁a ▁certain ▁Ivan ▁Sk av in sky ▁Sk av ar , ▁a ▁K GB ▁agent , ▁in ▁circumstances ▁as ▁obsc ure ▁and ▁dub ious ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Gard ner ▁encountered ▁Matrix , ▁alive ▁and ▁well , ▁in ▁Cas ab lan ca ▁at ▁" R ick ' s ▁C afé ▁Am éric ain " ▁of ▁all ▁places . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁explained ▁that ▁Ivan ' s ▁bullet ▁merely ▁gra zed ▁him , ▁but ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁ret ali ation ▁by ▁the ▁K GB , ▁witness es ▁were ▁b rib ed ▁to ▁state ▁that ▁he ▁died , ▁and ▁a ▁fake ▁fun eral ▁was ▁arranged . ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁columns ▁Martin ▁Gard ner ▁chron ic led ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁Mathemat ical ▁Games ▁columns . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁A ▁web ▁site , ▁Ask ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁exists ▁which ▁finds ▁a ▁numer ological ▁link ▁between ▁two ▁user ▁chosen ▁numbers . ▁Irish ▁mathematical ▁enthus iast ▁and ▁author ▁O wen ▁O ’ She a ▁has ▁been ▁dub bed ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁as ▁" the ▁he ir ▁apparent ▁to ▁Dr . ▁I . ▁J . ▁Matrix ▁in ▁numer ological ▁ac umen ”. ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Gard ner ' s ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁book ▁went ▁through ▁three ▁ed itions . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁complete ▁list ▁is : ▁ ▁The ▁N umer ology ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Matrix : ▁The ▁Fab ul ous ▁Fe ats ▁and ▁Advent ures ▁in ▁Number |
▁Theory , ▁S le ight ▁of ▁Word , ▁and ▁N umer ological ▁Analysis ▁( Liter ary , ▁Bib lic al , ▁Political , ▁Philosoph ical ▁and ▁Psych on umer anal yt ical ) ▁of ▁That ▁In cred ible ▁Master ▁Mind ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁Simon ▁& ▁Sch uster . ▁ ▁Re print ed / expand ed ▁as ▁The ▁In cred ible ▁Dr . ▁Matrix : ▁The ▁World ' s ▁Great est ▁N umer ologist '' '' ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Charles ▁S cri b ner ' s ▁S ons ; ▁. ▁ ▁Re print ed / expand ed ▁as ▁The ▁Magic ▁Num bers ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁( 1 9 8 5 ); ▁Prom ethe us ▁Books ; ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁Catalog ▁Card ▁No . ▁ 8 4 - 4 3 1 8 3 , ▁ ▁( cl oth ), ▁ 0 - 8 7 9 7 5 - 2 8 2 - 3 ▁( paper ). ▁▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁columns ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁are ▁collected ▁in ▁the ▁third , ▁and ▁final , ▁edition . ▁ ▁One ▁final ▁story ▁about ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁appears ▁in ▁Gard ner ' s ▁book : ▁ ▁Pen rose ▁T iles ▁to ▁T rap door ▁Ci ph ers : ▁– and ▁the ▁Return ▁of ▁Dr ▁Matrix ' ', ▁Mathemat ical ▁Association ▁of ▁America , ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ask ▁Dr |
. ▁Matrix ▁An ▁on - line ▁cy ber net ic ▁numer ologist ▁inspired ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Matrix ▁ ▁Matrix , ▁Ir ving ▁Josh ua ▁Matrix , ▁Ir ving ▁Josh ua ▁Matrix , ▁Ir ving ▁Josh ua ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag ost ina ▁Den isse ▁S oria ▁( born ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁female ▁vol ley ball ▁player . ▁She ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Argentina ▁women ' s ▁national ▁vol ley ball ▁team . ▁ ▁She ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁F IV B ▁Vol ley ball ▁Girls ' ▁U 1 8 ▁World ▁Championship , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁F IV B ▁Vol ley ball ▁Women ' s ▁U 2 0 ▁World ▁Championship , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁F IV B ▁Vol ley ball ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championship , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁F IV B ▁Vol ley ball ▁Women ' s ▁Nations ▁League ▁▁ ▁At ▁club ▁level ▁she ▁played ▁for ▁V ele z ▁S ars field ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁http :// www . vol ley ball . world / en / v nl / w omen / te ams / arg - argent ina / play ers / ag ost ina - den isse - s oria ? id = 6 4 5 5 1 ▁ ▁www . vol ley ball . world / en / w omen / sch edule / 8 8 6 7 - j apan - argent ina / post |
▁ ▁http :// www . nor ce ca . net / 2 0 1 8 % 2 0 Events / XV II % 2 0 W omen % 2 0 Pan C up - 2 0 1 8 / Calendar - P - 2 - 3 / P - 3 % 2 0 for % 2 0 match % 2 0 4 _ % 2 0 AR G - COL . pdf ▁ ▁http :// www . mail . world of vol ley . com / News / Lat est _ news / Ar gent ina / 1 0 0 1 4 5 / b om ba - from - argent ina - n iz et ich - k icked - out - of - the - team - s osa - is - back - full - list . html ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁women ' s ▁vol ley ball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁God win ▁ ▁( by ▁ 1 5 2 0 ▁– ▁ 1 5 4 7 ?) ▁of ▁Well s , ▁Som erset , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁politician . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁( MP ) ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁Well s ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 4 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 5 4 2 |
– 1 5 4 4 ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Well s , ▁Som erset ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain <0x0A> </s> ▁I rm g ard ▁Fu est ▁( born ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁in ▁Mün ster ma if eld , ▁died ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁Ne unk ir chen , ▁birth ▁name ▁ ▁I rm g ard ▁Sch erer ) ▁was ▁a ▁S aar land ▁politician ▁of ▁the ▁C VP ▁/ ▁CD U ▁and ▁lawyer . ▁She ▁completed ▁her ▁legal ▁tra ine es hip ▁at ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁and ▁passed ▁her ▁second ▁state ▁exam ination ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁then ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁judge ▁at ▁Br ühl ▁District ▁Court ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer ▁in ▁C ologne . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁she ▁founded ▁a ▁law ▁firm ▁in ▁Ne unk ir chen ▁together ▁with ▁her ▁husband ▁Josef ▁Fu est . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁Jud icial ▁Council or ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁May en - K ob len z ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁S aar land ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁law y ers ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁law y ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁jud ges ▁Category : G erman |