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from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795 | The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time? |
Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands | What republics did the Dutch Republic come before? |
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg | The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries? |
Flanders | Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire? |
the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg | The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses? |
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? |
1568 | In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? |
high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces | Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? |
1579 | In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed? |
a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries | Who signed the Union of Utrecht? |
the Act of Abjuration | What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called? |
1581 | In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed? |
to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army | What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht? |
1582 | In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them? |
1583 | In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands? |
10 July 1584 | When was William of Orange assassinated? |
Elizabeth I | Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England? |
1588 | In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy? |
a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 | What events created the Batavian Republic? |
France | The republican forces fled to which country? |
the Batavian Republic | The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic? |
1813 | In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France? |
"United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" | What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? |
Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège | The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries? |
the Dutch Golden Age | The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time? |
The County of Holland | What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century? |
1602 | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? |
Rotterdam | Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange? |
six | The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities? |
Amsterdam | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? |
1590–1712 | The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? |
Africa and the Pacific | The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? |
breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient | What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy? |
seven | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? |
the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government | Who were the Generality Lands governed by? |
representatives of each of the seven provinces | The States General was made up of what? |
the County of Drenthe | What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic? |
this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes | Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General? |
raadspensionaris | The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what? |
the stadtholder | Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris? |
the stadtholder | Who commanded the army? |
the states of each province | Who appointed the stadtholders? |
the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent | Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces? |
Zeeland and usually Utrecht | Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland? |
Orangists | What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange? |
Republicans | Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure? |
the Peace of Westphalia | Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what? |
federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden) | The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what? |
Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715) | What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces? |
The States General of the United Provinces | Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)? |
Holland and/or Zeeland | Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces? |
The framers of the US Constitution | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? |
James Madison | Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." |
the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces | The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what? |
the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579 | What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion? |
personal religion | What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose? |
William of Orange | Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union? |
Catholic services | What was forbidden in all provinces? |
the Reformed Church | What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic? |
the time period and regional or city leaders | The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what? |
fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city | What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden? |
personal freedom of religion | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? |
predestination | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? |
the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? |
the Synod of Dort | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? |
in the 18th century | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? |
as long as their services took place secretly in private churches | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? |
Greek | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? |
lichens | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? |
German | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? |
130 years | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? |
obligate | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? |
facultative | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? |
lichens | What is an example of an obligate relationship? |
mistletoe | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? |
disjunctive symbiosis | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? |
endosymbiosis | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? |
insects | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? |
Frankia | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? |
algae | What endosymbionts live in coral? |
barnacles | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? |
lice | Name a parasitic ectosymbiont. |
exosymbiosis | What is another name for ectosymbiosis? |
interspecies reciprocal altruism | What is another term for mutualism? |
lifelong | Of what duration are symbiotic relationships? |
mutualistic | What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines? |
Coral reefs | What do coral and algae produce together? |
fix carbon from the air | How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems? |
mycorrhyzal | What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth? |
ocellaris clownfish | What lives with Ritteri sea anemones? |
A special mucus | What prevents the clownfish from being stung? |
mutual symbiosis | What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have? |
the goby fish | What species does this shrimp have a relationship with? |
its tail | What part of the fish is used to signal danger? |
non-obligate | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? |
the late 1980s | When were the worms found? |
nutrition | What does the bacteria give the worm? |
the Galapagos Islands | What land is near the worms' first known location? |
nutrients | What is given to the host cell? |
specialized cells | What does the host make that affect its genes? |
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