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vertical transmission
In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?
drastic reduction in its genome size
What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?
Muller's ratchet phenomenon
What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?
lack of selection mechanisms
What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?
Latin
What language do the roots of "commensal" come from?
Commensalism
What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?
inquilinism
What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?
metabiosis
What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?
phoresy
In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?
A parasitic relationship
Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?
necrotrophic
What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?
biotrophic
What is it called when parasites need their host to live?
as many as half
What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?
a tick
Name a biotrophic organism.
Amensalism
What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?
competition and antibiosis
What kinds of amensalism are there?
competition
When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?
juglone
What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?
weevils
What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?
shrub
What does the Spanish ibex eat?
Amensalism
What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?
Synnecrosis
What type of relationship harms both organisms?
death
What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?
uncommon
How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?
to protect the hive
Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?
the evolution of all eukaryotes
What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
What are eukaryotes?
symbiosis
What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?
Dorion Sagan
Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
a major role
How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?
nectar and large sticky pollen
What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?
dependent
What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?
Forces armées canadiennes
What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
the National Defence Act
What law constitutes the CAF?
Her Majesty
Who are the CAF supposed to protect?
Forces canadiennes
What does CF stand for in this context?
four
How many sub components are there?
the National Defence Act
What act defines the CAF?
Queen Elizabeth II
Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?
the Governor General of Canada
Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?
the Chief of the Defence Staff
Who leads the CAF?
the Armed Forces Council.
Who advises the Chief of the Defence?
Cold War
What war were the CAF involved in?
the security of Europe
What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?
the Soviet military threat
What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?
the early 1950s
Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?
the early 1990s
What year did the CAF leave Europe?
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
What Treaty is the CAF part of?
international security operations
What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?
Afghanistan
What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?
2002
What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?
out of area
Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?
Canada First Defence Strategy
What is Canada's defense policy based on?
2008
When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?
six core missions
How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?
North America
What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?
conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy
What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?
deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés
What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?
the American Air Forces
What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?
military training
What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?
relationship-building efforts
What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?
1867
What year was Canada united in a confederation?
French and British forces
The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?
European powers
What is one of the threats that faced them?
the American Revolutionary War
What American war threatened Canada?
invasion by the United States
Early on, what did they defend against with the British?
the British Crown-in-Council
Who initially had military command?
Halifax
Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?
1906
When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?
the Department of Militia and Defence
The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?
November 1940
When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?
Second Boer War
When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?
British command
Under what command did they serve?
the First World War
When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?
Second World War
What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
Korean War
What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?
more than 200 operations
How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?
72
How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?
Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War
What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?
United Nations Peacekeeping operations
What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?
an aircraft carrier
What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?
the Normandy Landings
What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?
the strategic bombing of German cities
What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?
the Battle of Vimy Ridge
What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?
Croatia
What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?
the largest volunteer army ever
Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?
the Soviet Union
What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?
Japanese
Which other country had a sizable naval army?
1 February 1968
When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?
the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?
the British government
What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?
1931
When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?
the First World War
What war aided Canadian legislative independence?
Canadian Armed Forces
What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?
After the 1980s
When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?
2013
When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?
Canadian Forces
What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Land Forces
What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?
2011
Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?
ISAF
What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?