dangermouse77/FromAnswerToQuestion-SQuADplusTriviaQA

answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀	question stringlengths 1 25.7k
biological-physical	What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?
as a descriptive term	Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
Lemming	Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
international relations and community	Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
Australian	What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
"ritualcide"	What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
ritualcide	What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?
anthropologist	What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?
language, culture, and economic infrastructure	What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?
legal aspect of the term	What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
a crime	In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
the deliberate killing of a certain group	In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
officials in power of a state or area	In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?
the Peace of Westphalia	Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power	Why does genocide often go unpunished?
ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups	Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?
1648	What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
1944	When was the word "genocide" first used?
The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).	What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?
a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them	What is the definition of genocide?
Raphael Lemkin	Who coined the term "genocide"?
Winston Churchill	Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?
1944	The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
as "a crime without a name"	In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
Raphael Lemkin	What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"
Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)	What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them	As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
when the targeted part is substantial enough	Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?
The numeric size	What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?
absolute terms	The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?
prominence within the group	In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?
perpetrators' access to the victims	The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13?
historical examples of genocide	What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?
possible extent of their reach	The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
the opportunity presented to him	What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
inform the analysis	While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
12 January 1951	On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
20	What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?
only two	Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?
the United Kingdom	What member ratified in 1970?
four	The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
a diplomatic compromise	In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
a research tool	Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
international legal credibility	What does the treaty possess that others lack?
alternative definitions	The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
Jonassohn and Björnson	What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
their focus	The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?
Frank Chalk	What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
R. J. Rummel	With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
Ted Gurr	Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
social and political groups	Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response	In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
political groups	Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
Genocide	In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
intends to destroy a group	In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?
policies	Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
victimized groups	Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
politicides	What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
nationality	Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
pogroms	What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
murder by government	In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?
religious group	Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
eliminate the group	Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
preventing births	In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
Adrian Gallagher	In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
collective power	In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?
intent	Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
group identity	The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?
destroyed	In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?
acts of genocide	Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
both in peace and wartime	During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
no claim of genocide could be brought against them	In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?
the United States	What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
Norway	Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
humanity	Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
crimes like murder	An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
the Holocaust	After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
Raphael Lemkin	Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
European Court of Human Rights	Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
wider interpretation of genocide	In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?
ethnic cleansing	The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?
expel Muslims and Croats from their homes	The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
the ICTY	Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?
About 30	In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
several plea bargains	Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
conspiracy to commit genocide	Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
aiding and abetting genocide	Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
German courts	Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
He died	What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
Belgrade	Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić	With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?
genocide or complicity in genocide	Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
Slobodan Milošević	Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)	What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
April 1994	The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
the Security Council of the United Nations	the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
serious violations of the international law	The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
Rwandan citizens	The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?

biological-physical

What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?

as a descriptive term

Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?

Lemming

Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?

international relations and community

Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?

Australian

What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?

"ritualcide"

What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?

ritualcide

What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?

anthropologist

What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?

language, culture, and economic infrastructure

What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?

legal aspect of the term

What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?

a crime

In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?

the deliberate killing of a certain group

In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?

officials in power of a state or area

In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?

the Peace of Westphalia

Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?

genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power

Why does genocide often go unpunished?

ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups

Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?

1648

What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?

1944

When was the word "genocide" first used?

The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).

What is the etymology of the term "genocide"?

a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them

What is the definition of genocide?

Raphael Lemkin

Who coined the term "genocide"?

Winston Churchill

Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?

1944

The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?

as "a crime without a name"

In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?

Raphael Lemkin

What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?"

Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)

What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"

to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them

As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?

when the targeted part is substantial enough

Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?

The numeric size

What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry?

absolute terms

The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?

prominence within the group

In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?

perpetrators' access to the victims

The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13?

historical examples of genocide

What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered?

possible extent of their reach

The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?

the opportunity presented to him

What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?

inform the analysis

While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?

12 January 1951

On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?

20

What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties?

only two

Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?

the United Kingdom

What member ratified in 1970?

four

The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?

a diplomatic compromise

In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?

a research tool

Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?

international legal credibility

What does the treaty possess that others lack?

alternative definitions

The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?

Jonassohn and Björnson

What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?

their focus

The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events?

Frank Chalk

What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?

R. J. Rummel

With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?

Ted Gurr

Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?

social and political groups

Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?

The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response

In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?

political groups

Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?

Genocide

In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?

intends to destroy a group

In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator?

policies

Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?

victimized groups

Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?

politicides

What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?

nationality

Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?

pogroms

What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"

murder by government

In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?

religious group

Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?

eliminate the group

Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?

preventing births

In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?

Adrian Gallagher

In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?

collective power

In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group?

intent

Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?

group identity

The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?

destroyed

In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?

acts of genocide

Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?

both in peace and wartime

During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?

no claim of genocide could be brought against them

In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?

the United States

What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?

Norway

Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?

humanity

Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?

crimes like murder

An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?

the Holocaust

After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?

Raphael Lemkin

Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"

European Court of Human Rights

Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?

wider interpretation of genocide

In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?

ethnic cleansing

The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?

expel Muslims and Croats from their homes

The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?

the ICTY

Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?

About 30

In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?

several plea bargains

Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?

conspiracy to commit genocide

Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?

aiding and abetting genocide

Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?

German courts

Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?

He died

What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?

Belgrade

Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?

Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?

genocide or complicity in genocide

Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?

Slobodan Milošević

Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?

April 1994

The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?

the Security Council of the United Nations

the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?

serious violations of the international law

The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?

Rwandan citizens

The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?