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consonant clusters
What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
double stops and single stops
What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Preaspirated stops
The Sami tongue also has what?
North Sami
Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
up to four
How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
True aspirated voiced consonants
Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
rare
True aspirated consonants are considered what?
Kx'a languages
True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Aspiration
What has a different significance in various languages?
allophonic or phonemic
What two forms can aspiration be in?
allophonic
Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?
voicing
How are stops distinguished?
aspirated
Voiceless stops are at times what?
unaspirated
Voiced stops are most often what?
unaspirated
When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
compound words
If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?
aspirated
If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?
unaspirated
If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
phonemic
In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
phonemes
[p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
their lack of aspiration
How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
⟨p t k⟩
If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
aspiration
Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
pinyin
Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
aspirated stops
What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Wu Chinese
What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
/p pʰ b/
What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
Muddy consonants
What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
slack or breathy
What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
four
How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
breathy-voiced
What is another term for voice-aspirated?
breathy-voiced consonants
Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Dravidian
Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?
native Dravidian words
What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
Western Armenian
What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
/d/
Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
/t/
The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
aspirated stops.
Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
Classical Attic
What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
Greek grammarians
Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
/pʰ tʰ kʰ/
What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
Mycenaean Greek
Earlier Greek was represented by what?
dialect and phonetic environment
Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
three
Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Ionic and Aeolic
Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
fricative
Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
voiceless and voiced fricatives
Attic Greek lenited to what?
Medieval and Modern Greek
The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
debuccalization
Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
glottal stop or fricative
Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
lenited
What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds
What is breathy voice?
⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic
The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
murmured sonorants
What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
vowels and nasals
What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
H
What is hydrogens chemical symbol?
1
What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?
7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u
What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?
Hydrogen
What element is considered the lightest?
molecular
What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?
H2
What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?
colorless, odorless, tasteless
What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?
negative
What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?
quantum mechanics
What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?
early 16th century
When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?
Henry Cavendish
Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?
water
When it is burned what does hydrogen make?
water-former
What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?
the fertilizer market
What market primarily uses ammonia production?
hydrocracking
Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.
286 kJ/mol
For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?
dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen
What are two forms of hydrogen gas?
Hydrogen
Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/mol?
ultraviolet light
What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?
hydrogen combustion
What caused the Hindenburg to explode?
hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride
What are two other dangerous acids?
room temperature
What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?
Bohr model
What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?
gravity
What attracts planets and celestial items?
electrons and protons
What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?
angular
What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?
2
How many different spin isomers exist?
triplet state
What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?
normal
When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>
25%
What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?
75%
What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?
ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds
What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling
positive charge
What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?
negative
What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?
hydrides
When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?
not
Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?
hydrocarbons
What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?
organic compounds
What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?
organic chemistry
What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?
biochemistry
What is the study of living organisms known as?
carbon
Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?
Gilbert N. Lewis
Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?
group II
What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?
over 100
How many binary borane hydrides are known?