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it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas
Why is it used as the rotor coolant?
cryogenic
What research uses liquid H2?
as a tracer gas for minute leak detection
Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?
automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications
What industries can you find these applications?
allows food package leak testing
How is hydrogen used as a food additive?
Deuterium
What isotope is used in nuclear fission?
nuclear reactors
Where is tritium produced?
production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints
What is tritium used for?
as a coolant in generators
How is hydrogen used at power stations?
favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules
Why is it used as a coolant?
low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases
What are these properties?
not
Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?
nuclear fusion of hydrogen
Where does the sun get its energy from?
energy carrier
How does hydrogen function when it s burned?
elemental
What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?
to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties
Why is hydrogen employed?
a potential electron donor
How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?
ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3
What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?
hydrogenases
What enzymes are used to produce H2?
in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water
When does hydrogen gas occur?
hydrogen cycle
What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?
Water splitting
What is the decomposition of water into its components called?
in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms
Where does water splitting occur?
alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria
What organisms can form H2 gas?
by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast
How are these gases formed?
potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form
What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
cracks and explosions
What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?
the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio
What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?
days or weeks
How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?
container geometry
What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?
browser
What do people typically call a web browser?
World Wide Web
What platform is a browser used on?
Uniform Resource Identifier
What does URL mean?
Hyperlinks
What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
the World Wide Web
The primary function of a browser is to use what?
private networks
In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?
file systems
A browser can also access files where?
1990
When was the first browser created?
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Who invented the first browser?
the World Wide Web Consortium
What was Berners-Lee a director of?
World Wide Web Foundation
What organization did Berners-Lee create?
Marc Andreessen
Who released Mosaic?
1993
When was Mosaic released?
Netscape
When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?
Netscape Navigator
What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
Microsoft
Who released the Internet Explorer browser?
1995
When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?
browser war
The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?
Windows
What was bundled with Internet Explorer?
1996
Opera was introduced in what year?
Opera-mini version
What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
mobile phone web browser
Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
Nintendo's Wii
Opera is also available on which video game console?
Mozilla Foundation
What did Netscape launch in 1998?
open source software model
Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
Firefox
What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
late 2004
When was Firefox released?
January 2003
When was the first beta release for Safari?
Apple
Who created Safari?
Chrome
Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
September 2008
When was Chrome released?
Internet Explorer
As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?
May 2012
When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
Internet Explorer
What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?
sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users
Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?
Mac
What other OS could use Internet Explorer?
the European Commission
Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
January 2009
When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
competition between web browsers
The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
product innovation
The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
Safari
What browser was automatically included with OS X?
Google
Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
Chrome
What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
Google Chrome
The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?
to bring information resources to the user
What is the main use of a browser?
Uniform Resource Locator
What does URL stand for?
The prefix of the URL
What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
What does http stand for?
File Transfer Protocol
What does ftp stand for?
default newsgroup reader
A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
rendering
What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
Flash applications and Java applets
Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
hyperlinks
What can resources have to connect to other resources?
rich user interfaces
Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
Internet suites
When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?
Internet Relay Chat
What does IRC stand for?
pop-up blockers
What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
browser extension
A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
bookmarked
A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?
Favorites
What are "bookmarks" called in Internet Explorer?
feed aggregator
The top browsers have a built-in what?
live bookmarks
Firefox does web feeds as what?
traditional
The Opera feed reader is more what?
Most browsers
HTTP Secure is supported by what?
form and search history
Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?
current security vulnerabilities
A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?
proprietary web browsers
Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
problems with interoperability
Non-standard dialects led to what?
HTML and XHTML
Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
rendered in the same way
HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?