answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
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particular set of genes | What is a genotype? |
Each gene | What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles? |
two alleles for each trait | How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait? |
at a locus | Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive? |
their corresponding phenotypes | When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to? |
when paired with another copy of the same allele | When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype? |
in the production of gametes | When do alleles assort independently? |
germ cells | What are gametes? |
cell division | What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on? |
identical daughter cells | In cell division, what two cells are created? |
DNA polymerases | What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication? |
Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing | Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement? |
semiconservative | What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication? |
physically separate the two copies of the genome | What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete? |
divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells | What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete? |
circular | In binary fission, what shape is each genome? |
as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm | In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells? |
extremely fast | Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur? |
molecular inheritance | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what? |
cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells | Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents? |
In asexually reproducing organisms | In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism? |
In sexually reproducing organisms | In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes? |
eggs or ova | What are the gametes produced by females called? |
During the process of meiotic cell division | When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur? |
no effect | If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? |
reassortment of otherwise linked alleles | If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? |
independent assortment | Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle? |
a crossover point | In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur? |
mutations | What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication? |
10−8 per nucleotide per replication | What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells? |
10−3 | What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses? |
DNA replication | What can small mutations be caused by? |
errors in recombination | What can larger mutations be caused by? |
polymorphic | What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population? |
different phenotypic traits | What can some alleles give rise to? |
the wild type | What is a gene's most common allele known as? |
mutants | What are rare alleles called? |
genetic drift | What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population? |
silent mutations | What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called? |
synonymous mutations | What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called? |
conservative mutations | What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called? |
Genetic disorders | What is a result of deleterious mutations? |
adaptive evolution | What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to? |
homologs | What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called? |
gene duplication within an organism's genome | What is one reason for homologs to appear? |
paralogous genes | What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called? |
orthologous genes | What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called? |
The relationship between genes | What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure? |
conserved sequence | What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called? |
by neutral molecular evolution | How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time? |
stabilizing | Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly? |
phylogenetic | What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for? |
gene duplication | What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages? |
gene duplication | What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome? |
paralogs | What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called? |
nonfunctional | What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in? |
pseudogenes | What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called? |
De novo or "orphan" genes | What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called? |
18 to 60 | What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome? |
typically shorter | How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes? |
simpler in structure | How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes? |
gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change | What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes? |
Horizontal gene transfer | What is the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as? |
prokaryotes | In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes? |
antibiotic resistance | What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading? |
eukaryotes | In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare? |
alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin | What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes? |
genome size | What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms? |
viruses | In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur? |
2 | What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have? |
viroids | Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene? |
5 million | What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth? |
the 1960s | Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known? |
2,000,000 | What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes? |
alternative variants | What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were? |
13 | After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome? |
1–2% | What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes? |
Essential genes | What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism? |
environmental stress | What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of? |
250–400 | How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli? |
Half | What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs? |
1000 genes | How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have? |
Housekeeping genes | What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions? |
constant | At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at? |
housekeeping genes | When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments? |
developmentally | How are some essential genes regulated? |
at certain times during the organism's life cycle | When are some essential genes expressed? |
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) | What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene? |
through a database maintained by HGNC | How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? |
only one | How many symbols does each gene have? |
homologs in other species | With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with? |
common model | What type of model does the mouse play a role for? |
Genetic engineering | What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology? |
the 1970s | When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes? |
engineered nuclease enzymes | What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use? |
targeted | What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques? |
synthetic biology | What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism? |
Genetic engineering | What has become a common research tool with model organisms? |
that gene's function | What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted? |
agriculture | What is an application for which organisms have been modified for? |
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