answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
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Romansh | What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? |
the Alps | What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? |
Austria | Where is Saalbach located? |
over 120 million | How many people visit the Alps every year? |
tourism | What is an integral part of the Alpine economy? |
the early 19th century | When did the tourism industry begin? |
during the Belle Époque | When were large hotels built in the Alps? |
early in the 20th century | When were cog-railways built in the Alps? |
1882 | When was the first figure skating championship held? |
St. Moritz | Where was the first figure skating championship held? |
Chamonix, France | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924? |
St. Moritz, Switzerland | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928? |
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany | Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936? |
1930 | When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen? |
(1992) | When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? |
post-World War I | When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns? |
the 1970s | When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing? |
France | Where is Les Menuires located? |
4,200 km (2,600 mi) | How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region? |
6 million | How many vehicles use the roads? |
Switzerland | Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? |
57 km | How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? |
France | Where is the village of Avoriaz located? |
Switzerland | Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? |
reasons of sustainability | Why are villages considering becoming car free zones? |
winter | When are many passes in the Alps closed? |
motorways | The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what? |
mountain passes | What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes? |
a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product | What is a gene? |
The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring | What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits? |
polygenes (many different genes) | What influence are most biological traits under? |
eye colour or number of limbs | What is one instantly visible genetic trait? |
blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life | What is one invisible genetic trait? |
different variants, known as alleles | What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to? |
encode slightly different versions of a protein | What do alleles do? |
different phenotype traits | What do alleles cause? |
having a different allele of the gene | What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to? |
natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles | What causes genes to evolve? |
its coding regions | What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from? |
several exons | What can coding regions be split into? |
RNA | What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA? |
functional non-coding RNAs | What are some gene products? |
any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product | What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene? |
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) | Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units? |
n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas | If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? |
independent assortment | What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? |
the distinction between dominant and recessive traits | What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate? |
discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics | What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of? |
one of blending inheritance | What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work? |
Charles Darwin | Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis? |
hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction | What does the term gemmule describe? |
1866 | What year was Mendel's work first published? |
Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak | Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's? |
γένος (génos) | What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from? |
"race, offspring" | What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean? |
Wilhelm Johannsen | What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'? |
the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity | What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909? |
William Bateson | Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s? |
Rosalind Franklin | Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography? |
James D. Watson and Francis Crick | What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule? |
reverse transcription in retroviruses | What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology? |
molecular genetics | What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as? |
In 1972 | When was the first sequence of a gene determined? |
the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein | What was the first gene to be sequenced? |
Frederick Sanger | Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977? |
improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. | What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process? |
the Human Genome Project | What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages? |
the 1930s and 1940s | In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed? |
the modern evolutionary synthesis | What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called? |
George C. Williams | Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? |
"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency." | What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection? |
Richard Dawkins | Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution? |
long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in? |
a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits | What does DNA consist of? |
a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose) | What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule? |
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine | What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits? |
a phosphate group | Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of? |
phosphate-sugar | What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of? |
adenine | What base pairs with thymine? |
cytosine | What base does guanine pair with? |
adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds | What causes the specificity of base pairing? |
The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary | Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix? |
the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases | What causes the directionality of DNA strands? |
an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose | What is known as the 3' end? |
an exposed phosphate group | What is known as the 5' end? |
Nucleic acid synthesis | What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction? |
because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile | Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction? |
by transcribing the gene into RNA | How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin? |
a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA | What is RNA? |
the base uracil | What base does RNA have in place of thymine? |
a series of three-nucleotide sequences | What are codons? |
The genetic code | What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation? |
its genome | What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as? |
a single, very long DNA helix | What does a chromosome consist of? |
thousands of genes | What is encoded on a chromosome? |
its locus | What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called? |
one allele of a gene | What does each locus contain? |
on a set of large, linear chromosomes | Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored? |
a nucleosome | Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what? |
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