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heartwood
In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?
Subsequent growth
What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?
sapwood
Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?
decay
What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?
the trunk
Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?
larvae
What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?
inner heartwood
What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?
tunnels
What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?
youth
In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?
narrower
As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?
crown
What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?
lessened
Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?
light
Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?
differ
When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?
heartwood
In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?
sapwood
If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?
mature
Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?
heartwood
When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?
chemical substances
What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?
conspicuous
Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?
mechanical
What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?
chemical
Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?
Longleaf Pine
What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?
fat lighter
What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?
rot
What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?
strength
If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?
kindling
Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?
latewood
Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?
density
Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?
coniferous
What category of trees show this difference greatly?
ring-porous
What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?
no indication
With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?
diseased
What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?
unsoundness
What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?
insect attacks
What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?
birds
What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?
spalting
What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?
water
What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?
16
Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
oven-dried
What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
softer
Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?
rawhide
What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?
paper
What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?
greater
When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?
softening
What type of action does water create in cloth?
strength
What will drying often increase in wood?
green
What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?
spruce
What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?
crushing
What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?
elasticity
What property of wood is least affected by drying?
strength at elastic limit in endwise compression
Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?
modulus of rupture
Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?
heterogeneous
Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?
cells
What does wood consist of?
walls
What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?
cellulose
What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?
lignin
What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?
tracheids
What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?
softwood
Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?
pores
What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?
oak
What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?
ash
Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?
complex
Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?
vessels
What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?
large
Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?
a hand lens
In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?
diffuse-porous
Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?
ring-porous
What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?
spring
In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?
summer
In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?
wood fibers
What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?
toughness
Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?
diffuse-porous
What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?
Populus
What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?
cherry
With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?
water conducting
What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?
diffuse-porous
Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?
temperate
What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?
denser
Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?
walls
Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?
thin
Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?
very small
What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?
heavy
Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?
growth rings
What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?
white pines
What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?
easy
Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?
hard pines
What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?
quality
Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?
comparative density
What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?
strength
What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?
porous
What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?
character
What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?
moderate to slow
If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?
conifers
What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?
latewood
What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?
a rule
While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?
ring-porous
What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?
large
What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?
the year before
When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?
rate of growth
Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?