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heartwood | In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood? |
Subsequent growth | What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life? |
sapwood | Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger? |
decay | What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree? |
the trunk | Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree? |
larvae | What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees? |
inner heartwood | What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old? |
tunnels | What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever? |
youth | In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest? |
narrower | As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower? |
crown | What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures? |
lessened | Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages? |
light | Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for? |
differ | When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same? |
heartwood | In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher? |
sapwood | If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood? |
mature | Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood? |
heartwood | When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker? |
chemical substances | What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color? |
conspicuous | Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous? |
mechanical | What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different? |
chemical | Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have? |
Longleaf Pine | What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries? |
fat lighter | What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood? |
rot | What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites? |
strength | If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased? |
kindling | Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for? |
latewood | Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker? |
density | Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color? |
coniferous | What category of trees show this difference greatly? |
ring-porous | What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface? |
no indication | With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color? |
diseased | What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood? |
unsoundness | What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased? |
insect attacks | What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks? |
birds | What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood? |
spalting | What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi? |
water | What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried? |
16 | Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls? |
oven-dried | What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry? |
softer | Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else? |
rawhide | What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content? |
paper | What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet? |
greater | When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect? |
softening | What type of action does water create in cloth? |
strength | What will drying often increase in wood? |
green | What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood? |
spruce | What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried? |
crushing | What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood? |
elasticity | What property of wood is least affected by drying? |
strength at elastic limit in endwise compression | Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood? |
modulus of rupture | Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried? |
heterogeneous | Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? |
cells | What does wood consist of? |
walls | What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose? |
cellulose | What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood? |
lignin | What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with? |
tracheids | What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees? |
softwood | Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure? |
pores | What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called? |
oak | What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores? |
ash | Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores? |
complex | Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex? |
vessels | What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods? |
large | Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small? |
a hand lens | In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels? |
diffuse-porous | Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into? |
ring-porous | What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees? |
spring | In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized? |
summer | In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species? |
wood fibers | What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of? |
toughness | Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood? |
diffuse-porous | What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized? |
Populus | What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to? |
cherry | With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group? |
water conducting | What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species? |
diffuse-porous | Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous? |
temperate | What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood? |
denser | Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood? |
walls | Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells? |
thin | Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin? |
very small | What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood? |
heavy | Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood? |
growth rings | What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced? |
white pines | What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings? |
easy | Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture? |
hard pines | What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood? |
quality | Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important? |
comparative density | What can we judge in wood just by looking at it? |
strength | What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density? |
porous | What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood? |
character | What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows? |
moderate to slow | If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have? |
conifers | What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth? |
latewood | What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of? |
a rule | While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it? |
ring-porous | What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth? |
large | What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season? |
the year before | When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from? |
rate of growth | Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor? |
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