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Inside Black Australia
What was the award in 1998 for?
people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander
What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,
What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
2012
In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
Anthony Mundine
What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
Andrew Bolt
Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
John Rolfe
Who described slaves as negars?
Colonial America
Where was John Rolfe?
Virginia colony
Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
"Begraafplaats van de Neger"
What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
Cemetery of the Negro
What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
By the 1900s
When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
colored
What term replaced negro as mainstream?
"black"
What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
the African-American Civil rights movement
What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?
Reverend Martin Luther King
Who led the Civil Rights movement?
by their specific ethnic group
How did black people identify in early America?
individual ethnic affiliations
What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast
How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
This new identity was based on provenance and slave status
How was the new African American identity defined?
French and Spanish colonists
Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors
What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
socially based racial classification related to being African American,
In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.
Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
they fulfill the social criteria
How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
the majority of black people in the United States were native-born
Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.
Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
1835,
What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
the African Methodist Episcopal Church
What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
"Negro" or "colored"
What terms did African Americans use instead?
Jesse Jackson
Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
1988
What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants
Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
African-American
Who also argued for the term "African American"?
because "African" suggests foreignness
Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa
How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
socio-political constructs
What classification are given?
17–18%
What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
scientific or anthropological
What is the Census definition not based on?
classify as black a person of any known African ancestry
What did the "one-drop" rule do?
early 20th century.
When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
18th and 19th centuries
When was racial definition more flexible?
the American Civil War
What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
1662
When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.
How is blackness described in the US?
political orientation, culture and behavior
What defines "blackness"?
"acting white"
What is the opposite of "blackness"?
black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans
How does one "act white"?
with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
In what regards can one "act white"?
Toni Morrison
Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
Christopher Hitchens
Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
Nobel Prize-winning novelist
Who is Toni Morrison?
Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain
Why were people offended by this comment?
Rwandan Genocide
What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
John Punch
Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
the first African slave in the Virginia colony
Who is John Punch?
1640
When was Punch indentured?
trying to escape
Why was he indentured for life?
they were born to free English women
Why were his children free?
12 million
How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
11.5 million
How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
5.5 million
How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
2.76 million
How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,
How is black identified in South America?
by appearance
How are people in Brazil classified?
Brazil
What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color
How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
like the colors of the spectrum
How are people evaluated in Brazil?
lighter skin
What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
black
What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
white
What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
(black)
What does Preto mean?
estimated 3.5 million
How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
more than half
How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
Afro-descendants
Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
segregation laws
What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
intermarriage
What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
6.2%
How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
40%
How much identified as mixed race?
55%
How much identified as white?
29%
How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
the binary polarization of society into black and white
What has Brazil avoided?
civil war
What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.
How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
Elio Ferreira de Araujo
Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?
black and indigenous communities.
Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
75%
In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?
50%
In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?
one-drop rule
What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.
What does the one drop rule do?
illiteracy and education levels
What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
blacks
What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
80%
How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?
1965
When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
1970s
When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
Hurricane Katrina
What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
limited media visibility
What do critics claim people of color have?
hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.
What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
northern Europeans
What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
mulatto
What is another word for "Light Skinned"