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Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's
What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?
Chapter 11
What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?
2015
What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?
casino operating unit
Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?
Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall
What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?
an arena
What is the Boardwalk Hall?
1997
In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?
500,000 sq ft
How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Sheraton hotel
What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?
Monopoly City
What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?
Monopoly
The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?
Ruth Hoskins
Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?
Indianapolis
What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game?
a group of local Quakers
Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?
Marvin Gardens
What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
Marven Gardens
What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
Charles Darrow
Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
1995
In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
Charles Darrow
Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
immune systems in all organisms
In general, what does immunology study?
both health and diseases
Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection
Name three types of immunological disorders?
in vitro, in situ, and in vivo
Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology
What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
exempt
The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?
thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver
What are the major organs of the immune system?
early physicians
Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?
surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive
How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues
Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
typically cellular in nature
The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
not associated with any specific organ
Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
embedded
What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
circulating
What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
epidemiology and medicine
Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
the body systems, pathogens, and immunity
Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
430 BCE
When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
Thucydides
Which Greek historian made that notation?
19th and 20th centuries
When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
innate immune system
What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
acquired or adaptive immune system
Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
humoral (or antibody)
What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
cell-mediated
Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
molecular and cellular components
The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
antibodies and antigens
Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
specific proteins
What are antibodies comprised of?
B lymphocytes
What cells produce antibodies?
"anti"body "gen"erators
The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
cellular response
Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
research
In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
non-classical models of immunity
What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
cells, organs and systems
The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
not previously associated with the immune system
These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
Clinical immunology
The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth
What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
cellular elements
Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
diseases of other systems
What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features
Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
hypersensitivities
What is a type of immune system disorder?
asthma and other allergies
What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.
What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
AIDS
What is the most famous immune system disease?
an immunodeficiency
What kind of disease is AIDS?
CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area
What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
phagocytic
What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed
Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
activate T cells
Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
Maternal factors
In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
breast milk
Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
up to 18 months
For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
glycoproteins
At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules
The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
hormones
What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)
What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
testosterone
Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity
Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
detect sex hormones in the system
Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
strongly experimental
The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
"cellular" and "humoral"
What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
phagocytes
Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
soluble components (molecules)
Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
the organism’s “humors”
Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
Frank Burnet
What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
self/nonself distinction
What triggers an immune response according to CST?
"nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)
In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
the complex "two-signal" activation
What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
In the mid-1950s
When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
Bioscience
What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
bioscience
Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
humans and animals
The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
research
The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
effective yet consistent research
What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
AAI courses
Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
Icahn School of Medicine
What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
Introductory Course and an Advance Course
AAI immunology courses include what two components?
gives students an overview of the basics of immunology
What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
New York University
The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
an introduction to the basic principles of immunology
Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?