answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
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clinically-oriented lecture series | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? |
a background of the principles of immunology | What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have? |
two years of study | How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree? |
a doctoral programme | What program requires an additional two years of study? |
MP3 | What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III? |
digital | What kind of audio is the coding format for? |
consumer audio streaming | Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for? |
lossy data compression | What does MP3 use to format it's data? |
digital audio players | Where will MP3 files most commonly be found? |
sound like a faithful reproduction | What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio? |
created | What kind of compression is used? |
1/11 | If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD? |
1,411,200 | How many total bit/s would a CD have? |
128,000 | How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have? |
accuracy | What does the compression target in the song? |
auditory resolution | The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people? |
perceptual coding | What is this method commonly referred to as? |
psychoacoustic | What kind of model is used in this kind of compression? |
less audible | These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing? |
Moving Picture Experts Group | Who designed MP3? |
MPEG-1 | What was the first standard that this group had? |
MPEG-2 | The first standard later developed into which standard? |
1991 | When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard? |
1995 | When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published? |
perceptual limitation | What does the MP3 compression take advantage of? |
auditory masking | What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as? |
Alfred M. Mayer | Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible. |
1959 | When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer? |
critical bandwidths | The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else? |
The psychoacoustic masking codec | What was first proposed in 1979? |
United States | Which country were the researchers located in? |
Krasner | Who was the first to produce hardware for speech? |
linear predictive coding | What does LPC stand for? |
audio compression algorithms | What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications? |
Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain | What does OCF stand for? |
Perceptual Transform Coding | What does PXFM stand for? |
ASPEC | What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into? |
quality | Which competition did ASPEC win? |
Motorola 56000 DSP chips | What was the first practical implementation based on? |
doctoral | What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg? |
early 1980s | When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression? |
Erlangen-Nuremberg | Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at? |
Fraunhofer Society | Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression? |
1993 | When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute? |
Tom's Diner | What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3? |
Suzanne Vega | Who was the artist of the first song used? |
Karlheinz Brandenburg | Who adjusted the song? |
scheme | The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? |
subtlety | What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve? |
two | How many proposals were available in 1991? |
Musicam | Other than ASPEC what was another proposal? |
Netherlands | The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country? |
error robustness | Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal? |
sub-band coding | What was the Musican format based on? |
filter bank | What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II? |
Professor Musmann | Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard? |
Leon van de Kerkhof | Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I? |
Gerhard Stoll | Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II? |
ASPEC | What was the name given to the proposal? |
the highest coding efficiency | What did the joint proposal provide? |
AT&T Bell Laboratories | Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal? |
filter bank | What did the working group integrate their ideas with? |
Layer 2 | Where was the filter bank taken from? |
ASPEC | What did the working group take ideas from? |
MP3 | What did the working group eventually create? |
MP2 at 192 kbit/s | What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s? |
1991 | When were the algorithms approved? |
1992 | When were the approved algorithms finalized? |
MPEG-1 | What was the first started suite by MPEG? |
ISO/IEC 11172-3 | What was the official name of the internation standard? |
1993 | When was the international standard published? |
second suite | Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard? |
MPEG-2 | What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as? |
half | At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio? |
bitrate | Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half? |
MPEG-2 Part 3 | Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what? |
MPEG-2.5 audio | As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2? |
Fraunhofer IIS | Where was this extension developed? |
human speech | The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what? |
MPEG-2.5 | What is not an ISO recognized standard? |
proprietary | As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format? |
bit rate | What defines the compression efficiency of encoders? |
input | Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal? |
Compact Disc | What does CD stand for? |
Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP | Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references? |
compression ratios | What can CD parameters be used as references for? |
CD | What type of recording did Brandenburg use? |
the MP3 compression algorithm | What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine? |
monophonic | What word describes the nature of the song used? |
The mother of MP3 | As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what? |
EBU V3/SQAM | Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats? |
the ISO MPEG Audio committee | Who developed the reference simulation software? |
C | Which language was the reference simulation software written in? |
March 1994 | When was the reference software approved? |
1998 | When did the reference software become an international standard? |
real time hardware decoding | What could the reference software demonstrate? |
7 July 1994 | When was the first software MP3 encoder released? |
l3enc | What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder? |
.mp3 | What was the filename extension? |
WinPlay3 | What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player? |
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