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cc-by | Acknowledgments We thank the GAVI Alliance , through AVI-Technical Assistance Consortium , for support of the dosing landscape analysis from which many of the datasets included here were identified. An expert consultation meeting for the study held at WHO in September 2011 was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates... | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We thank the GAVI Alliance , through AVI-Technical Assistance Consortium , for support of the dosing landscape analysis from which many of the datasets included here were identified. An expert consultation meeting for the study held at WHO in September 2011 was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates... | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | The study was supported by grant ID# OPP1020720 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (http://www. gatesfoundation. org/Pages/home. aspx). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The manuscript coauthors and members of the Sero... | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | JE has served as a member of a data safety monitoring board (DSMB) for Novartis meningococcal and typhoid vaccines and participated in an advisory meeting of their pneumococcal protein vaccine in 2009. JE works at the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland , which has a research contract wi... | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Box 1. Dataset quality checks performedReview of Case Counts by Year and Age Group Are there dramatic changes in overall case counts from year to year that might not be explained by vaccine introduction?If yes: Clarify with co-investigator. Exclude if indicates changes in surveillance or bias that would affect the anal... | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Given this information, all detected particles in the event are reconstructed as electrons, muons, photons, neutral hadrons, or charged hadrons. For this paper, electrons and photons are required to have |η| < 2. 5, and muons, |η| < 2. 1. The leading hard-scattering vertex of the event is defined as the vertex whose tr... | 10.1103/physrevlett.111.211804 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | 8 (CA8 jets) to take advantage of the capability of the CA algorithm to distinguish jet substructure. Jets are required to satisfy |η| < 2. 4. Jets are identified as b-quark jets if they satisfy the combined secondary vertex algorithm defined in Ref. [31]. The data for the semi-leptonic resolved category were collected... | 10.1103/physrevlett.111.211804 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | The purpose of this classification is to separate the sample into regions dominated by different background processes. The events in the categories with fewer b-tagged jets have a higher fraction of W+jets events, whereas those with more b-tagged jets have a higher fraction of tt events. This characterization is used t... | 10.1103/physrevlett.111.211804 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Data and study area This study is based on daily rainfall amount recorded and simulated over Burkina Faso. The observed data over 1961-2009 period come from the national network of ten synoptic stations which are well spread over the country (Fig. 1 ). The advantage of this network is that all the stations present a da... | 10.1007/s00382-013-1837-2 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the '' Direction Nationale de la Meteorologie '' of Burkina Faso for the rainfall data and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the support to this study through the financial fond of ''Fond de Solidarite Prioritaire ''. We thank also the two anonymous reviewer... | 10.1007/s00382-013-1837-2 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-destructive autoimmune disease. Three composite indices evaluating the same 28 joints are commonly used for the evaluation of RA activity. However, the relationship between, and the frequency of, the joint involvements are still not fully understood. Here, we obtained and analyzed 1... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Many of the joints showed right-dominant tenderness (eleven of fourteen joints, p = 0. 057, binomial test), indicating mostly righthandedness. We found strong correlations for the affected rates of each joint between swellings and tenderness except for shoulder joints (Spearman's rank-sum coefficient, rho = 0. 70 and p... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Next we used eigen vectors of principal component analysis to assess the correlations of the 28 joints involvement. When we analyzed correlations of tenderness, eigen vectors revealed that PIP and MCP joints can be clearly distinguished from large joints and wrist joints (Figure 3A ). PIP joints and MCP joints turned ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Characterizing the relative affected frequency of each joint and analysis of correlation between joint symptoms are important to analyze the basic mechanisms of synovitis and to efficiently select the joints to predict future joint destruction. However, there is no detailed analysis to address the correlations between ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | When patients who were regularly classified into the first subgroup of patients characterized by no synovitis were removed, more than 60% of patients were still classified into regular subgroups (data not shown), indicating that the stable patterns were observed regardless of activity of RA. As joint destruction was in... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Ethics Statement Written informed consent to enroll in the database described below was obtained from most of the patients, but for some patients the information regarding the construction of this database was disclosed instead of obtaining written informed consent. Participants who were informed regarding the construc... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | The KURAMA database The KURAMA (Kyoto University Rheumatoid Arthritis Management Alliance) database was established in 2011 at Kyoto University to store detailed clinical information and specimens from patients with arthritis and arthropathy. The alliance is composed of rheumatic disease-associated departments in Kyoto... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Patients and data of joint assessment A total of 17,311 joint assessments from 1,314 patients with RA from 2005 to 2011 were obtained in a retrospective manner from the KURAMA database. All of the patients fulfilled ACR revised criteria for RA in 1987 [10] or ACR and EULAR classification criteria for RA in 2010 [16]... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Dominant destruction of joints was evaluated by paired-t test. Statistical analysis was performed by R software or SPSS (ver18). Figure S3 Three groups of joints regardless of different sets of RA patients. Analysis using one of four resampled assessments in one of the two sets of RA patients is shown as a representa... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We would like to thank to Mr. Wataru Yamamoto at Kurashiki Kosai Hospital for his excellent support to establish and maintain the KURAMA database. We also thank Drs Hisashi Yamanaka , Katsunori Ikari , and Ayako Nakajima at Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University for their ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | This study was supported by research grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (http://www. mt-pharma. co. jp/e/), Eisai Co. , Ltd. (http://www. eisai. co. jp/index. html), Abbott Japan Co. , Ltd. (http://www. abbott. co. jp/), Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. (http://www. chugai-pharm. co. jp/hc/ss/english/in... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059341 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Main experiment We recorded daphnids' behaviour when they had the choice between i) MC-strain vs water, ii) MC-free strain vs water, iii) pure MC-RR vs water, iv) S. obliquus vs water, v) MC-strain vs S. obliquus, vi) MC-free strain vs S. obliquus vii) MC-free strain vs MC-strain, and viii) water vs water as a control.... | 10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e37 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Statistical analysis Two types of analysis were done: i) comparisons of the distribution of daphnids between the treatments for each choice, and ii) comparisons of the distributions of daphnids between the first and the last choices. We used Fisher's exact test with R software. Fisher's exact test is used in the analys... | 10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e37 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Selma Maloufi for her help with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) assay, David Carmignac for his assistance during our main experiment, and Minus van Baalen for helpful comments on the manuscript. | 10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e37 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Numerical results We consider an aircraft landing by fixing initial and final flight conditions as follow: 0 • ≤ α ≤ +20 • -10 • ≤ χ ≤ +10 • -5 • ≤ μ ≤ +5 • -10 • ≤ φ ≤ +20 • -60 km ≤ x(t) ≤ 0 km -10 km ≤ y(t) ≤ +10 km 0 ≤ t ≤ +10 min 0 • ≤ γ ≤ γ max = f ree 85 m/s ≤ V (t) ≤ V max = f ree 0. 2 ≤ δ x (t) ≤ δ x max = f r... | 10.1007/s12544-013-0106-0 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The type of aircraft was recorded; it has been collected in real-time for each flight. In this paper, we present data recorded under flight path at a lateral distance of 2 km to the touchdown point. This measurement point corresponds to the certification point of the aircraft. The stability of atmospheric conditions wa... | 10.1007/s12544-013-0106-0 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Ambient noise, including both an acoustical background and electrical noise of the measurement system was recorded for 10 minutes a day with the system gain set at the levels used for the aircraft noise measurements. The recorded aircraft noise data is acceptable according to international standards. The exclusion crit... | 10.1007/s12544-013-0106-0 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | In addition, comparison between models provided 10 % and 20 % of F C Nonoptimal -F C Opt J Nonoptimal and F C Opt -F C P IM J Opt. This fuel consumption could be in favor of optimal flight path. Models describing engine parameters during flight operations in different conditions are not often published in the open lite... | 10.1007/s12544-013-0106-0 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Offspecular HREELS data may provide insights on the antisymmetric stretch modes too, and show indeed slightly lower frequencies. In agreement with experiment, the computations give a lower frequency for the anti-symmetric modes compared with the symmetric stretch ones of the Si1a-H bond. The computed Si2a-H(D) stretch ... | 10.1038/ncomms3800 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | 7 , this leaves reactive dangling bonds inside the nanotunnel, which could be used to trap other species of interest. After nanotunnel opening, the computed properties of the three-nanotunnel structures are in remarkable agreement with a range of experimental data and there is no experimental evidence, which would be i... | 10.1038/ncomms3800 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | Valence-band SR-PES experiments are performed at 300 K, using the ultrahigh vacuum photoemission experimental station of the TEMPO beam line connected through an ondulator to the light emitted by the third generation synchrotron radiation SOLEIL light source. The diameter of the SR beam and the size of the photoelectro... | 10.1038/ncomms3800 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | The Kohn-Sham equations are solved with the all-electron frozen-core projector augmented wave method 64 as implemented in the Vienna ab-initio Simulation Package [65] [66] [67] and integrated in the MedeA s computational environment 67. Locally stable equilibrium structures are determined by minimizing energy and ... | 10.1038/ncomms3800 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements This work has been supported in part by the EU-RU. NET European Pilot Project, by Compagnia San Paolo and by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche through the ANR-P2 Nano MetroGraph Project. P. S. acknowledges the support of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) under the short-... | 10.1038/ncomms3800 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | e. scattering + absorption), and (iii) the spectral dependence of these optical parameters, calculated in terms of Angström Exponent (AE) or Absorption Angström Exponent (AAE) in the case of optical depth or absorption optical depth, respectively: AAE = log(AOD λ1 /AOD λ2 )/ log(λ 2 /λ 1 ) and AAE (1) = log(AAOD λ1 /AA... | 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Finally, over Barcelona, even if the mean value is near unity, indicating that BC aerosol is the main contributor to absorption, a large range of AAE is also observed, with maxima around 1. 6. In such a case, organic particles could participate to the absorption of solar radiation as suggested by Shinozuka et al. (200... | 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Conclusions A multi-year climatology of column-effective aerosol absorption properties obtained over the Mediterranean from AERONET ground-based remote-sensing observations is presented. The focus of this study was on characterizing Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), and their s... | 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Sun-photometer level-2 data analysis indicates a possible AAE regional gradient, with higher values obtained over the eastern basin (AAE East = 1. 39/AAE West = 1. 33). In parallel, the North-South AAE gradient is more pronounced, especially over the western basin, with AAE North and AAE South of about 1. 22 and 1. 77,... | 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This work was undertaken is the framework of the MISTRALS/ChArMEx program. We acknowledge the AERONET and PHOTONS sun-photometer networks and the PIs of the 22 selected stations and their staff for their work to produce the dataset used in this study. This research has received funding from the Fren... | 10.5194/acp-13-9195-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0. 13 mm yr -2 in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (-0. 18 mm yr -2 ), although these tren... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | e. computed with LSMs within a global model assimilating mostly atmospheric observations). The general main geographical structures related to the principal climatic regimes are present in all products, but relatively large differences in the absolute values among some of the products were observed (Mueller et al. , 2... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | However, the behavior of the LandFlux-EVAL data sets with respect to ET trends or multi-annual variations has not yet been investigated. Knowledge of the temporal changes of ET is important since it is a major component of the global water cycle. As the variability of water vapour is negligible at the global scale, the... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Besides precipitation and temperature, radiation is an important forcing for ET. Studies on trends in radiative forcing do not agree well. Wild and Liepert (2010) for example noted a brightening since the 1990s, while Romanou et al. (2007) found a slight dimming. An evaluation of radiation data sets can be found in ... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Merged benchmark synthesis products of evapotranspiration We present here new multi-year merged synthesis products based on the analyses of existing land ET data sets that were available to us at the time of writing and fully cover one or both of the two studied time periods. A first product spans the time period 1989-... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The output statistics for each of the merged synthesis products are: Mean, median, 25th-percentile, 75th-percentile, interquartile range, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values of the ensemble of underlying data sets. All products are available in monthly and yearly temporal resolution, and as multi-year sta... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 2006). In GLEAM, the calculation of ET is based on the Priestley-Taylor equation and the Gash analytical model of forest rainfall interception (Miralles et al. , 2011b). The model discriminates the different evapotranspiration components, i. e. interception, bare soil evaporation, transpiration and sublimation, and ... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Overview of ET data sets, including their ET scheme or land-surface schemes (LSS), along with the number of soil layers, precipitation forcing data set and atmospheric forcing variables. Model names with a star are classified as global hydrological models (GHMs, see text). Forcing variables are P : precipitation; T : a... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 2 , the absolute ET trend change is very small and the interannual variations nearly vanish. The reason for the large IQRs and standard deviations are the large differences in the absolute ET values of the single data sets. The IQRs and standard deviations based on the yearly anomalies of the underlying data sets (i. e... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Single data sets The temporal variations of the 14 single data sets contributing to the long merged synthesis products are shown in Fig. 3 (top right and bottom panels). In these analyses of single data sets, we excluded unrealistically high ET values, setting a threshold of 4560 mm yr -1 (12. 5 mm d -1 ). The LSMs (b... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Precipitation forcing The 1989-1995 global mean land ET of each data set contributing to the synthesis product (short) is plotted against precipitation in Fig. 5. The precipitation value was taken from the forcing data of the respective ET data set as listed in Table 2. If precipitation was not available (for some Tab... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Conclusions The intensity of the hydrological cycle determines the water availability and influences the climate system in various ways. Despite these important implications of possible changes in the hydrological cycle and with that, in ET, a global benchmark ET data set has long been missing. In the framework of the ... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | In addition, it is still unclear whether this signal corresponds to a long-term trend or decadal variability. Finally, because of the reliance of all ET data sets on atmospheric input data sets, the influence of spurious trends in these data sets cannot be excluded. Large uncertainties in absolute values of ET are foun... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | B. Mueller et al. : Evapotranspiration benchmark products In summary, we have presented here the first benchmark synthesis products for monthly, global land ET estimates. A reproduction of a negative trend in global ET during 1998-2005 with these benchmark synthesis products supports previous findings of a declining gl... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. The LandFlux-EVAL project was coordinated under the Global Energy and Water Exchanges ( GEWEX) LandFlux initiative. We also acknowledge the support of the Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study , iLEAPS, in the development of the synthesis products. CRU data were obtained from the Un... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Mueller et al. : Evapotranspiration benchmark products 3715. The reason for smaller uncertainties in ET than in precipitation could B. 300 250 250 200 800 1000 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 age 400mm/yr) Precipitation (average 487mm/yr) Precipitation (average 455mm/yr) Global land mean 750 12 ... | 10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 2011). Samples were collected during the first year of the expedition from the Strait of Gibraltar, through the Mediterranean and Red Sea, down to the middle of the Indian Ocean (Table 1 ). Some marine regions under-represented in previous metagenomic studies are included in this sample set, such as those from the A... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Sampling and DNA extraction At the end of March 2012, a 2. 5-year circum-global expedition was completed onboard Tara, an arctic exploration schooner modified for global marine research with innovative systems for multiscale sampling of planktonic communities. During the expedition, planktonic organisms ranging in size... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Metagenomic sequence data All sequencing libraries were created using the Roche-454 Rapid Library kit (Roche Applied Science, Meylan, France). The input for nebulization used 500 ng of extracted DNA. Each library was indexed to avoid cross-contamination and sequenced on one-eighth to one-half of a GS-FLX Titanium plate... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Small eukaryotic algae were identified in plots of side scatter vs FL3, and FL2 vs FL3 (Olson et al. , 1993) , and excluded in the enumeration of phototrophic prokaryotes. Data analysis was performed with the Paint-A-Gate software (Becton and Dickinson). The abundance of prokaryotic cells was based on the enumerations... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Marker genes Sixteen NCLDV marker genes were selected from the 1445 clusters of NCLDV orthologs, represented in the NCVOG database (Yutin et al. , 2009). These marker genes were selected based on their conservation in nearly all known NCLDV genomes (four markers) or in a majority of viruses from the two major marine N... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | This Pplacer approach was used also for the phylogenetic analysis of the reads assigned to the Megaviridae and oomycetes taxonomic nodes. For the visualization of phylogenetic trees, we used Archaeopteryx (Han and Zmasek, 2009) , FigTree (http://tree. bio. ed. ac. uk/software/figtree/) and MEGA version 5. 1 (Tamura e... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Reads without any HSPs at an E-valuep10 À 5 were classified as 'no hits'. For each read with at least one significant HSP, the subsequence of the UniProt subject fragment aligned in the best scoring B1 HSP was used as a second BLAST (B2; BLASTp) query against the same UniProt database. All the B2 database hits with an ... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | For the latter case, we used BLASTp for B1 (instead of BLASTx) against a customized reference database (that is, a subset of UniProt) with enriched taxonomic annotations for NCLDVs. The use of two protein reference databases in this study merely reflects the period when the computation was performed. | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Co-occurrence analysis The 712 taxa  17 samples matrix from above was first filtered to exclude taxa with o5 total reads, reducing the matrix to 609 taxa. To normalize the read counts with respect to varying sequencing depth across samples, the number of reads in each cell of the matrix was divided by the total number... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) analysis To identify potential HGTs between Megaviridae and oomycetes, comprehensive proteome databases for each taxon were assembled as follows. The Megaviridae proteome database contained all 6678 publically available peptides for M. chilensis (1120 peptides), Megavirus courdo7 (1139 pe... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 2008) , Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (14 937 ORFs) (Baxter et al. , 2010) , Pythium ultimum (14 224 peptides) (Levesque et al. , 2010) , as well as Hyaloperonospora parasitica (6452 peptides), Phytophthora infestans (14 580 peptides), Phytophthora ramorum (10 892 peptides), Phytophthora sojae (13 995 peptides) an... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Potential HGTs between Megaviridae and cellular proteins were first approximated by reciprocal best BLAST hits computed by a method similar to the one described by Ogata et al. (2006). Briefly, the best cellular homolog in the UniRef100 þ stramenopiles database was first identified for each Megaviridae peptide (BLASTp... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The hosts of the latter viruses are distributed widely in the classification of eukaryotes: C. roenbergensis (stramenopiles; Bicosoecida), P. orientalis (Viridiplantae; Chlorophyta; Prasinophyceae), P. pouchetii (Haptophyceae; Phaeocystales) and Haptolina ericina (formerly C. ericina; Haptophyceae; Prymnesiales). Inter... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | A vast majority (73-99%) of the sequences turned out to be 'novel' when they were searched against the UniProt sequence database (Figure 5 ). Similarly, searches against the GOS sequence database revealed that large proportions (36-76%) of the TOP marker gene homologs were 'unseen' in this previous large-scale marine ... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Correlated abundance of MutS protein subfamilies with Megaviridae abundance Two recently identified subfamilies of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS are specific to a set of viruses with large genomes (Ogata et al. , 2011). The MutS7 and/or MutS8 subfamilies are encoded in all the known members of the Megaviridae famil... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | In total, we identified 78 reads similar to MutS (68 and 10 reads for MutS7 and MutS8, respectively) in 13 samples (Supplementary Figure S6a ). If these MutS genes originate from putative Megaviridae viruses detected by our marker gene method, we expect to see a correlation in their abundance across samples. We tested... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Oomycetes or their stramenopile relatives co-occur with marine Megaviridae To test whether the present data set might serve to identify potential hosts of marine NCLDVs, we assessed association of taxon occurrences ('co-occurences' and 'co-exclusions') across samples using the whole set of the TOP metagenomic reads. We... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The discrepancy between the two lists was due to the higher intrinsic stringency of the second method, as well as to the specific photic-OMZ contrasts, which were only taken into account by the first method. Some of the inferred taxon associations simply reflected uncertainty in the taxonomic assignments, such as the a... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Despite their short sizes (B100 aa) and large evolutionary distances from database homologs, many of these reads appeared related to stramenopiles (12 out of 19 cases), including six cases showing distant yet specific relationships to known oomycete sequences (Supplementary Figures S7-1 --S7-12). For the remaining sev... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | The tree was mid-point rooted for visualization purpose. The grouping of the Megaviridae and oomycete sequences suggests a gene exchange between the lineage leading to Megaviridae and the lineage leading to oomycetes. Phylogenetic trees for the remaining five putative cases of horizontal gene transfers between these li... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | 3% of bacterial abundance (Caron et al. , 1995). Therefore, the predicted NCLDV genome abundance by the present study suggests that NCLDVs equal or even outnumber eukaryotic organisms in the photic layer of the sea. In other words, our suggested NCLDV/ eukaryote ratio is not unlike the ratio of phage/ bacteria in seaw... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Isolation of new viruses requires host cultures. Among known hosts of NCLDVs, amoebas of the Acanthamoeba genus have been the most efficient laboratory hosts to isolate new NCLDVs from aquatic samples (Arslan et al. , 2011 , Boyer et al. , 2009 , La Scola et al. , 2010 , Thomas et al. , 2011). Taxon association analys... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | , 1987). Taken together, these observations lead us to hypothesize that there is a yet unrecognized close interaction between Megaviridae and stramenopiles (distantly related to oomycetes), either as a direct virus/host couple (Monier et al. , 2009) or through co-infection of a common third partner (Ogata et al. , 2... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank the coordinators and members of the Tara Oceans consortium (http://www. embl. de/tara-oceans/start/)for organizing sampling and data analysis. We thank the commitment of the following people and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, EMBL, Genoscope/CEA, VIB , Stazione ... | 10.1038/ismej.2013.59 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Thirty of them had practiced sport at high level (>6 h per week) for more than six years before the symptoms had occurred and no history of severe infection was reported by their practitioners. In twenty five patients, who did not regularly practice any sport, severe infection (H1N1 influenza: 5; pneumonia: 7; encephal... | 10.4236/ojim.2013.33023 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Physiological Measurements The functional examinations at rest consisted in ECG recording, measurements of the arterial blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer, the percutaneous measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) using an infrared analyser (Nellcor model N3000, Tx, USA), and ventilation and respirat... | 10.4236/ojim.2013.33023 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Statistical Analyses Data are presented as means + standard error (SE). An independent Student's t-test was performed to compare the baseline levels of biochemicals between the two groups of CFS patients and control subjects. For temporally repeated data during rest, exercise, and recovery periods, the changes over tim... | 10.4236/ojim.2013.33023 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | This approach avoids uncertainties due to wave height or wind direction because laser altimetry measures vertical height with high precision over dry land. Finally complementary analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surfaces from 2000 to 2012 combined with bathymetry gives water levels and s... | 10.3390/rs6010407 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Data Through the USGS GLOVIS images archive [21] 18 cloud free scenes from Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 5 TM were selected between 1999 and 2008 (Section 3. 2). All selected Landsat scenes have Standard Terrain Correction (Level 1T). Image projection is UTM zone 19N, with 30 × 30 m of ground resolution. Since the first... | 10.3390/rs6010407 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | It provides laser footprint geolocation and surface elevations determined with ice sheet specific algorithms [25]. Elevation values are referred to the T/P ellipsoid. GLA14 dataset showing only 1/3 of available flyovers was discarded. | 10.3390/rs6010407 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Manual adjustment of the threshold could achieve a more accurate result in the water delineation [27, 33, 34]. Co-registered water masks were sorted by decreasing surface order and then superposed. Any incoherencies between consecutive masks, e. g. , when a lower surface contour exceeded a greater surface contour, wer... | 10.3390/rs6010407 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Bathymetry The bathymetry reconstruction was performed with Matlab functions: TriScatteredInterp function [47] , allowing interpolation on a regular grid from irregularly scattered points, and MeshGrid function for grid meshing [48]. A 5 × 5 pixel median filter was applied to smooth irregularities and remove artifact... | 10.3390/rs6010407 | article | en | 2,013 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements F. B and F. P. thank M. Bernard and S. Majrab for technical support and B. Jusserand for fruitful discussion. F. P. acknowledges funding from C' NANO IDF 2009 (SPIN-WAVEDYN ) and ANR 2007 (GOSPININFO). F. B. is supported by a Fondation CFM-JP Aguilar grant. I. D'A. acknowledges support from EPS... | 10.1051/epjconf/20134018002 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Under this definition, trigger efficiencies can be determined from data using the procedure described in Ref. [11]. The ratio of reconstruction and selection efficiencies between K 0 S → µ + µ -and K 0 S → π + π -decays is evaluated in bins of p T and rapidity of the K 0 S meson using simulated events reweighted in ord... | 10.1007/jhep01(2013)090 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | • The branching fraction of the normalisation channel B(K 0 S → π + π -) = (69. 20 ± 0. 05)% [4] ; its uncertainty affects coherently the signal expectations of the forty bins of the analysis. • The absolute TOS efficiency, for which the systematic uncertainty is obtained from the comparison to simulation (around 15%,... | 10.1007/jhep01(2013)090 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and at the LHCb institutes, and acknowledge support from the National Agencies: CAPES , CNPq , FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil... | 10.1007/jhep01(2013)090 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | Since we are lacking ice thickness information, the investigation is limited to the determination of area fluxes derived from state-of-the-art satellite ice motion and ice concentration information. Below we examine how the ice export in the Laptev Sea changed throughout the past two decades and identify the governing ... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Dataset description and validation The ice area flux out of the Laptev Sea into the Transpolar Drift and East Siberian Sea is calculated based on ice drift velocities and ice concentration at the northern boundary (NB) Taymyr polynya and the North-Eastern Taymyr (NET) polynya. Color coding corresponds to the sea ice co... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Sea ice drift dataset Sea ice drift can be estimated using various techniques between time lag satellite images (e. g. Emery et al. , 1991; Kwok and Rothrock. , 1999; Girard-Ardhuin and Ezraty, 2012). Ice drift information obtained from satellites has been applied in various studies to examine Arctic-wide spatial trend... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | (2011) through a comparison with in situ measurements. The best performance was found in the ice drift product provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) via the Center for Satellite Exploitation and Research (CERSAT) at the Institut francais de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer), France. Hence, in the... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | , 2011b,a). Overall 12 monthly ice drift estimates are available. The comparison with the Ifremer dataset was done by interpolating Ifremer estimates to the locations of SAR ice drift retrieval. The www. the-cryosphere. net/7/1/2013/ The Cryosphere, 7, 1-15, 2013 agreement between Ifremer data and manually extracted En... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | However, in Sect. 3 we identify the origin of sea ice leaving the Laptev Sea in late winter by means of a backtracking approach. Therefore the quality of the Ifremer data in shore areas is checked through a comparison with ice drift estimates taken from long-term moorings equipped with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Results We present ice flux estimates at the northern and eastern Laptev Sea boundaries computed from Ifremer ice drift information. In order to assess the relative consistency and to quantify the importance of Laptev Sea ice export for the total Arctic sea ice budget, the results are compared with flux estimates from ... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The correlation coefficient between summer ice coverage and winter ice area flux (February to May) is R = -0. 65. The figure indicates that years of above-average ice export are generally characterized by below-average summer ice extent and vice versa (e. g. 2004 and 2005). Including ice advection that took place befo... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements. This work was carried out as part of the Russian-German cooperation "System Laptev Sea ", funded by the BMBF under grant 03G0639A and the Alfred Wegener Institute. We thank the European Commission as part of the project ArcRisk "Arctic Health Risks: impacts on health in the Arctic and Europe ... | 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013 | article | en | 2,013 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | The upper unit is disturbed and has anomalous organic matter content, grain size and mineralogy. It is interpreted as an earthquake-induced sedimentary event. The 2. 5-m-long AT2007LG core comprises four sequences, and four sedimentary events. Radiogenic 210 Pb and 137 Cs data obtained previously imply that the shallow... | 10.4401/ag-5460 | article | en | 2,013 | true | false | false | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
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