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e3b50d30-1a54-46c5-9027-9ccfae966c65 | Females. Under 1 year. From 1 to 5 years. Total under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry. Professional Class, Merchants, Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes, &c. I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 52 24 28 11 38 49 3 . . . . . . 51 Scarlet Fever 3 2 1 . 2 2 1 . . . . . . 3 Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever 5 2 3 . . . 1 2 2 . . . |
64412bdd-2521-440d-b285-0d787b182e18 | 1 4 Puerperal Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diphtheria 20 12 8 1 14 15 5 . . . . . 1 19 Whooping Cough 41 16 25 20 20 40 1 . . . . . . 41 Erysipelas 4 1 3 1 . 1 . . 2 1 . . . 4 Diarrhœa, Dysentery & Cholera 76 33 43 58 11 69 . . 2 5 1 1 6 68 Influenza 6 4 2 . . . . 1 4 1 . . . 6 Other Zymotic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35db8ec3-8b7f-4c73-b46b-7981711add73 | Total of Zymotic Diseases 209 94 113 91 85 176 11 3 10 7 1 1 9 196 II. Constitutional. Gout 3 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 2 1 ... 1 1 Rheumatism 7 2 5 1 ... 1 2 2 1 1 ... ... ... 7 Cancer & other Tumours 50 14 36 ... ... ... ... ... 35 15 3 1 8 38 Other Constitutional Diseases 5 2 3 4 ... 4 ... ... 1 ... ... ... 1 4 T ubercular. Phthisis 102 55 47 3 2 5 4 16 74 3 ... 2 7 93 Other Tubercular Diseases 46 24 22 24 16 40 3 1 2 ... ... ... 3 43 III. |
4fa1ff29-aea5-479c-860a-def39774610a | Local. |
897dce30-4ec0-4dcf-8845-0d4b7378f55b | Nervous 94 48 46 29 17 46 5 1 25 17 1 1 10 82 Circulatory 91 41 50 ... 1 1 7 3 52 28 1 2 5 83 Respiratory 184 96 88 52 41 93 5 2 46 38 3 1 10 170 Digestive 80 30 5o 45 6 51 5 ... 18 6 1 2 5 72 Urinary 31 17 14 ... ... ... ... 3 22 6 ... ... 5 26 Generative 7 ... 7 ... ... ... ... 2 5 ... ... ... ... 7 Locomotory 1 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... 1 Integumentary 1 1 1 ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... 2 IV. |
2d267017-81c8-4827-886a-f440eff57ec6 | Developmental. Premature Birth, Low Vitality, and Congenital Defects 165 90 75 165 ... 165 ... ... ... ... ... 5 7 153 Old Age 64 29 35 ... ... ... ... ... 2 62 4 1 5 54 V. Violence 47 31 16 16 2 18 4 1 12 12 ... ... 1 46 VI. All other Diseases 6 2 4 1 ... 1 ... 1 3 1 ... ... 2 4 Totals 1192 579 613 431 170 601 46 35 312 198 15 16 79 1082 22 TABLE VIII. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. [Parishioners,] 1897. Total Deaths from each Class of Disease, &c., in the Sub-District. |
ddea03b9-d689-40d4-92f5-d3b59336bccf | Sex. Age. Social Position Males. Females. Under 1 year. From 1 to 5 years. All under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 1 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry. Professional Class. Merchants. Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Classes. I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scarlet Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9a1e2047-64ad-4dcc-9966-e79b1275db18 | Puerperal Fever 1 . 1 . . . . 1 . . . . . 1 Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whooping Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysipelas 2 . 2 . . . . . . 2 . . . 2 Diarrhœa, Dysentery & Cholera 3 . 3 1 . 1 . . . 2 . . . 3 Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Zymotic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total of Zymotic Class 6 . 6 1 . 1 . 1 . 4 . . . 6 II. Constitutional. |
0283a901-8187-4a55-b484-5538c8fdd151 | Gout 2 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... 2 Rheumatism 5 2 3 ... ... ... ... ... 4 1 ... ... ... 5 Cancer & other Tumours 9 2 7 ... ... ... ... ... 3 6 ... ... ... 9 Other Constitutional Diseases 3 1 2 2 ... 2 ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... 3 Tubercular. Phthisis 43 34 9 ... ... ... 1 2 39 1 ... ... ... 43 Other Tubercular Diseases 1 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... 1 III. Local. |
b14a45d1-b22d-4172-81ec-52f917044be0 | Nervous 25 15 10 ... 1 1 ... ... 15 9 ... ... ... 25 Circulatory 17 6 11 ... ... ... ... 2 12 3 ... ... ... 17 Respiratory 32 16 16 1 1 2 ... 1 16 13 ... ... ... 32 Digestive 9 6 3 5 ... 5 1 ... 3 ... ... ... ... 9 Urinary 6 4 2 ... ... ... ... ... 4 2 ... ... ... 6 Generative ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Locomotory 3 ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... 2 1 ... ... ... 3 Integumentary 2 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... 2 IV.Developmental. |
7073e8fb-a34e-43fe-97c8-ce7e04d1f511 | Premature Birth, Low Vitality and Congenital Defects 1 ... 1 1 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Old Age 27 12 15 ... ... ... ... ... ... 27 ... ... ... 27 V. Violence 6 4 2 ... ... ... 1 ... ... 5 ... ... ... 6 VI. All other Diseases ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Totals 197 106 91 10 2 12 3 6 104 72 ... ... ... 97 23 TABLE IX. STATISTICS OF MORTALITY. Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. [Non-Parishioners,] 1897. Total Deaths from each Class of Disease. &c., in the Sub-District. Sex. Age. Social Position Males. Females. Under 1 year. |
e4b1bbf8-747e-47a3-9ca3-f9181e6a7d72 | From 1 to 5 years. Total under 5 years. From 5 to 15 years. From 15 to 25 years. From 25 to 65 years. 65 years and upwards. Nobility and Gentry. Professional Class, Merchants, Bankers, &c. Middle and Trading Class, Shopmen, Clerks, &c. Industrial and Labouring Class. I. Zymotic. Small-pox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scarlet Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typhus Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enteric Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerperal Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . |
06accdfe-4d57-40fa-af00-94fa705944a8 | . . . . Whooping Cough 5 5 . 3 2 5 . . . . . . . 5 Erysipelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diarrhoea, Dysentery & Cholera 1 . 1 1 . 1 . . . . . . . 1 Influenza 1 1 . . . . . . 1 . . . . 1 Other Zymotic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total of Zymotic Diseases 7 6 1 4 2 6 . . 1 . . . . 7 II. Constitutional. |
c3eb390e-d087-415a-ad3a-be396fc96b30 | Gout ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Rheumatism 6 2 4 ... ... ... ... ... 1 5 ... ... ... 6 Cancer & other Tumours 16 7 9 ... ... ... ... ... 8 8 ... ... ... 16 Other Constitutional Diseases 4 2 2 4 ... 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Tubercular. Phthisis 23 16 7 ... ... ... ... ... 21 2 ... ... ... 23 Other Tubercular Diseases 2 1 1 1 1 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 III. Local. |
8649c112-6cf9-4898-84be-3d00e62fc2a8 | Nervous 4 18 23 1 1 ... 1 3 21 14 ... ... ... 41 Circulatory 40 14 26 ... ... ... ... 1 16 23 ... ... ... 40 Respiratory 41 29 12 2 ... ... ... 1 21 17 ... ... ... 41 Digestive 19 7 12 14 1 15 ... ... 3 1 ... ... ... 19 Urinary 3 2 1 ... ... ... ... 1 2 ... ... ... ... 3 Generative 2 ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 ... ... ... 2 Locomotory ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Integumentary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... IV. Developmental. |
27d8ea1a-34d9-484e-9254-f052c0116d94 | Premature Birth, Low Vitality, Congenital Defects ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Old Age 29 12 17 ... ... ... ... ... 2 27 ... ... ... 29 V. Violence 6 5 1 ... ... ... ... 1 3 2 ... ... ... 6 VI. All other Diseases ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Totals 239 121 118 26 5 31 1 7 100 100 ... ... ... 239 24 Particulars of deaths in Public Institutions within the Parish other than the Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary. Parishioners. |
b24013fc-a528-40df-abab-9e3757458e9a | Bolingbroke Hospital Male 20 years Accident—fracture of skull ,, ,, Male 50 years Brain ,, ,, Male 70 years Accident—run over ,, ,, Male 30 years Justifiable homicide —fracture of skull ,, „ Male 32 years Accident—fall ,, „ Male 24 years Accident—run over ,, „ Male 26 years „ —poisoning ,, ,, Female21/12 years Digestive ,, ,, Male 1 year Accident—burns ,, „ Female 13 years Accident—fall ,, „ Male 83 years Accident—run over Non-Parishioners. |
2fd3e8ad-f7fd-4700-9f50-40a33f088658 | Bolingbroke Hospital Female 24 years Generative „ „ Male 37 years Accident—fall ,, ,, Male 52 years Accident—fall ,, ,, Female 50 years Cancer ,, ,, Male 26 years Accident—fall ,, ,, Male 5 years Accident—run over ,, ,, Male 39 years Accident—fall „ ,, Male 23 years Accident—fall ,, ,, Male 5 years Accident—run over ,, ,, Male 30 years Heart ,, ,, Female 12 years Tubercular disease Westminster Union Schools Male 20/12 years Bronchitis Of the deaths under one year, two hundred and eighty-six were from premature birth, malformation, or low vitality at birth, nearly one-third of the total number of deaths recorded at that age. 25 All deaths under five years, the infantile period of life, were equal to forty-six per cent. of the total deaths. |
77ccfe25-c858-43e2-bb2f-5800ac336462 | This is an improvement even upon that which has been maintained during recent years; formerly sixty per cent, of the total deaths were usually under five years, showing an immense saving of infantile life, which can only be ascribed to the improved sanitation which has prevailed in this parish for many years. At the other extreme of life, four hundred and sixty-four persons died above sixty-five years of age, including the deaths of aged parishioners in the Union Infirmary, where the deaths of one hundred and seventy-two aged non-parishioners also took place. In public institutions outside the parish twenty-six Battersea people died above sixty-five years, making a total of three hundred and eighty-eight parishioners dying at this advanced age. |
b95ead37-73f2-4f79-b350-5e9c210a2587 | Table B. This, the second table prescribed by the Local Government Board, contains particulars of the population, births, notifications of infectious disease in the several localities and various public institutions (themselves treated as separate localities), situated within the parish, and the cases of infectious disease removed from their homes in these several localities for treatment in the Metropolitan Asylums Board isolation hospitals. The cases of erysipelas are mostly removed to the Infirmary of the Wandsworth and Clapham Union, situated on St. John's Hill, within the parish, as also cases of puerperal fever, other hospitals not providing accommodation for these two diseases. It will be observed that the several localities and institutions have populations assigned to them. The out-door districts of East and West Battersea have populations based upon the ascertained increase of population during the last inter-censal period, while the institutions have the census populations of 1896 given. |
ab5534c0-fe68-4498-bdff-a0c025b7ffeb | Table B of Population, Births, and of New Cases of Infectious Disease coming to the knowledge of the Medical Officer of Health, during the Year 1897 in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Battersea, Classified according to Diseases, Ages and Localitities; Names of localities adopted for the purpose of these statistics. Public Instituions being shown as separate localities. Population at all ages. Registered Births. Aged under 5 or over 5. New cases of Sickness in each Locality coming to the knowledge of the Medical Officer of Health. Number of such Cases removed from their homes in the several localities for treatment in Isolation Hospital. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Small Pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Membranous Croup. FEVERS. |
eb628be0-f9b0-4402-9cd2-e5a9a5c42a87 | Cholera. Erysipelas. Small Pox. Scarlatina. Diphtheria. Membranous Croup. FEVERS. Cholera. Erysipelas. Typhus. Enteric or Typhoid. Continued. Relapsing. Puerperal. Typhus. Enteric or Typhoid. Continued. Relapsing. Puerperal. Census. 1896. Estimated to middle of 1897. East Battersea 71,730 72,875 2,431 Under 5 . 246 118 5 . 4 . . . . 12 . 169 64 2 . . . . . . . 5 upwards 3 461 277 9 . 34 . . 1 1 105 1 269 95 . . 11 . . . . 2 West Battersea 91, |
eb0ea272-60ed-4442-a29a-ae475ef08f39 | 928 94,446 2,835 Under 5 . 252 71 2 . 5 . . . . 4 . 169 37 . . 2 . . . . . 5 upwards 2 641 131 . 1 52 . . 6 . 86 . 404 60 . . 32 . . 1 . 12 Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary 708 708 . Under 5 . 3 . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 . . . . . . . 5 upwards . 8 . . . . . . . . 17 . 8 . . . . . . . Bolingbroke Hospital 39 39 . Under 5 5 upwards Westminster Union Schools 183 183 . Under 5 3 3 5 upwards 6 1 6 1 Masonic School, Battersea Rise 316 316 . Under 5 5 upwards 1 Emanuel School, |
dd1d17a8-7856-464b-9ef1-05102ea4c45c | Battersea Rise 211 211 . Under 5 5 upwards Totals 165,115 168,778 5.266 Under 5 504 189 7 9 17 344 101 2 2 5 upwards 5 1117 409 9 1 86 7 1 208 1 687 156 43 1 14 27 TABLE X. Particulars of Infectious Cases Notified during the year 1897. Small Pox Scarlatina Diphtheria and Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Enteric Fever Continued Fever Relapsing Fever Puerperal Fever Cholera Erysipelas totals. Cases Notified. 5 1621 614 1 95 ... ... 7 1 225 2569 Deaths at Home. ... 7 52 ... 8 ... ... 2 ... 9 78 TABLE XI. |
b21dc396-c3db-40ab-bad9-ed5e68cb4a0d | Particulars of Cases of Infectious Disease removed to Hospital. Small Pox Scarlatina Diphtheria and Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Enteric Fever Continued Fever Relapsing Fever Puerperal Fever Cholera Erysipelas totals Cases removed to Hospitals. 1 1031 259 ... 45 ... ... 1 ... 14 1351 Deaths in Hospital. ... 40 56 ... 10 ... ... 1 ... 2 109 28 Below will be found a synopsis of the notifications received during the year, with removals to hospital:— Notified. Removed to Hospital. |
bf38b0bf-873f-41d8-85df-09916731982c | Small Pox 5 1 Scarlatina 1,621 1,031 Diphtheria and Membranous Croup 614 259 Typhus Fever 1 — Enteric Fever 95 45 Continued Fever — — Relapsing Fever — — Puerperal Fever 7 1 Cholera 1 — Erysipelas 225 14 2,569 1,351 Ages:— Under 5 years 726 449 5 years and upwards 1,843 902 2,569 1,351 Where occurring:— East Battersea 1,276 613 West Battersea 1,253 717 Union Infirmary 29 11 Bolingbroke Hospital — — Westminster Schools 10 10 Masonic School 1 — 2,569 1,351 29 The various Hospitals to which the cases were removed are as follows:— Asylums Board Hospitals. Victoria Hospital. St. Thomas's Hospital. St. |
461ad8f8-41c4-46e6-8c82-764dfa9ae007 | George's Hospital. London Fever Hospitals. Wandsworth & Clapham Union Infirmary. Small-Pox. Five cases of Small-Pox were notified during 1897; of these, four were not genuine cases of the disease, but of other diseases difficult to differentiate in the early stages. The genuine case was removed to the Small-Pox ship at Erith. The patient was a man employed at the Docks, where the disease was probably contracted. As there have been complaints that persons suffering from this and other infectious diseases have been conveyed in public conveyances, the following notice has been issued to those concerned, such as cabmen and conductors of tram cars and omnibuses. The Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea.—Notice to owners of public conveyances, drivers, &c.—The Vestry of the Parish of St. Mary, Battersea, desire to draw the attention of the public to sec. 70, of the Public Health (London) Act, |
eaa697c8-e23d-4a18-9322-7ebb031c63e6 | 1891, which enacts that it shall not be lawful for any owner or driver of a public conveyance knowingly to convey, or for any other person knowingly to place in any public conveyance a person suffering from any dangerous infectious disease, or for a person suffering from any such disease to enter any public conveyance, and if he does so he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding £10; and if any person so suffering is conveyed in any public conveyance, the owner or driver thereof as soon as it comes to his knowledge shall give notice to the Sanitary Authority, and 3O shall cause such conveyance to be disinfected, and if he fails to do so he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding £5, and the owner or driver of such conveyance shall be entitled to recover in a summary manner from the person so conveyed by him or from the person causing that person to be so conveyed a sum sufficient to cover any loss and expense incurred by him in connection with such disinfection. |
ee9a9658-2818-4caa-a046-502adc4160b4 | A chamber has been provided at the Vestry's Depot, Culvert Road, where conveyances can be disinfected free of charge. The Metropolitan Asylums Board will remove in one of their ambulances any person suffering from infectious disease to places other than the Board's hospitals upon application and payment of the sum of five shillings. In the case of inability to pay such sum application should be made to the Public Health Department of the Vestry, by whom such removal will be effected. Scarlet Fever. One thousand six hundred and twenty-one notifications of this disease were received, and one thousand and thirty-one of the less effectively isolated cases removed to hospitals of the Metropolitan Asylum Board, and to the London Fever Hospital, leaving five hundred and ninety which were treated at home. The deaths in hospital, to which the worst type of cases is generally removed, were forty, or just under four per cent. |
d8c6da33-ef51-4f65-9745-88f590c1bc0c | of cases, while of the cases treated at home, the majority of which were of a very slight nature, involving perhaps only scarlatinal sore throat, rather over one per cent. died. One thing is certain, that the generally improved sanitary conditions, including early removal of cases which could not be effectively isolated, have reduced the mortality of this disease to a remarkable extent. In one case during the year it was found necessary to obtain a magistrate's order to enforce removal to hospital. The patient 31 occupied a gipsy caravan in High Street, and it was absolutely impossible to provide means of isolation. An ambulance was sent, but the parents positively refused to allow the child to be removed. Notice was therefore served upon the occupier, and application made to the magistrate for his order, which was granted, and forthwith carried into effect. Several class rooms at Winstanley Road Board School were disinfected in consequence of the prevalence of scarlet fever amongst the children attending the school. |
632f4d0e-03b2-4381-83ca-501c6300b1b2 | Early in March complaint was made as to undue prevalence of scarlet fever in No. 1 District, and especially in connection with St. George's Schools, New Road. The matter was enquired into, and it was found that during the first three months of the year twenty-five cases of notifiable infectious disease occurred in houses where the children were attending St. George's School, that such diseases included twenty scarlet fever, three diphtheria, one erysipelas, and one membranous croup; that the streets affected by these twenty-five cases were Corunna Road, two houses, twocases; Wadhurst Road, three houses, three cases; Stewarts Road, six houses, seven cases; Ascalon Street, two houses, three cases; Thessaly Square, one house, one case; Corunna Place, two houses, two cases; Patmore Street, two houses, two cases; Mundella Terrace, one house, one case; Mundella Road, one house, one case; |
73412f3e-1c14-4653-8f75-a30bf0bf7713 | Tidemore Street, one house, one case; Dashwood Road, one house, one case; Savona Street, one house, one case; and that the cases had occurred during the undermentioned periods:—Period ending January 2nd, three cases; two weeks ending January 16th, two cases; two weeks ending January 30th, twocases; two weeks ending February 13th, eleven cases; two weeks ending February 27th, eight cases; and that no cases had occurred since that date. The figures given tend to prove that no undue number of cases had occurred at the School in question, the attendance 32 being nearly up to its maximum accommodation, which is for boys 290, girls and infants 252 each, or a total of 794 scholars. The drains of the school had been recently reconstructed, new water closets and flushing cisterns provided, and the general class rooms, etc., were found to be in cleanly condition, and fairly well ventilated. |
816cb0a7-d4fa-4df9-a087-48a750686522 | The whole of the houses in which the cases had occurred were visited, and it was found that there were no insanitary conditions to account for the cases, and further, that there was no cause for alarm, seeing that twelve streets were affected, giving an average of two cases per street for the three months under report. Diphtheria and Membranous Croup. Diphtheria and Membranous Croup were notified in six hundred and fourteen cases. They are grouped together as it is impossible to distinguish them practically. Two hundred and fifty-nine cases were removed to hospital, many in a dying condition, for the sake of having tracheotomy performed as a last resort. Fifty-six of these latter cases died, giving a hospital mortality of just under twenty-two per cent. Of the cases treated at home three hundred and fifty-five in number, fifty-two died equal to 14.6 per cent. This disease appears to have become endemic in the Metropolis. |
7e282d3f-15cd-456f-bd69-18bf3e6519dd | During those periods of and the year in which difficulty has occurred in the prompt removal of cases to hospital, owing to insufficient accommodation, the Metropolitan Asylums Board has issued orders to the medical attendants enabling them, if they desire it, to obtain anti-toxin from any of the Board's ambulance stations for the purpose of treating patients therewith. Hospital Provision for Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria At the end of July and early in August difficulty was occasionally experienced in obtaining hospital accommodation for Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria patients, and continued throughout September, October and November. In many cases the patients 33 had recovered before accommodation could be provided. Throughout December and to the time of writing, prompt removal has been maintained, and an appreciable diminution in the prevalence of the diseases has resulted. Enteric and other Fevers. Ninety-five cases of Enteric Fever were notified during the year in addition to one of Typhus and and seven of Puerperal Fever. |
23cb25f1-3b27-4b74-bf29-9ac38e1abb2c | Of the Enteric cases forty-five were removed to hospital with a mortality of ten equal to twenty-two per cent. Of the fifty cases treated at home, sixteen died equal to a mortality of thirty-two per cent. The difference in favour of hospital treatment lies in the fact that the diet is strictly regulated there, many deaths arising at home from injudicious feeding with solids before the bowels are fitted for their reception, ulceration of the bowels being usual in this disease. In October last in consequence of the prevalence of Enteric or Typhoid Fever in the Metropolis and in this parish I prepared a special report shewing the action taken upon the notification of Typhoid Fever. Upon the receipt of such notification a disinfector is immediately despatched to the infected premises with a supply of disinfectants and apparatus for the flushing of the house drains. |
352061e7-6b58-47df-99d9-3cb5fca9b799 | The District Sanitary Inspector visits the premises and ascertains whether sufficient means of isolation are provided, and if necessary adopts measures for the removal of the patient to hospital, makes investigations as to whether patient has in any way subjected himself to infection, examines and tests drains and sanitary appliances, inspects the cistern and water fittings, and makes enquiries as to the source of milk supply, and as to schools attended by children in the house or places and nature of employment of adults. Notices of the case are immediately forwarded to the headmasters of the schools attended. Disinfection of the bedding and premises is carried out after the removal of the patient or at the termination of the case. c 34 Thirty-six cases occurred during the months of September and October, but in two cases only was the source of infection directly traceable, the cause of the epidemic being probably seasonal and climatic. In two other cases the disease was undoubtedly contracted outside the parish. |
c2cf85c5-81e2-4340-acf1-730ef54cb156 | During the two succeeding months to the end of the year only eight cases were notified, and there has not since been any unusual prevalence of the disease. One death occurred of a case of Puerperal Fever removed to hospital. Of the six remaining at home two died. The case of Typhus was sent back from hospital as being really Pneumonia. Erysipelas. For some reason this disease has increased during the last few years in the Metropolis. During 1897 two hundred and twenty-five cases were notified, of these fourteen were removed to hospital, of whom two died. Of the two hundred and eleven remaining at home nine died. Those removed were admitted into the Wandsworth and Clapham Union Infirmary in the majority of instances. The term Erysipelas covers so many degrees and forms of inflammatory affections, that no further discussion of the subject would be profitable. Table XII. |
83feffa3-615a-4887-b08f-e0ed0ea82930 | is a table shewing the incidence of notifiable disease in the different sanitary districts, and, taking into consideration the numerical differences of population, the numbers are more equal than may appear at first sight. Diarrhœa. One hundred and forty-four fatal cases were registered from this cause alone, the majority being hand-fed infants. To reduce this mortality the Health Committee has for some years issued the following handbill during the hotter months, when disorders of the digestive tract are most prevalent. It is hoped that much good has been done and many lives saved by this means, as a notable diminution in the number of fatal cases has always been manifest after its issue. One case was notified as Cholera. It proved to be of the English Cholera type, and the patient recovered. 35 TABLE XII. Particulars of the Prevalence of Notifiable Infectious Disease in the several Sanitary Districts. New Cases Coming to Notice. Number of such Cases Removed to Isolation Hospitals. |
a1e7698f-75ca-4d53-8249-ecf72d2d49e7 | Sanitary Districts. Small Pox Scarlatina Diphtheria and Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Enteric Fever Continued Fever Relapsing Fever Puerperal Fever Cholera Erysipelas Totals Small Pox Scarlatina Diphtheria and Membranous Croup Typhus Fever Enteric Fever Continued Fever Relapsing Fever Puerperal Fever Cholera Erysipelas Totals No. 1 2 277 114 . 19 . . 1 1 50 464 1 199 49 . 8 . . . . 3 260 „ 2 1 328 237 . 17 . . . . 58 641 . 205 96 . 7 . . . . 2 310 „ 3 1 376 86 1 25 . . 5 . 45 539 . 266 35 . 13 . . |
7a1ef126-0c0d-4f17-ae01-0292bba2965c | 1 4 3i9 „ 4 1 229 74 . 13 . . . . 24 341 . 114 35 . 5 . . . . 1 155 „ 5 . 355 76 . 15 . . 1 . 40 487 . 223 32 . 9 . . . . 2 266 „ 6 . 56 27 . 6 . . . . 8 97 . 24 12 . 3 . . . . 2 41 Whole Parish 5 1621 614 1 95 . . 7 1 225 2569 1 1031 259 . 45 . . 1 . 14 1351 36 PRECAUTIONS AS TO DIARRHŒA. |
cdaa2cf6-7944-45a7-8ae7-65f4afa2c804 | In consequence of the prevalence of Diarrhœa amongst young children, more especially those brought up by hand, the Vestry as the Sanitary Authority acting under the advice of their Medical Officer of Health, beg to direct the attention of Parents and others having care of young children to the great advisability of boiling all water and milk used for feeding such children. Care should be taken as to the sound condition of every article of food for children, anything not fresh being withheld. Fruit especially should not be given if in the slightest degree decomposed. Cleanliness of person and dwellings with frequent flushing of house drains is of the greatest value. Disinfectants in case of illness are supplied free of charge on application to the Public Health Department, Town Hall Road, between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., and on Saturdays, between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. |
9b2f9265-5cc5-4633-8359-5ba377939cc0 | Measles The number of cases which occurred during the Whooping earlier months of 1897 cannot be ascertained, as these, Cough. the most fatal of all zymotic diseases, still remain non-notifiable. Again in December I reported relative to the prevalence of Measles, and the number of fatal cases becoming so grave I was directed to re-issue a bill giving the public instructions as to the necessary precautions to be observed during an epidemic of this disease, and they are here appended. Seventy-six fatal cases of Measles were recorded during the year, the number during 1894 having been one hundred and fiftyone, during 1895 ninety-nine, and in 1896 one hundred and eighty-five. 37 PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED DURING THE EPIDEMIC OF MEASLES. |
28376758-26e2-40c2-818d-86d8415094c4 | The Vestry, as the Sanitary Authority for the Parish, and as advised by the Medical Officer of Health, desire to direct the attention of parents and others to the importance of checking the spread of Measles, which is now prevalent in an epidemic form and is causing much mortality by complications, such as Bronchitis and Pneumonia. All children suffering from Measles, even in the earliest stage, before the eruption appears, should be isolated from others. The first symptons of Measles are running at the eyes and nose, with repeated sneezing and a puffy appearance of the face and eyelids and, a few days after, the appearance of the rash which is raised and red or purplish in colour. The child should be kept in bed from the first appearance of the symptons until the rash has finally disappeared, in order to avoid the danger of lung complications, which are the real causes of death, uncomplicated measles not being usually fatal. |
c46c6783-f24a-4663-b2ec-6351d2a3acc9 | Medical aid should be sought in every case where difficulty of breathing is observed. Disinfectants in a dilute form should be freely used in every case of measles in a warm bath at the onset and termination of the disease, and to sponge the face and other parts during the illness. In case of inability to obtain suitable disinfectants the same will be supplied, free of charge, on application to the Public Health Department, Town Hall Road, Lavender Hill. The epidemic of measles was accompanied and followed as usual by deaths from various respiratory disorders. From 38 Whooping Cough eighty-three deaths were registered, a large majority complicated by Measles. |
7d988149-edcd-478d-a291-fe50c651075a | Thus from the two diseases combined one hundred and sixty-one deaths occurred, comparing unfavourably with a total of one hundred and seventy-five deaths from all the notifiable zymotic diseases an unanswerable argument in favour of the compulsory notification of all infectious diseases, they in the prenotification period, being said to be equally intractable to supervision and modification, an idea which the present greatly diminished case mortality demonstrates to be incorrect. Influenza. The mortality from this disease diminished during the year under report from forty-five, in 1896, to thirteen, in 1897. The enormous number of deaths from diseases of the respiratory organs was no doubt increased by the prevalence of Influenza, mild cases being very prevalent. During the greatest prevalence of Influenza the Health Committee have on several occasions issued the following PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INFLUENZA. The Vestry of the Parish of St. |
c39d783b-dbe3-42f0-867b-28e3b96375a8 | Mary, Battersea, as the Sanitary Authority and as advised by the Medical Officer of Health, in consequence of the renewed prevalence of Influenza, desire to direct the attention of the public to the extremely infectious character of the disease, and to point out that to the exposure of those in an infective condition from Influenza, by neglect to isolate themselves during the period of such infective condition, the spread and maintenance of the disease is chiefly due. It is probable that the breath of those so affected is the principal medium by which infection is conveyed. The early symptoms of Influenza are chiefly chills and shivering, accompanied by great muscular weakness and prostration, often amounting to inability to stand or move, with pains in the spine or other parts of the body. |
16c500b5-8045-4740-b7f8-6d7fdab711c1 | It is desirable that persons 39 thus affected should at once go to bed and there remain until convalescence is established in order to avoid the dangers of Pneumonia or Bronchitis, which are the chief complications to be feared, as likely to lead to fatal results. Early recourse to medical assistance is desirable in every case, both for the determination of the real nature of the disease and for the prevention of the more serious complications. A most important memorandum was issued in 1895 by the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, and been produced as the result of questions in Parliament, addressed to Ministers, on the subject of a very fatal outbreak at the end of 1894 and beginning of 1895, and is here set out. |
9f5fa926-e710-4772-a461-5994c7b10c0a | Influenza became epidemic in England in the winter of 1889-90; it recurred in epidemic form in the spring of 1891, and was maintained up to June of that year; a third epidemic took place in the winter of 1891-92, and after a minor recrudescence in the spring of 1893, a fifth prevalence on a wide scale took place in the winter of 1893-94. England is now passing through a sixth epidemic period. Two detailed reports have been issued by the Board on the subject. The first was Dr. Parsons, "On the Influenza Epidemic of 1889-90," with an introduction by Sir George Buchanan, M.D., F.R.S., the Board's Medical Officer at that date. The second was a "Further Report on Epidemic Influenza, 1889-92," by Dr. Parsons, with papers on the Clinical and Pathological aspects of the Disease, by Dr. |
9f23dfc5-94f0-45ec-98d6-2a7c3eb5e88e | Klein, F.R.S., and an introduction by Sir R. Thorne Thorne. A "Provisional Memorandum upon Precautions advisable at times when Epidemic Influenza threatens, or is prevalent," was also drawn up in January, 1892, and was issued by the Board to local sanitary authorities. The further study made by the Medical Department as to the natural history of Influenza, and as to its clinical and 40 teriological characteristics, goes to show that it is a disease against which it is most difficult to apply measures of prevention with any substantial prospect of success. |
2fe074fd-5bce-48d6-adca-15f3c6053bfc | Influenza is highly infective from person to person; its infectious quality is often manifested before the disease is fully recognised ; its incubation period is one of the shortest of all infectious diseases; it varies so much in intensity that many cases are never diagnosed at all; one attack confers no marked immunity against another; and the infection is largely eliminated by means of the lungs, the sputa of the sick being invariably charged, during the acute stage of the disease, with its pathognomonic micro-organism. The disease calls primarily for measures of isolation and of disinfection, but there are difficulties in making any such measures universally applicable. Wherever they can be carried out, the following precautions should, however, be adopted:— 1st. The sick should be separated from the healthy. This is especially important in the case of first attacks in a locality or a household. 2nd. |
d0d48242-f2f4-4b8a-a39f-7da802aebc47 | The sputa of the sick should, especially in the acute stage of the disease, be received into vessels containing disinfectants. Infected articles and rooms should be cleansed and disinfected. 3rd. When Influenza threatens, unnecessary assemblage of persons should be avoided. 4th. Buildings and rooms in which many people necessarily congregate should be efficiently aerated and cleansed during the intervals of occupation. It should be borne in mind that the liability to contract Influenza, and also the danger of an attack, if contracted, are 41 increased by depressing conditions, such as exposure to cold, and to fatigue whether mental or physical. Attention should hence be paid at epidemic periods to all measures tending to the maintenance of health, such as the use of clothing of suitable warmth, and a sufficiency of wholesome food. |
0998da00-4d83-4c7d-a3df-05f3825c1a01 | Persons who are attacked by Influenza should at once seek rest, warmth, and medical treatment, and they should bear in mind that the risk of relapse, with dangerous complications, constitutes a chief danger of the disease. It will be perceived that the contents of the above memorandum are in accord with the precautions issued by this parish early in 1894, and now re-issued for the guidance of the public, as set forth on page 38. The Plague. In August a notice was received from the Port Medical Officer, Greenwich, that a person, apparently in good health, had proceeded to this district after disembarkation from ss. Britannia, from Bombay, and the person and premises were kept under due observation during the period of incubation, without any symptoms of the disease appearing. |
bb50e607-fcd8-4d47-9d46-c1299a6c8dcb | Infectious Disease at Cowsheds, Dairies, &c. In the event of an outbreak of infectious disease occurring at the premises of a milk-purveyor or dairyman, the London County Council who undertake the registration of such premises are at once communicated with: all milk upon the premises is destroyed, and business is suspended until disinfection of the premises and all trade utensils has been carried out, and a certificate thereof granted by the Medical Officer of Health, after the termination of the case or the removal of the patient to hospital. With a view to uniformity throughout the Metropolis, the 42 London County Council has adopted a form of certificate authorising the resumption of the sale of milk, a copy of which is appended and is now in general use for that purpose. In the Administrative County of London. |
3a200781-0c6a-44b0-a7a1-0f0e5950fe72 | In the matter of the Dairies, Cowsheds and Milkshops Orders ol 1885 and 1886, and in the matter of The Regulations thereunder of the London County Council, being the Local Authority for the Administrative County of London. I, the undersigned, being the Medical Officer of Health of the undermentioned District, in pursuance of No. 29 of the aforesaid Regulations, do hereby declare that the building or premises known as in the said District, in which building or premises an outbreak of infectious or contagious disease to wit occurred on or about the day of 189, and in which building or premises milk is purveyed or sold by one have been disinfected, and that the said building or premises are in my opinion free from infection. As witness my hand this day of 189. Medical Officer of Health of the District of Battersea, in the Administrative County of London. 43 Steam Disinfection. |
89dca5da-be56-43b1-acb3-cdcbb7633a95 | On several occasions during the last few years the Health Committee has considered as to the advisability of carrying out steam disinfection without the intervention of a contractor. In November, 1895, a letter was received from the Metropolitan Asylums Board, recommending that Sanitary Authorities provide their own steam disinfectors, and have the work carried out by their own officials. The subject was at that time adjourned for three months, when the Committee recommended the renewal of the contract. In July last year the Committee again considered the matter and a Sub-Committee consisting of Messrs. Chown, Whitehouse, May, E. G. Marshall and Gurling were appointed, which SubCommittee visited several of the Metropolitan Disinfecting stations, but decided to again adjourn the matter until it could be ascertained what steam would be permanently available for the purpose of a steam disinfector, either in connection with the Electric Lighting Works at the rear of the Town Hall or elsewhere. Closing of Public Elementary Schools. |
73aabd63-704e-4d57-8f82-203154abb530 | A memorandum, prepared in the Medical Department of the Local Government Board on the circumstances under which the closing of Public Elementary Schools or the exclusion therefrom of particular children may be required in order to prevent the spread of disease was issued in July last. This gives information derived from the reports of the Board's own Medical Inspectors, and of local Medical Officers of Health, respecting school closure and exclusion from schools as precautions against infection, with a view to indicating the best means of preventing the spread of disease by school children, while avoiding any unnecessary interruption of the work of education. 44 The regulations of the Education Department (Art. |
41de4537-1703-4f8f-a073-f7e69d88042b | 88) prescribe, as one of the general conditions required to be fulfilled by a Public Elementary School in order to obtain the grant, that the managers must at once comply with any notice of the Sanitary Authority, acting on the advice of the Medical Officer of Health, requiring them for a specified time, with a view to preventing the spread of disease, or any danger to health likely to arise from the condition of the school, either to close the school, or to exclude any scholars from attendance, but provides for their appeal to the Department, after complying, if they consider the notice unreasonable. It has not been found necessary during the year to make use of this provision for the closing of any school, it having been found so far sufficient to exclude scholars from infected houses from attendance for that purpose, daily returns being forwarded to the Head Masters of Schools notifying the existence of infectious disease at the residences of scholars attending such schools. Table XIII. illustrates the epidemic or zymotic mortality for the past eleven years with the resulting death rates. |
2b0c1ae3-9677-4d94-a454-38b217e94f45 | The number of deaths from each class of disease is shewn. The zymotic death rate for 1897 was 2.3 per thousand persons, being low.er than in any other year in the ten years preceding. 45 TABLE XIII. Comparative Table of Zymotic Mortality during the past 11 years. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Small Pox . . . . . . . . . . . Measles 82 87 104 159 37 90 90 151 99 185 76 Scarlet Fever 68 25 12 10 10 15 17 5 10 5 7 Diphtheria 23 22 21 27 35 28 90 67 60 50 52 Enteric, &c. Fevers 17 13 15 21 19 8 14 13 |
e3759809-01a6-4ad3-ad98-ea2c090e8a50 | 15 11 8 Whooping Cough 112 119 81 146 104 100 115 77 52 137 82 Epidemic Diarrhœa 175 75 112 121 104 99 120 93 151 169 141 Other Zymotic Diseases 25 22 21 59 89 133 il8 62 104 45 25 Total Deaths from Zymotic Diseases 502 363 366 543 398 473 564 468 491 602 391 Zymotic Death Rate 3•7 2•6 2•5 3•6 2•6 3•0 3•5 2•8 2•9 3•6 2•3 Death-rates from all Diseases 18•2 15•7 15•6 19•3 17•3 17•4 17•8 15•4 17•8 17•7 |
9538a841-7d36-4231-8e12-e8be623f3330 | 15•5 TABLE XIV. Comparative Table of all non-zymotic causes of Deaths during the past 11 years 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Tubercular, including Phthisis 367 342 334 320 285 237 355 394 353 374 355 Of Brain, Nerves, &c. 280 223 212 261 195 259 213 211 334 211 241 Of the Heart, &c. |
cc1d6745-b515-46be-b78b-dd1174920823 | 128 113 108 148 141 183 159 173 213 182 189 Of the Respiratory Organs,excluding Phthisis 528 474 391 618 572 635 653 471 623 531 439 of Digestive Organs 86 113 100 118 122 112 127 197 114 154 202 Of Urinary Organs 53 24 39 34 49 72 60 57 56 88 69 Of Organs of Generation 19 6 14 15 16 15 14 12 7 22 14 Of Joints, Bones, &c. 30 9 3 4 7 2 3 6 - 5 6 Premature Birth, Low Vitality, Malformation, &c. |
f6a2b5ef-1ad2-4649-9dbf-ca650e3ab1c5 | 202 175 205 206 238 256 295 273 332 298 286 Of Uncertain Seat Cancer, Syphilis, Dropsy, &c. 105 79 96 70 89 233 130 114 108 122 141 Age 88 57 52 71 74 122 103 118 128 207 150 Violence 63 56 60 77 60 81 102 70 102 117 118 Constitutional ... ... ... ... 2 12 23 20 40 28 19 Total 1949 1671 1614 1942 1850 2219 2237 1936 2410 2339 2229 46 Inquests. During the year 1897, 329 deaths were referred to the Coroner. |
02a076be-8d82-4348-91a0-e8ca3261b89d | In fifty-six instances he decided that no further inquiry was necessary, and they are marked in the Registrar's Returns as "submitted to Coroner," which is considered sufficient to authorise registration. In the other 273 cases inquests were held with the following verdicts:— From Natural Causes 155 From Accidental Causes:— Suffocated in bed with parents 21 Asphyxia 10 Run over 8 Falls, &c. |
94f16044-77aa-42c1-8dd6-67206f3da419 | 28 Scalds and Burns 7 Drowned 7 Poisoning 1 Other Injuries 8 — 90 From Homicidal Causes:— Suicide—Gunshot 2 Cut throat 2 Poisoning 1 Drowned 1 Decapitation on Railway 1 Murder—Asphyxia 2 7 Justifiable Homicide—Fracture of Skull 1 2 Open Verdicts:— 1 Asphyxia 2 Neglect at Birth 4 Found Drowned 9 Other Injuries 3 18 Total 273 47 Twenty-one deaths were due to suffocation whilst in bed with parents, the dates and days of the week being as follows : 12th January Tuesday 1st February Monday 5th „ Friday 7th ,, Sunday 10th March Wednesday 10th April Saturday 18th ,, Sunday 21st ,, Wednesday 24th „ Saturday 23rd June Wednesday 28th ,, Monday. 1st July Thursday. 20th „ Tuesday. |
3f69d837-2a92-4c94-8c8c-a41633112dc6 | 7th September Tuesday. 2nd October Saturday. 10th ,, Sunday. 12th „ Tuesday. 10th November Wednesday. 15th „ Monday. 21 st ,, Sunday. 24th ,, Wednesday. Differently arranged:— Sunday 4 Monday 3 Tuesday 4 Wednesday 5 Thursday 1 Friday 1 Saturday 3 21 Social Position of Persons Dying During 1897. Number. Per Cent. Nobility and Gentry 16 0.6 Professional Class 26 1.0 Middle and Trading Class 133 5.1 Industrial and Labouring Class 2,445 93.3 2,620 100.0 Water Supply for London. This most important subject, more especially with reference to the health and sanitary condition of the inhabitants of this vast metropolis, among whom of course are included the many thousands of persons who are inhabitants of Battersea, is now engaging general attention. |
42ab3b75-fe23-4edb-bdaf-f681063e2e43 | In my report for 1895 the subject was very fully discussed, and as the 48 matter is one involving as it does the expenditure of many millions of the public money as well as the health and lives of the community, and in which every public man should take a strong personal interest, a condensed account of the present position of the question is again given. This most important subject has been under consideration by a Royal Commission which sat during 1892 and 1893. The Chairman was Lord Balfour of Burleigh; Sir Archibald Geikie, Professor Dewar, Dr. Ogle, Mr. Mansergh, Mr. Hill, and Sir George Bruce constituted the Committee, all men of eminence and selected for their intimate knowledge of the subject. No Commissioner was in any way connected with either of the London Water Companies, and Mr. Mansergh is the Engineer who is now bringing water to Birmingham from Wales, while Mr. |
4c88949e-75af-4106-9016-25278610f308 | Hill is supplying Manchester from Thirlmere. The witnesses examined include nearly one hundred of the leading sanitarians and engineers, together with representatives of the great public bodies of the Metropolis and elsewhere, the Local Government Board, the London County Council, the Corporation of London, and the various Water Companies and others having interests in the Water Supply of the Metropolis. Briefly reviewing the inquiry, the main question referred to and considered by the Commission was whether the water of the Thames and Lea Valleys was good, and whether enough of it could be obtained for the London of the future without injury to the interests of other districts in those watersheds. |
417e493c-cc6e-4ed2-b840-37c7acdeb5e0 | They find, as the Companies always maintained, that " the water as supplied to the consumer in London is of a very high standard of excellence and of purity, and that it is suitable in quality for all household purposes," and also that the Thames and Lea Valleys may, without prejudice to the claims or material injury to the interests of districts outside the area of Greater London, be made to supply more than double the present population of the Metropolis with 35 gallons per head daily. 49 The Commissioners recommend that the inspection of the River Thames should be more thoroughly done than it is at present, and that increased provision should be made, in the form of reservoirs for avoiding the taking in of water while the river is in a state of flood. Of all the sites that have been suggested to them as suitable for reservoirs they consider none in the Thames Valley so reliable as can be found upon the London clay, only a short distance above the Hampton intakes. |
611cec17-161e-45ac-950c-2700ece86fba | From the Thames, when required, may be taken 300,000,000 gallons a day ; from the Lea, 52,500,000 gallons; from wells in the Lea Valley, 40,000,000 gallons; and from wells in the Kent Company's district, 27,500,000 gallons; besides a further considerable quantity, should it ever be wanted, from the Valley of the Medway and the country to the east of it. The Commission, as might be expected, deal with the question broadly, without committing themselves to details. It would be going beyond the duty of useful criticism to discuss some of the interesting scientific, though minor, points upon which the Commissioners adopted views adverse to those of some of the distinguished witnesses who appeared before them. There are, however, in the enquiry two points which rather hang upon one another, and about which we wish the Commission had told us a little more. |
da4edc43-f162-4774-be64-95ed48964e53 | These are:— (1) The effect which might be expected upon the Thames of taking double the present quantity of the water from the river during periods of drought. (2) The amount of storage space to be provided above the intakes in order to make the taking of any more of this water unnecessary. The conclusion of the Commission is most distinct that there is ample supply of water derivable from the River Thames and Lea, from wells in the chalk in the Lea Valley, and also in the district of the Kent Water Works Company, which will be d 50 sufficient to meet the requirements of London for fifty years to come. As to the purity of these supplies, the chemical and bacteriological evidence of Dr. Frankland, Dr. Odling, Professor Crookes, Professor Ray Lankester, Dr. P. F. Frankland and others, is most satisfactory; and no evidence submitted as to impurity could stand the test of the investigations and inquiries of the Commissioners. |
7301f9f1-5a51-40bc-9f3b-bdb9a973853e | In their report, however, they very properly advise that further efforts shall be made to keep pollution of all kinds out of the Rivers, and maintain their purity in every possible way. The Commissioners then state that— "We are strongly of opinion that the water as supplied to the consumer in London is of a very high standard of excellence and of purity, and that it is suitable in quality for all household purposes. We are well aware that a certain prejudice exists against the use of drinking water derived from the Thames and the Lea, because these rivers are liable to pollution, however perfect the subsequent purification, either by natural or artificial means, may be. But, having regard to the experience of London during the last thirty years, and to the evidence given to us on the subject, we do not believe that any danger exists of the spread of disease by the use of this water, provided that there is adequate storage, and the same is efficiently filtered before delivery to the consumers. |
312f6b69-4025-400a-8dc1-43332428177d | "With respect to the quantity of water which can be obtained within the watersheds of the Thames and the Lea, we are of opinion that, if the proposals we have recommended are adopted, a sufficient supply to meet the wants of the Metropolis for a long time to come may be found without any prejudice to the claims, or material injury to the interests of any district outside the area of Greater London. We are of opinion that an average daily supply of 40,000,000 gallons can be obtained from wells and springs in the chalk of the Lea Valley without affecting any material interests, but that, if this quantity be exceeded, it is 51 probable that the springs and wells in the parts of the Valley immediately adjacent to the wells and all the districts farther down the Valley may be injuriously affected. "From wells in the chalk area on the south side of the Thames, in the district of the Kent Company, we are of opinion that a daily average supply of 27,500,000 gallons may be obtained. |
22fc2b81-8494-4605-9a8e-fa4272bb8eb1 | We think it of very great importance that distinct obligations should be laid upon any company or Local Authority which is allowed to pump water from the chalk for purposes of public supply to keep accurate observation of the effect of their operations on the level of the water in the wells from which they pump, and return the results to the Water Examiner under such regulations as may be framed. "The great difficulty which we have had to encounter has been in getting accurate and reliable information as to the actual effect of the operations now carried on. The importance of procuring this will increase each year as the limit of what can be taken from any district with safety is gradually being reached. From the River Lea we are of opinion what with adequate additions to the present system of storage 52,500,000 gallons may be taken daily. |
223b134b-f91d-4849-9cab-5f554a1bb764 | We are of opinion that, by the construction of storage reservoirs in the Thames Valley, at no great distance above the intakes of the Companies, it will be possible to obtain an average daily supply of 300,000,000 gallons without taking in any objectionable part of the flood water. The average daily flow of the Thames at Teddington Weir, adding the water taken by the Companies, is about 1,350,000,000 gallons per day. |
4a2daeb3-273c-4ed5-a9dd-cde20609fdc1 | It will thus be seen that, when 300,000,000 gallons are taken, there will be left to flow down into the tidal portion of the river an average daily quantity of not less than 1,000,000,000; and we think that regulations could be framed under which the quantity we suggest could be taken, not only without reducing the flow of the river on the rare occasions of exceptional drought to the present minimum, but in such a way as to secure that the volume 52 of water left in the river at these times should be substantially greater than it is under existing conditions. "To our minds, one great advantage of such a scheme of storage reservoirs is that it can be carried out progressively to meet the increasing demands for water; and should the population not grow so rapidly as we have thought it right to contemplate, the extensions may be from time to time deferred as successive decennial enumerations reveal that the ratio of increase is remaining stationary or even falling. |
a7387a57-c5a7-4cba-82b0-3b013c2765f8 | From the sources and by the methods we have mentioned, a daily supply of 424,000,000 gallons can, in our opinion, be obtained. This is a sufficient quantity to supply 35 gallons per head to a population of 12,000,000 persons, which is about three-quarters of a million in excess of what the total population of Greater London, together with the outlying parts of Water London, will have become in 1931 even if the ratio of increase in the last decennial period from 1881 to 1931 is fully maintained. We are further of opinion that a large supply of water might be obtained from the chalk area east of the Kent Companies' district in the basis of the Medway, and in the district further east, without any risk whatever of damage to that area." The London County Council and its Views upon the Water Supply. Of these witnesses examined whose evidence was directly adverse to the reservoir and storage schemes put forward by the Companies, that of Sir A. R. Binnie, M. |
b09a5460-bee4-4fe8-b40c-5fc075b71912 | Inst., C.E., Chief Engineer to the London County Council, was the most important. Sir A. R. Binnie's evidence was to the effect that the supply that could be drawn from the Thames and the Lea was wholly insufficient to meet the future wants of Greater London; and he stated that, in his opinion, deeper storage reservoirs in the Thames Valley 53 were impracticable, and, further, that any large increase in quantity pumped from the chalk formations would only ultimately diminish the amount of surface water in the various contributory streams, and therefore could not be reckoned on for increasing the supply. The Water Committee of the London County Council issued a memorandum by its Chairman and a series of reports by the principal officers of the Council on the report of the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Water supply by which it will be seen that the conclusions of the Royal Commission are controverted to a certain extent. |
613afe24-852b-4068-910e-6fbef45b273b | An admirable synopsis of the views of the London County Council and its chief officials appeared in the British Medical Journal, which is here closely followed. Mr. Basset Hopkins, the Chairman of Committee, in his memorandum, insists strongly on the narrowness of the scope of the inquiry by the Royal Commission, and points out that mischievous consequences may follow, and the Council may be grievously hampered in its action if people accept the idea that the report was the result of an all-embracing investigation of the general subject. The real question which is of most interest to Londoners is—what is the best course for London to pursue under the circumstances? But this never entered into the reference to the Commission, and in considering their report it has constantly to be borne in mind that whatever they say in support of the prospective sufficiency (for forty years only) of the watersheds on the Thames and Lea has no bearing on the real question whether new gathering grounds ought not to be sought for outside that area altogether. |
83578d1c-3f34-4b8e-8b60-03b1c8bf4237 | Considerable stress is laid on the shortness of the term of forty years to which the Commission have limited their forecast. The capacity of the Thames and Lea watersheds as sources of supply may be expected to have reached, or nearly reached, their limit about the year 1931, and then it will be impossible any 54 further to delay turning to some outside source. By that time, however, the best gathering grounds in the country, which "are already being rapidly taken poseession of by other municipalities," may be lost to us. In regard to this, one has to bear in mind the long time which is required for the execution of the vast works necessary in large water schemes, and the Council's chief engineer says plainly that the people of London, "will at some not very distant date (probably twenty years hence) have to contemplate the exhaustion of the supplies which can be obtained in the Thames Valley," and the necessity of looking elsewhere for an increased supply. |
f8498ad5-216d-4964-b70a-b20aa8176dd5 | "One of the greatest blots upon the finding of the Royal Commission" is that "it can in no way be considered a final settlement of the case." This limitation of forecast to forty years is all the more curious in view of the fact that two members of the Royal Commission, giving evidence before the House of Lords on the Birmingham water scheme, gave much longer periods as the time for which estimates should be made, Mr. G. H. Hill stating that provision for a large town should be for a period of not less than 50 years, and Mr. James Mansergh, the engineer to the scheme, indicating that he calculated his supply for some sixty-four years, and on that basis laid out the works which the Corporation of Birmingham are now carrying out. Sir A. R. Binnie shows in a striking way the difference between averages and actualities in regard to the flow of water down a river bed. |
0f08ec2f-2bd3-4da2-96f7-e85703b0ed6a | The Royal Commissioners contemplating taking 300 million gallons from the Thames daily, trusting to the fact that the average daily flow at Teddington weir is about 1,350 million gallons; but he shows that during certain dry months the total average flow would often only slightly exceed the amount of water required by the Companies, and in such a case as that of September, 1893, total flow would not come up to the requirements. If the extreme minimum flow per twenty-four hours is taken, the difficulty of providing a supply both for the River and the Metropolis is still more apparent. 55 There is a good deal of common sense in some of the remarks in the reports about the safety, or otherwise, of polluted waters. Sir A. R. Binnie draws attention to the fact that "the Royal Commissioners received, although they do not quote it, some very strong evidence from one of the highest authorities, namely, Sir G. Buchanan, M.D., F.R.S., late Chief Medical Officer to the Local Government Board." |
5c7308b2-288f-4408-b7c3-e42994a535fb | This evidence was to the effect that neither chemical nor bacteriological tests were to be relied on as to the purity of water, that we did not know how small an amount of morbific material, if it gained access to the water, might set up disease, and that the way to gain information as to purity and safety was to search out the conditions surrounding water courses and water services. Asked what would be his treatment of the water if it were found to be polluted, he could only answer that " there was nothing for it but either to boil the polluted water, or else to leave it alone." In face of such evidence from such an authority we turn with interest to the paragraphs in Sir A. R. Binnie's report summarising the pollutions of the Thames water, which the Commission thinks good enough for London. |
84dcdf41-5f88-42ad-8710-2766ac87c7b7 | It seems that at the census of 1891 there was a population of 1,056,415 persons draining into the river above the intakes, and that in the last thirty years this population had increased from 816,814 to its present number. That, however, gives but a poor idea of the increase which is going on in the urban population living on the banks of the Thames and its Tributaries, many of these towns having more than doubled their size in thirty years. "Besides this human population there are probably 1,600,000 animals inhabiting the above area." Consequently it is clear that if the Thames is to be retained as a source of water supply, the people of London must drink the more or less clarified excreta of this vast population. Mr. Shirley Murphy, Medical Officer of the London County Council, confines his observations to that portion of the report of 56 the Royal Commission which relates to the quality of the present sources of supply. |
543b86eb-3fa3-4428-9cbb-03038ffa1cf0 | The Royal Commission had before it evidence, he says, which showed that the rivers from which the Water Companies draw their supplies receive from the towns, situated on their banks at varying distances above the intakes sewage effluents, which, after treatment of the sewage, either by filtration . through land or by chemical processes, enter smaller rivers. In addition to these, numerous pollutions from smaller populations discharging into cesspools and ditches reach, untreated, the streams at times of heavy rainfall. Such sewage must not infrequently contain the excremental matter of persons suffering from typhoid fever and may not improbably in the future, contain from time to time the excreta of persons suffering from cholera. The virus of both these diseases has been found by past experience to have been disseminated by water and to have produced fatal results in persons drinking such water. |
2b0b1077-343c-45e3-826f-0daa449593f7 | Not only are these diseases known to be waterborne, but experience has shewn that a very small amount of the excremental matter of persons suffering from them is capable under favourable circumstances of infecting vast volumes of water. In the present state of knowledge on such matters we are driven back to much the same opinion as that held by the late Sir George Buchanan, who said that he did not think that it was possible, either by chemical, microscopical, or bacteriological processes, to say when a water was or was not injurious, and that there was no way of arriving at a solution of this question except by inspecting the sources of supply, and seeing if they were or were not polluted. According to this criterion London river water stands absolutely and hopelessly condemned. |
99fc295f-c462-4d72-86b5-c7b6cc2b725f | Although very little is definitely said on the subject, the impression which the perusal of the report leaves upon the mind is that the whole control of the water supply, from the sources to the final delivery to the consumer, should be in the hands of one 57 authority, and that the time has arrived when competing companies, the result of private enterprise, should no longer be left in possession of a monopoly of the primary necessity of existence. |
07468ef6-2536-498b-921a-120826c2b95a | Since writing above, the Government have intimated that a Royal Commission would be appointed to consider the whole subject of the Metropolitan Water Supply, together with the report of the London Water Commission, and the President of the Local Government Board, in answer to a question in the House of Commons, stated that the terms of the reference would direct the Commission to inquire and report (1) whether, having regard to financial considerations, and to the present and prospective requirements as regarded water supplied within the limits of the supply of the Metropolitan Water Companies, it was desirable, in the interests of the ratepayers and water consumers, that the undertakings of the water companies should be acquired and managed, either (a) by one authority, or (b) by several authorities, and, if so, what should be the authority or authorities, and to what extent physical severance in regard to supply of the several companies should take place. |
214210d2-14d8-4797-95f5-11aadb380bfd | They would also be asked to say—(1) whether any division within the limits of supply of the companies was practicable and desirable, and if so what were the legal powers necessary to give effect to any such arrangement; and (2) if the undertakings were not so acquired, whether additional power of control should be exercised by the local or other authorities; and, if so, what those powers should be; and (3) whether it would be practicable to connect any two or more of the different systems of supply of the eight Metropolitan Companies; and, if so, by whom and in what proportion should the cost of connection be borne, and what were the legal powers necessary. Public Health (London) Act, 1891. The procedure of the Public Health Department is almost entirely based upon the provisions of the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, which consolidated 58 and amended the various Acts under which the Sanitation of London had been previously carried out. |
8779b9bd-9626-408e-983d-fa9334f7adce | It contained also many valuable provisions which had hitherto only been extra Metropolitan and contained in the Public Health Act, 1875, under which provincial Sanitary Authorities had effected great improvement in the Sanitation of their districts. A condensed synopsis of its provisions here will be useful for reference. Sec. 1 provides for house to house inspection by the Sanitary Authority, for which additional Inspectors with separate and smaller districts have been appointed within the last few years. Sec. 2.—A nuisance must be abated that is dangerous or likely to be dangerous to health. Under the Metropolis Management and other Acts it was necessary to prove actual injury to health. Sec. 3 provides that information of a nuisance may be made to the Sanitary Authority, who shall serve intimation to parties responsible. Sec. |
e5d02ebd-ceda-40d4-8963-8333cda357ad | 4.—The most essential difference between the procedure under the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, and the various other preceding Acts, is that formerly if a notice to abate a nuisance from the Sanitary Authority was not complied with, proceedings had to be commenced before a justice and evidence produced to satisfy him that a nuisance injurious to health existed when, if satisfied that such nuisance existed and was injurious to health an order would be made for the abatement of the same. If this order was disregarded and the necessary works not executed it was necessary to commence fresh proceedings to recover penalties. The Sanitary Authority under this section itself considers the matter and makes orders, if necessary suing for penalties for non-compliance therewith. Absence of proper water-fittings is constituted a nuisance under section 4, and by section 5 a house may be closed for this 59 reason. |
02262c89-a051-4340-9c26-9dd4b8745175 | The authority can specify works and insist upon the carrying out of the same under the latter section, and now does so in a large proportion of cases. Sees. 5, 6 and 7 contain provisions for orders, penalties and appeals, and enables the Sanitary Authority itself to carry out necessary works in default of responsible owner, &c. Sec. 11 provides for recovery of expenses and costs consequent thereon, and Sec. 13 enables the Authority to take action in the first instance in the higher Courts should it think fit. Under Sec. 14 an important proviso is introduced, as a Sanitary Authority has power to take proceedings for the abatement of nuisances arising in the district of another authority should the nuisance injuriously affect the inhabitants of their own district. Sec. 15 renders liable to a penalty of £5 any person wilfully injuring or destroying any closet or sanitary apparatus, and will probably be useful in restraining persons from wantonly damaging fittings. |
6dbe2613-1984-4c4e-a8a0-ae9ae4da76fe | Bye-laws are to be made by the authority for the prevention of nuisances or keeping of animals so as to be a nuisance or injurious to health, and as to paving yards. The London County Council has made Bye-laws under the following sections which are now operative :— Sec. 16-1.—Removal of fcecal matter. ,, Removal and disposal of refuse. ,, Cleansing and filling up of cesspools and privies. Sec. 39-1.—Water closets and soil pipes. „ Ashpits. „ Receptacles for dung, cesspools, &c. 6o The Vestry has made Bye-laws under the undermentioned Sections of the Act:— Sec. 16.—Prevention of nuisances. „ 39.—Keeping of water closets. „ 50.—Cleansing of cisterns. ,, 94.—Houses let in lodgings. |
88a91e07-9a2e-4e3f-9cc6-15877d4476a4 | These are in active operation, and can be obtained at the office of the Public Health Department by any ratepayer desiring a copy. There are other bye-laws which may be made by the Sanitary Authority, and which are now under consideration. They are:— Sec. 66. Removal to hospital of infected persons. This is now effected under the provisions of the various acts and regulations of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Sec. 88. Bye-laws for the Mortuary. Regulations are in existence for the control of the Mortuary-keeper under which the Mortuary has hitherto been regulated. Sec. 95. Tents and vans. Bye-laws were made by the District Board some years since, under the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1885, which have been acted on until the present time. By Secs. |
7bf87141-7486-496b-b42e-f321e9d0420e | 23 and 24 the control of smoke nuisances other than in private dwellings is placed under the Sanitary Authority instead of the Police, and has considerably increased the work of the Public Health Department. Work-shops, Work-places and Factories are also placed under the supervision of the Sanitary Authority with certain duties as to giving notice to the Factory Inspector when children, 61 young persons, or women are employed. It is also the duty of the Authority to see that proper and separate accommodation is provided for each sex. Sec. 47 provides that a medical officer of health or sanitary inspector shall examine all articles intended for the food of man if unsound, and shall seize the same and obtain an order from a Justice for its destruction. The fine is raised to a maximum of £50 for every animal or parcel of food condemned, and should a person be so convicted twice in twelve months the Court may order a notice of the facts to be affixed to his premises for a period not exceeding twenty-one days. |
fb86c18f-c877-4427-b6be-612300d2531a | Should a person find himself in the possession of unsound food he himself may give notice to the Vestry, who must remove the same as trade refuse and this procedure would seem to relieve him of the penalties mentioned. Sec. 48 contains the important provision that a newly-erected dwelling-house must not be occupied until a certificate has been obtained of the Sanitary Authority to the effect that a proper and sufficient supply of water exists. This section seems to be now more generally understood and imposes much work on the Public Health Department. The following sections 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54, apply inter alia to water supply generally. Secs. 55, 56 and 57 re-enact, as elsewhere stated, the provisions of the Infectious Disease (Notification) Act. Secs. 59, 60 and 61 require the authority to make provisions for the disinfection of clothing, &c., which provision has been duly made by the Vestry. |
913e3177-cf01-44e8-b2f8-1416e38453eb | The subsequent sections provide that infectious refuse shall not be treated so as to be dangerous to the public health, and prescribe penalties on persons letting houses or apartments in which infectious disease has occurred without having the same properly disinfected and obtaining a certificate thereof, which certificate is given to applicants free of charge on 62 application to the Public Health Department. Other important provisions for the prevention of the spread of infectious disease follow in subsequent sections; but they have long been in operation in this parish. In fact, it may be said generally that the methods of Sanitary procedure which may have gradually evolved in this parish during the last twenty years, were adopted by the framers of the Act as its basis. Provision is made for Mortuaries and post-mortem examinations; such has existed in Battersea for many years. The Mortuary accommodation is, however, becoming somewhat inadequate for the needs of this ever increasing parish, and it is proposed to provide a new Mortuary with Coroner's Court. |
6ebf76fc-b938-4443-a960-ae92a1e4e0d3 | The present Mortuary, originally said to be the best arranged in London, in a commendable spirit of emulation, other parishes have improved upon, until we are at the present time somewhat short of the standard of excellence. The plans of the Surveyor, if carried out, will provide a building far in advance of the majority of Metropolitan Mortuaries, but there is a difficulty in deciding as to the most suitable site. Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1891. This Act, which is simply an extension of the provisions of the Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1890, exempting houses structurally fitted in the opinion of the Medical Officer of Health for occupation as separate tenements at an annual rental not exceeding £20 from the liability to house duty. The 1891 Act raised the amount to £40 annual rental. These Acts have added much to the duties of the Medical Officer, as personal inspection is imperative and certain forms of certificate have to be sent by him to the Surveyor of Taxes. |
3452ad1f-ce7d-4b84-b106-107d604c0563 | Many hundreds of tenements have been inspected and certified since the Act came into force in January, 1891, and many flats are now being built and converted in the parish in order to obtain exemption or abatement of the house duty. The numbers inspected yearly from 1890, in which two hundred and forty-three were inspected, and after the execution of necessary 63 works re-inspected and certified were for 1891, one hundred and nineteen; for 1892, one hundred and sixty-five; for 1893, two hundred and one; for 1894 and 1895, each ninety-one; during 1896, one hundred and twenty. During 1897 forty-three applications were made, and certificates given in twenty-seven cases. Sixteen others were not issued after inspection; ten of the latter were suspended until sanitary defects were remedied. Of the certificates refused under this Act during the year, two referred to houses in Leathwaite Road. |
60390834-4b5a-4f1a-a407-06b1235dfd74 | The houses in question, although not insanitary, were not originally built or adapted by additions for the sole purpose of providing separate dwellings, nor did they afford suitable accommodation for each family and due provision for sanitary requirements. The Act requires that in order that a certificate may be granted by the Medical Officer of Health, the house be so constructed as to afford such accommodation and due provision. In connection with the granting of these certificates, the following recommendations were adopted by the Metropolitan Branch of the Incorporated Society of Medical Officers of Health on the 12th February, 1897:— 1. That in no case should a Medical Officer of Health examine a house with a view to giving a Certificate under these Acts, until he is absolutely satisfied— as advised in the letter from the Local Government Board, dated the 15th August, 1892—that the house in question comes within the sections of the Acts. 2. |
ea38a724-b461-4966-a3b3-bb0c8dc2c61d | That a Certificate under these Acts should state that the following requirements are complied with: 64 (a) A definite minimum height and superficial area for living and sleeping rooms, as defined by the London Building Act, 1894. (b) That there is a sufficient and available supply of water on each floor. (c) That there is at least one water closet, properly supplied with water for every twelve occupants (or less) on each floor. (d) That the drainage of the premises is in accordance with the regulations recognized by the Authority in whose jurisdiction the house is situated. (e) That accommodation for clothes washing is provided, sufficient for the number of persons inhabiting the house. (Signed) W. H. KEMPSTER, President, Chairman of the Committee. Sickness and Mortality amongst the Parish Poor. Table XV. sets out the character and forms of sickness under the care of the District Medical Officers of the parish poor during 1897. The proportion of deaths to cases is under two per cent. |
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