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29c9ddcb-fd80-436c-89f3-016bd1bb78a6 | JOHN S. DUGDALE. M. FOSTER. JONATHAN HUTCHINSON. FREDERICK MEADOWS WHITE. SAM. WHITBREAD. JOHN A. BRIGHT. Bret Ince, August 1896. Secretary. 183 The undersigned do not find themselves able to go so far in recommending relaxation of the law as is suggested. We think that in all cases in which a parent or guardian refuse... |
43e5b15c-a1f5-45c0-a7ac-3f29c3830ba8 | JONATHAN HUTCHINSON. We, the undersigned, desire to express our dissent from the proposal to retain in any form compulsory vaccination. We cordially concur in the recommendation that conscientious objection to vaccination should be respected. The objection that mere negligence or unwillingness on the part of parents to... |
3f3d2d8e-b2b0-4666-9248-5dc712a261b2 | The right of the parent on grounds of conscience to refuse vaccination for his child being conceded, and the offer of vaccination under improved conditions being made at the home of the 184 child, it would in our opinion be best to leave the parent free to accept or reject this offer. SAM. WHITBREAD. JOHN A. BRIGHT. W.... |
722e1371-a4ce-471b-a7ad-687d3f02cea7 | We entirely agree with the Report of our colleagues in so far as it shows the great change of professional and scientific opinion since vaccination first engaged the attention of the Legislature, and since the passing of the first compulsory Act, in 1853. We hold with them that the prophylactic power of vaccination has... |
a02a337b-8cd2-4008-b109-d834215ccbc9 | There is no difference among us on these points; so far as these recommendations go the Commission is absolutely unanimous. We feel, however, that the evidence not only justifies but requires a more complete reconsideration of the present state of the law, as well as of the methods adopted in dealing with Small-Pox. Fo... |
0409e753-3a5a-4e59-85ad-98d4817c29e8 | We venture to think that the report of our colleagues, in the preparation of many portions of which we have borne our part, has approached the consideration of the behaviour of Small-Pox, and the means of preventing it, too exclusively from the standpoint of vaccination, and that too little attention has consequently b... |
146e1d58-0dd0-4e43-a759-c309a8318001 | Mead's work on the prevention of contagions, primarily directed against a threatened invasion of plague, was not written until 1720. On the other hand there were reports from the Levant, where Small-Pox had been long endemic, that by a method of "engrafting" the disease artificially it might be robbed of its terrors. A... |
9f627ab1-fa8d-4e8c-b2df-54f04e161466 | During her residence at Pera, while her husband was Ambassador to the Porte, Lady Mary learnt that it was there the fashion "to take Small-Pox by way of diversion as they take the waters in other countries." In a letter, dated 1717, she announced her attention of submitting her son, aged five, to the operation, and add... |
4752453d-02df-49e6-957a-2c60f793e989 | In August, 1721, inoculation was tried experimentally on six criminals at Newgate, and the practice was encouraged by the Court. While the effects in most of the early cases appear to have been mild, a few terminated fatally, and the practice became for a while less popular. After 1740, however, inoculation was revived... |
2cf9df4c-8fee-4939-a8e6-272c4090da7b | :—That the arguments which at the commencement of this practice were urged against it have been refuted by experience; that it is now held by the English in greater esteem, and 187 practised among them more extensively than ever it was before; and that the College thinks it to be highly salutory to the human race." Fro... |
db85f9bb-3616-4cdf-bb24-2f49dd5726f5 | It is neither necessary nor profitable to discuss at any length the various theories that have been advanced to account for such immunity; suffice it to say there exists, and has always existed, a belief, shared by medical writers, that in the case of many infectious diseases one survived attack affords a certain amoun... |
7afeb7c7-c1a4-44a5-b558-1108047b914f | After the introduction of vaccination the controversy which took place over its relative merits when compared with those of inoculation brought to light numerous instances of second Small-Pox in the same individual. Jenner collected more than a thousand cases of the kind. Moore says, " For some years the periodical and... |
2cf68b83-1fde-4e2d-92ed-a1f7929d5585 | Notwithstanding the extensive practice of inoculation, or, as has been alleged, in consequence of it, Small-Pox continued throughout the eighteenth century to be endemic in London, and severely epidemic, often at frequent interval in many towns and villages in this country and abroad. During the latter half of the cent... |
2b036ee4-7a11-453f-bc90-5333b5b22cf2 | The part played by contagion in the propagation of epidemics had, since the adoption of inoculation, come to be clearly recognised, and measures were suggested for stamping out Small-Pox on the lines of methods employed against the plague. Some, like Haygarth, suggested the combination of general and systematic inocula... |
2ba1fd26-0586-41ca-967a-be4e07a34ecc | If it afforded protection against Small-Pox without spreading the disease, opinion was evidently ripe for the substitution of the one practice for the other, for inoculation had come to be regarded about this time, not merely as a troublesome affair to those who submitted to it, but as a serious evil, to society. Hence... |
cdd78e29-fee4-44c0-a97c-cf0ee6b16526 | Prior to 1838, when official registration of the causes of death in this country began, the longest series of figures, and those which have been most often quoted, are the London Bills of Mortality. The following figures are taken from a table put in by Sir J. Simon, which was compiled by Dr. Farr, with due regard to t... |
482084a8-00b4-4051-8cc5-efee552bc382 | 1629-35 5.000 180 636 1660-79 8,000 417 785 1728-57 5,200 426 785 1771-80 5,000 502 621 1801-10 2,920 204 264 1831-35 3,200 83 111 190 There was evidently a great improvement in the health of London, as measured by the fall of the death-rate from all causes, from its highest point in the Plague period, to a rate of abo... |
db08fe4c-f057-4e2b-9db8-68de12e9b4f6 | Farr, remarking on these figures, says:— "The diseases of London in the 16th century still prevail in unhealthy climates; not only the diseases and the manner of death have changed in this metropolis, but the frequency and fatality of the principal diseases have diminished. "Small-Pox attained its maximum mortality aft... |
ebe5fa96-3ad9-4694-8408-25b057430fc5 | "Fever, exclusively of the Plague, has progressively subsided since 1771; Fever has declined nearly in the same ratio as Small-Pox. In the three latter periods of the table the deaths from fever decreased as 621 : 264 : 111; from Small-Pox as 502 : 204 : 83." We think these figures suggest that the fall of the death ra... |
c06c669d-ddea-433a-b157-bf5ef1bf1e89 | Among the influences at work in the last quarter of the 18th century which would tend to counteract any injurious influence of inoculation were the progressive rooting out of SmallPox from our prisons, the sanitary improvements in our towns, 191 the growth of what has been termed the "new humanity," which made the care... |
a7d7d21c-1374-41bf-89e9-a9c5ec376a52 | 1841-50 2,500 40 97 1851-60 2,400 28 88 1861-70 2,400 27 90 1871-80 2,240 45 37 1881-90 2,037 14 21 We are, therefore, led to the conclusion that the great fall in the Fever death rate since the middle of last cnntury in London is a real and substantial one, that it is in all probability due to greater sanitary activit... |
24efe7cd-baad-4736-89e4-a4f4caa94179 | Whether we consider the horribly insanitary conditions with the attendant overcrowding, or the disregard of precautions against contagion, it would probably be difficult to conceive conditions more favourable to the spread and 192 fatality of small-pox than those which obtained in London in the first three quarters of ... |
a4237b9f-eccb-4cb8-bc16-ffebae96a869 | Thus, the figures from the London Bills show that in the first quarter of the 18th century, when inoculation had scarcely begun to be practised in London, the deaths from smallpox were 44,306 out of 586,270 total deaths, or 7.6 per cent. In the following quarter, when a certain amount of inoculation was carried on, esp... |
e07b0d9e-8516-4aec-a718-b44dfb8ed68b | of the whole (45,428 out of 493,309). It cannot be denied that the proportion of small-pox deaths to deaths from all causes was greater last century in London after the introduction of inoculation than it was before, though it is also true that the death-rate in proportion to the estimated population from all causes an... |
804d1f09-241a-4139-a03e-eb514aab8431 | Great as such influence must have been, and great as were the efforts which were now for the first time made to restrict the spread of smallpox—by efforts directed against contagion—there were, in addition, those other influences at work during the last quarter of the 18th century to which we have already alluded, infl... |
f73befff-ef16-4f99-a5c8-a36e367224af | It appears, however, from the Bills that its introduction did not at once or very materially increase the mortality from small-pox in London. This was, doubtless, owing to the fact that it was scarcely possible to make matters much worse then than they were before in regard to the number of small-pox deaths. We are led... |
9b84abc4-df01-431b-a746-30757d8ae288 | We think there can be no doubt that, speaking generally, in m 194 London last century, whether from the indiscriminate practice of inoculation or from habitual indifference which permitted smallpox to run riot with little, if any, restriction, the great bulk of persons suffered from small-pox in childhood, and acquired... |
224ce65e-7917-4fce-b532-d0a3b79566bc | Woodville published the results of his experiments in May, 1799, and Pearson in March of the same year distributed the hospital lymph to some 200 practitioners at home and abroad. This was the starting point of the practice of "vaccination"; for Jenner had lost his strain of lymph. Woodville's cases merit careful atten... |
1ed04a60-c526-4076-bdb2-38b171a9f980 | (Morning Herald, July 19th, 1800.) Thus, Mr. Marson records 3,094 cases of post-vaccinal smallpox treated by him at the Highgate Hospital between 1836 and 195 1851, and a further series of 10,661 such cases between the years 1852 and 1867. Dr. Gayton during the years 1870 to 1883 treated 8,234 cases of small-pox in vac... |
4ee2dbe7-f4cd-470b-83db-0125bf11bec2 | No witness who has appeared before us has maintained the original contention of Jenner and the earlier vaccinators, and the protection now claimed by those who assert such protection is relative, not absolute; temporary, and not permanent. It was at one time alleged that even if vaccination did not invariably prevent a... |
4beaf830-2123-4fca-9039-690892028a68 | We are not now concerned with the question of relative mortality in the various classes, to which we shall return, but these and numerous other examples suffice to prove what we believe is no longer disputed by anyone, that severe and fatal small-pox occurs in those who have been successfully vaccinated. As affecting t... |
b7067a47-5762-4239-85be-86ede980fc2d | Restricting our attention, in the first instance, to the question of liability to attack, it is right to state that in the earlier part of the century, when cases of the failure of vaccination began to multiply, it was urged that, inasmuch as small-pox itself did not invariably prevent a second attack, it was unreasona... |
0092ff82-ec03-4242-adb2-8a66b229cb0d | We have already shown that such protection is by no means absolute, but we cannot recall a single witness who has been examined by us on this question who has not admitted that whatever may be the amount of protection afforded by vaccination, it is at any rate less than that conferred by a previous attack of small-pox.... |
bddf986c-367c-4e34-9161-c5c7674c12c2 | Gayton, after quoting a later opinion of Jenner's to the effect that the protection by vaccination was tantamount to that of an attack of small-pox, says, "Proofs are abundant already, and will continue to accumulate, to disprove these statements." Mr. Marson, in the 16 years following 1836, and when he estimated the n... |
5b2946e3-4567-46de-87a5-9518dd717b5e | Barry found, as the result of his census, that 18,292 persons, or 6.6 of the enumerated population of the borough of Sheffield, had had small-pox prior to 1887. Of these, 23 were attacked again in 1887-88, and five died. This gives an attack-rate of 13 per 10,000 against an attack-rate of 155 per 10,000 in the vaccinat... |
f49761d0-9707-486c-83e2-7ff85c2a0f56 | Munk, and the reports of the hospital, that the percentage of cases of vaccinated small-pox patients to the total admissions has progressively increased with the increase of vaccination among the general population, if not in exact ratio, at any rate in a ratio approximating closely to it. 198 Years. Post-vaccinal Smal... |
09a36592-ad19-40a6-ad84-efde5754fd0d | The per centage of children not finally accounted for as regards vaccination in London is given as follows, by the Local Government Board, for the years since 1872:— 1872 8.8 1883 65 1873 8.7 1884 6.8 1874 8.8 1885 7.0 1875 9.3 1886 7.8 1876 6.5 1887 9.0 1877 7.1 1888 10.3 1878 7.1 1889 11.6 1879 7.8 1890 13.9 1880 7.0... |
71e6dc80-fe60-4cdf-880d-6850f9cca71c | 5 years and upwards. 1851-60 130 13 1861-70 116 14 1871-80 113 34 1881-88 37 16 199 Thus we see that, except in the last period (which has been one of increasing default in regard to vaccination), and then only in the case of those under five years of age, there has been no substantial reduction of small-pox mortality,... |
73347677-6718-4659-b37e-4cbbe427fb99 | It has been urged that the observed changes in age incidence of small-pox mortality point to vaccination rather than sanitary reforms as the cause of the difference, since sanitary reforms should operate equally upon all ages, while vaccination might be expected to effect especially the young. There are, however, some ... |
ebd26c81-39c8-48d6-8ef3-c2996dadd325 | He adds, "That the sanitary efforts made of late years should have more distinctly affected the mortality of the young is only what might be naturally anticipated; for it is against noxious influences to which the young are more especially sensitive that the weapons of sanitary reformers have been chiefly directed." He... |
d2e44d10-8af8-4eba-90f1-4ff62c986fc2 | Again, it has been fairly urged that, in order to ascertain whether the shifting of the age incidence of fatal small-pox can be fairly attributed to vaccination rather than to sanitary reforms, it is desirable to institute a comparison between small-pox deaths or death-rates at different ages and other comparable disea... |
8d01f669-d384-4339-a187-f353a0bd8f71 | Now, in regard to Typhus, which is not at the present time responsible for many deaths under five years of age, we learn that, comparing the earliest quinquennium which the RegistrarGeneral's figures enable us to use with the quinquennium 1886-90, a fall of 46.9 per cent. in the children's share, i.e., from 6.4 per cen... |
25bafaf2-cdc9-4d9a-bb7a-687327554ab2 | For small-pox (even without any correction for chicken-pox) there is a fall during the same period of the children's share equal to 36.9 per cent., i.e., from 31.1 per cent. to 19.6 per cent. Not only then do we find that in certain other zymotic diseases comparable with Small-Pox a shifting of age incidence of the dea... |
c2652a1f-eb21-4e23-b144-657fd6544623 | The Register-General, in his Fifty-fourth Report, institutes a comparison between the great Influenza epidemics of 1847-48 and 1890-91, and calls attention to the fact that "the epidemic of 1890-91 was distinguished from the equally fatal epidemic of 1847-48 by the greater comparative severity with which it attacked pe... |
95001ffc-5907-47a2-9645-a2d84e7ec1cb | We are bound to conclude that a theory of causation, which takes no account of these phenomena, is unequal to an adequate explanation of the whole case. If we are right in our conclusion that causes other than vaccination are operative upon the age-incidence of fatal smallpox, and if, as we hold, sanitary measures are ... |
8ec31898-f5e3-4ad9-b629-889072a28ba4 | We are, however, quite unable to agree with our colleagues that overcrowding upon area or within dwellings ought not to be regarded as an insanitary circumstance, and the fact remains that sanitation or environment, or at any rate means other than vaccination, exert a profound influence, not only upon the amount of sma... |
be804ac9-deea-4647-995b-23b3c3049eee | Confining our attention to the unvaccinated, we learn that of 3,746 deaths in the years 1881-93, 1,483 were under five years of age, or 39.5 per cent. Now it has been repeatedly stated that the normal proportion of deaths from small-pox under five to the total Small-Pox deaths last century (and vaccination apart) may b... |
d036a72a-179e-4121-9b74-9993e62dc3e1 | 203 With a view to prove the truth of the theory that cow-pox is the small-pox of the cow—Variolæ Vacciniæ—and also to establish fresh lymph supplies, numerous attempts have been made by several observers in various ways to infect bovine animals with the virus of human small-pox. In the majority of the experiments the ... |
2d14b91b-42d7-411b-a066-eb0ab9baf822 | In none of the experiments have the usual signs of natural cow-pox been found to result. Some of the cases in which vesicular results were obtained are certainly open to the objection that under the circumstances under which the experiments were made, there was the possibility, and even the probability, that vaccine vi... |
6cf6b0ac-194c-436e-b153-295a44c0e40e | In order to obtain local results on human beings similar to those of ordinary vaccination, by the application of matter derived 204 from human small-pox, it does not appear necessary to resort to the cow as an intermediary. One of the earliest experimenters who succeeded in variolating the cow, Dr. Thiele, of Kasan, de... |
c0db92b9-6f2c-4791-81a4-34be4157d5bc | Guillou, in 1826, again records the fact that all the local appearances of vaccination could be obtained with lymph of undoubted variolous origin. Indeed, results approximating to these appear to have been arrived at by some inoculators in the previous century, who claimed to give small-pox without Fever or eruption, a... |
d66fd472-5d40-4870-bd8b-1f5256358c8f | In this sense then cow-pox and small-pox are not convertible, and we think it is incorrect to speak of cow-pox as the small-pox of the cow. It is impossible now to distinguish the various stocks of vaccine in use, it is, however, clear that much of that now current in this country and abroad is not derived from cow-pox... |
2fe53e48-70f7-4c52-8021-463012b4aa47 | Reference III.—The objections made to vaccination on the ground of injurious effects alleged to result therefrom. It was at one time officially maintained that against "the vast gain" by vaccination there is no loss to count. Of the various alleged drawbacks to such great advantages the present state of medical knowled... |
01e9d4eb-9f29-4a67-afdf-ba8bdcf915ba | We agree with our colleages that, notwithstanding repeated and emphatic assertions to the contrary, the admission must without hesitation be made that risk attaches to the operation of vaccination. The statements contained in sections 399-421 of the Report appear to us to give ample reason at least for hesitation in 20... |
fa5a08fe-60ca-4c60-9ba7-69ed04a1bd2b | In section 413 we are told that vaccination may become exceptionally risky, through special circumstances over which, in our opinion, the parents can have little or no control, such as the prevalence of disease in the neighbourhood. Section 417.—"It may, indeed, easily be the fact that vaccination, in common with chick... |
15ec73f9-6a6a-4b1a-a44d-8eea9c27f6de | These eruptions are not attended with any risk to life, nor by any permanent injury to health, and they are usually curable by simple measures. References to these eruptions have been made by many witnesses. 207 Their occurrence has no doubt not unfrequently caused prejudice to the practice of vaccination."And in secti... |
48fc7096-898a-425b-82f8-c4728f78c59c | In sections 420 and 421 it is pointed out that " It was at one time doubted whether syphilis could result (from vaccination), and it was even confidently asserted that it could not," but that " Facts which were, not long after the issue of Mr. Simon's report, brought before the profession, and which were carefully inve... |
904920d2-72cf-4ac2-81b6-a3de1270606b | It appears to us that the case for even this modified compulsion is practically surrendered in section 437, where our colleagues insist on the right of parental option as to the lymph to be used, on the ground that the risk of syphilis from arm-toarm vaccination, however slight, is "naturally regarded by a parent with ... |
f59b0e93-4b5d-4363-af39-1ce8c5ce2db1 | We have already given our reasons for thinking that the teaching of the early sanitarians, like Howard and Haygarth towards the close of last century, initiated a new line of thought in the prevention of disease, and we believe the general improvement of the public health, which then set in, was due, in a large measure... |
a81494ad-12c8-43a3-a83b-6b91f87439de | Related to these measures, but in a somewhat different category, are means directed against contagion, the speedy separation (in suitable hospitals) of the infected from the healthy, the disinfection of persons and things, and the prevention of the propagation of the disease by inadvertent carelessness or by intentiona... |
8d975c20-e4a5-45b1-8efb-40cb07b6b510 | The 209 returns and maps showed that a healthy neighbourhood in which a hospital has been planted, though to a certain extent injured, may yet be favourably compared as regards prevalence of small-pox with those localities in which, from over-population and neglect of sanitary precautions, the predisposing causes of di... |
6c1a3bef-f2da-493f-8a7a-88837059670f | On receiving telephonic or other communication at headquarters an ambulance proceeds with a nurse to where the patient is, and on receiving the certificate that the case is one of smallpox, and without any compulsion, the patient is conveyed to the wharf where the ambulance steamboat is in readiness. Here the patient i... |
0f45dc59-2a06-48c6-a51a-320f98c0a2ee | Investigations n 210 which have been made in London and elsewhere have emphasized the local and personal infectiveness of small-pox, and the pedigrees of localised outbreaks have been definitely traced to single importations. Attention has been of late drawn to the part played by tramps in the spread of small-pox. Mr. ... |
54bcfb46-9bf9-4dfb-9699-b7a78f126cee | Birdwood, who speaks from the experience of some 12,000 cases of small-pox, believes that attention to cleanliness and frequent ablutions prevent the spread of small-pox and dimish the amount of eruption ;he cites the successful precautions taken against the infection of visitors to the small-pox ships, and the occurre... |
0e9149ed-a809-48af-afb7-665e889b6faf | Of the remaining 29, three were infected in a London infirmary where small-pox had been introduced by some undiscovered means in May, and seven were infected in another infirmary by the agency of a vagrant who developed small-pox shortly after his admission there. The remaining 19 were vagrants who possessed no lodging... |
b582ed7f-0dac-4b0c-b6ee-6233f9819543 | Let the healthy be separated from the sick, let the latter be isolated at home, or, if they cannot be properly attended to there, let them be removed to a suitably isolated hospital. There can be no doubt that the latter is the stronger position of the two; and in practice it has been found to secure the intelligent co... |
df205b30-2aa9-4f4e-b2e0-ed95595790e4 | A vigilant sanitary staff, ready to deal promptly with first cases, and, if necessary to make a house-to-house inspection. The medical officer of health to receive such remuneration as to render him independent of private practice. 4. Prompt removal to hospital by special ambulance of all cases which cannot be properly... |
de370d1a-cc30-46d4-8ea3-dafb0546df46 | Hospitals and quarantine stations to be comfortable and attractive, and so administered as to secure the confidence of the public. Hospital treatment to be free to all classes, and compensation to be paid to those detained or otherwise inconvenienced in the public interest, at the public expense. 9. Tramps entering cas... |
0c30d84c-dde9-4122-afba-3404cc14700a | It must be obvious from what has been already said that we necessarily consider the legal enforcement of vaccination as inexpedient and unjust. We see no sufficient reason for withdrawing this particular medical prescription from the personal option which attaches to all other medical prescriptions or surgical operatio... |
18a6845e-7276-4b28-acc1-e2c6b75111e8 | Whether such limited and conditional confidence in vaccination as is expressed in the report of the majority would have been held by the Parliament of 1853 to justify compulsion, is,of course, a matter of opinion; but when we recall the unqualified assurances then given that universal efficient vaccination would secure... |
2bff9bbf-0b2b-44af-b9cd-c3a23c220a22 | But not one of them has maintained Jenner's first claim that vaccination conferred a lifelong protection. It is apparent from the history of legislation on this subject that the assumption underlying every amendment of the law was a strong and general belief that, if only the absolute universality of efficient primary ... |
befe4eb3-3683-4e86-937e-8a20be95b15e | Under these circumstances it has been suggested to us that the obvious remedy is to amend the law by making re-vaccination compulsory. But though such a course might receive a good deal of support from medical opinion, the evidence we have as to the condition of public feeling shows that it would be impracticable. This... |
10414935-ff2f-498b-90e1-87b2ee8fb6fe | In support of a continuance and reinforcement of the present law it is urged that if primary vaccination be not an infallible preventive, at least it always lessens the severity of the disease, if caught, and diminishes the mortality. It is, however, doubtful whether such results as these would have been held to justif... |
5e15f69f-7ad9-4f53-a170-036e4a4e5bf1 | It is the only instance under our Constitution of the universal enforcement by fine and imprisonment of a surgical operation. In all other cases preventive sanitary law affects only outward circumstances, such as light and air, sewerage, overcrowding, public exposure of infected persons, and the like. In all such cases... |
db7af826-64f1-48d7-937b-a694e5d854d7 | In all other cases he is allowed to decide on his own responsibility whether he will follow a particular medical prescription or not. But in this he must accept the operation with all its dangers, real or imaginary, at the dictation of the law. He may believe that he has lost previous children through the effects of va... |
ac942580-298f-421f-af6a-7dd6cd1c0e67 | It was believed that vaccination had already come into such general vogue that only carelessness accounted for occasional neglect. And, finally, it was assumed that there were no dangers to be feared such as might perplex the consciences of parents. The law is also in abeyance by resolution of the guardians, in the fol... |
f58b13b2-f3fc-446f-83df-925b508dadff | For at present the duty of enforcement lies with the guardians, and it is made a test question in their election. If we could suppose that the evidence laid before us would have the effect of changing local opinion, we might count on the future election of guardians willing to carry out the law. But a large part of tha... |
0c2d9edd-dc5c-4074-8830-c33698a3ed0b | There is too much reason, however, to fear that even this would not be sufficient without a material increase in the severity of the law. The evidence received as to the prevalence and strength of conscientious objections on the part of parents convinces us that a considerable number could not be compelled by any penal... |
f66f5f2a-7fc9-485e-ba0d-22c9aed9237c | The constitution of a child is always more or less disturbed by it; and though the number of cases in which this disturbance assumes a painful or fatal form bears small proportion to the number f infants vaccinated, yet a certain amount of risk remains undeniable: and the question whether this risk should be encountere... |
3389d0d9-8977-4867-9f8a-d3df7b29aaa2 | But the danger from small-pox to any community using such precautions as we have recommended is not now great enough, nor is the safeguard of sufficient certainty to fulfil these conditions. It is true that in a considerable number of the cases examined for us the injury or death is reported to have been only indirectl... |
9aad446a-bd9b-4c83-aa9d-afe3c8996052 | It is not possible, because there exists a sufficient amount of conscientious opinion opposed to give it to recalcitrants the credit of martyrdom, and because in great centres, such as Leicestershire, it is questionable whether even the police could carry out compulsion without the aid of the army. It is inexpedient, b... |
baa5018b-96c3-4b94-bad9-2f108e2cc008 | In the matter of re-vaccination, however, their proposal is different; they are impressed with the transient influence of vaccination, and recognise the need of revaccination as early as nine or ten years of age, and advise its 219 repetition at intervals, but they do not suggest that the repeated operation, which they... |
5f412888-16eb-4474-9b53-e62094c2dd67 | They recognise the impossibility of securing the primary vaccination of every person, and open a means of escape for objectors. They are also not prepared to recommend that re-vaccination should be pressed in the same manner as the primary operation at a time when the vaccinated have lapsed into susceptibility to small... |
609ba635-0e36-4870-a48d-83a45ecaad2b | But in consideration of the prevalent belief in the value of vaccination as a prophylactic for an indefinite period, and we suggest that in other respects the law should be left as it is, subject, however, to 220 such modifications as are recommended for the diminution of attendant risks. The precedent established in t... |
658d89b1-8a95-4406-91ef-1f942476698a | We regard as both expedient and unjust exclusion from any branch of public service because of the refusal to submit to vaccination or re-vaccination. The injustice is perhaps most severely felt in the case of candidates for employment as pupil-teachers in public elementary schools. There are now districts in which, owi... |
31db9faa-667e-46e7-9261-e580c0882e97 | On the whole, then, while there is much in the report of our colleagues from which we dissent, and we have accordingly abstained with reluctance from adding our signatures to theirs, 221 we are at one with them in holding that it is unwise to attempt to enforce vaccination on those who regard it as useless and dangerou... |
a6c13e94-885c-4dd8-a3c4-c5e8a02d55c3 | No personal opinion has been given in this resume by myself except that on page 91, a paragraph on the inapplicability of the Scottish method of carrying out public vaccination to large English cities is inserted. There is the further consideration that all control of public vaccination by the Inspectors of the Locol G... |
ac050f02-d32b-4d37-bd3c-e6c441a7871f | During that period no case of syphilis contracted as the result of public vaccination was seen by me, no deaths directly attributable to the operation came to my notice and, further, during several epidemics of small-pox, as the result of enquiries in every case by the Sanitary Inspectors, no child vaccinated at the va... |
3e92c1f7-597a-4a27-8654-e6d720d53e20 | The great number of complaints received from the public, notifications of the existence of infectious disease, with removal to hospital in many cases and inspection and disinfection in all, together with the more systematic testing and re-organisation of defective drains and other urgent matters, render the inspectors ... |
6a52a20b-bbba-411c-a598-17b3df766661 | It will be observed by reference to Table XVI., that sixtynine thousand, four hundred and thirty two Sanitary operations were carried out during 1896, the largest number yet returned. The numbers for the years 1892, 1983, 1894 and 1895 are also given as a means of comparison, the Sanitary Staff having been augmented in... |
45426bec-3141-4305-92d1-800005d10f1c | There were three thousand four hundred and sixty-one intimations served under Sec. 3, Public Health (London) Act, 1891. Nine hundred and nine of these cases required statutory notices under Sec. 4, &c., by order of the Health Committee and the Vestry, in addition to which one thousand nine hundred and fifty-two notices... |
e3a8ef0b-9d28-44a0-9fe5-530b0aa4ba4a | Overcrowding was abated in sixty instances, but this is an evil not at all so frequent in this parish as compared with those of central London. Two hundred and thirty-five premises were cleansed or repaired. Drains were tested by smoke in one thousand one hundred and eighty-eight cases, the majority of cases being foun... |
cb52f493-8ccc-4cde-8fbe-7ed53a3b1fac | 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 Total Sanitary operations 38,779 54,577 53,791 55,806 69,432 Number of House Inspections 23,587 25,091 24,747 30,051 38,781 Bakehouses Inspections 215 296 313 460 532 Bakehouses Nuisances abated ... 18 19 49 57 Urinals—Inspections 251 260 318 483 468 Do. altered, repaired, or water laid on ... ... |
49ac7f26-1ce5-43c2-91ef-975dc6535764 | 572 1,605 1,709 1,952 Complaints Received and attended to . 4,089 3,253 3,877 3,302 Number of Houses Disinfected 1,227 2,069 1,449 1,454 1,698 Houses Supplied with Disinfectants 3,026 5,275 3,175 3,616 6,748 Overcrowding Abated 34 38 56 33 60 Premises Cleansed and Repaired 189 280 328 138 235 Drains Tested By Smoke 700... |
c57efff0-8b7b-4933-89b6-589cc2940fbe | 135 796 846 Sink and Rain Water Pipes disconnected 1,360 562 1,012 634 565 Water Closets Cleansed and Repaired 237 314 426 236 282 Cesspools Abolished 1 4 6 8 . Mews and Stables Drained and Paved 86 30 11 8 17 Yards Drained and Paved 161 253 938 555 735 Accumulations of Manure Removed or proper receptacles provided 41 ... |
24b9f9b4-cd05-4398-b8b9-cb944e9feefb | or supply disconnected from drinking water cistern 860 731 1,113 1,054 911 Cisterns Covered, Cleansed and Repaired 409 469 624 816 687 Keeping of Animals in unfit state discontinued 5 16 11 16 25 Smoke Nuisances dealt with 10 26 21 11 12 Certificates of Disinfection Granted 1,044 1,659 1,55I 1,538 1,740 Water Supply Ce... |
25fcbcdb-3ec0-4e58-9ffd-c7a04c495605 | 38 4 8 19 14 38 Underground sleeping rooms disused ... ... ... 12 19 Gipsy vans inspected ... ... ... 64 56 Drains laid to New Houses ... ... ... ... 266 Samples taken under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 101 103 101 227 294* *This is for the Sanitary year, 1896—the Analytical year ends March, 1897. 225 DETAILS OF POLI... |
45f88fbb-c583-47f8-806e-a40ab3c7acfa | Under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 45 9 36 Under Public Health (London) Act, 1891— Non-compliance with Notices or Contravention of Byelaws 15 - 15 Exposure of Unwholesome Food 5 1 4 65 10 55 Under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, seven cases were withdrawn for the following reasons :— 1 Refusal to serve Inspector—arti... |
df004a3e-8d6d-42a1-9d1f-f138d337eb55 | In the case of exposure of bacon in a condition unfit for human food, the defendant, in default of payment of a fine of £20, was committed to prison for two months. Two hundred and ninety-three bodies were received in the Public Mortuary during the year 1896, seventeen of which were for sanitary reasons. A prominent fe... |
657f31d8-60ca-42c4-82a9-e6741bea9b13 | o 226 January 14th.—In consequence of a magistrate attached to the South-Western Police Court having been attacked by Typhoid Fever, the Chief Sanitary Inspector submitted a report at this Meeting relative to the sanitary condition of the Court in question, which was alleged to have probably been the cause of the illne... |
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