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79dbaeed-2cd5-47d9-ad67-2308c9a72b88 | It is not an infrequent event for a firm to lose a good worker because the latter cannot find a house near his work and he finds travelling to his work too arduous and onorous. SMOKE PREVENTION. On July 1st, 1927, the new Smoke Prevention Act came into force. As far as densely populated industrial areas are concerned, atmospheric pollution constitutes an outstanding problem of sanitation which health authorities can no longer ignore. At first it seems curious that the necessity of a clean atmosphere has taken such a long time to be appreciated. The benefits of clean food and clean water were early appreciated and we have made considerable progress towards the attainment of these two goals. The provision of uncontaminated water supplies has wiped out of existence the cholera scourges which were frequent in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. |
be79eadc-51e8-411b-8691-cc4c08f37bdb | It seems almost incredible now that as late as the middle of last century in a town with a much smaller population than Acton fifteen hundred deaths occurred from cholera in the autumn of one year. The provision of pure food supplies has undoubtedly caused the great diminution of mortality from diarrhoea and other diseases of the intestines. Medical research had shown that certain diseases were directly due to contamination of the water and food supplies and the steps undertaken to protect them were successful in reducing the mortality from those diseases. But until quite recently, no diseases could be said to be directly due to a polluted atmosphere, and even now, it is not easy to provide direct and absolute proof that the death-rate in any area is influenced by the smoke pall. It is impossible, in the majority of cases, to point with any certainty to specific cases of disease or mortality as due to this cause. We know, of course, that during a spell of foggyweather the deaths from lung diseases and the deaths of old people rapidlv increase in number. |
d4cfd9ab-d0b2-4dca-8f73-586021bd8170 | Dr. Osborne, the Medical Officer of Health for Silford, tabulated the deaths of certain towns and he found that the 1927 10 bronchitis death-rate in 1921 to 1925 for Manchester and the group of towns near Manchester, such as Salford, Blackburn, Bolton, Preston, Stockport, Burnley, wigan, Oldham, Bury and Rochdale, is remarkably and consistently high, being in every case over 50 per cent. greater than that of the country as a whole, and in some cases nearly three times as high as that of towns like Eastbourne and Bournemouth. The bronchitis death-rate in some of these towns was nearly twice as high as that of Greater London, although the conditions in London as far as atmospheric pollution is far from satisfactory. It has been shown that when light passes through a disperse system such as a suspension of smoke particles in the air it undergoes a scattering which is inversely proportional to the wave length of the ray. |
6fdce7b3-9663-4fe3-b424-1c75d49d62b2 | Thus the violet and ultra violet rays, which are known to be the most valuable for human health are cut off to the greatest extent by smoke. The amount of ultra violet rays received in Kingsway, London, is only about half that received in Hampstead, and probably less than a quarter of that in the country. In Acton, we are particularly, interested in the smoke problem on account of the large number of factories in the district, and the Council encouraged their Inspectors to become proficient in their duties respecting smoke prevention. Mr. Kinch and Mr. Jenkins obtained the certificate of the Sanitary Institute for Smoke Inspectors, and the Council recognised their work by increasing their salary. The Council felt that it was not sufficient for a Smoke Inspector simply to make observations of chimneys and take action against defaulters. The Inspectors now have a knowledge of the principles which underlie combustion in the furnace, particularly the boiler furnace. |
2dfdbc59-893d-4619-b5a1-43ee3407fd59 | In many instances, they have brought about reforms which have at once freed the chimneys from smoke nuisance and at the same time yield a handsome financial return to those who have accepted their advice. In some instances where black smoke has been observed it is found that the boiler plant is too small, and the furnace is overloaded with fuel. When the plant is working under normal conditions with ordinary draught, the boiler is not capable of generating sufficient steam for the requirements of the factory. Instead of replacing it with a larger boiler or providing an additional one, an attempt is made to obtain the steam bv means of excessive fuel; the stoker piles on the fuel and instead of keeping a fire of a normal depth of 4 to 6 inches the fire is often as much as 15 inches deep. |
7ccb46f0-fa8c-4445-b15d-c763307d0d62 | With such a depth of fire it is impossible to obtain proper combustion, as the supplv of primary air is impeded by the thickness of the fire, and the space between 1927 ll the top of the fire and the crown of the furnace is insufficient to allow of the secondary air there and in the combustion chamber. Under such conditions the emission of black smoke is inevitable. With forced draught more coal can be burnt with a normal depth of fire, but in the majority of cases which come under our notice the boilers are unsuitable for adaptation to forced draught. In most of the large factories, mechanical stoking is in vogue, but in the smaller factories, the inspectors have been able to give a demonstratoin of the right and wrong method of hand stoking. We have come across instances where it would have paid the employers to adopt means to convince a stoker that hand firing is an art worth acquiring. VVe have issued and distributed the following leaflet:— BOROUGH OF ACTON. |
2f69b47f-1f1a-4128-a386-14ad7b35028f | INSTRUCTIONS TO STOKERS. HAND FIRING. (1). Fire small charges at frequent intervals. (2). Break coal into lumps 2" diameter. (3). Method of firing:— (a) Spread fuel lightly over whole fire, or (b) Spread along one side of furnace alternately each charge, or, (c) Feed on dead-plate and push on to fire when gases have distilled by coking. (4). Open furnace door grids if any, for one minute after stoking to burn volatiles, if no grids, open doors. (5). Keep fire at even depth and without bare spots. (6). Do not allow all your fire to burn away before cleaning off. (7). Do not clean off all your furnaces at one time. (8). Keep steam pressure steady and do not force boiler. |
c761e88f-2612-4e5a-949b-63355a83dad3 | I think it may be Stated that the solution of industrial smoke pollution, as far as boiler furnaces are concerned, seems to be in sight. There still remains the domestic smoke problem. People prefer the open fire and will not readily change to other methods of heating, as far as the living room is concerned. As far as the inmates of the house are concerned, the open fire is much the healthiest method of domestic heating, as it ensures thorough ventilation of the room, with warm surfaces and cool air, unlike central heating, and closed stoves, which cook the air and leave the walls and surfaces comparatively cold. On the other hand, ordinary house coal, when burned in 1927 12 the ordinary open grate, gives off volumes of unconsumed distillation products in the form of tarry smoke. This domestic smoke contains a high proportion of unconsumed tar and fine impalpable fume, both of which are destructive to our buildings and detrimental to our lungs. |
5fc3645d-216e-4ac4-9034-c1144d1398a2 | The high temperature which is obtained in the factory furnace burns the volatile products, and factory smoke usually contains only inorganic ash. The lower the temperature the more injurious the substances which are given off in the coal smoke, so that the worst nuisance arises when domestic fires are banked up with slack. If we are to retain our open fires, it is, in the first place, imperative that a smokeless substitute for raw coal be found, and it is disappointing that most of the smokeless fuels on the market are comparatively expensive. With regard . to the various low temperature smokeless fuels, the supply is at present comparatively small, and the price does not compare favourably in calorific value with coal. TABULAR STATEMENT OF INSPECTIONS AND DETAIL OF WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE SANITARY INSPECTORS. Number of Inspections and Action Taken. |
c4416ff9-34cb-4374-9ec1-31a009a5c167 | Total number of dwelling houses inspected for housing defects (Under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1088 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 612 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Section 3, Housing Acts 219 (3) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Acts 238 Premises (other than defective dwelling houses) inspected for nuisances and miscellaneous defects 863 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 733 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Act, &c. 130 Reinspections subsequent to service of Notice 7936 Enquiry visits on notification of Infectious Disease 323 Number o'f Premises under Periodical Inspection. |
108005ce-0c22-466b-8dd8-d3a7fa110592 | Workshops and Workplaces 161 Bakehouses 29 Slaughterhouses 2 Public Health Urinals 37 Common Lodging Houses 1 Houses-let-in-lodgings 26 1927 13 Butchers' Shops 42 Fish Shops 28 Premises where food is manufactured or prepared 33 Milk Purveyors 60 Cowsheds Nil Piggeries Nil Rag and Bone Dealers 6 Mews 4 Schools 11 Show Grounds 1 441 Rent Restriction Acts. Number of Certificates granted 12 Number of Certificates refused 1 Detail of Work carried out. |
661fe675-c7b8-413a-959d-415952925ceb | Sanitary Dustbins provided 492 Yards paved or yard paving repaired 133 Insanitary forecourts remedied 87 Defective drains repaired or reconstructed 63 Defective soil pipes and ventilating shafts repaired or renewed 74 Defective fresh air inlets repaired or renewed 87 Defective gullies removed and replaced by new 77 Rain water downpipes disconnected from drain 38 Dishing and curb to gullies repaired and new gratings fixed 176 Defective W.C. pan and traps removed and replaced by new 83 Defective W.C. flushing apparatus repaired or new fixed 341 Defective W.C. |
dca5b811-9625-4763-89ca-fdd62cd8f174 | seats repaired or new fixed 158 Defective flush pipe connections repaired 92 Insanitary sinks removed or new fixed 145 Sink waste pipes repaired or trapped 193 Insanitary wall surface over sinks remedied 145 Ventilated food cupboards provided 8 Drinking water cisterns cleansed 238 Defective covers to drinking water cisterns repaired or new fixed 57 Insanitary sites beneath floors concreted Spaces beneath floors ventilated 116 Dampness in walls from defective damp-proof course remedied 143 Dampness from defective roof, rain water gutterings, etc. |
464d1dab-049b-403d-893b-8a912b6346d3 | remedied 722 1927 14 Defective plastering repaired (number of rooms) 694 Rooms where dirty walls and ceilings have been cleansd and redecorated 3908 Defective floors repaired 163 [Defective or dangerous stairs repaired 29 Defective doors and windows repaired 343 Defective kitchen ranges and fire grates repaired 297 Defective washing coppers repaired 108 Coal cupboards provided and repaired 42 New W. C. apartments provided 14 Accumulations of offensive matter removed 25 Drains unstopped and cleansed 216 Overcrowding nuisances abated 10 Drains tested, exposed for examination, etc. 94 Smoke observations taken 174 Smoke nuisances abated on service of notice 11 Nuisances from pigs and other animals abated 7 Notifications of waste of water sent to Metropolitan Water Board 286 BIRTHS. Table 7 gives particulars of the births registered and notified in the district, and the births belonging to the district which have occurred and been registered outside the district. |
af2d751a-b280-4451-8573-cefb2dec724a | Table 7 which gives particulars of the births notified and registered, illustrates the antiquated condition of our birth registration arrangements, and the absence of any provision in these laws or in their administration for the furtherance of child welfare schemes. These laws, of course, were passed before the birth of any effective public health legislation, and they have been allowed to continue and very little attempt made to bring them into line with modern public health requirements. Under the Notification of Births Act, a birth has to be notified within 36 hours to the Medical Officer of Health. In addition, the birth has to be registered with the local registrar of births. The birth has to be notified, and registered in the district in which a birth has taken place, and not in the district to which the birth belongs. |
5207a972-2f24-4c61-9680-fc93abd92466 | For instance, if an Acton mother goes for her confinement to a nursing home or a maternity hospital in London, the birth is notified to the Medical Officer of Health of the Metropolitan Borough in which the institution is situated, and registered with the local registrar of births of the same area. In the vast majority of instances, the Medical Officer of Health forwards the particulars of the birth to us, and we are enabled to visit if necessary and advise the mother. Under the 1927 15 Notification of Births Act, there is a system of transfer which enables us to carry out the duties under our Maternity and Child Welfare scheme. Hut under the Registration of Births Act, the only intimation we receive is a slip at the end of each year from the Registrar General giving the total number of registered births belonging to the district. By deducting the number of births registered locally we ascertain the number of births which have occurred outside the dictrict. |
26d6d245-e96c-4daa-8db1-9abe6a872449 | But no particulars whatsoever is given by the Registrar General, simply the total number. As over one-sixth of our total births occur outside the district, and these mothers are usually those who need and welcome instruction, it will be gathered to what extent our work would be handicapped if the defect were not remedied through the courtesy and help of Medical Officers of Health. Th total number of births belonging to the district was 1026. This figure represents the total number of births registered during the calendar year and is corrected for inward and outward transfers. The births registered in the dictrict was 857. The total number of births corresponds to an annual birth rate of 16.09 per 1000 inhabitants. Because the addresses of all the outside births are not obtainable, it is impossible. to allocate the births to the several wards. The difference in numbers between the notified births and the registered births is so small that approximate figures are given for the several wards. |
2453840c-f183-4ba3-8a29-3854b84f7433 | There is a difference of 27 between the total as given by the Registrar General, and the total number of which we have particulars. The 999 births were distributed as follows:— North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. 284 190 171 354 The birth rates per 1000 population in the different wards were as follows:— North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. 16 14.5 11.2 20.2 39 children were born out of wedlock, which number corresponds to illegitimate birth-rate of 3.8 per cent of the total births. DEATHS. The total number of deaths belonging to the district was 704. 445 deaths were registered in the district; of these 21 were deaths of non-residents. In addition 280 deaths of residents were registered outside the district. |
9f326a4f-1084-49a1-a3d4-f2cade4170fc | 1927 16 The 704 deaths correspond to a death-rate of 11.04 per 1000 inhabitants. The mortality was highest in the first quarter of the year and lowest in the third quarter. In the first quarter 252 deaths occurred corresponding to a death-rate of 15.8 per 1,000 per annum. In the other three quarters the numbers were 139, 127, and 184 respectively, which numbers correspond to 8.7, 7.9 and 11.5 per 1,000 per annum respectively. But, although the mortality was highest in the first quarter of the year, the average age at death was also highest in that quarter. The explanation, of course, lies in the fact that the more severe weather experienced in the first quarter of the year was especially fatal to old people. The death-rate is slightly higher than that of 1926 and 1925. |
5c7fe247-2dbe-45ea-92a3-f17a8e583d78 | We are apt sometimes to forget that in recent years the age distribution of the population has considerably changed, and the continuous downward trend of the death-rate has nearly, if not absolutely come to an end. When the birth-rate was high we had a large proportion of people living in the vigorous and healthy age-periods. At the commencement of the decline in birth-rate and for some years afterwards, we had conditions which were particularly favourable to a low death-rate. These conditions have now passed, and we are entering on a period when the age constitution of the population has altered and we have a higher proportion of old people and a lower proportion of young and healthy people. These remarks are made not with the intention of discouraging or depreciating the effects of sanitary work and preventive medicine in the twentieth century. As a matter of fact, many and great advances have been made, but certain allowances should always be made for the altered age distribution of the population. |
df5233e7-621e-4f6d-854d-9487020de21d | If we go back only twenty years, we are confronted with certain facts which are really amazing. In spite of the increased population, there were less deaths in the 3 years 1925, 1926 and 1927 than there were in 1905, 1906 and 1907. In the earlier three years there were 2052 deaths compared with 2027 in the last three years. The average death-rate in 1905— 1907 was 13.25 and in 1925—1927, it was 10.67. In these two Deriods although the age distribution of the population has changed, the periods are fairly comparable as a whole, because the lower proportion of young children living in 1925—1927 is counterbalanced by the higher proportion of old people in the later period. |
601c4502-0ee9-4490-953c-cb28ec91ef57 | But if the death-rate of 1905—1907 had persisted in 1925—1927, about 490 more deaths would have occurred in the later period than did actually occur. If we compare the average age at death in 1927 with that of 1907, the contrast is still greater. In 1907, the average age 1927 17 at death was only 31.88 years, whilst in 1927 the average age was 52.24 years. The expectation of life has increased over 20 years in that period. This improvement is not entirely due to the altered age-distribution of the population nor to the greatly lowered infantile mortality, because the improvement is seen in the later ages of life, although not in the same degree. Because of the success which has resulted from the work of infant life preservation, we are apt to forget sometimes the fact that the benefits accrue also in later years. |
0c8b7ca5-ae7a-47ac-94cc-080e7e6a4818 | A further examination of the death returns of 1907 and 1927 shows that even if we exclude the deaths under one year of age, the average age at death of the others went up 43.66 to 57.37 years. The reduction of mortality in children beween 1 and 5 years of age has been even greater than the reduction which has occurred in the infantile mortality. Even if we exclude the deaths of children under 5 years of age, we find that the average age at death has gone up from 52 years in 1907 to 59.34 in 1927. The average age at death of adults has also been raised. If we take the average age at death of persons over 15 years of age, it has gone up from 58.82 years to 61 years. |
50f00c8b-4e34-4383-a0d4-083c68b5770b | The following table shows the averages at death of all persons who died and of those over 1 year, 5 years, and 15 years of age in the years 1905, 1907, and 1925 and 1927. Average age at death. 1927 1926 1925 1907 1906 1905 years. years. Persons of all ages 52.24 50.87 51.83 31.88 31.85 33.07 Of persons over 1 year 57.37 56.06 58.93 43.66 44.55 45.22 „ „ „ 5 yrs. 59.34 59.25 61.31 52. 54. 50.92 ,, ,, ,, 15 yrs. 61. |
1b0f61b8-8a31-4344-a5f7-d9b9a7455e82 | 61.04 62.69 58.82 57.18 55.8 It will be seen from the above figures that the improvement which has taken place in the early years has also extended to the middle years of life. This improvement has taken place in respect of almost all diseases. The most notable exceptions are Heart Disease and Cancer. The deaths from these diseases have increased considerably in recent years, but the increased mortality from heart disease is probably not a real one, and the apparent increase is due to better methods of diagnosis and a more comprehensive view of heart disease. In former years, valvular disease was considered the most formidable condition in heart disease, and accounted for most of the deaths. In recent years, other conditions connected with the muscles of the heart figure largely in the causes of death from heart disease. In connection with deaths from cancer, we should also bear in mind the altered age-distribution of the population. |
86d6d642-0fcc-4a49-b776-0a5aab3b5c98 | It is a lamentable fact that deaths from cancer have increased, and the increased mortality is not entirely accounted for by improved 1927 18 methods of diagnosis. But the number of deaths from cancer now iis relatively higher in persons over 65 years of age than it formerly was. In the 4 years 1906—1909, the total number of deaths from Cancer was 190; of these 74 or 38 per cent were in persons over 65 years of age. In the 4 years 1924 to 1927 the number of deaths was 357—a very large increase; of this number 165 were in persona over 65 years of age, or 46 per cent of the total. A reference to Table I. will show a slight alteration in its arrangement. In former years there was a column showing the number of inquests which has been held. |
24462678-2abb-4497-ac87-0d67f46664b3 | This year there is another column showing the percentage of deaths certified by the coroner after a post-mortem examination, but where no inquest had been heid. The Coroners Amendment Act, 1926, came into force on May 1st, 1927, and the Act makes many far-reaching amendments relating to Coroners. Under the Act a Coroner is empowered under certain conditions to hold an inquest without a jury. This power was first enacted by the Juries Act 1918, and continued by the Coroners Emergency Provisions Continuance Act, 1922, and by the subsequent Expiry Laws Act, until December 31st, 1927. This proceedure now becomes a permanent practice. Another inovation is the power given to the Coroner to order a post-mortem examination to be made without the necessity of a subsequent inquest. |
05a2dee1-55e0-4b6f-b74f-78d65f26c806 | Under the Coroners Act, 1887, a postmortem examination could only be directed if an inquest was to be held. Under the new Act the Coroner can order a post-mortem examination, and if as a result of such post-mortem examination he is satisfied that an inquest is unnecessary, he simply sends a certificate to the Registrar of Births and Deaths stating the cause of death as disclosed by the report of the post-mortem examination, and the Registrar makes, an entry in the register and issues a burial certificate. The new powers obviate the necessity of holding many inquests. Last year 26 inquests were held, and 9 deaths certified by the Coroner, after a post-mortem examination without holding an inquest. 8 of these inquests concerned persons who were nonresidents. Fourteen Inquests were held on residents who had met their deaths outside the Borough, and two certified by a Coroner without an inquest. |
0701d22b-b599-4573-b4b6-f3fa2338fc52 | The total number of deaths of residents and in which an . inquest was held was 33, and 11 deaths were certified by a Coroner without an inquest. Sir George Newman in his annual report to the Ministry of Health draws attention to the increasing risk of life due to motor vehicles. He states in that report that before remedies 1927 19 can be considered, a detailed analysis of the causes is needed. Apart from evidence submitted to the Select Committee in Motor Traffic 15 years ago no detailed analysis is available. We do not know how many of those who lost their lives were drivers or passengers, and how many pedestrians. Our figures, of course, are too small to be of value for the purposes above mentioned, but they may be interesting. 8 deaths belonging to the district were caused by mechanically propelled vehicles; 2 of them occurred in the district and six outside. |
539cc613-7097-47e6-8ae5-8a958cbfd80d | The two which occurred in the district were both pedestrians—one was a woman of 63 years of age, and the other a man of 81 years. The former was knocked down by a motor van, and the latter by a passenger car. Of the six residents who were killed outside, 3 were pedestrians, and 3 were either drivers or passengers. The 3 pedestrians were men of 96 years and 59 years respectively and a boy of 8 years. The two men were knocked down by passenger cars and the boy was run over by a lorry. The three drivers or passengers were on motor cycles. One, a man of 21 years was killed in a collision between his cycle and a taxi-cab, the second a man of 38 years was crushed between his cycle and a motor car, and third a woman of 20 years was thrown off a motor cycle and run over by a charabanc. |
226edb3f-f32c-430c-a4c6-38347df991ca | There were also 6 deaths of non-residents in the district, of these 5 were pedestrians; 2 of these were run over by motor lorries, one, a boy of 2¼ years was run over by a passenger car, one, a man of 70 years was knocked down by a tram car, and one was knocked down by a railway train. The driver who was killed was a man thrown off his motor cycle. The acre distribution, and ward distribution are sriven in Table III. The death-rate in each ward was as follows:— North-East. North-West. Sot(th-East. South-West. 10.38 10.11 10.39 12.34 Deaths in Public Institutions. 292 deaths or 41 per cent of the total occurred in public J institutions. In addition 11 deaths occurred in nursing homes. INFANTILE MORTALITY. 62 deaths occurred in children under one year of age. |
4f32d30f-d60f-4196-8530-cfba02eb03f2 | This number corresponds to an infantile mortality of 60 per 1,000 births. The infantile mortality is higher than that of 1926, but lower than the infantile mortality of the whole of England and Wales, which was 69 per 1,000 births. 1927 20 The infantile mortality in London was 59 per 1,000 births. The infantile mortality in the different wards was as follows:— North-East. North-West. South-East. South-West. 48 70 70 61 Premature birth still figures as the principal cause of death, and 14 deaths are due to this cause. In addition there were 4 deaths from Congenital Debility, 4 from Congenital Malformation, 3 from Marasmus and 6 from injury at birth. Half the deaths were due to ante-natal or natal causes. Over a third of the infantile deaths occurred in the first week after birth. |
bcf2ec54-2dc3-4ed4-aa94-56e6f616844d | 52 of the babies were legitimate ones, and 5 of the deaths occurred in babies who were born out of wedlock. MATERNITY AND CHILD WELFARE. It was stated in last year's report that the Council was endeavouring to rent premises in East Acton in order to start there a child welfare centre. After many failures premises have now been obtained, and although not so convenient as we might wish to the new houses which have recently been erected, it is hoped that it will fulfil a long-felt want. We have been apt to concentrate our energies in South Acton, and the figures show that we have been very successful in that respect. For the past few years, the infantile mortality in the south-west ward has been lower than that of some of the other wards. This, of course, is satisfactory, but it also shows, not that we should relax our efforts in the south-west ward, but that effort is necessary in other directions. |
e6f64cdf-8614-4e7f-acaa-560a394602b4 | For some years, we have endeavoured to co-ordinate the work of our infant centres with that of the school medical service. Children with squint are referred to the School Ophthalmic Surgeon, tonsils and adenoids are removed at the Acton Hospital, and there is an agreement with the National Orthopaedic Hospital for the treatment of any Orthopaedic cases. Although no special sessions are devoted by the School Dental Surgeons to expectant and nursing mothers and to children under 5 years of age, the following work was carried out in the School Clinic last year under the Maternity and Child Welfare Scheme. TABLE I. Inspected. Referred for Treatment. Treated. Mothers 33 33 31 Children 117 117 94 150 150 125 1927 21 TABLE II. |
30d96d71-6fbd-4322-a208-a7909006f104 | Fillings:— Permanent Teeth 29 Temporary Teeth 144 Total 173 Extractions:— Permanent Teeth 170 Temporary Teeth 328 Total 498 Administration of Nitrous Oxide 158 Scalings 4 Dentures 5 DAY NURSERY. The Day Nursery is situated in Bollo Bridge Road. The Nursery is open daily except on Saturday and School holidays. The charges for admission are 9d. a day for one child and 8d. a day each for two or more children of one family. Last year the nursery was open on 209 days, and 3,951 whole-day and 63 half-day attendances were made. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Scarlet Fever. 137 cases of Scarlet Fever were notified, and there was one death from the disease, a child of 5 months who was nursed at home. The age-incidence and ward-distribution of the disease are given on Table 5. Diphtheria. |
3ba25dd9-e7c1-4849-b49a-c484cb449714 | 69 cases of Diphtheria were notified and there was one death from the disease. Although the number of cases was higher there was only one death, compared with 2 in 1926. During the autumn, there was an increased incidence of the disease in East Acton. At the start, the disease was limited to children attending the East Acton School, but later cases occurred amongst pupils of Acton Wells School. The Acton Wells pupils, among whom Diphtheria 22 at first made its appearance, were resident in East Acton, but subsequently there were cases in West Acton. The spread of the disease may probably be accounted for by the fact that Acton Wells draws its pupils from East Acton and West Acton. On October 7th, a case of Diphtheria was notified; the child lived in East Acton and attended the East Acton School. |
085af297-e5c7-4b93-8af0-ecbe04ffaa63 | On October 5th, in the course of the routine medical inspection at the school, one of the children had a nasal discharge and there was a history of recent sore throat. This child lived in Perryn Road. A swab was taken from the throat and it was found that the germs of diphtheria were present. On October 10th, a child under school age living at East Acton was also notified. The district had been comparatively free of Diphtheria throughout the summer—2 cases being notified in each of the months of June, July and August and one case in September. Another feature which caused uneasiness was the fact that recently Diphtheria in a virulent form has been prevalent in certain areas of London. In these circumstances, it was decided to extend the scope of inquiry beyond the contacts of the house, and as usual the next inquiry was directed towards the pupils attending the East Acton School. |
56723cce-9a5c-4220-af29-8c47468139f8 | On October 10th, an examination of the children was made at the school, and many children gave a history of recent store throat. In the circumstances, it was decided to swab most of the children in two of the classes. 67 children were swabbed, and 4 of these were found to harbour the germs of Diphtheria. These 4 children had recently suffered from sore throats, so that is is probable they had suffered, or were suffering from a mild attack of Diphtheria. We have been particularly fortunate in recent years, as far as Diphtheria is concerned. In 1927 there was only one death from the disease, and in 1926 there were two deaths. It is therefore possible that the Schick testing and immunization are not questions of urgent importance here. |
48726cc7-79da-404b-bece-ba9363d4aa40 | But there are ominous signs that Diphtheria of a virulent type is on the increase in London, and during the first quarter of 1028 we had 3 deaths from Diphtheria, or as many as in the two years 1926 and 1927. At present we have no exact knowledge of the determining factors which govern the prevalence and still less the type of these epidemic diseases. It is well therefore that we should be prepared and know what measures are adopted in districts where Diphtheria of a virulent type is prevalent. Immunization by means of Toxin-Antitoxin or Toxoid-Antitoxin has ceased to be experimental, and where it has been carried out, the authorities 1927 23 are in every instance convinced of their value in the control of Diphtheria. |
ee0a93fe-a582-45f5-99fe-5f54846201b3 | In all pioneer work, however, it is well to bear in mind that accidents may occur and have occurred, and it cannot be denied that in a very few instances certain serious results have followed the use of the immunization material. Fatal results have occurred after the use of Toxin-Antitoxin. Two accidents were reported in 1924, one in America and one in Austria. Again in 1927, two further similar occurrences occurred in Russia and China. All these were the subject of inquiry, and scientific investigation, and in each case the cause has been traced to its source. The latest instance in which fatal results followed is that of the Bundaberg accident which occurred in January, 1928, and resulted in 12 deaths. Naturally, the occurrence was seized upon by certain organizations to bring all experimental medicine into bad repute. A thorough investigation was made of all the circumstances by a Royal Commission and a report made to the Commonwealth House of Representation in Canberra. |
ac1dcdfa-df46-42f4-b0ce-140a29920159 | Certain steps have been taken to eliminate possible risk in the future, and a substitute has been found for the original toxin-antitoxin. The public are now safeguarded by the Therapeutic Substances Act which came into operation last year and provides for control over such substances as Diphtheria prophylactic. Every Medical Officer of Health is anxious to rule out the possibility of accidents which can harm and hinder progress in the application of one of the most beneficient preventive measures that have appeared in recent years. Tuberculosis. 128 cass of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and 26 cases of other forms of Tuberculosis were notified during the year; of these 88 were new cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and 22 new cases of other forms of Tuberculosis. 167 cases were removed from the Register during the year, either through death, residence out of the district or reported "cured" by the Tuberculosis Officer. At the end of the year the number of cases on the Register was:— Pulmonary. |
a228ad97-8a5c-4486-b151-1682896f6ea3 | Non-Pulmonary. Total Male Female Male Female 91 92 21 16 220 The following figures have been kindly supplied by Dr. Atkinson, the Tuberculosis Medical Officer:— 1927 24 New cases referred to him— Pulmonary 46 Non-Pulmonary 12 Number sent to Sanatoria 29 Number sent to Hospitals— Pulmonary 14 Non-Pulmonary 13 Isolation Hospital. During the year 247 cases were admitted into the Hospital compared with 200 in 1926. On January 1st, 1927, there were 25 cases under treatment and on January 1st, 1928, there were 36. 236 were discharged and there were 3 deaths. |
928c73f2-56c4-4edc-bc14-725a61162994 | The following is a list of cases admitted:— Acton Wembley Kingsbury Total Scarlet Fever 100 57 7 164 Diphtheria 64 9 2 75 Measles 1 — — 1 Others 6 1 — 7 171 67 9 247 Scarlet Fever. 164 cases of Scarlet Fever were admitted with no death. Diphtheria. 75 cases of Diphtheria were admitted with 2 deaths. Purpura. 1 death. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS, 1927. (a) For Diphtheria. Positive. Negative. Total examinations—1035 130 905 Sent by Medical Practitioners 47 350 Sent from Isolation Hospital 43 194 Convalescents 2 29 Contacts 12 212 Of these Positive Contacts:— 6 were Positive on the 1st occasion. |
9c110143-d5f4-4c8a-9a55-91089d8d862f | 4 „ ,, „ 2nd „ 2 ,, ,, ,, 3rd ,, Positive. Negative. School Sore Throats 21 120 9 of these positive sore throats had sufficient clinical symptoms to warrant removal to Hospital. 1927 25 (b) For Ringworm. Positive. Negative. Total Examinations—5 5 Nil (c) For Tubercle. Positive. Negative. Total Examinations—181 39 142 (d) Bacteriological Examinations of Milk 2 „ ,, Ice Cream 4 MEAT INSPECTION. It was stated in last year's report that towards the end of 1926, the Slaughter-house in Hanbury Road was acquired by a firm that used to slaughter in Aldgate. All the meat in this Slaughter-house is inspected by persons appointed by the Jewish Ecclesiastical Board, any meat rejected as Kosher is laid aside and inspected by the Council's inspectors. |
f5567260-51d4-4271-9509-edd6b1295457 | In the other slaughter-house pigs only are slaughtered and every carcase is inspected by the Council's inspectors and the following tables set out the number of carcases inspected, together with the meat condemned as unsound. On one of the tables will be found the Counties from which the pigs were consigned. There is a slight improvement all round, but a most marked improvement in London and the Counties immediately adjoining. From London and the Counties of Middlesex, Essex, Buckingham, Sussex and Surrey 3,212 of the pigs were consigned and only 45 of the carcases were diseased. In the vast majority of cases, the disease is tubercle. From London and these Counties the percentage of animals diseased was only 1.4 compared with a percentage of over 4.5 in the pigs from the rest of the Country. |
1c4c3625-1a2c-419e-944c-4eea75e0bb99 | The figures are too small to draw any general conclusions, but the improvement may have some connection with the Orders made by the Board of Agriculture for the prevention of the spread of Foot and Mouth Disease. Some of the orders decree that all waste food-stuffs must be boiled before they arc brought into contact with, or fed to animals. Around London, most of the food consists of waste food-stuffs collected from hotels and restaurants, but in rural districts and especially in dairying districts a large portion of food is derived from the surplus of skim milk. The practice still obtains of feeding pigs with raw skim milk and the high proportion of affected phoryugeal glands is probably due to the practice. 1927 26 table I UNSOUND FOOD SURRENDERED DURING 1927. (a) Diseased Meat. Tuberculosis. Pork. 4 Pigs' Carcases 4 bellies 1 side of Pork 1,026 lbs. |
5bf3a46b-177b-4a07-9fc1-8292041b54e7 | pieces of Pork 4 Forequarters 300 Pigs' heads 2 Hindquarters 142 Pigs' plucks 1 Shoulder 1,872 lbs. Chitterlings Beef. 7 Ox Carcases and Offal 4 Ox Plucks 3 Forequarters 52 Calves Plucks 1 breast 27 Calves Livers 3 Hindquarters 1 Tripe 3 loins 2 Ox Kidneys 10 Ox heads and Tongues Veal. 1 side with offal 2 Thin Flanks 7 Forequarters 2 Middles 1 Rib 35 lbs. pieces of Veal 3 Rumps and Loins Parasites. 2 sets of Ox Lungs 203 Sheep's Livers 347 Sheep's Plucks 1 set of Goat's Lungs 1,169 Sheep's Lungs Pleurisy. |
fea93c8c-1d6f-454b-8315-748614a4fcda | S Breasts of Veal 29 Breasts of Mutton 4 Calyes' Hearts 3 Shoulders of Mutton 18 sets of Calves' Lungs Pyaemia. 1 Calf's Carcase 1 Sheep's Carcase & Offal Dropsy. 19 Sheep's Carcases 2 flanks of Mutton 7 Calves' Carcases & Offal Actinomycosis. 4 Ox heads and tongues 4 Calves' heads Septic Pneumonia. 1 Forequarter of Veal 2 Forequarters of Mutton 1027 27 Anthritis. 1 Leg of Pork Bruising. 1 calf's Carcase and Offal 1 leg of Pork 1 Sheep's Carcase Septicaemia. 1 Calves' carcase. Congestion. 3 Calves' carcases & offals 2 Calves' Kidneys Immature. 1 Calf's carcase and offal Abscess. |
9eceb02f-4630-4796-837b-55b2d095ff65 | 1 Thin flank of Beef 1 Sheep's Pluck 5 Forequarters of Mutton 1 Sheep's Head Fluke. 1 Sheep's Liver Died in Transit. 1 Sheep's Carcase Urticaria. 1 Pig's skin & back fat (b) Other Foods. Unsound. 1½ boxes of plaice 1 cwt. new potatoes 5 stone of Roker wings 3 kits of crabs TABLE II. NUMBER OF PIGS' CARCASES INSPECTED FROM 1st JANUARY TO 31st DECEMBER, 1927, WITH ANALYSIS OF SURRENDERS ON ACCOUNT OF DISEASE (TUBERCULOSIS). 1927 No. of Carcases Inspected. No. of Heads Diseased. No. of Carcases Diseased. No. of Sides Diseased. No. of Fore Quarters Diseased. No. of Hind Quarters Diseased. |
738ba922-4dd4-405a-82d5-a3fe3cb94fdb | , No. of Legs Diseased. No. of Shoulders Diseased. Plucks (Lungs, Livers and Hearts). Mesenteries, Stomachs and Intestines Pieces of Pork. Weights Tons Cwts Qrs. Lts. January 815 25 1 — — — 1 13 184 lbs. 32 lbs. 6 3 23 February 699 28 — — — 2 2 37 336 „ — 11 3 25 March 696 39 — — — — 9 168 , 35 „ 8 3 14 April 832 28 - - - - - — 11 176 „ - 5 3 23 May 756 40 1 — — — — 1 128 , 56 „ 10 3 8 June 718 14 1 - - - - - 15 196 „ 30 „ 5 1 23 July |
f1a2b08c-e0d1-4fcc-84ba-a7f1fe07473c | 463 17 - - - - - - 10 104 „ - 1 3 12 August 851 25 1 1 — — — — 15 146 „ 10 „ 7 3 1 September 979 36 — 1 — — — — 15 256 „ 123 „ 8 0 8 October 1109 33 2 — — — — 15 152 „ - 13 0 23 November 1220 29 1 4 1 1 — 15 140 „ 80 „ 15 1 12 December 1465 34 2 2 — — — 18 208 „ 8 „ 13 0 7 Total 10603 348 9 2 6 1 3 3 180 2200 „ 374 „ 5 9 1 11 Part sent to refuse destructor. 1927 28 1927 29 TABLE III. |
6bf02f00-9eb6-4486-81b5-59b38d4c51f0 | Counties from which animals were consigned, and percentage diseased (1st Jan.—31st Dec. 1927). County No. of Towns from which Animals were consigned No. of Carcases Inspected No. of Animals Diseased Percentage of Animals Diseased Bucks 4 67 — — Cambridgeshire 2 159 1 63% Cardiganshire 1 29 2 6.9 % Dorset 9 2314 133 5.74% Essex 3 114 4 3.50% Gloucestershire 1 174 5 2.87% Hampshire 16 988 33 3.34% Ireland 2 996 41 4.11% Kent 1 1 — — Leicestershire 1 17 — — London 1 734 10 1.36% Middlesex . |
38e9a8bb-4dc0-43df-9222-74efb646c523 | 12 1697 21 1.24% Norfolk 3 102 4 3.92% Somerset 8 564 33 5.85% Staffordshire 2 51 2 3.92% Suffolk 9 702 25 3.56% Surrey 7 320 4 1.25% Sussex 3 290 6 2.06% Warwickshire 1 1212 45 3.71% Wiltshire 2 61 2 3.23% Yorkshire 1 11 1 9.09% Total 89 10603 372 3.50% TABLE I. BIRTH-RATE, DEATH-RATE, AND ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY DURING THE YEAR, 1927. Provisional figures. |
25eb204e-95c2-45bd-b9b2-566df1ef7e8a | The rates have been calculated on a population estimated to the middle of 1927, The mortality rates refer to the whole population as regards England and Wales, but only to civilians as regards London and the groups of towns. As the registration of stillbirths did not come into operation until the 1st July, 1927, no stillbirths are included). Birth-rate per 1000 Total Population Annual Death-rate per 1,000 Population. Rate per 1,000 Births Percentage of Total Deaths All Causes Enteric Fever Small Pox Measles Scarlet Fever Whooping Cough Diphtheria Influenza Violence Diarrhoea and Enteritis (under 2 yrs.) Total deahts under 1 year Certified by Registered Medical Practitioners Inquest Cases Certified by Coroner after P.M. |
c855bb3f-b91f-4bdc-ab36-726444ba7be0 | Inquest Uncertified Causes of Death England and Wales 16.7 12.3 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.07 0 57 0.51 6.3 69. 91.7 66 0.7 1.0 107 County Boroughs and Great Towns, including London 17.1 12.2 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.08 0.49 0.40 8.3 71. 91.9 6.6 0.9 0.6 155 Smaller Towns (1921 Adjusted Population, 20,000—50,000) 16 4 11. |
85366cdf-8274-490a-b10e-42b238342c2f | 3 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.58 0.41 5.0 68. 92.7 5.8 0.3 1.2 London 16.1 11.9 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.09 0.39 0.51 7.5 59. 60.3 7.9 1.8 0.0 Acton 16.11 11.04 0 01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 03 0.61 0.3 0.3 6.8 60. 94.1 4.4 1 5 0.0 1927 30 TABLE II. |
3b21f8c6-dd4c-4402-aff3-e34b1214839b | VITAL STATISTICS FOR THE WHOLE DISTRICT DURING 1927 AND PREVIOUS YEARS. Year Population estimated to Middle of each Year Births Total Deaths Registered in the District Transferable Deaths Nett Deaths belonging to the District Nett Under 1 year of Age At all Ages Number Rate Number Rate of Non-Residents Registered in the District of Residents Registered outside Dist. Number Rate per 1,000 Births Number Rate per 1,000 inhabitants 1922 62,390 1203 19.3 404 6.5 14 214 75 62 632 10.1 1923 62,720 1171 18.6 368 5.8 11 243 77 65 599 9.5 1924 62,980 1158 18.4 488 7.7 8 235 65 56 715 11.2 1925 63,110 1047 16. |
03d15e37-31a0-4611-9293-18b6d0a4c4e3 | 5 446 6.8 18 241 80 76 669 10.6 1926 63,040 1098 17.4 422 6.7 15 250 60 55 657 10.4 1927 63,750 1026 16.1 445 6.9 21 280 62 60 704 11.04 31 1927 32 TABLE III. AGES AT DEATH, AND WARD DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS IN 1927. Causes of Death. Age in Years. Ward Distribution. All ages Under 1 year 1 and under 2 2 and under 5 5 and under 15 15 and under 25 25 and under 45 45 and under 65 65 and upwards North East North West South East South West Whooping Cough 2 — 2 — — — - - — — - - 2 Scarlet Fever |
bd4876bd-374f-4d39-abfb-8751e4f61640 | 1 1 — — — — - 1 - Diphtheria 1 — — — 1 — — — — 1 Enteric Fever 1 — — — — — — 1 - - 1 - - Influenza 18 — J — 3 — 5 3 6 2 5 5 6 Encephalitis Lethargica 1 — — — 1 — — - — - 1 Acute Poliomyelitis 1 — — 1 — — 1 Tuberculosis of the Respiratory system 55 — — — 4 14 25 12 12 11 13 19 Other Tuberculosis Diseases 9 — — 1 — 3 2 — 3 4 3 1 1 Cancer, Malignant Disease 94 — — — — 1 8 48 37 22 17 26 29 Rheumatic Fever — — - - Diabetes 13 - - - - - 1 |
2a0eae53-ce09-4997-a94e-2a93fe86a3c5 | 2 10 2 4 3 4 Cerebral Haemorrhage 41 — — — — 1 4 7 29 14 7 11 9 Heart Disease 62 — — 2 2 3 29 26 17 14 8 23 Bronchitis 79 8 1 1 2 13 54 24 9 21 25 Arterio-Sclerosis 27 1 10 16 10 7 9 1 Pneumonia 46 7 4 3 2 - 5 12 13 11 9 8 18 Other Respiratory Diseases 10 — —» 1 — 1 2 4 2 2 2 - 3 Ulcer of the Stomach and Duodenum 12 _ - 1 2 7 2 5 1 3 3 Diarrhoea (under 2 years) 7 7 - |
00c42ffa-d736-43d3-8287-0072dfeab168 | - - - - - - 1 1 2 3 Appendicitis 4 — — — 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - Alcoholism 1 - l - - - 1 Cirrhosis of Liver 5 — — — — 2 l 2 __ 1 2 2 Nephritis 18 — — 2 — 1 5 10 5 8 1 4 Puerperal Sepsis 3 - - - - - 3 - - 1 1 1 Other diseases of pregnancy and parturition 1 — — — — — 1 — 1 _ Congenital debility & malformation, prem. |
d0b1f8e6-303f-4055-babd-c352cd6c8b23 | birth 32 31 1 - - - - - - 9 8 6 9 Suicide 8 — — 2 4 2 1 1 2 4 Other deaths from violence 10 2 3 3 2 2 1 6 1 Other defined diseases 142 8 1 3 4 4 14 34 74 41 30 23 48 Causes ill defined or unknown — — — — - - — — - — - - - Total 704 62 10 12 19 30 85 197 289 187 112 159 210 TABLE IV. INFANTILE MORTALITY, 1927. Causes of Death. Ages. Wards. Total Under 1 week 1—2 weeks 2—3 weeks 3—4 weeks 1—3 months 3—6 months 6—9 months 9—12 months North East North West South East |
7a76b713-78bc-4cfa-a9db-fab81d335813 | South West Scarlet Fever 1 1 1 Bronchitis 8 I 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 Pneumonia 7 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 Meningitis 1 1 1 Convulsions 0 Diarrhoea 7 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 Congenital Debility and Atrophy 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 Congenital Malformation 4 3 1 2 1 1 Marasmus 3 2 1 1 1 1 Premature Birth 14 11 1 2 4 4 3 3 Injury at Birth 6 5 1 2 1 3 Pemuigus 1 1 1 Osteo-myelitis 1 1 1 Interssussception 1 1 1 Other Causes 4 |
1b3c8347-a0d4-462a-848f-469b278dde38 | 1 1 1 1 2 2 Total 62 21 2 2 3 10 9 9 6 14 14 12 22 33 1927 TABLE.V. CASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE NOTIFIED DURING THE YEAR 1927. Notifiable "Disease. Cases notified in whole District. At Ages—Years. Total cases notified in Wards. At all Ages Under 1 1 to 5 6 to 15 16 to 25 26 to 45 46 to 65 65 and upwards North East North West South East South West Scarlet Fever 137 9 50 70 9 6 - - 48 29 22 38 Diphtheria 69 20 42 2 5 — — 29 11 10 19 Enteric Fever 1 - - 1 — — — 1 — — Pneumonia 44 2 |
a6ad9965-32de-49d3-bc9b-21d1820451ee | 6 6 4 11 10 5 8 2 16 18 Puerperal Fever 2 — — — 1 1 — — — 1 — 1 Puerperal Pyrexia 7 — — — — 7 — — 1 2 1 3 Encephalitis Lethargica 2 — 1 — — 1 — — — 1 — 1 Ophthalmia Neonatorum 7 7 - - - - - - 2 1 — 4 Erysipelas 24 — 1 2 1 8 7 5 5 8 4 7 Typhoid 5 — — I 3 - 1 — 2 2 — 1 Anterior Poliomyelitis 3 1 1 1 — - — — — 1 1 1 Polio-Encephalitis 1 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — Dysentery |
2870ab44-8ab7-438e-9ef9-fa46b141d7fc | 1 — — — — 1 — 1 — — — Post Partum Fever 1 - — — - 1 - - - - - 1 Tuberculosis (Resp.) 128 8 40 50 23 1 40 16 21 51 Tuberculosis (Other) 20 — 1 6 8 5 6 — 6 6 7 7 Totals 458 12 81 136 74 96 48 11 143 81 82 152 1927 34 1927 35 TABLE VI. CASES REMOVED TO HOSPITAL. N. East. A West. S. East. S.West. |
25660929-506b-4e52-ade8-5b0591f8ccd7 | Total Scarlet Fever 28 20 19 34 101 Diphtheria 24 11 10 18 63 Pneumonia 2 — 1 2 5 Encephalitis Lethargica — — 1 — 1 Anterior Poliomyelitis — — — 1 1 Amoibic Dysentery 1 — — — 1 Polio Encephalitis 1 — — — 1 Paratyphoid Fever 1 1 — — 2 Puerperal Fever 1 2 1 3 7 Erysipelas 2 3 1 2 8 60 37 33 60 190 TABLE VII. BIRTHS. Male Female Total Births 536 490 Legitimate 514 473 Illegitimate 22 17 Ward distribution of Births notified in the District. N. East. |
f7564bd7-9867-4284-9672-96fb82e90fc5 | N. West S. East S. West T otal 226 166 141 314 847 Outside births notified. N. East. N. West 5. East S. West Total 46 24 24 36 130 Births registered but not previously notified. N. East. N. West S. East S. West Total 12 0 6 4 . 22 Still Births. Inside 21. Outside 7. Notifications were received from:— Doctors and Parents 663 Midwives 342 TABLE VIII. INIFANT WELFARE CENTRES, 1927. |
30221cc2-818d-49ee-a42a-f1e324797403 | Health Visitors' Attendances 199 Number of Children who attended 1623 Number of attendances by children 13112 Number of children under one year of age 678 Number of children over one year of age 945 Children who attended the Clinic for the first time 723 Children treated at Dental Clinic 94 Children treated at Ophthalmic Clinic 11 Children treated for Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids 16 1927 36 ANTE-NATAL CLINIC. Number of Attendances by Dr. Bell 23 Number of Expectant Mothers who attended 93 Number of attendances made by Expectant Mothers 141 Mothers referred for Dental Treatment at Clinic 31 Mothers supplied with Dentures 5 Midwives fees paid 2 Expectant Mothers to whom Dried Milk was supplied 33 Number of packets of dried milk supplied 374 INQUESTS, ETC. Inquests held—33. |
8e931e82-bc73-434d-a6a3-62fc36df19eb | Causes of death:— Suicide 8 Knocked down by motor-car or cycle 8 Heart Disease 4 Gastric Ulcer 1 Pneumonia 1 Accidental fall 1 Injury to finger 1 Accidental Explosion 1 Want of attention at birth 1 Gunshot wound 1 Syncope 1 Cerebral Hæmorrhage 1 Tubercular Glands of Neck 1 Accidental Burns 1 Found Drowned 1 Over-exertion on a full stomach 1 Coroners certificate with Inquest—11. Heart Disease 7 Cancer 1 Pneumonia 1 Arterio-scherris 1 Pulmonary Embolism 1 1927 37 TABLE IX. FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS AND WORKPLACES. 1.—Inspection of Factories, Workshops and Workplaces. Including Inspections made by Sanitary Inspectors. Premises. Number of Inspections. Written Notices. (1). |
a0e7e0ca-1067-4c62-8839-047e37506e5d | (2). (3). Factories 83 27 (Including Factory Laundries). Workshops 318 15 (Including Workshop Laundries). Workplaces 4 _ (Other than Outworkers' premise: Total 405 42 2.—Defects found in Factories, Workshops and Workplaces. Particulars. (1). Found. (2). Remedied. (3). Nuisances under the Public Health Acts :— Want of Cleanliness 26 26 Want of Ventilation Nil Nil Overcrowding Nil Nil Want of drainage of floors Nil Nil Other nuisances 6 6 Sanitary Accommodation:— Insufficient 4 4 Unsuitable or defective 6 6 Not separate for sexes — — Offences under the Factory and Workshop Acts :— Illegal occupation of underground Bakehouses Nil Nil Other Offences Nil Nil Total 42 42 3.—Outwork in unwholesome premises, Section 108 Nil. |
e70eed8b-fae8-49b6-942c-fff95d6e5948 | 1927 38 HOUSING. Number of houses erected during the year:— (а) Total (including numbers given separately under (b) ) 309 (b) With State assistance under the Housing Acts:— (i) By the Local Authority nil (ii) By other bodies or persons nil Note Exact figures not yet available, see Population Report 1.—Unfit Dwelling Houses. Inspection. |
8d4b2833-c33d-469b-bf90-805d7d17f3d2 | (1) Total number of dwelling houses inspected for housing defects (under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1,088 (2) Number of dwelling houses which are inspected and recorded under the Housing (Inspection of District) Regulations, 1910, of the Housing Consolidated Regulations, 1925 850 (3) Number of dwelling houses found to be in a state so dangerous or injurious to health as to be unfit for human habitation Nil (4) Number of dwelling houses (exclusive of those referred to under the preceding Sub-Head) found not to be in all respects reasonably fit for human habitation 831 2.—Remedyof Defects without Service of Formal Notices. Number of defective dwelling houses rendered fit in consequence of informal action taken by the Local Authority or their Officers 612 3.—Action under Statutory Powers. A.—Proceedings under Section 3 of the Housing Act, 1925. |
c9b1779a-b7d2-4913-8ae0-1d9677661fbb | (1) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which notices were served requiring repairs 219 (2) Number of dwelling houses which were rendered fit after the service of formal notices:— (a) by owners 219 (b) by local authority in default of owners Nil 1927 39 (3) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which Closing orders became operative in pursuance of declarations by owners of intention to close Nil B.—Proceedings under Public Health Acts. (1) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which notices were served requiring defects to be remedied 238 (2) Number of dwelling houses in which defects were remedied after service of formal notices:— (a) by owners 238 (b) by local authority in default of owners Nil C.—Proceedings under Sections 11, 14 and 15 of the Housing Act, 1925. |
ff4ca8ed-edaf-46de-b1f3-6688778f2b85 | (1) Number of representations made with a view to making of Closing Orders Nil (2) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which Closing Orders were made Nil (3) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which Closing Orders were determined, the dwelling houses having been rendered fit Nil (4) Number of dwelling houses in respect of which Demolition Orders were made Nil (5) Number of dwelling houses demolished in pursuance of Demolition Orders Nil 1927 40 STAFF TO WHOSE SALARY CONTRIBUTION IS MADE UNDER THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACTS OR BY EXCHEQUER GRANTS. There has been no change in the Staff. D. J. Thomas, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., d.p.h., Medical Officer of Health (Medical Superintendent of the Isolation Hospital and School Medical Officer). M. W. Kinch. Member of the Royal Sanitary Institute, holds Meat Certificate; Senior Sanitary Inspector. (Inspector under Animals Acts and the Rag Flock Act). |
85355fb6-f1e9-47d3-9591-8af99ccbe0b3 | J. J. Jenkins Cert. Sanitary Institute; holds Meat Certificate. Sanitary Inspector. (Inspector under Fabrics Mis-description Act). E. W. Brooks. Cert. Sanitary Institute. Sanitary Inspector. J. J. Matthews. Cert. Sanitary Institute. Sanitary Inspector; holds Meat Certificate. Miss A. Cooksey. Certificate Sanitary Institute. Health Visitor. Miss J. Welsh. Certificate Sanitary Institute, c.m.b., Health Visitor. Mrs. Light. Clerk. I have again to thank all the members of the Public Health Department for ungrudging assistance during the year. I am, Your obedient servant, D. J. THOMAS. Knowles & Co. (Printers & Stationers) Ltd., Acton Hall, W.3. |
edec542a-2e48-4265-8f5e-4b31e152f553 | 1928 ACT 31 BOROUGH OF ACTON ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Medical Officer of Health FOR THE YEAR 1928. 1928 ANNUAL REPORT of the MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH FOR THE YEAR 1928. Municipal Offices, Acton, W.3. July, 1929. To the Mayor, Aldermen and Councillors of the Borough of Acton. Ladies and Gentlemen, I herewith submit the Annual Report required by the Ministry of Health. The vital, statistics are satisfactory. The general deathrate has fallen, and the infantile mortality is equal to that of 1926, which was the lowest on record for the district. In recent years the two healthiest quarters are the second and third quarters, and the first and last quarters of the year are the most unfavourable ones. In 1928, in Acton the fourth or December quarter was one of the most favourable quarters on record. |
a8ca33ee-a9a0-479d-ac89-38e462e54d76 | The figures for the four quarters of the year were as follows:— General Death-rate. Infantile Mortality. 1st quarter 12.8 70 2nd quarter 9.8 39 3rd quarter 9.1 87 4th quarter 9.9 21 The favourable statistics for the fourth quarter and especially the very low infantile mortality were to some extent due to the very fine and sunny summer experienced. The summer on the whole was fine, and the month of September was exceptional in this respect; the people now appreciate the benefits to health which exposure to the sun contributes. This is particularly true of young children. 192 8 4 There was an increase in the number of deaths from Diphtheria. Six of the seven deaths occurred in the first half of the year. The increased mortality was due to the occurrance of cases of exceptional virulence and not to any marked increase in the number of cases. |
c27efaa9-f2b0-439c-b10b-068b79fe4a60 | The notified cases numbered 78 compared with 69 in 1927. There were 4 cases of Small-Pox of the mild variety. Fortunately the disease did not spread though 3 of the cases occurred in a Common Lodging House. A very successful Health Week was held in October. As usual, one of the features of the Week was the Exhibition, which was officially opened by the Mayor (Alderman Middleton, j.p.) on Monday, October 15th and remained open throughout the week. In most instances the Health Exhibition is popular, but the most satisfactory feature was the great popularity of the Lectures and Demonstrations. The Committee were fortunate to obtain the services as lecturers of some of the highest authorities on their particular subjects and it was gratifying that in almost every instance the Hall was full of interested hearers. Every morning the exhibition was visited in turns by pupils from the different schools in the Borough, and during the week thousands of people visited the Grand Hall of the Baths. |
16717cec-7b65-4483-b920-a9cfddaf1672 | The Health Week and the Exhibition were voted by all to be an unqualified success. During the year a Sub-Committee was appointed to consider the question of a Maternity Home. Several places were visited and maternity homes inspected, but the passage of the Local Government Act of 1928, and other developments in connection with the removal of a large maternity hospital influenced the Committee to postpone any action in the matter. The industrialisation of the northern part of the district still continues, and this renders the housing problem a more difficult one. It is natural that a proportion of the employees in these factories should desire to live near their work; housing accommodation becomes difficult and overcrowding occurs. The following is a summary of the vital and other statistics for the year 1928. Area of Borough 2,305 acres. |
f47d000f-2356-43cf-bf58-17313f95c9c7 | Population (estimated 1928) 64,870 Population (Census, 1921) 61,299 Number of inhabited houses (Census, 1921) 11,820 Number of families or separate occupier: (Census, 1921) 14,941 Rateable Value (1st October, 1928) £580,571 Net produce of a penny rate (year ending 31st March, 1929) £2,427 10s. 5d. |
a28a1b0f-44d9-4984-8e08-2ab2f0b59c64 | n.r; t> • ^ cr Z C 5 Total number of births registered 1,003 Legitimate 959 Illegitimate 44 Birth-rate per 1,000 inhabitants 15.4 Number of deaths 694 Death-rate per 1,000 inhabitants 10.7 Number of women dying in consequence of childbirth— Sepsis 2 Other causes 2 Maternity mortality per 1,000 births 4 Deaths of Infants under 1 year of age :— Legitimate 50 Illegitimate 5 Infantile mortality per 1,000 births 55 Total Deaths. Death-rate per 1,000 Population. |
298d9ea8-9802-4e8f-b7bd-3d350ef2da62 | Measles 11 0.17 Whooping Cough 4 0.06 Diphtheria 7 0.1 Scarlet Fever 0 0.0 Influenza 9 0.14 Tuberculosis of lungs 37 0.57 Tuberculosis (other forms) 11 0.17 All forms of Tuberculosis 48 0.74 POPULATION. The Registrar General estimates the population at the end of June, 1928 to be 64,870, an increase of 1,120 on the estimated population of 1927. It is always difficult to estimate a population in the intercensal periods, and the longer the interval which has elapsed since the Census, the less reliable are the estimates of a population. As a rule the estimates of the Registrar General are more correct than the local ones. This may seem surprising, as the intimate knowledge of local facts should make the local estimates more correct than those of the Registrar General. |
f548c3df-c1f7-40da-b119-32076aa5a993 | This year the Registrar General has altered the procedure. In former years the Registrar General has circulated usually in January, his estimated population of the district on June 30th of the previous year. When the estimates were published, individual local authorities have forwarded to the Registrar General statistical data, incidentally compiled in the course of local administration, as evidence of population movements which should be taken into account in estimating the population. Such material has usually been furnished at so late a stage of the proceedings that it has not been possible either to undertake any adequate investigation 1928 6 of its significance, or to co-ordinate any fresh evidence which might on analysis have proved to afford with the basic material and considerations to which the estimates as a whole are bound to conform. These circumstances led the Registrar General to suggest that any statistical data which the Council may wish to bring to his notice on the present occasion as affording evidence of population movement between the area of the Council and other parts of the country might be communicated to his department at an early date. |
dc272de1-0682-43ad-8846-5f66815ecf26 | Provided the other conditions have remained fairly constant, the number of houses erected and occupied since the census is one of the best standards by which an estimated population can be judged. Between the Census of 1911 and that of 1921 there was an increase of 810 inhabited dwellings in the district and the increase in the population in the same period was 3,776. The actual increase was greater because the Census was taken in the middle of June, 1921 and not as is usual in the beginning of April. Some holiday movement was already in progress at the time of the Census and the Registrar General from figures at his disposal made certain adjustments in the population of certain districts. The adjusted figure for Acton was 62,000. Since April 1st, 1921, the following dwelling houses and flats have been erected here. |
b4915f44-e108-48f7-a077-8b4a18c3d9eb | Year ending March 31st, 1922 140 „ 1923 126 „ 1924 99 „ 1925 241 „ 1926 304 „ 1927 431 ,, 1928 322 Between April 1st, 1928 and December 31st, 1928, the number was 196. Since the Census the number of houses built is more than twice that which was built in the intercensal period of 1911—1921. It is probable that the average number of persons living in each house is not appreciably lower than it was at the Census. With a falling birth rate the average size of the family is smaller, but this is counteracted by a growing tendency to sub-let houses and even flats. Although there was an increase of only 810 in the number of houses erected and occupied between 1911 and 1921, there was an increase in the same period in the number of private families of 2,012. |
5168abdb-97a0-41d9-b07b-d77d10baaddc | The number of houses erected is probably a fair standard of 'estimating the population. The other available data are the lists of voters in the Parliamentary Register. In the autumn of 1928 7 1928 there were 34,101 Parliamentary Electors. It is probable that the number of parliamentary electors has increased in a manner, which is disproportionate to the increase in the rest of the population. In the newest houses, the occupants are frequently a newly-married couple, but after a time this factor does not operate to such an extent as to limit the increase of population to parliamentary voters alone. POOR RELIEF. I am indebted to Mr. Harmsworth, the clerk of the Guardians, for the figures relating to Poor Relief. The amount of out-door relief distributed in the Parish of Acton by the Guardians during the year ended December 31st, 1928 was as follows:— Ordinary Relief £6,198 0 10£d. |
09a062d9-30c2-4778-857a-ffb4ff1769b9 | Relief to Unemployed — — — £6,198 10½d. SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE DISTRICT. Physical features and general character of the district. This was given in the Survey report of 1925. Industries.—No marked change has occurred in the past year. AMBULANCE FACILITIES. A Motor ambulance is housed at the fever hospital for the conveyance of cases of Infectious Disease to the Hospital. For accident and non-infectious cases, the Council provides separate ambulances which are housed in a garage at the Fire Station and are available at all hours. Last year a new ambulance was bought, but the old ambulance is still kept for emergencies. Last year the ambulance was called out to 384 street accidents, and on 368 occasions to private cases. Fees amounting to £129 10s. 0d. were paid for the use of the ambulance for private cases. HOSPITAL PROVISION. |
32a7732e-8582-47c5-9d7e-8dfc1280a911 | General.—The only general hospital in the district is the Acton Hospital, Gunnersbury Lane, which has an accommodation of 50 beds. Like all districts in greater London more use is made by the inhabitants of the facilities offered by the general hospitals in London than is made of the hospital facilities in the district. Fever.—Acton Council Fever Hospital—80 beds. Small-Pox.—Acton was one of the constituent bodies which formed the Middlesex Joint Small-Pox Board. Under the 1928 8 Provisional Orders Confirmation Act of 1929, the Joint Board was dissolved from 1st April, 1929, and the duties of the Board transferred to the Middlesex County Council. Tuberculosis.—The Tuberculosis scheme is administered by the Middlesex County Council, which has sanatoria at Clare Hall and Harefield. Poor Law.—The Parish is part of the Brentford Poor Law Union. The Union Infirmary, named the Middlesex Hospital, is situated in Isleworth. |
9d474b06-c71d-4a08-83c0-3858cbcbe7d0 | Child Welfare Consultation Centres.— (a)—Church Road. (b)—Palmerston Road. Every Monday and Wednesday afternoon at 2.0 p.m. (c)—East Acton School. Alternate Thursdays. Ante-Natal Consultation Centre.—School Clinic 2nd and 4th Wednesday. Day Nursery.—169, Bollo Bridge Road. School Clinic.—Adjoining Municipal Offices. The above are provided and maintained by the Borough Council. Tuberculosis Dispensary.—School Clinic on Tuesday at 5 p. m. and Thursday at 10.30 a. m. Treatment Centres for Venereal Diseases.—Various Hospitals in London. The two latter are provided by the Middlesex County Council. SANITARY CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE AREA. Water.—All the inhabited houses are supplied from the mains of the Metropolitan Water Board. Drainage and Sewerage.—By arrangement with the County Council the sewerage is discharged into the London Sewers. |
56695855-58c2-4654-ba7c-0420c7f20f7e | Storm water is filtered and emptied into the Thames. Closet Accommodation.—All the inhabited houses are provided with water closets and are drained into the main sewerage system. One small factory situated near the canal bank in an isolated position has its closet emptying into a cesspool. Refuse Collection.—The collection of house refuse is carried out direct by the Council, and the whole of the refuse is burnt in the Council's Refuse Destructor. Last year 17,430 tons of refuse was burnt. 9 1928 PROFESSIONAL NURSING IN THE HOME. General.—There are two district nurses employed by the Acton Hospital, one of which is primarily engaged in district nursing. There are also nursing associations which provide nurses for different classes of cases. Midwives.—The Supervising Authority under the Midwives Act is the Middlesex County Council and from the County Council I understand that there are 13 certified midwives practising in the Borough. LEGISLATION IN FORCE. |
c84c315b-b56c-4ec3-b9f7-186b1b3e69ab | The following local acts, special local orders, general adoptive acts and byelaws relating to Public Health are in force in the district. Adopted. Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act, 1889 1889 Public Health (Amendment) Act, 1890 1890 Infectious Diseases Prevention Act, 1890 1893 Notification of Births Act, 1907 1907 Public Health Act, 1907 (Clause 50) 1921 Public. Health Act, 1925 (Parts 2, 3, 4 & 5) 1986 The Acton Improvement Act, 1904 New Streets and Buildings 1925 Removal of House Refuse 1899 Common Lodging Houses 1898 Slaughter Houses 1924 Nuisances, etc. |
6d4fac7f-ec4a-4553-9615-2cf1de0dca48 | 1924 Offensive Trades 1903 Tents, Vans and Sheds 1906 Removal of Offensive or Noxious Matters 1908 Houses Let in Lodgings 1925 Cleansing of Cisterns 1912 Employment of Children 1920 Fouling of Footpaths by Dogs 1929 HOUSING. In the past year a report was made to the Health Committee upon the overcrowding in the Borough and the conditions which lead to overcrowding. Discussions have taken place and views expressed which tend to show that some misunderstanding is present as to the exact meaning which is given to the words used. Delegates were appointed to a conference which was convened by the Association of Municipal Corporations on Slum Areas, but the speakers at that conference were referring 1928 10 to conditions which were practically non-existent in Acton. Our difficulties arise chiefly from a shortage of houses which can be rented at a sum within the reach of people earning about £3 per week and even less. |
aa4b9763-6c4b-45de-965e-2f3ae9d2d397 | Most of the houses of the Borough have been built within recent years, and it may be confidently stated that slum areas are non-existent. There may, of course, be certain isolated houses in which the conditions inside the house approximate to those -which we associate with slums, but these conditions are not primarily due to the structure of the houses. At the outset we are met by the difficulty that we have no clear definition of a slum. It may be a convenient word to use but it is a very vague one. One person may use the word slum for certain conditions whereas another person with as great but a different experience would not dream of doing so. I have come across persons who have hesitated to apply the word to conditions in Acton as a result of visits to neighbourhoods which were undoubtedly slums. In one of the latest books published a slum is defined as a street, court or alley which reflects the social condition of a poor, thriftless, irregularly employed or rough class of inhabitants. |
08fa24a5-348a-438b-a071-1811c8ece524 | The inhabitants are not necessarily very poor or bad, but they are often poor through injudicious expenditure and sometimes through vice. The author then describes the outward and visible signs of a slum district. Bread and litter in the streets; windows dirty, broken and patched with brown or white paper; curtains dirty and frayed, and blinds half drawn and often hanging at an angle. The street doors are usually open, showing bare passages and stairways lacking bannisters, whilst the door jambs are generally brown with dirt, rubbed shiny by the coats of the leisured class whose habit is to lean against them. The site of a slum is generally a pocket of a main street or nests of streets where through traffic has been made impossible by the intervention of canals, railway embankments, or the determination of the original inhabitants or owners to regard their persons or their land as something select and inviolable. |
6744522e-3cb7-417f-87d3-33d564ec61d0 | Another and official definition of an unhealthy area is an area which contains any houses, courts or alleys unfit for human habitation; or in which the narrowness, closeness and bad arrangement or the bad condition of the streets and houses, or groups of houses within the area, or the want of light, air, ventilation or proper conveniencts, or any other sanitary defects, or one or more such causes are dangerous or injurious to the health of the inhabitants, either of the buildings in the area or of the neighbouring buildings. An unhealthy dwelling house is one which is in a state so dangerous or injurious to health as to be unfit for human habitation. |
ab4cfd87-55cb-44fb-ba2f-511dc4339cb9 | 1928 11 In an official circular issued 10 years ago, it was stated that a fit house should be:— (1) free from serious dampness, (2) satisfactorily lighted and ventilated, (3) properly drained and provided with adequate sanitary conveniences, and with a sink and suitable arrangements for disposing of slop water, (4) in good sanitary repair, and should have:— (5) a satisfactory water supply, (6) adequate washing accommodation, (7) adequate facilities for preparing and cooking food, (8) a well ventilated store for food. At the conference above referred to, the minimum standard of accommodation now required for an ordinary family was given. There must be one room adequate for family life, living room; and a room in which the damp and dirty operations can be conducted, the scullery. Generally—there should be three bedrooms, though two will suffice for a certain number of families, and four may be required for others. |
4861e10c-63ec-4dcc-93df-c707440ff82b | In addition there should be a bathroom, larder, fuel store and W.C. There are single people, old couples and others who do not need the full accommodation of the average family. As previously stated, we have no area which in any way corresponds to the above descriptions of a slum area. It is however, only by constant supervision and pressure upon both tenants and owners that a deterioration in some classes of property does not take place, and any relaxation would result in isolated houses becoming nothing better than slums. The chief difficulty we have to contend with arises from the want of sufficient houses at a reasonable rent. The Borough has only recently developed. Most of the houses are in streets well-laid out, and there are no courts, alleys and back-to-back houses. But the houses are sub-let and overcrowding results. The establishment of new industries has increased the pressure because, naturally, the employees wish to be as near as possible to their place of employment. |
8c5636b4-bef3-43b8-95a2-4bdb92574372 | Since the war new industries have been established in the Borough, many of which have expert employees, and the labour employed in these industries is drawn from all parts of London and the Provinces. In the case of workmen who formerly lived in the provinces, they are naturally anxious to get rooms near the works. With a few exceptions, such as the Council's houses, houses erected on the Great Western Railway land, and some 1928 12 erected by a few private firms for their own employees, the houses which have been erected since the war are only for sale. Subletting of houses has consequently become usual, as sub-letting naturally tends to lessen the burden of the rent. This economic factor is probably the cause of overcrowding, and the opportunities for sub-letting are numerous, and within easy reach. |
dd74f78f-72af-4378-a04a-9f3f54f2902c | It is impossible to gauge the extent of overcrowding without citing either single streets or single houses as examples of the amount of cover crowding, unless a complete survey of the Borough be made for the particular purpose of finding out the overcrowding. There is, of course, certain information which is available to anyone who wishes to obtain it. There are, for instance, the Census figures, but, unfortunately, these figures do not always refer to the same conditions. Overcrowding is capable of many and diverse definitions; the Registrar General assumes that a house is overcrowded if occupied by more than two persons per inhabited room. Although this standard may in the main be useful, it is obviously open to criticism, for it does not take into consideration the age of the occupants, the size of the rooms or the use made of them. If this standard were accepted, the amount of overcrowding in the Borough in 1921 could easily be gauged from the following table which is extracted from the Census report Number of persons in family. |
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