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20e3f9ab-ace3-4364-b7ec-c3d0ab2b8443 | (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Malnutrition 1 57 - - Uncleanliness: (See Table IV., Group V.) Skin:— Ringworm: Scalp — — 14 — Body — — 45 — Scabies — — 21 — Impetigo 6 — 561 — Other Diseases (Non-Tuberculous) 10 — 81 — Eye: Blepharitis 12 — 126 — Conjunctivitis 6 — 65 — Keratitis 1 — 2 — Corneal Opacities — — 6 — Defective Vision (excluding Squint) 133 1 86 — Squint 11 2 6 — Other Conditions 3 — 64 — Ear: Defective Hearing — 5 6 — Otitis Media 13 — 27 — Other Ear Diseases 9 — 114 — Nose and Throat: Enlarged Tonsils only 1 2 10 — Adenoids only |
b9ac712e-23d7-44c7-a6ea-a8b17716fcda | 3 6 7 — Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids 179 7 67 3 Ot her Conditions 3 3 100 — Enlarged Cervical Glands (NonTuberculous) 1 276 - 39 Defective Speech — 3 — — Teeth—Dental Diseases (See Table IV. Group IV.) 241 - 26 - 88 Defect or Disease. Routine Inspections. Special Inspections. No. of Defects No. of Defects. Requiring Treatment. Requiring to be kept under observation, but not requiring Treatment. Requiring Treatment. Requiring to be kept under observa but not requiring Treatment. |
a290124a-e056-475b-99b1-d2c906f921b4 | Heart and Circulation: Heart Disease: Organic - 3 — 2 Functional - 9 — — Anaemia 1 10 — — Lungs: Bronchitis - 4 — 1 Other Non-Tuberculous Diseases 1 4 — — Tuberculosis: Pulmonary: Definite - — 1 - Suspected - — — — Non-Pulmonary: Glands - 1 2 1 Spine - 1 - — Hip - 1 - — Other Bones and Joints - 1 1 — Skin - — - - Other Forms - — - — Nervous System: Epilepsy - 3 - - Chorea - 5 2 — Other Conditions - 2 — — Deformities: Rickets 1 5 — — Spinal Curvature - 1 - 1 Other Forms - 11 - — Other Defects and Diseases 5 32 1001 4 89 B. |
594fa0ca-b1b9-4853-9610-605e1a5418d1 | Number of Individual Children found at Routine Medical Inspection to Require Treatment (excluding Uncleanliness and Dental Diseases). Group Number of Children Percentage of Children found to require Treatment Inspected Found to require Treatment. (1) (2) (3) (4) Code Groups:— Entrants 1024 153 14.9% Intermediates 859 163 18.7% Leavers 586 64 10.9% Total (Code Groups) 2469 380 15.3% Other Routine Inspections — — — TABLE III. Return of all Exceptional Children in the Area. Multiple Defects.-see specimen copy. Boys. Girls. Total. Bund (including partially blind): Suitable for training in a School for the totally blind: At Certified Schools for the Blind 1 1 2 At Public Elementary Schools — — — At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution — — — Suitable for training in a School for the partially blind: At Certified |
34d6f775-ea99-477d-8f46-73e6d93713a5 | Schools for the Blind or Partially Blind — — — At Public Elementary Schools — — — At other Institutions 1 — 1 At no School or Institution — 1 1 Deaf (including deaf and dumb and partially deaf): Suitable for training in a School for the totally deaf or deaf and -dumb: At Certified Schools for the Deaf - 4 4 At Public Elementary Schools 2 1 3 At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution - - - Suitable for training in a School for the partially deaf: At Certified Schools for the Deaf or Partially Deaf — — — At Public Elementary Schools 1 1 2 At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution - — — Mentally Defective: Feebleminded: At Certified Schools for Mentally Defective Children 28 16 44 At Public Elementarv Schools 19 8 27 90 At other Institutions - - — At no School or Institution — 1 1 Notified to the Local Mental Deficiency Authority |
05782d80-78c6-41b7-b1f2-fef3ce4d23aa | during the year: Epileptics: Suffering from severe epilepsy: At Certified Schools for Epileptics - - - At Certified Residential Open Air Schools — - - At Certified Day Open Air Schools - - - At Public Elementary Schools - - - At other Institutions - 1 1 At no School or Institution — - — Suffering from epilepsy which is not severe: At Public Elementary Schools 6 1 7 At no School or Institution — - — Active pulmonary tuberculosis (including pleura and intrathoracic glands): At Sanatoria or Sanatorium Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board - - - At Certified Residential Open Air Schools - - - At Certified Day Open Air Schools - - - At Public Elementary Schools — - - At other Institutions 1 - 1 At no School or Institution — - — Quiescent or arrested pulmonary tuberculosis (including pleura and intrathoracic glands): At Sanatoria or Sanatorium Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board - - - At Certified Residential Open Air Schools |
25e23b0f-3ed2-4d3a-9b7a-7cb5811ea084 | - - - At Certified Day Open Air Schools - - - At Public Elementary Schools - 2 2 At other Institutions - — — Physically Defective: Tuberculosis of the peripheral glands At no School or Institution - - - At Sanitoria or Sanatorium Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board - - - At Certified Residential Open Air Schools - - - At Certified Day Open Air Schools - - - At Public Elementary Schools - - - At other Institutions 1 - 1 At no School on Institution - — - Abdominal tuberculosis: At Sanatoria or Sanatorium Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board 1 - 1 At Certified Residential Open Air Schools - - -1 At Certified Day Open Air Schools - - - At Public Elementary Schools - - - At other Institutions - - - At no School or Institution - - - 91 Tuberculosis of bones and joints (not including deformities due to old tuberculosis). |
6df55d8b-a7a5-4fb5-9443-ab15b89c402a | At Sanatoria or Hospital Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board 4 - 4 At Public Elementary Schools — — — At other Institutions — 1 1 At no School or Institution 1 — 1 Tuberculosis of other organs (skin, &c.): At Sanatoria or hospital Schools approved by the Ministry of Health or the Board - - - At Public Elementary Schools — — — At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution — — — Delicate Children, i.e. all children (except those included in other groups) whose general health renders it desirable that they should be specially selected for admission to an Open Air School: At Certified Residential Cripple Schools - - - At Certified Day Cripple Schools — — — At Certified Residential Open Air Schools — — — At Certified Day Open Air Schools — — — At Public Elementary Schools 5 13 18 At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution — — — Crippled Children (other than those with active culosis disease) who are suffering from a |
dbfe1c10-94f7-4fa0-9e84-d56c585de056 | degree of crippling sufficiently severe to interfere materially with a child's normal mode of life: At Certified Hospital Schools - - - At Certified Residential Cripple Schools — 1 1 At Certified Day Cripple Schools 1 1 2 At Certified Residential Open Air Schools — — — At Certified Day Open Air Schools — — — At Public Elementary Schools 21(3) 21(6) 42(9) At other Institutions — — — At no School or Institution 1 — 1 Children with heart disease, i.e. children whose defect is so severe as to necessitate the provision of educational facilities other than those of the public elementary school: At Certified Hospital Schools — 1 1 At Certified Residential Cripple Schools — — — At Certified Day Schools — — — At Certified Residential Open Air Schools — — — At Certified Day Open Air Schools — — — At Public Elementary Schools 4 3 7 At other Institutions 1 — 1 At no School or Institution 1 1 2 92 TABLE IV. |
0cc7cc63-26a2-4c93-9bba-14c81c833a30 | Return of Defects treated during the Year ended 31st December, 1931. Treatment Table. Group I.—Minor Ailments (excluding Uncleanliness, for which see Group V.) Disease or Defect. Number of Defects treated, or under treatment during the year. Under the Authority's Scheme. Otherwise Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) Skin: Ringworm-Scalp 12 2 14 Ringworm-Body: 42 3 45 Scabies 15 5 20 Impetigo 550 10 560 Other skin disease 33 8 41 Minor Eye Defects: (External and other, but excluding cases falling in Group II.) 249 5 254 Minor Ear Defects 140 7 147 Miscellaneous (e.g, minor injuries, bruises, sores, chilblains, &c.) |
53539cae-91d4-4509-b431-901f947054b7 | 950 51 1001 Total 1991 91 2082 Group II.—Defective Vision and Squint (excluding Minor Eye Defects treated as Minor Ailments—-Group I.) Defect or Disease. No. of Defects dealt with. Under the Authority's Scheme Submitted to refraction by private practitioner or at hospital, apart from the Authoritv's Scheme Otherwise Total. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Errors of Refraction (including Squint) Operations for squint should be recorded separately in the body of the Report). 336 15 - 351 Other Defect or Disease of the Eyes (excluding those recorded in Group I.) |
95569b1e-f74c-4e3e-916a-9d23649c75d1 | 8 - - 8 Total 344 15 - 359 93 Total number of children for whom spectacles were prescribed (а) Under the Authority's Scheme 245 (b) Otherwise 15 Total number of children who obtained or received spectacles— (а) Under the Authority's Scheme 245 (b) Otherwise 15 Group III.—Treatment of Defects of Nose and Throat. Number of Defects. Received Operative Treatment. Received other forms of Treatment Total number treated Under the Authority's Scheme, in Clinic or Hospital By Private Practitioner or Hospital, apart from the Authority's Scheme Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 160 26 — — 186 Grout IV.—Dental Detects. |
28624013-8bae-4614-ba8a-fd433368a964 | (2) Half-days devoted to:— (1) Number of Children who were:— Inspection 56 Treatment 415 (а) Inspected by the Dentist: Total 471 Aged: (3) Attendances made by child- 5— 713 ren for treatment 3866 6— 799 7— 866 (4) Fillings:— 8— 757 Permanent teeth 1559 9— 771 Temporary teeth 172 10— 912 11—875 Total 1731 12—574 (5) Extractions:— 13— 458 Permanent teeth 633 14— 129 Temporary teeth 4536 Total 6854 Total 5169 Routine Age Groups — Specials 466 Administrations of general anaesthetics for extractions 2226 Grand Total 7320 ; |
401ca37d-59a9-41c8-8d9d-4e3fcca5fd88 | (7) Other operations :— Permanent teeth 329 (b) Found to require treatment 4579 Temporary teeth_ 35 (c) Actually treated 2999 94 Group V.—Uncleanliness and Verminous Conditions. Average number of visits per school made during the year by the School Nurses 15 Total number of examinations of children in the Schools by School Nurses 27425 Number of individual children found unclean:— Verminous and Nits 155 Slightly infested 596 Number of children cleansed under arrangements made by the Local Education Authority 27 Number of cases in which legal proceedings were taken:— (o) Under the Education Act, 1921 — (6) Under School Attendance Byelaws — STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN NOTIFIED DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1931, BY THE LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITY TO THE LOCAL MENTAL DEFICIENCY AUTHORITY. Total number of children notified — Analysis of the above Table. |
6a0fc138-2762-4588-93f5-9342301682c1 | Diagnosis. Boys. Girt*. 1. (i) Children incapable of receiving benefit or further benefit from instruction in a Special School: (а) Idiots - — (b Imbeciles — — (c) Others - - (ii) Children unable to be instructed in a Special School without detriment to the interest of other children : (а) Moral defectives — — (б) Others — — 2. Feeble-minded children notified on leaving a Special School on or before attaining the age of 16 — — 3. Feeble-minded children notified under Article 3, i.e., " special circumstances" cases — — 4. Children who in addition to being mentally defective were blind or deaf — - Grand Total — — I am, Your obedient Servant, D. J. THOMAS, Schetl Medical Officer. |
49d2a7d0-d77d-4cff-8ca6-bef88451a1b6 | ACT 35 Borough of Acton ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Medical Officer of Health TOGETHER WITH THE Report on the Medical Inspection of Schools FOR THE YEAR 1932. J. KNOWLES & CO. LTD. PRINTERS & STATIONERS ACTON HALL, ACTON, W. ANNUAL REPORT of the Medical Officer of Health FOR THE YEAR 1932. Public Health Department, Municipal Offices, Acton, W.3. To the Mayor, Aldermen and Councillors of the Borough of Acton. Ladies and Gentlemen, I herewith submit the Annual Report required by the Ministry of Health, together with the Annual Report on the School Medical Services. The estimated population is that of the Registrar General for the end of June, 1932. The birth-rate is considerably lower than that given in the Report for 1931 and is the lowest recorded in the district. |
a9dc9d51-4311-4998-985b-c643e0c3db60 | The causes of the decline in the Birth-rate are well known and have been discussed from time to time in these Reports. The Death-rate is higher than in 1931, but this is the inevitable result of an ever increasing number of aged people in the population. The epidemic diseases, especially diphtheria, have also, of course influenced this rate. The infantile mortality is slightly lower than last year and the principal cause of death was prematurity. The incidence of all infectious diseases was considerably higher than in 1931 ; these diseases have been reported on fully. two deaths occurred from Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, but there were none from Encephalitis Lethargica or Anterior Poliomyelitis. Cancer is still increasing and there were 101 deaths. |
719599c6-b117-4ac2-bcfc-405cad84fcf2 | 4 The following is a summary of the vital and other statistic for the year 1932:— Area of Borough 2,305 acres Population (estimated midsummer 1932) 70,640 Population (Census 1931) 70,510 Number of inhabited houses (Census 193l)—figures not yet available. Number of inhabited houses (end of 1932) according to Rate Book 15,803 Number of families or separate occupiers (Census 1931) figures not yet available. Rateable Value (1st October, 1932) £718,486 Net produce of a penny rate (year ending 31st March, 1932) £2,793 15s. 9d. |
cb5fa1bc-ef0a-4571-9b02-3d4a699fcb90 | Total number of births registered 970 Legitimate 932 Illegitimate 38 Birth-rate per 1,000 inhabitants 13.8 Number of deaths 786 Death-rate per 1,000 inhabitants 11.1 Number of women dying in, or in consequence) of childbirth— 7 from sepsis 3 from abortion - from other causes 4 Maternal mortality per 1,000 births 7.2 Deaths of infants under 1 year of age— 60 Legitimate 54 Illegitimate 6 Infantile mortality per 1,000 births 62 Death-rate per 1,000 Total Deaths. Population. Measles 12 .17 Whooping Cough 6 .08 Diphtheria 21 .29 Scarlet Fever 6 .08 Influenza 12 .17 Tuberculosis of Lungs 48 .68 Tuberculosis (other forms) 11 .15 Tuberculosis (all forms) 59 ,83 5 POPULATION. |
8ac60796-6e6e-4238-822e-faaaa9944a91 | Only the preliminary results of the census have yet been received and in these the population has been estimated as 70,510. The Registrar General estimated that the population at the end of June 1932 was 70,640 and this figure has been accepted as the basis of the population. SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE DISTRICT. There is no change in the social conditions of the district. the northern part of the district is almost entirely covered with factories. The north-east and south-east wards are mainly residential in character and so is the southern part of the north-west ward. In the south-west ward are situated most of the laundries in the district and the houses in this ward are small and occupied chiefly by persons of the artisan and labouring classes. AMBULANCE FACILITIES. The ambulance facilities are similar to those described in last year's report. A motor ambulance is provided for the removal of infectious cases to the hospital. There are two ambulances provided for accident and noninfectious cases. |
c2f0969f-fc2d-402c-95e9-7b120eecfd26 | These are housed in a garage at the fire station and are available at all hours. A new ambulance was purchased by the Council in 1928, but the old one is still kept for emergencies. last year the ambulance was called out to 393 street accidents, and on 522 occasions to private cases. Fees amounting to £103 13s. 0d. were paid for the use of the ambulance for private cases. HOSPITAL PROVISION. General.—The only General Hospital in the district is the Acton Hospital, Gunnersbury Lane, which has an accommodation of 62 beds. During the year 1,298 in-patients were admitted; this is an increase of 12 on the previous year. Of these 222 were in for only 1 day and 138 for 2 or 3 days. |
44265d8b-20c9-43c6-84a4-1894abba605a | 6 The Education Committee has an agreement with the Hospital for payment for the removal of tonsils and adenoids and the patients are kept in the Hospital for at least 1 night. 7,218 out-patients were treated during the year, a decrease of 5, and the out-patient attendances were 31,442, a decrease of 168 as compared with 1931. The Hospital supplies a great need in the District, is greatly appreciated and most of the beds are continuously occupied. Last year the average number of beds in daily occupation was 56.26 and from this figure it can be assumed that vacant beds are a rarity. Fever.—Acton Council Fever Hospital normally contains 88 beds, but during the year this number was increased to 122 in order to cope with the epidemics of Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria. Small-Pox.—Acton was one of the constituent bodies which formed the Middlesex Joint Small-Pox Board. |
b5b23291-2e2d-499a-989c-38807ca0098a | Under the Provisional Order Confirmation Act of 1929, the Joint Board was dissolved from the 1st April, 1929, and the duties of the Board transferred to the Middlesex County Council. Tubericulosis.—The Tuberculosis scheme is administered by the Middlesex County Council which has sanatoria at Clare Hall and Harefield. Child Welfare Consultation Centres.— (a)-47, Avenue Road—Every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday afternoon at 2 p.m. (b)—Noel Road—Every Thursday afternoon at 2 p.m. (c)—East Acton—Every Thursday afternoon at 2 p.m. (d)—Steele Road—Every Tuesday afternoon at 2 p.m. 7 Ante-Natal Consultation Centre.—School Clinic every and and 4th Wednesday. Day Nursery.—169, Bollo Bridge Road. School Clinic.—45, Avenue Road. (The above are provided and maintained by the Borough Council). |
be9e3127-1693-4cc1-8248-7b1a0c4ade06 | Tuberculosis Dispensary.—School Clinic on Tuesdays at 5 p.m. and Thursdays at 10.30 p.m. Treatment Centres for Venereal Diseases.—Various Hospitals in London. (The two latter are provided by the Middlesex County Council). SANITARY CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE AREA. These have been noted in previous reports. All the inhabited bouses are supplied from the mains of the Metropolitan Water Board. A few industrial works and the Public Baths obtain their water supply from deep wells. By arrangement with the London County Council the sewerage is discharged into the London Sewers. Storm water is filtered and emptied into the Thames. All the inhabited houses are provided with water closets and are drained into the main sewerage system. The house refuse is collected by the Council and burnt in the Destructor. Last year 19,457 tons of house refuse were collected and burnt . PROFESSIONAL NURSING IN THE HOME. |
8ed89e7e-2838-45e6-8e16-60599d0d9db3 | General.—There are two district nurses employed by the Acton Hospital, who visits the homes of both the poor and those who are able to pay. There are also nursing associations which provide nurses for different classes of cases. Midwives.—The Supervising Authority under the Midwives Act is the Middlesex County Council and from the County Council 1 understand that there are 20 certified midwives practising in the Borough. 8 LEGISLATION IN FORCE. The following local acts, special local orders, general adoptive acts and byelaws relating to Public Health are in force in the district. Adopted. |
b8454c44-a123-40f6-abdd-34fb5e88bb8e | Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act, 1889 1889 Public Health (Amendment) Act, 1890 1890 Infectious Diseases Prevention Act, 1890 1899 Notification of Births Act, 1907 1907 Public Health Act, 1907 (Clause 50) 1921 Public Health Act, 1925 (Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5) 1920 The Acton Improvement Act, 1904 - New Streets and Buildings 1925 Removal of House Refuse 1899 Common Lodging Houses 1898 Slaughter Houses 1924 Nuisances, &c. 1924 Offensive Trades 1903 Tents, Vans and Sheds 1906 Removal of Offensive or Noxious Matters 1908 Houses Let in Lodgings 1925 Cleansing of Cisterns 1912 Employment of Children 1920 Fouling of Footpaths by Dogs 1929 Smoke Abatement 1930 HOUSING. |
818cf21d-b91d-4e24-adf6-173294722e59 | There has been a good deal of discussion recently about slums and the so-called slum problem, and to those who have not studied the question closely the statements made by the different people are apt to be puzzling. On the one hand, it is freely stated that certain property is slum property and on the other it is held that we have no slums in Acton. The misconception arises from the loose way in which the term slum is used. It may be a convenient word but it is a very vague one, and it not officially recognized. There is no legal definition of a slum, and the term is excluded from Acts of Parliament. The word slum is convenient and expressive, and is used to describe a varying range of dwellings. It is important that we should discriminate between a slum and a clearance area. A clearance area will include slums, but it does not necessarily follow that the houses we regard as slums will 9 stitute a clearance or even an improvement area. |
1109c999-57b9-4a5a-8ac7-223b2808b6fc | Although some of the houses in our district cannot be included in a clearance area scheme, it does not follow that the conditions are satisfactory. In order to obtain a closing order we must prove that the structural condition of the house or its environment is such as to render it unfit for human habitation. Although the houses structurally may be in a fair condition the state of the houses may be deplorable, and although there may be no legal over-crowding the houses have for too many inmates for the common decencies to be observed. In some respects the housing question in and around London differs from that in the provinces, but one aspect of the problem is common to all localities. Over-crowding has always been associated with what is called the slum problem and usually it was one of the worst features. At present I mean by the term overcrowding simply the over-crowding of people in a house, and not the over-crowding of houses on a site. |
08d74e00-d53a-4d4b-9f3a-eee30b2e5f9e | This kind of over-crowding can and does occur in a house which is structurally quite fit. The solution of over-crowding is not therefore the simple matter of providing more houses. You cannot abolish over-crowding by pulling down houses which are supposed to be unsatisfactory from a structural point of view. If that could be done we should not be faced, with a difficult problem. I have explained in previous reports that we have no area which could be scheduled as a clearance area or an improvement area. There were some houses which had become unfit and have been closed. There are other houses in the district which are becoming old and may have to be dealt with, but there are no areas in which a considerable number of the houses are structurally unfit for human habitation. |
7db4f2a1-9265-4265-a6e3-e0839dd21b01 | The inhabited part of the district is comparatively new; the majority of the houses have been built within recent years; we have not received a heritage in the form of courts, narrow alleys, back-to-back houses, cellar dwellings, and other conditions which are associated with slum areas in the older industrial centres. We sometimes hear remarks from well intentioned people that they would like to blow up all the houses in certain roads. One may sympathise with the views expressed by these people and yet remain entirely sceptical of the results which would accrue from such drastic action. Overcrowding in this Borough is more a matter of economic and social factors than it is a sanitary problem, and the solution is not so simple as the pulling down of old houses and the erection of new ones. Though possibly of minor importance it may be well to define what we mean by over-crowding in a house. There are many and varied standards. |
db41f21f-fc9c-49f6-bd4d-3b30a4f7e0f1 | The standard adopted when an attempt is made gauge the extent of over-crowding from an examination of the Census reports is based upon the number of inhabitants occupying a room. It is assumed that a house is over-crowded if the number 10 of occupants exceeds two per room. It is unnecessary to point out the facilities which underlie this classification. The most important depend on the size of the room and ages of the occupants. The standard we adopt is that contained in the Bye-Laws regulating houses let in lodgings. The Bye-laws now in force provide that a room used wholly or partly as a sleeping apartment must have 300 cubic feet of air space for every occupier over In years of age and 150 cubic feet for each child under 10 years of age.. If the Rent Restrictions Acts lapse then the amount of cubic space for an adult will be 400 cubic feet and 200 cubic feet for a child. |
f0b9df5f-ec37-4627-b909-1923c3c9bacb | Certain census figures have been published, and these throw a certain light upon the housing conditions in the district. It should be remembered that these figures refer to the district as a whok or to the wards and not to any limited areas or houses. The conditions in the whole district or in every ward may have improved but those which obtain in a limited area may have remained stationary or even deteriorated. It is interesting to note that certain conclusions which may be drawn from these figures coincide in the main with the experience of the officers of the Public Health Department. The first tables reproduced are No. 3 in the Census Reports for Middlesex, in which the population, number of private families, number of structurally separate dwellings and the room? occupied are given. 1931. Private Number. Families. Population. Structurally separate Rooms occupied. Persons per room. Acton 18997 69145 13812 80185 0.86 N.E. |
3c3199d9-7330-4160-818d-e1c3b8ceced4 | Ward 6090 21889 4444 25732 0.85 N.W. Ward 4622 16388 3709 22766 0.72 S.E. Ward 4122 14745 3195 17969 0.82 S.W. Ward 4163 16123 2464 13718 1.18 1921. Acton 14941 60490 11503 65529 0.92 N.E. Ward 4053 16007 3050 18418 0.82 N.W. Ward 3138 12142 2551 16384 0.74 S.E. Ward 3735 14982 3092 17297 0.86 S.W. Ward 4015 17359 2810 13430 1.3 11 An explanation is necessary of one obvious discrepancy. |
49d62a5c-0949-4f81-9aa6-12bfea5b9196 | The tables make it appear as if the number of cases in the South West Ward was less in 1931 than in 1921, as there were only 2,464 structurally separate dwellings in 1931 compared with 2,180 in 1921. The figures in the next column contradict this assumption as the number of rooms occupied was 13,718 in 1931 compared with 13,430 in 1921. This obvious paradox probably arose from the different interpretations given by the enumerators of a structurally separate dwelling. In the report a structurally separate dwelling has been defined for the Census as any room or set of rooms intended or used for habitation, having separate access either to the street or to a common landing or staircase. Thus each flat in a block of flats is a separate unit ; a private house which has not been structurally sub-divided is similarly a single unit whether occupied by one family or by several families. |
f2fd5d82-a0ce-4bf8-b421-21d85b802f88 | Where a private house has been sub-divided into maisonettes or portions, each having its front door opening on to the street or to a common landing or staircase to which visitors have access, then each portion is treated as a separate unit. The discrepancy is easily understood ; everyone knows that the number of houses in the South West Ward increased slightly in the intercensal period. The column in which the total number of rooms occupied is given, is therefore a safer index for comparison. A comparison of these tables would tend to the conclusion that the housing conditions in the district as a whole have improved but that a deterioration has occurred in the North East Ward, and this is probably a correct conclusion. The number of persons per room has increased in the North East Ward from 0.82 to 0.85. This is partly due to the fact that the houses newly erected are smaller than the older ones, but it is also due to another factor. |
843723f5-9a47-41dd-9b32-04c183d2cfe4 | The older and larger houses are now sublet and more than one family is in occupation. We have noticed this tendency and in some instances notices have had to be served for over-crowding or some other nuisance. The only figures which were surprising were those for the South East Ward. The number of persons per room in that Ward was 0.86 in 1921 and 0.82 in 1931. It is known that in this Ward also there has been considerable sub-letting of houses. The numbers for the South West Ward were 1.30 in 1921 and 1.18 in 1931. Those who have had long acquaintance with housing conditions in this ward are of opinion that the conditions 12 throughout the ward have improved. While admitting this, it must also be conceded that in certain isolated areas, the conditions have not improved. |
e933aa9b-f76a-4ca1-ba9b-9594d1b0e92e | The black spots may be more limited in extent; some of the streets have improved very considerably in many respects; but in certain areas the standard is still much below that which is desirable. This will become evident if we examine Table II. of the Census Reports. In this table the private families are classified by size of family, rooms occupied and density of occupation. Only a portion of the table is given, but this is the important part of it. Houses of more than 5 rooms have been omitted, as they would not appreciably affect the question of overcrowding. There were a few cases of over-crowding in the larger houses, but they were few and far between, and are not vitally important. Number of persons in family. Number of families occupying the rooms. 1 2 3 4 5 1 542 (406) 251 (146) 257 (133) 121 (66) 53 (57) 2 279 (286) 741 |
91b2ab84-99e5-47df-8721-532396919103 | (461) 1494 (732) 704 (447) 499 (385) 3 123 (169) 484 (410) 1250 (900) 977 (612) 743 (589) 4 72 (65) 234 (188) 866 (737) 768 (567) 650 (588) 5 27 (12) 122 (91) 511 (563) 458 (386) 473 (462) 6 13 (5) 49 (44) 263 (353) 245 (268) 267 (301) 7 7 (1) 31 (25) 137 (213) 126 (171) 143 (176) 8 1 (1) 8 (11) 62 (121) 71 (100) 78 (130) 9 1 (1) 6 (5) 36 (48) 39 (52) 40 (69) 10 1 |
c3e637ef-3ab7-447d-bd7e-11dce0e3005f | (1) 22 (25) 16 (29) 18 (38) 11 2 (1) 7 (7) 5 (18) 10 (16) 12 1 (3) 5 (1) 2 (4) 13 - (1) - (1) 3 (7) 14 1 (2) 15 or over 1 - The figures in brackets are the corresponding numbers in 1921. If we adopt the standard that a house is over-crowded if more than 2 persons occupy a room, the conditions in one and two roomed tenements are less favourable than in 1921 and more favourable in three-, four- and five-roomed tenements. 13 HOUSING. |
046e81fc-f81f-42c4-81b5-5bce9153b322 | Number of Houses erected during the year:- (a) Total (including number given separately under (b) 186 (b) With State assistance under the Housing Acts: (i) By the Local Authority 8 (ii) By other bodies or persons Nil. 1. Inspection of Dwelling-houses during the Year 1931: — (1) (a) Total number of dwelling-houses inspected for housing defects (under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1890 (b) Number of inspections made for the purpose 5760 (2) (a) Number of dwelling-houses (included under sub-head (1) above, which were inspected and recorded under the Housing Consolidated Regulations, 1925 1405 (6) Number of inspections made for the purpose 4917 (3) Number of dwelling-houses found to be in a state so dangerous or injurious to health as to be unfit for human habitation Nil. |
c9a3c80f-44f1-4dfa-adb3-3e0e841ff414 | (4) Number of dwelling-houses (exclusive of those ferred to under the preceding sub-head) found not to be in all respects reasonably fit for human habitation 1687 2 Remedy for Defects during the Year without Service of formal Notices:— Number of defective dwelling-houses rendered fit in consequence of informal action by the Local Authority or their officers 1463 14 3. Action under Statutory Powers during the Year:— A.—Proceedings under sections 17, 18 and 23 of the Housing Act, 1930: (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which notices were served requiring repairs 163 (2) Number of dwelling-houses which were ered fit after service of formal notices:— (а) By owners 163 (b) By local authority in default of owners Nil. |
d6cccfa5-cb1e-419b-972b-d9bc43695e96 | B.—Proceedings under Public Health Acts:— (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which notices were served requiring defects to be remedied 61 (2) Number of dwelling-houses in which defects were remedied after service of formal notices: — (a) By owners 61 (b) By local authority in default of owners Nil. C.—Proceedings under sections 19 and 21 of the Housing Act, 1930: (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Demolition Orders were made Nil. (2) Number of dwelling-houses demolished in pursuance of Demolition Orders Nil. D.—Proceedings under section 20 of the Housing Act, 1930:— (1) Number of separate tenements or underground rooms in respect of which Closing Orders were made Nil. 15 (2) Number of separate tenements or underground rooms in respect of which Closing Orders were determined, the tenement or room having been rendered fit Nil. |
e505e790-1a90-43ed-a733-f849c170cb25 | E.—Proceedings under section 3 of the Housing Act, 1925: — (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which notices were served requiring repairs Nil. (2) Number of dwelling-houses which were ered fit after service of formal notices: — (a) By owners Nil. (b) By local authority in default of owners Nil. (3) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Closing Orders became operative in pursuance of declarations by owners of intention to close Nil. F.-Proceedings under sections 11, 14 and 15 of the Housing Act, 1925:— (1) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Closing Orders were made Nil. (2) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Closing Orders were determined, the dwelling-houses having been rendered fit Nil. (3) Number of dwelling-houses in respect of which Demolition Orders were made Nil. |
a38a7dac-1d9e-4023-b013-26b239ec3f48 | (4) Number of dwelling-houses demolished in suance of Demolition Orders Nil. 16 TABULAR STATEMENT OF INSPECTIONS & DETAIL OF WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE SANITARY INSPECTORS. Number of Inspections and Action Taken. Total number of dwelling houses inspected for housing defects (under Public Health or Housing Acts) 1890 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 1463 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Section 3, Housing Act 1925 and Section 17, Housing Act, 1930 163 (3) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Acts 61 Premises (other than defective dwelling houses) inspected for nuisances and miscellaneous defects 71 (1) Dealt with by service of Informal Notice 601 (2) Dealt with by service of Statutory Notice under Public Health Act, &c. |
124a2ebc-919c-4d58-8af6-40021e1f44df | 7 Reinspections subsequent to service of Notice 6714 Enquiry visits on notification of Infectious Disease 673 Number of Premises under Periodical Inspection. Workshops and Workplaces 136 Bakehouses 29 Slaughterhouses 2 Public Health Urinals 37 Common Lodging Houses 1 Houses-let-in-lodgings 33 Butchers Shops 45 Fish Shops 29 Premises where food is manufactured or prepared 34 Milk Purveyors 116 Cowsheds Nil Piggeries Nil Rag and Bone Dealers 7 Mews 4 Schools 13 Show Grounds Nil Rent Restriction Act. Number of Certificates granted 9 17 Detail of Work carried out. |
ecf74087-4f23-46d9-833f-c69be6e1681e | Sanitary Dustbins provided 438 Yards paved or yard paving repaired 215 Insanitary forecourts remedied 34 Defective drains repaired or reconstructed 62 Defective soil pipes and ventilating shafts repaired or renewed 68 Defective fresh air inlets repaired or renewed 51 Defective gullies removed and replaced by new 67 Rain water downpipes disconnected from drain 10 Dishing and curb to gullies repaired and new gratings fixed 203 Defective W.C. pan and traps removed and replaced by new 62 Defective W.C. flushing apparatus repaired or new fixed 303 Defective W.C. |
1850240e-53da-4c2a-9a73-ab0bd46b266d | seats repaired or new fixed 162 Defective flush pipe connections repaired 74 Insanitary sinks removed or new fixed 46 Sink waste pipes repaired or trapped 127 Insanitary wall surface over sinks remedied 89 Ventilated food cupboards provided 4 Drinking water cisterns cleansed 205 Defective covers to drinking water cisterns repaired or new fixed 77 Insanitary sites beneath floors concreted 12 Spaces beneath floors ventilated 106 Dampness in walls from defective damp-proof course remedied 94 Dampness from defective roof, rain water gutterings, etc., remedied 648 Defective plastering repaired (number of rooms) 392 Rooms where dirty walls and ceilings have been cleansed and redecorated 2473 Defective floors repaired 109 Defective or dangerous stairs repaired 30 Defective doors and windows repaired 285 Defective kitchen ranges and fire grates repaired 122 Defective washing coppers repaired 97 Coal cupboards provided or repaired 8 New W.C. |
8b45771e-eec0-47f7-82a7-757c16a1a93b | apartments provided 5 Accumulations of offensive matter removed 21 Drains unstopped and cleansed 246 Overcrowding nuisances abated 15 Drains tested, exposed for examination, etc. 62 Smoke observations taken 143 Smoke nuisances abated on service of notice 18 Nuisances from pigs and other animals abated 7 Notifications of waste of water sent to Metropolitan Water Board 124 18 INSPECTION AND SUPERVISION OF FOOD. MILK SUPPLY. There are no cowsheds in the Borough, all the milk being produced outside. There are 91 persons or firms retailing milk in the district under the following categories:— Dairymen. Purveyors of Milk No. with rounds not occupying premises in the Borough. No. with rounds occupying premises in the Borough. No. of General shops from which milk is sold from covered pans only No. |
3126640e-f720-4a6e-a0f7-cd716d4dc936 | of shops from which milk is sold in closed and unopened receptacles only 4 26 24 62 Special Designated Milk. The number of persons or firms licenced to sell Special Designated Milk are as follows: — 4 'Certified ' 6 'Grade A (Tuberculin Tested)' — 'Grade A ' 11 'Pasteurised ' 1 'Grade A Pasteurised ' The Council has decided to enforce strictly Article 21 of the Milk & Dairies Order of 1926. This Article requires that every milk vessel shall be thoroughly washed and cleansed and scalded with boiling water or steam before it is used again. All new Applicants to be registered as Dairymen, will be required to instal at once an approved steam raising plant and steam chest so as to comply with the Article, and Dairymen already registered will be given a reasonable time in which to instal such apparatus. |
95df51fa-9184-4004-912b-b97feb5c7e78 | Article 32 of the Order requires every person engaged in the conveyance or distribution of milk to use all practicable precautions for preventing the milk from being unnecessarily exposed to heat and from being contaminated by dirt, dust, rain-water or otherwise. 19 In an adjoining district, retailers of milk in bottles have been called upon to provide an insulated box in which to store the milk during warm weather but such an appliance is not asked for by this Council. We have 24 general shops in which milk is being sold from pans on the counter. There are 62 other general shops in which milk is only sold in sealed bottles or cartons. I do not think that in any of the 24 general shops in which milk is sold from pans on the counter, the conditions are entirely satisfactory, but it is difficult to prove that the public health is likely to be endangered by the methods in use. Most of these retailers would be willing to sell the milk from sealed receptacles only, if the practice were made compulsory and universal. |
8b9691f3-50bb-4a54-89d5-85db966381e2 | In most of these shops in addition to the objection of the sale of other goods which create dust, the shop itself is overcrowded, and it is impossible for the premises to be kept clean and free of dust. In my opinion there are 8 of these general shops in which, under present conditions, milk should not be sold from open cans. In the present report I do not wish to deal specifically with the general shops in which milk is sold in closed receptacles, but shops in which the .principal article sold is milk. As stated there are 62 general shops which sell milk only from closed receptacles. There are 26 premises registered in or on which milk is the principal article sold, and one other purveyor resides in Acton, and sells his milk here, but the premises are situated and registered at Willesden. On one of the premises 2 persons are registered, and on another, 3 persons are registered. |
a19d2cfb-bfa8-476b-9d07-dcc0e267556f | In all the 26 cases, there are milk rounds, and in three cases very little milk is sold on the premises. On all these premises milk is sold over the counter or otherwise in open pans, but although other articles are sold there, the condition of the premises is satisfactory. There is one article of the Regulations to which I wish to pall the attention of the Committee, because in the majority of instances one part of the article is now ignored. Article 32 of the Order states that every person engaged in the conveyance or distribution of milk shall use all practicable precautions for preventing the milk from being unnecessarily exposed to heat and from being contaminated by dirt, dust, rain-water or otherwise. 20 In only 10 shops in the district is there a refrigerator installed in the shop and used to store milk in warm weather. In the other shops, the milk is kept on the counter. Some use muslin, others do nothing. It is for the Committee to decide what they consider to be all practicable precautions. |
e09e1bd1-ca08-45d5-ae41-950a6eb075a7 | The question will not arise until next summer. We have made enquiries in other districts, and I may say that the practice varies very greatly in different districts. In most districts no specified method is prescribed, but in one district the installation of refrigerators in the shops is being asked for. Periodically the question of milk comes up for debate and discussion, and, incidentally, it might be mentioned that this is not surprising. It should be remembered that milk is an important article of food ; to infants it is the sole food, and to many young children it is the principal food, and should loom more in the dietary of young persons. It is almost universally admitted that the consumption of milk is too low. Milk is the most valuable of all foods. It is much less used than it should be—in this country less than in any part of the world where it is obtainable. The Scandinavian countries are well ahead of Great Britain in this matter. |
10265fd3-ee86-48f2-a5c3-8d0a5e2fdf80 | Because of its value as a food, dieteticians are constantly advocating its increased consumption. The nutritional value of milk as a corrective to deficiencies of various types in the diet is now generally accepted. It is valuable to the adult and probably indispensable to the child. In many diets it is the chief source of the fat soluble vitamins, of protein of good quality, and of calcium salts. If it be suggested that milk is expensive, the answer is that it is not so expensive as many other commodities (e.g. meat) which are considered essential by most caterers. The fact is, that no poor person should buy meat till they have afforded at least one pint per head of milk. It is for these reasons that dieticians are persistently advocating a larger consumption of milk, and it is becoming an essential article in the diet of an increased number of individuals. But as epidemiologists, we have to look upon another side of the question. |
ef684a06-d384-4714-b14f-5cbfe426dd63 | It is an undoubted fact that milk can act as a vehicle of numerous infections; milk-spread disease is a common phenomenon. Milk probably comes next to water as a vehicle of the most extensive outbreaks of disease. Scattered throughout literature are numerous accounts of outbreaks due to a tainted milk supply. 21 A public water supply unquestionably reaches a larger percentage of the people than any other single potential disease vehicle, but milk follows a close second. As milk is also a natural growing medium for certain disease producing bacteria, it can be appreciated how milk-bourne epidemics occur. In the past, outbreaks of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, sore throats, etc. were traced to the milk supply. Fortunately such outbreaks have become exceedingly rare, but we occasionally have a reminder that care is still necessary. |
ba059b7f-7511-45e3-aac1-84896826e2b7 | A few years ago a sharp outbreak of para-typhoid in the west of London and in which Acton participated was traced to contaminated cream, and an extensive outbreak of sore throats in Brighton was traced to an infected milk supply. At the present time the most prominent aspect of the milk question is the prevalence of tuberculosis in milch cows. It is generally admitted that an improvement has been secured in the cleanliness of the milk supply. The risk of typhoid and scarlet fever from an infected milk supply is remote and it is possible now to feed a baby on cow's milk even in the summer without much fear of epidemic diarrhoea. It can be safely said that the markedly improved methods of production and distribution in recent years made our milk supply cleaner and safer. But whether there has been any corresponding decrease in the frequency with which milk is infected with tubercle bacilli, it is not possible to say with certainty. |
b9e1bb39-0ccd-4d7b-96e1-3896397c61d1 | As the Committee was asked by a Voluntary Association to pass certain resolutions, it may be necessary to state the grounds on which this course of action is based. In the report of the Ministry of Agriculture for 1929, it was stated that there were over two million cows and heifers in England and Wales in milk, in addition to nearly 300,000 cows in calf but not in milk and 364,763 heifers in calf. It is estimated that about 40 per cent of these are tuberculous, that is, would give a positive tuberculin test. That does not mean, of course, that the milk. from. 40 per cent of these contains the tubercle bacilli. The figures are important only as far as they show the magnitude of the problem. The tuberculin test is a qualitative one and not a quantitive one; it thus gives no indication of the degree of infection present, except that heavily affected animals may not re-act to the test. |
710e923a-112f-4279-87ee-332658620a85 | So great is the risk of the spread of tuberculosis in. a herd from a re-actor to the tuberculin test that for practical purposes such re-actors are to be regarded as infective. In view of: the high incidence of bovine tuberculosis it would obviously be futile to recommend the immediate elimination of all re-actors irrespective of whether or not they are giving tuberculous milk. All the re-actors to the tuberculin test do not give tuberculous milk, and in order to estimate the proportion of cows which are doing so, it is important 22 to have information with regard to the prevalence of tuberculous disease of the udder. Primary udder tuberculosis is extremely rare, and in one half of the cows found to be tuberculous on slaughter the disease is generalised in the body. |
1b379deb-9f0d-4328-a461-8ca87f0804aa | Tuberculous mastitis is much commoner in older cows than in quite young animals, and it is possible that the disease is encouraged by the artificial stimulation of the mammary gland and the unnatural demands made upon it by milking. The Ministry of Agriculture conclude, from the information at their disposal, that probably from 1 to 1.5% of cows in herds in which the disease has been discovered under the operations of the Tuberculosis Order and the Milk and Dairies Acts, yield tuberculous milk. But this does not represent the proportion of tuberculous milk in any area; this will depend very largely upon the extent to which the milk is mixed or bulked before distribution. It is calculated that between 6 and 7% of the raw milk sold in the kingdom contains living tubercle bacilli; it should be noted that this refers to raw milk and not milk as delivered to the consumer. The latter has been treated and this will be referred to in a subsequent paragraph. |
adbde41f-5cc7-4d5b-b2af-0496f5ee088e | Of 69,901 unselected samples of raw milk examined, 4,690 or 6.7% were found to contain living tubercle bacilli. Certain estimates have been made of the extent of tubercle in man due to infection from milk. There are four types of tubercle bacilli—the cold-blooded, avian, bovine and human which are distinguishable from each other by certain tests. Tuberculosis, as it affects man, is due to infection with the human and bovine types. The infection of man with the human type occurs mainly by the respiratory tract. Infection of man with the bovine type, on the other hand, occurs almost exclusively by the alimentary canal, and the chief vehicle is cow's milk. |
31187e2e-e957-407a-b848-83c13d891fe8 | Since however the type of the infecting organisms can be determined only by bacteriological methods, it follows that our knowledge of the extent of bovine infection in man rests solely on the data accumulated by the examination of specimens of tuberculous material collected either during life or after death. The process of 'typing' is arduous, time-consuming and demands considerable experience. For this reason the type of the infecting organisms is not usually determined as a routine, and the number of the determinations that have been made is not very large. It is necessary to bear this in mind when considering the estimates that have been based upon them. 23 It has been estimated that 4,000 fresh cases of human infection due to the bovine type of tubercle occur annually, and that in 1928 the deaths from the bovine type were approximately 2,000. |
10dd1d11-7e69-45c0-89cf-def602eb60be | Although these facts are serious, the figures of the Registrar General suggest that the menace is a diminishing one, and that the measures already in operation have not been in vain. There has been a steady fall in the death-rate from tuberculosis, both of the pulmonary and of the non-pulmonary type, but the fall in the death-rate from that of the latter type has been much more marked than in the pulmonary death-rate. This has been noticeable in recent years and it suggests that the improvement is due to improved methods in the general production of milk. It may therefore be advisable to examine the methods which have recently been adopted and which appear to have been partially successful, because the increased fall in the non-respiratory type has been particularly noticeable since the operation of the Milk & Dairies Consolidation Act and the new Milk & Dairies Orders. |
8cc14325-6834-42f8-bc31-54dc658a2448 | Although the Milk and Dairies (Consolidation) Act was passed in 1915, its provisions did not operate until 1925, and the Milk & Dairies Order was issued in 1922, under which the Milk, (Special Designations) Orders 1922 and 1923 were issued. Prior to these ordinances, except in the case of private Acts of Parliament, the Regulations governing the production and distribution harked hack to the Dairies & Cowsheds Orders of 1885. Before deeding with the condition of distribution, it might be well to examine the provisions of the Milk (Special Designations) Orders. In the Order, details are set forth concerning the production and sale of four kinds of milk—Certified, Grade A (Tuberculin Tested), Grade A and Pasteurised Milk. The highest grade of milk is the Certified Milk, but the Grade A (Tuberculin Tested) differs from it only in the kind of milk containers required. |
a02e52c9-691d-4992-8d6d-08d2c6c82514 | Both milks must be produced from Tuberculin Tested cows, the bacterial count is similar and the licenses to produce must be obtained from the Ministry of Health. In the Grade A Milk, the herd is not Tuberculin Tested, but the cows must be examined every three months by a veterinary surgeon and certified free from clinical signs of Tubercle. The bacteria must not exceed 200,000 per cubic centimetre of milk. The County Councils and County Borough Councils are the licensing authorities. 24 The essential condition in the matter of the treatment of Pasteurised Milk is that the milk must be held at a temperature between 145° and 150° F. for at least half an hour and cooled immediately afterwards to not more than 55° F. The prescribed conditions definitely exclude the 'flash pasteurisation' process by which milk is heated for short periods. It is illegal to use the designation 'pasteurised' in connection with the sale of milk except under the terms of licence. |
325253ba-b253-429b-b8d9-f12a01d7a1fa | The ultimate object in view, of course, is the attainment of a raw milk free of the tubercle bacillus and it is only when the milk is Certified, Grade A (Tuberculin Tested), or Grade A, that object can be said to be obtained. But can that goal be attained in a reasonable time? Since 1923 when grading of milk came into operation, there has been an increase of producers of Certified Milk and Grade A (Tuberculin Tested) from 101 to 403 in 1930. By the end of 1930 about 14,300 non-reacting cattle were licensed by the Ministry of Health. But the cow population of England and Wales in 1930 was estimated at 2,674,934. |
d3cc95dd-3dcb-43e5-98d9-86f650a5179c | Thus only about .5% of the dairy stock or 1 in 200 is guaranteed tubercle free by the tuberculin test and the amount of milk from tubercle free herds is probably not more than .6 or .7% of the total milk supply. The contribution of grading to the improvement of the milk supply up to the present has been almost negligible. Besides, the labouring artisan classes cannot afford to pay the price demanded. Probably in time as the benefits of healthy cattle will be appreciated, the farmers will make endeavours to own tubercle free herds, but in the immediate future others means will have to be devised. Undoubtedly the best protection is given by pasteurisation. In London most of the milk which is being sold has been treated by heat in accordance with some of the regulations of the Ministry of Health, but it is not sold as pasteurised milk. |
ab0611cc-d365-4e64-a5c7-ddd3a281a931 | For instance, in this district, although most of the purveyors of milk sell milk which is heated, comparatively only a small portion is sold as pasteurised milk. The 8 branches of the United Dairies and the 2 branches of the Express Dairy have licences to sell Certified, Grade A (Tuberculin Tested) and pasteurised milk, 1 other has a licence to sell Certified, and 3 have a licence to sell Grade A (Tuberculin tested) and 1 has a licence to sell pasteurised milk. The importance of selling the milk as 'pasteurised' lies in the fact that unless the process is properly carried out, there are certain dangers in connection with it. For instance, if the milk is under-heated, dangerous organisms may not be destroyed, whilst, if it is overheated, some of the Vitamins may be destroyed. |
2d671d0f-7402-4cd8-aaf7-3cd99ec9d365 | It is unnecessary here to enter into the question of the effect of pasteurisation upon th nutritive value of milk, though this matter is a most important 25 one, and cannot be lightly dismissed. There is no evidence of loss of Vitamins A, B, D and E ; it is possible that a certain amount of loss to Vitamin C occurs. There is some small loss of the diffusible calcium content through pasteurisation. On the whole, the evidence points to the fact that pasteurisation properly carried out, destroys the pathogenic organisms and does not materially affect the nutritive value of the milk, but once the milk has been pasteurised, it should not again be boiled or wanned above a certain point. Here lies the importance of knowing whether the milk has been pasteurised or not. The public should know whether the milk sold has been pasteurised or not, and if pastcurised, if the process has been carried out properly. |
c4e63aad-e23f-46c4-82cb-597e3c28361d | It needs to be emphasized most strongly that pasteurisation-is something more than a process by which the milk can be made to keep without souring for a longer time especially in the summer. It is well, known that pasteurisation was adopted by the distributors of milk for the purpose of adding to its keeping properties and thus enabling it to be delivered to the consumer in a marketable condition. Some people looked upon it as a good process to prevent wastage from souring etc. of milk which was produced and handled badly. Unfortunately, this is the view which is still taken by man}' purveyors of milk. I was speaking to a large distributor in the district a short while ago, and he bluntly and baldly stated that heating was of use only in the summer because the milk would not otherwise keep sweet. Such things as the destruction of vitamins, interferences with calcium diffusibility and the effects of these upon children never altered his mind. |
530b6d50-9fdb-4836-96d9-2ba9c4480eb3 | From one point of view, it is fortunate that heat much above 145° Fahrenheit affects the taste, flavour and cream line. For instance at a temperature of 148° Fahrenheit the cream line is sometimes decreased by 40%, and so long as the cream line is exalted to a fetish, it is not likely that a temperature above 150° Fahrenheit will be used in pasteurising. But unless some control is exercised, a lower temperature than 145° may be used and some of the pathogenic organisms remain unaffected. I am afraid that I have appeared to labour this question rather extensively, but I find that the question of pasteurisation is but very inadequately understood even by purveyors of milk. The objections, of course, that will be raised to compulsory pasteurisation are two,—expense, and the tendency to delay the production of a cleaner and better milk supply. Anything which would have a tendency to raise the price of milk must be deprecated. |
1fefa568-0223-461c-9232-46ddd1a43e00 | If there is to be an increase in the consumption of milk, the price must be kept as low as possible. 26 The opinion of the milk purveyors on the price which has to be paid for pasteurisation must be respected, and any figures which they may possess of the cost examined. Althoug no milk is produced in the district, its production affects us very closely, though no administrative measures here can directly have any effect upon the supply. We are entitled though to give a considered opinion upon even the source of supply. There is one aspect which concerns us in one sense more directly, and that is the retail distribution of the milk in the district. One of the questions which periodically crops up is the desirability or otherwise of registering certain traders as purveyors of milk. Under Section 2 of the Milk & Dairies (Amendment) Act 1922, the Council has power to refuse registration, or remove from the register certain retailers of milk. |
8811bbc2-bc7e-478d-b666-a238845c590d | The powers conferred upon the Council are vague. The section states that if the local authority is satisfied that the public health is or is likely to be endangered by any act or default of any person who is registered or seeks to be registered therein as a retail purveyor of milk, in relation te the quality, storage, distribution of milk, they may refuse to register him or remove him from the register as the case may be. It is to be observed that the act or default is not necessarily one which is against any statute, order or regulation, but simply that it may, or is likely to endanger the public health. Some cases are easy to decide. For instance on Tuesday afternoon, September 27th, Mr. Kinch and I went to a shop and asked to see the receptacle in which the milk was kept. The mlik was kept in a churn on the floor of the shop near the door without a lid or any other covering. |
fd2ecf32-77ab-4546-ba55-88c1ada5f3b2 | The shop is a general shop, in which wood, and other dusty articles are sold, and the conditions were such that the public health might be endangered. The general appearance of the place was unsatisfactory. Noticing also about a dozen crates of bottles filled with milk and knowing that the trade done there was a small one, we enquired into the storage of this milk. We were told that this milk had been bought to be kept until after October 1st as there would be a rise in the price of milk after that date. In former years we used to class the premises on or from which milk was sold as dairies and general shops. These terms are now hardly applicable. Most of those premises which formerly registered as dairies are now general shops, from which many and diverse articles are sold. These premises differ from general shops only in the fact that milk is the principal ingredient 27 gold, and also the list of articles sold is not quite so comprehensive as in the smaller general shops. |
9563e00b-3835-4498-8a5b-3819b170b9b1 | In several of the shops in which formerly only milk and general dairy produce were sold, such articles as sauces, vinegar, boot polish, potted meats of various brands, to mention but a few of the different commodities, are sold over the counter. This practice makes the control of milk distribution a much more difficult matter. The general shop-keeper feels that the dairyman has trespassed on his preserves, and he therefore thinks that he has to stock milk as one of his commodities. That, of course, is no concern of ours ; we are only concerned with the conditions under which milk is retailed. BAKEHOUSES. Of the 29 bakehouses in the Borough 5 are underground and these were licensed on the coming into force of the Factory Acta of 1901. SMOKE INSPECTION. Very few complaints are received with regard to smoke nuisances from Factory Chimneys. |
acb1f940-df22-417c-851c-cd8f4011e5bb | Where there is any cause for complaint a notice is at once served upon the occupier of the premises, who as a rule is very willing to carry out any suggestions which might obviate the nuisance. In two cases where complaints had been received, it was found that the boilers were being over-loaded ; in one case the firm decided to put a second boiler into operation and in the other, a better quality of coal was obtained and more attention paid to the stoking, with the result that only occasionally are any complaints received in respect of these chimneys. MEAT INSPECTION. There are two slaughter-houses in the Borough, in one pigs only are slaughtered and in the other cattle and sheep only. Every carcase is thoroughly examined by a certificated Meat and Foods Inspector at the time of slaughter, and it will be seen from the accompanying table, that a considerable number of carcases are affected with disease. It has not been necessary to institute any Police Court proceedings for offence against persons dealing in food. |
09fb0270-c909-4cdf-9e88-f6f0216e0240 | 28 UNSOUND FOOD SURRENDERED DURING 1932. TABLE X. Diseased Meat. Tuberculosis. Pigs. Pleurisy. Pigs. 37 Carcases with Heads. 2 Forequarters. 6 Forequarters. 18 lbs. Ribs of Pork. 55 lbs. Pork. 216 Heads. Cattle. 297 Plucks. 2 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 2608 lbs. Chitterlings. 2 Ribs of Pork. 3 Forequarters of Veal. Cattle. 15 Breasts of Veal. 1 Rib of Veal. 3 Stirks' Carcases with Offal. 11 Calves' Plucks. 6 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 18 sets Calves' Lungs with Hearts. 2 Hindquarters of Veal. 1 Cow's Head & Tongue. 3 Stirks' Heads & Tongues. |
97ebd254-080d-4d6e-b22f-d70e41c552db | Sheep. 3 Calves' Heads & Tongues. 10 Breasts of Mutton. 1 set Cow s Lungs with Heart. 6 Sheeps' Plucks. 3 sets Stirks' Lungs with Hearts. 1 set Sheep's Lungs with Heart. 2 sets Calves' Lungs with Hearts. Pleurisy and Dropsy. 1 Stirk's Pluck. 1 Sheep's Carcase.. 30 Calves' Plucks. 1 Calf's Liver. Suppurating Pleurisy. 3 Calves' Kidneys. 3 sets Calves' Lungs with Hearts. Parasites. Cattle. 2 Breasts of Veal. 1 set Cow's Lungs. 1 Forequarter of Veal. 1 Cow's Liver. Abscesses. 2 Stirks' Livers. 2 sets Stirks' Lungs with Hearts. Pigs. 2: Legs of Pork. |
bfec81fe-edcc-4056-8743-8030263b3401 | 1 set Calf's Lungs with Heart. Sheep. Cattle. 19 Sheeps' Plucks. 3 Calves' Heads. 92 sets Sheeps' Lungs. 4 Calves' Plucks. 27 Sheeps' Livers. 8 Calves' Livers. 29 1 Shoulder of Veal. Pigs. 1 piece Flank of Beef. 1 Leg of Pork. Pseudo-Hodgkins Disease. Urticaria. 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. 56 lbs. Pork and Rind. Pneumonia. Sarco-Sporidia. 4 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 1 Pig's Carcase. Sheep. Leukaemia. 2 Sheeps' Plucks. Actinomycosis. Cattle. Cattle. 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. |
2cf6a297-a4da-453f-b6bf-6adcd1bc334f | 2 Stirks' Heads & Tongues. Melanosis. Jaundice. 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. 4 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 2 Calves' Plucks. 1 Calf's Pluck. Moribund. Dropsy. Pigs. 1 Cow's Carcase with Offal. 2 Carcases with Heads. Dropsy and Emaciation. Cattle. 1 Cow's Carcase with Offal. 1 Stirk's Carcase wrth Offal. 2 Stirks' Carcases with Offal 14 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 2 Calves' Carcases with Offal. Sheep. Dead. 4 Sheeps'Carcases with Offal Pigs. Cystic. 1 Carcase wth Head. Cattle. Cattle. 1 Calf's Kidney. |
f6edbe6c-0478-49bb-aea8-719fbcd7e445 | 1 Calf's Carcase with Offal. Adenitis. 6 Calves' Plucks. Cirrhosis. 2 Calves' Livers. Cattle. Arthritis. 1 Cow's Liver. 2 Stirks' Livers. 2 Knuckles of Veal. 2 Calves' Livers. 30 Bruised, Fractured, etc. Congestion. Pigs. 1 Calf's Pluck. 1 Pig's Carcase with Haed. Unsound. 6 Hindquarters of Pork. 3 Legs of Pork. Pigs. 2 Shoulders of Pork. 2 Pigs' Carcases. 1 short Forequarter of Pork. 2 Sides of Pork. 164 lbs. of Pork. 27 lbs. Shoulder of Pork. Cattle. Cattle. 2 Calves' Carcases with Offal. 2 Calves' Plucks. 2 lbs. |
7ec1a8c6-b791-4aad-b95e-8a9030769278 | Loin of Veal. 1 Leg of Veal. 4 Calves' Kidneys. Other Foods. Unsound. 150 punnets Strawberries. 3 stone Skate Wings. 75 (1-lb.) Tins Loganberries. 1 lb. 14 ozs. Cooked Pork. 1 Box Codlings. 1 Box Cod Roe. 14 lbs. Tinned Liver. 1 (6 lb.) tin Corned Beef. 440 Turkeys (2¼ tons). 6 Boxes Cod Fillets. 31 TABLE 11. NUMBER OF PIGS' CARCASES INSPECTED FROM 1st JANUARY to 31st DECEMBER, 1932, WITH ANALYSIS OF SURRENDERS ON ACCOUNT OF DISEASE. 1932. No. of Carcases Inspected. No. of Heads Diseased. No. of Carcases Diseased. No. |
895464d8-91a7-4b16-ab9a-a3c1b296ca6f | of Sides Diseased. No. of Fore Quarters Diseased. No. of Hind Quarters Diseased. No. of Legs . Diseased. No. of Shoulders Diseased. Plucks (Lungs, Livers and Hearts). Mesenteries, Stomachs and Intestines Pieces of Pork. January 1285 14 1 - 2 - 1 - 39 352 lbs. - February 1368 9 2 - - - - - 29 256 ,, 100 lbs. March 1407 14 4 — - 1 - 2 23 208 , 94 , April 1536 19 4 - 3 2 2 - 31 280 , 52 , |
7c0a07a3-66b4-405e-b92b-35459d4571cf | May 1264 21 3 — - 4 1 - 19 152 „ 67 „ June 940 17 5 — — — — — 19 136 „ - July 894 24 1 2 — — 1 — 22 208 „ 14 „ August 852 17 3 — 1 — — - 14 128 „ - September 1622 28 4 — 4 — - - 25 248 , - October 1675 39 5 — 1 - 1 - 26 240 , 18 „ November 1600 36 3 — - 2 - - 27 208 , 10 , December 2037 32 3 - 1 - — — 25 216 „ - Total 16480 270 41 2 12 9 6 2 299 2632 „ 355 , 32 BIRTHS. |
2bf70959-c771-4562-8ef0-cbaf45ba9926 | Table 7 gives particulars of the births registered and notified in the district, and the births belonging to the district which have occurred and been registered outside the district. The total number of births are those registered during the calendar year and are corrected for inward and outward transfers. This figure is obtained at the end of the year from the Registrar General, and is simply the total for the district. It does not allocate 'the births to the wards, and from this total it is not possible to make a ward allocation. Last year the total number was 970 ; 483 males and 487 females, and the figure is equal to a birth-rate of 13.8 per 1,000 inhabitants. In addition 43 still births were returned as belonging to the district. The ward allocation is made from the notifications which are received under the "Notification of Births Act. The number ol notifications does not exactly correspond always with the number df registrations. |
ee055556-0a88-45ea-a280-d46da7726b94 | The births have to be notified within 36 hours, whilst a delay of 6 weeks may occur in the registration of a birth. There is not much difference in the number notified and registered in the district in the year as the births which occur towards the end df the year and are not registered until the following year are equalised-by the'births which have occurred towards the end of another year and have .not been registered in the same year under similar conditions. In 1931 the births numbered 1,019 corresponding to a birthrate of 14.4. This fall in the birth-rate was discussed at length in the Annual "Report 'for last year. DEATHS. 483 deaths were registered in the district; and 303 deaths of residents occurred outside the district. The total number of deaths belonging to the district is 786, which corresponds to a death-rate of 11.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. |
3a4c846d-78d2-4f68-a130-40aca99604b2 | The table giving the causes of death, age distribution, etc., k given on.a later page. Causes of Death. The number of deaths from Cancer are again on the increase 101 deaths occurring compared with 91 last year. 33 Deaths in Public Institutions. Of the total number 386 occurred in Public Institutions and 17 in nursing homes. Qf this total 263 occurred in hospitals outside and 105 in hospital in the district. Inquests and Coroner's Inquiries. 38 inquests were held and in 26 instances the Coroner issued acrtificate without an inquest after he had ordered a post-mortem examination. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Scarlet Fever. 37 cases were notified during the year as compared with 95 cases in 1931. Reference to the following table will show that this is the highest number of cases which have occurred in any year 1921. Year. No. of Cases. No. of Deaths. |
b908ab4c-e7be-4a04-90b0-50111b8c373c | Scarlet Fever, Death-rate per 1,000 population. 1890 108 3 .12 1891 63 4 .16 1892 74 - - 1893 192 10 .39 1894 86 3 .11 1895 67 3 .1 1896 193 1 .034 1897 93 - - 1898 167 3 .09 1899 111 2 .06 1900 243 6 .16 1901 82 2 .05 1902 109 1 .025 1903 76 2 .05 1904 129 1 .02 1905 137 2 .04 1906 170 7 .13 1907 267 6 .11 1908 484 15 .272 1909 469 16 .28 1910 109 2 .035 34 Year. No. of Cases. No. |
43e362c8-d127-48ea-88f6-d0c6fd7670fe | of Deaths. Scarlet fever Death-rate per population 1911 234 6 .1 1912 315 L .08 1913 80 2 .03 1914 252 1 .016 1915 163 2 .030 1916 64 1 .018 1917 45 - - 1918 38 - - 1919 95 — - 1921 630 1 .016 1920 176 - - 1922 305 3 .05 1923 160 - — 1924 105 1 .06 1925 83 1 .06 1926 103 — - 1927 137 1 .05 1928 243 — - 1929 235 1 .012 1930 207 1 .02 1931 95 - - 1932 537 5 .07 35 SCARLET FEVER —1932. |
4f102c91-7e86-4760-81ae-14fe6ec690dd | (Cases in weeks, ages and wards) Week Ending Total No. N. E. Ages in Wards. S. W. N. W. S. E. Jan. 2nd 1 9 Jan. 9th 1 9 Jan. 16th 2 7, 4 Jan. 23rd 1 4 Jan. 30th Nil. Feb, 6th Nil. Feb. 13th 2 5. 6 Feb. 20th 4 4, 2, 5, 5 Feb. 27th 3 8 5 1½ Mar. 5th 2 11 4½ Mar. 12th 1 6 Mar. 19th 3 5½ 8 5 Mar. 26th 5 15, 4, 11 12, 15 Apr. 2nd 3 5, 28 4½ Apr. |
b627bc11-8309-4bea-a6d9-7f67d7c99704 | 9th 8 20 2, 26, 17 10 4, 11, 7 Apr. 16th 4 8, 4, 2½, 29 Apr. 23rd 5 2, 39, 38 12 26 Apr. 30th 5 12, 4 4, 11 2 May 7th 3 5 8, 5 May 14th 6 3 5½, 5 5, 7, 6½ May 21st 3 4½, 5, 6 May 28th 2 2 4 June 4th 4 16, 7, 2½ 3 June 11th 2 5 8½ June 18th 7 7½, 12, 11, 21 7½, 4, 10 June 25th 9 2½, 25, 1½, |
c18f80ca-ee03-4d8c-a392-e97653df32ee | 7, 4 3½, 11, 7, 12 July 2nd 4 10 13, 16 6 July 9th 5 8, 8 9 3 9 July 16 th 8 4 12, 13, 16½, 8 9, 12, 11 Juy 23rd 15 12, 6½ 11 17, 19, 6, 7, 9, 15 11, 7, 7, 5, 20, 10 July 30th 8 41 19, 7, 4, 7, 4 1, 3 36 SCARLET FEVER — 1932. (Cases in weeks, ages and wards). Week Ending Total No. N. E. Ages in Wards. S. W. N. W. S. E. Aug. |
1ac6343c-d052-4b78-918d-f64ce622d5e4 | 6th 7 5 7, 4, 4, 8 8 31 Aug. 13th 6 5 1½ 13, 19 27, 7 Aug. 20th 5 5 10, 18 5½, 4 Aug. 27th 12 10 34, 6, 9. 10.6 5 18, 3, 3, 1, 12 Sep. 3rd 19 6 8, 8, 4½ 108 8, 5, 6, 13, 5½, 10, 8, 16, 11, 4, 6, 5, 5. Sep. 10th 11 1 33, 11 3, 5½ 11, 4, 4, 14, 13, 12 Sep. |
1a2ead67-c460-4f94-a1a7-dc4f9089cdaa | 17th 10 9 9, 1, 3, 7, 8, 25, 8, 13, 8 Sep. 24th 12 2, 6 3 21, 8, 9, 12, 3, 13, 2, 2, 11 Oct. 1st 34 13, 11, 11, 12, 11, 11, 2, 15,9, 2 15, 6, 35, 5½ 4 7, 5, 3, 3 6, 11, 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 4, 26, 8, 10, 22, 29, 6. Oct. |
ac45e6c9-b420-4c67-b2fa-ccdd31115ef1 | 8th 29 13, 5, 10, 14, 12, 5 12, 3, 7 5, 6, 5, 20, 6, 6, 12, 5, 9 8, 11, 6, 3, 2, 8, 10, 10, 8, 6, 9 Oct. 15th 35 6, 11, 5, 11, 4, 6, 5 6, 2, 4 5, 12, 3½ 5, 8, 11, 12, 4, 8, 6, 12 2, 8, 7, 6, 10, 5, 8, 2, 1½ 11, 7,12,8, 10 Oct. |
c8fe8117-a9b1-4815-9d2e-8a83ad3f2eab | 22nd 39 7, 7, 7, 12, 7, 15, 1½ 7, 12 13, 11 33, 8, 11, 5, 11, 27, 8 2, 5, 8, 4, 5, 6 19, 5, 9, 32, 2, 4, 40, 2, 5, 6, 4, 8, 5, 5, 1½ 5 Oct. 29th 30 13, 6, 3, 9, 13, 9, 0 20 36, 10 8, 6, 4, 5, 4, 3, 34, 6, 8, 10, 7, 2, 6, 9, 9, 7, 9. |
31ef55bc-4d2d-4a9f-9de4-acf76efd3e4c | 11, 4, 2 Nov. 5th 20 12, 12, 13, 32, 4, 12, 7 35 14, 6, 3 17, 1, 11, 22, 7, 4, 9, 4, 11 Nov. 12th 18 25, 4, 4, 11, 25, 7, 2½ 13 13, 3 12, 8, 7, 12, 5, 3, 10, 41 Nov. 19th 23 45, 28, 9, 3, 3 12, 4, 2, 11 4, 12 41, 6, 10, 10, 7, 7, 4, 20, 2, 7, 26, 6 Nov. |
c05f7f54-b795-432b-9b32-f24ebf7571af | 26th 18 9, 8, 6, 10 12, 20, 12 5, 49, 7 5, 2, 26, 3, 2, 4, 12, 12 Dec. 3rd 14 5, 8, 7 28, 8, 4, 7 5, 5, 6, 4, 8, 4, 9 Dec. 10th 21 6, 5, 13 7, 17, 14 2, 10, 34 10, 10, 6, 6, 9, 12, 10, 22. 4, 12, 3½, 5 Dec. |
a0826995-843e-4e50-9795-3a56c3c3f52c | 17th 19 8, 3, 3, 15, 10 10, 32, 7 12, 8 3, 1½, 12, 8, 13, 8, 7, 11, 11 Dec. 24th 14 5½, 7, 5, 4, 7 4, 6, 6, 2 7 7, 34, 2, 5 Dec. 31st 15 10, 22 11, 3, 7 40, 4, 1 6, 12, 5, 8, 5, 8, 17 Total. 537 37 Age Distribution. Under 1 1 to 5 5 to 15 15 to 25 25 to 45 45 to 65 Over 65 — 185 286 33 32 1 — Ward Distribution. |
44cee67f-d1e6-467c-8c47-0d161246feb9 | N. E N. W. S. E. S. W. 115 69 110 243 The typg of the disease varied in severity and this will be referred to later on, but it is the mildness of many of the cases which is largely responsible for the increased incidence. Diagnosis is difficult in mild cases, many are overlooked and unattended, while the medical practitioner frequently hesitates to diagnose Scarlet Fever on indefinite symptoms in order to avoid putting a family to inconvenience. For a number of years the mildness of Scarlet Fever has been a subject of comment and the opinion has been expressed that the danger to life of this disease has almost gone. It may be so, but unfortunately the weight of evidence does not justify such optimism. It is not so much the variation in the mortality of Scarlet Fever in different countries in recent years as the past history of the disease which suggests caution in our outlook. |
be6c4ad0-1d6f-4de5-a4eb-7a3f1c0dc393 | In 1675 Sydenham described Scarlet Fever as "an ailment, we can hardly call it more," and yet in the very year of Sydenham's death it was epidemic in London and became the severe disease of which malignant attacks were recorded. Again, that illustrious teacher Bretonneau taught that Scarlatina, which he had formerly heard spoken of as a dangerous malady, was then a mild infection, and he said that from 1799 to 1822 he did not recollect seeing a single fatal case. In 1824 an epidemic of severe type broke out in Tours and its neighbourhood and the result was that Bretonneau who had previously looked upon Scarlet Fever as a slight malady now learned to regard it as equally mortal with plague, typhus and cholera. |
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