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Fish described in 1829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochirus%20zebra | 8265305 | 19 | 4b920ca3f3f95860cbb33c7a3a8e9ae98b87ee1f2f0692228bbf67dba0c3d888 | 22 | 8 |
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochirus%20zebra | 8265305 | 20 | 1f28514f5023f4878ddfa1b24f5776ba19d697b2e04c3572120f2f53da423c1c | 28 | 7 |
These are the Australian number-one albums of 2001, per the ARIA Charts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 1 | 1c6f317104e4c13858d579b8a8a7d6759ccd62c1d1a240a920fcfeb6bfe61089 | 72 | 21 |
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 2 | 7b26d25de7a5625366905b35f67cc0221a72758a96724382e66db2e664dda9e7 | 8 | 2 |
2001 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 3 | 14c7f0950960936c98c8a8627dae3bee3d90865f2f7dfd5eeca6f7a45b694793 | 13 | 6 |
List of number-one singles in Australia in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 4 | 15dbfef9b4c2e59e5410f37898f2c78d1c59269d2146df752350f81263abb9b6 | 47 | 14 |
Notes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 5 | d6ef467124a7b06007bc4ff39618dbc233fe7dd445ab4e28a54fa6152f4f16b7 | 5 | 1 |
Number of number one albums: 15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 6 | 8fe1a3d129f4a5f3223c34ea272c49ab2e531242afd03bdbc8825422283eb6a8 | 31 | 9 |
Longest run at number one (during 2001): Moulin Rouge! soundtrack (11 weeks) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 7 | 06f1f2a6070e1d80ea6501610d3709e6b2c27f188c298e0d78d3314c59518ace | 76 | 23 |
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 8 | 2503f6ac92bf56faa1b3205f2433a7c346e03586020c5c83f76cffc81e230c54 | 10 | 1 |
2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 9 | a65e784b834d54d0c5d1a0658b6e6b0386e4b1d50dc9693909564a34fdcabffd | 4 | 4 |
2001 record charts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 10 | 8391a29cbfcb3001f06db722a397ce7d301979d5060d56b1099b76ad4c3215a8 | 18 | 6 |
2001 in Australian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number-one%20albums%20of%202001%20%28Australia%29 | 8265306 | 11 | b3b99e10f27946f5295ec2aad098339fd238e0d6e5c3e35eef20b2180b3eeb2b | 24 | 7 |
Sir Thomas Russell Albert Mason Cook JP (12 June 1902 – 12 August 1970) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1931 to 1945. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 1 | b1fa87cfd2a1743b097b9a3375ff24bee80fb522976514a9ed1017afe46737fb | 190 | 60 |
Early life | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 2 | df67d046974f9a1f01d7394f124933bacc71a13266329b32453648094bc959b7 | 10 | 2 |
Cook was born on 12 June 1902, the only son of Thomas Albert Cook, who built Sennowe Hall in Norfolk in 1907. He became Lord of the Manors of Stibbard and Great and Little Ryburgh. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 3 | aa90d0a6dc2b900b2885ffb8cf2fcf3cd3df23bf7773d9f4316b36d57180882a | 180 | 54 |
His paternal grandfather was John Mason Cook and his great-grandfather was Thomas Cook, who founded the travel agency Thomas Cook & Son. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 4 | 07231e0f3541ec19f812a30112b91e6b3cd9941bd62bd00190360e769da1793e | 137 | 27 |
Career | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 5 | 06c5150bfb49be505013ec23203983037c5dedaa00ea2064da647b83cda00350 | 6 | 1 |
At the 1924 general election, he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Labour held constituency of North Norfolk. He was defeated again by Labour's Noel Buxton at the 1929 general election, and at the by-election in 1930 when Lady Noel-Buxton held the seat with a majority of only 139 votes after her husband's elevation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 6 | 3d919209e1ccacb973bc56aa96717884d79eecf5c801a75534765c457c229145 | 335 | 86 |
At the 1931 general election, Cook won the seat from Lady Noel-Buxton with a majority of nearly 7,000. He was re-elected at the 1935 election. At 34, he was knighted for "political and public services" in the 1937 New Year Honours, becoming "the youngest man to be knighted in a quarter-century." During his time in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 7 | bda382175f5dc90f518c5260d1fd2c29044bf5c6cca31a890afaf648826f60fa | 520 | 149 |
He was a director of his family firm, the Thomas Cook & Son travel agency, which had been founded by his great-grandfather. Cook was a member of the Royal Norfolk Agricultural Association and served on the Norfolk County Council. From 1930 to 1955 he ran the Norfolk Chronicle. He was county commissioner for the Norfolk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 8 | 8d8ea724360884f5fbc50f2cf291d1003180bbf0166933ee826d6c483c988c3e | 393 | 86 |
Personal life | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 9 | 7c6057a1c7f1cc1e2ceaf4b6798b26f05af928b8f54be27b1971c5cdde7ee6aa | 13 | 2 |
On 13 February 1926, Cook was married to Gweneth Margaret Jones at the Norwich Cathedral by John Willink, the Dean of Norwich. She was the only daughter of late Spencer Evan Jones of Banwell Abbey, Somerset. Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 10 | 94435a520ca4bf7705aedb46f5435b0118d1220471df0fa6bc9545655a8f53f4 | 271 | 63 |
Geraldine Beatrice Cook (–2018), who married Lt. Cdr. Leofric Douglas Temple-Richards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 11 | 0554312b7c6788bf254e6c6e138d3963d03dff1340111a0dd664fd8fda47764f | 86 | 27 |
Thomas Cook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 12 | bb9879cf92601e0069ef2d346aa88e1997539c72701d620f77b852f48f53424a | 11 | 2 |
Rosemary Gweneth Cook, who married Michael Champernowne Litton, son of William Roy Upton Litton, in 1953. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 13 | 0744761c60579bd99ff573571560f04385348939b7d3223551d49fcdeeb6c972 | 105 | 31 |
Hazel Elizabeth Margaret Cook (b. 1944), who married George Alston-Roberts-West, a younger son of Maj. William Reginald James Alston-Roberts-West and Constance Isolde Grosvenor (granddaughter of the 1st Duke of Westminster), in 1970. Hazel was a lady-in-waiting to Princess Diana. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 14 | 4ab62574636983867a214994a69b1fbf6d96938e03b2d072896e8b2ffcda284c | 280 | 75 |
Cook died on 12 August 1970 in Fakenham, England. His descendants, the Temple-Richards family, live at his previous home, Sennowe Hall, Sennowe Park in Norfolk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 15 | 5760711791cddb50edecd044888c9f7edda563b4b8f2ffdc16ccbabe291dbc8f | 160 | 45 |
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 16 | af3b2f2bed62f37b07d7795dd8b24a3917e14815666fa7465c1a75051a621e66 | 10 | 1 |
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 17 | 40c4ef8c9c5f9f233ffe0a946454360f2b669e2dd547c13c66a09858cb9b29e1 | 14 | 2 |
EDP24.co.uk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 18 | 00ae0f3c4cadba534357b3742a61c9f232fb0f0f928bd4de725d575da741b77e | 11 | 8 |
Sir Thomas Russell Albert Mason Cook at the National Portrait Gallery, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 19 | d0e6c46a012584bd1b6735dab1ca805e67c5310b341ecd8461bf19b39a30fa95 | 77 | 13 |
1902 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 20 | 790ee150443960f304d58139ef5241200ef565fd484886025c07d071a2a1f52a | 11 | 5 |
1970 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 21 | e0dec3d9fac97fb31821d1be7224a418de9a06d0e204a9322566796aa11aea12 | 11 | 5 |
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 22 | 982a73fa70600cf32b0a70c48ef7189542ca83f1d35a8dd76546adff378bb92b | 54 | 9 |
Members of Norfolk County Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 23 | 441288494abe445da3cd3b167c14da5ea431cf899db27e48d7f22599a5a7e5e2 | 33 | 5 |
UK MPs 1931–1935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 24 | f855ab9e6d8b9ff9ab87dbe6907616f057ff9f259fad81ab43435d76cc51a616 | 16 | 12 |
UK MPs 1935–1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 25 | c496de7a43e2ffd0799dccf2c581ba31e6a0d6296cd3f3570803a9769ffb7621 | 16 | 12 |
People from North Norfolk (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 26 | 2a31f44944ec46227a8d18024b70a8183563619cf62df7421742e93ca7d68678 | 36 | 7 |
Councillors in Norfolk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cook%20%28MP%20for%20North%20Norfolk%29 | 8265324 | 27 | 979a1adb5250772334b7285eec2b320b6f33931712e0dfedcb2ac378ea217092 | 22 | 4 |
Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Their grammatical forms and meanings have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. This article discusses nouns and adjectives; Proto-Indo-European pronouns are treated elsewhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 1 | e6eef97f338df06d0216a261bbc84e20642231ccf1c76dba2b377b5d0de1c245 | 312 | 58 |
The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) had eight or nine cases, three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and probably originally two genders (animate and neuter), with the animate later splitting into the masculine and the feminine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 2 | 1e0fa2098b04481d2b52d48340e98d5de9a06690b800e3bfd98cb8130b262925 | 233 | 50 |
Nominals fell into multiple different declensions. Most of them had word stems ending in a consonant (called athematic stems) and exhibited a complex pattern of accent shifts and/or vowel changes (ablaut) among the different cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 3 | 55d4f0bfbb9d20eea6a5c4e26c90c2b7c10920a19bf8c6c1325ab02113e8c0c4 | 231 | 47 |
Two declensions ended in a vowel () and are called thematic; they were more regular and became more common during the history of PIE and its older daughter languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 4 | a15147816e813ba5d66c4538ecac5916e39e967a5ea3a2a7d1d157c3c3dd8c74 | 166 | 33 |
PIE very frequently derived nominals from verbs. Just as English giver and gift are ultimately related to the verb give, 'giver' and 'gift' are derived from 'to give', but the practice was much more common in PIE. For example, 'foot' was derived from 'to tread', and 'house' from 'to build'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 5 | 2fed7860004f1b9edecdac55065d724b48a5cc1bd515114d4a7a1113b495cac3 | 298 | 78 |
Morphology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 6 | 2ac6b11fb13d78bf46c2c10d316f69421728674324a795be10a875d74b96b196 | 10 | 2 |
The basic structure of Proto-Indo-European nouns and adjectives was the same as that of PIE verbs. A lexical word (as would appear in a dictionary) was formed by adding a suffix () onto a root () to form a stem. The word was then inflected by adding an ending () to the stem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 7 | 0f06b9e3c739b9f55a147ac50e0f7d7f3ad5d687700e976bb3fbce47ee3f40f7 | 275 | 65 |
The root indicates a basic concept, often a verb (e.g. 'give'), while the stem carries a more specific nominal meaning based on the combination of root and suffix (e.g. 'giver', 'gift'). Some stems cannot clearly be broken up into root and suffix altogether, as in 'bear'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 8 | b47b76caadd1db8dfad9b3ffb71a50f3cd0ec26f0b943078754b40def4b865dc | 276 | 68 |
The ending carries grammatical information, including case, number, and gender. Gender is an inherent property of a noun but is part of the inflection of an adjective, because it must agree with the gender of the noun it modifies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 9 | 502a9a9f1c49a522c319c760e1c51535d28898e6e6dc7da2c6ce2da89254a553 | 230 | 45 |
Thus, the general morphological form of such words is : | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 10 | 00697a4293339fe638dea083d2d0c76baa0470bbf81946f06c212e661ba02116 | 55 | 11 |
The process of forming a lexical stem from a root is known in general as derivational morphology, while the process of inflecting that stem is known as inflectional morphology. As in other languages, the possible suffixes that can be added to a given root, and the meaning that results, are not entirely predictable, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 11 | c61bf309e896fb00c5a745eed672ba18a36db2ad7ee704d64c7d6e44c547613f | 397 | 76 |
Originally, extensive ablaut (vowel variation, between and Ø, i.e. no vowel) occurred in PIE, in both derivation and inflection and in the root, suffix, and ending. Variation in the position of the accent likewise occurred in both derivation and inflection, and is often considered part of the ablaut system (which is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 12 | 0cc6afd7a407cc676d1658d586e94cef7d9eb141f1653c41599df0e4ed7424ba | 351 | 76 |
For example, the nominative form 'lake' (composed of the root in the ablaut form , the suffix in the form and the ending in the form ) had the genitive (root form , suffix and ending ). In this word, the nominative has the ablaut vowels while the genitive has the ablaut vowels — i.e. all three components have di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 13 | e7ab459a89a0c6785b901277203d4337f17e1cd50c3e5d09eaf66a8f03d1ce49 | 382 | 95 |
A large number of different patterns of ablaut variation existed; speakers had to both learn the ablaut patterns and memorize which pattern went with which word. There was a certain regularity of which patterns occurred with which suffixes and formations, but with many exceptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 14 | 508a89934b133ec07c94335a8ad45e287bbd619df9f332e79cf46d9694d7f7f7 | 281 | 50 |
Already by late PIE times, this system was extensively simplified, and daughter languages show a steady trend towards more and more regularization and simplification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 15 | 05f418e06eb4a7542fcf7c1308741d1ebd92420aa6f02619c89d8fb6f8a14149 | 166 | 28 |
Far more simplification occurred in the late PIE nominal system than in the verbal system, where the original PIE ablaut variations were maintained essentially intact well into the recorded history of conservative daughter languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Greek, as well as in the Germanic languages (in the form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 16 | 638d48220f9d5164411029bfafd7aae46d0abca04414e152b8f9ac4889eb8526 | 336 | 60 |
Root nouns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 17 | 8c590082a7a5d154dcb83b3134853ef761b6eca51332b83e275650bf2276c944 | 10 | 2 |
PIE also had a class of monosyllabic root nouns which lack a suffix, the ending being directly added to the root (as in 'house', derived from 'build'). These nouns can also be interpreted as having a zero suffix or one without a phonetic body (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 18 | 0b6dc2ab90817203fda69fe1e0ce1d20337633736eb724cc66b754668c895607 | 248 | 56 |
Verbal stems have corresponding morphological features, the root present and the root aorist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 19 | 17043d46098545708ea1eec31e18922152611378735da529804815cab1dcd6e0 | 93 | 18 |
Complex nominals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 20 | 674e2aabd74195b101c1294b1ad6afa1b0590253b261e588341cd7234a22f522 | 16 | 3 |
Not all nominals fit the basic pattern. Some were formed with additional prefixes. An example is 'nest', derived from the verbal root 'sit' by adding a local prefix and thus meaning "where [the bird] sits down" or the like. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 21 | 40c26f5da6f6525ab7a7054edad8182ef3c89f4f8f26f81349cf7179743c5e7b | 226 | 54 |
A special kind of prefixation, called reduplication, uses the first part of the root plus a vowel as a prefix. For example, 'turn' gives 'wheel', and 'brown' gives 'beaver'. This type of derivation is also found in verbs, mainly to form the perfect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 22 | cf252e4fc073d2732413c1b2f62f2506c293b713703126ecc70ac2c52a775c8a | 253 | 64 |
As with PIE verbs, a distinction is made between primary formations, i.e. words formed directly from a root as described above, and secondary formations, which are formed from existing words (whether primary or secondary themselves). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 23 | ed4288c8820ba4160747eab127fe955200a8d3b851e22f933f533cdba5c6c057 | 233 | 45 |
Athematic and thematic nominals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 24 | 0faf32b06486cb4bd729827a2b9cefd5d0f6ce7f69e6247064aa6566a1602d26 | 31 | 7 |
A fundamental distinction is made between thematic and athematic nominals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 25 | 5054f15835a5faadf90be3eac6ebc93ecd7a39ea214e2b26f1f047b8e74684a0 | 74 | 13 |
The stem of athematic nominals ends in a consonant. They have the original complex system of accent/ablaut alternations described above and are generally held as more archaic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 26 | 7ed4fb4dbde052980acf3faa0f4d7c68443e7d37ac05eb8332e07d04f0f84cb4 | 175 | 35 |
Thematic nominals, which became more and more common during the times of later PIE and its older daughter languages, have a stem ending in a thematic vowel, in almost all grammatical cases, sometimes ablauting to . Since all roots end in a consonant, all thematic nominals have suffixes ending in a vowel, and none are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 27 | 272bba3076774bf57639819f38078dd0695572e02fc02fbb6eb7dc840872e3dd | 399 | 83 |
From the perspective of the daughter languages, a distinction is often made between vowel stems (that is, stems ending in a vowel: i-, u-, (y)ā-, (y)o-stems) and consonantic stems (the rest). However, from the PIE perspective, only the thematic (o-)stems are truly vocalic. Stems ending in or such as are consonantic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 28 | 8b4dba7b14d20955cf8e3a51f65b1221080b25d158e060d4866b6652bf541eb7 | 459 | 126 |
Among the most common athematic stems are root stems, i-stems, u-stems, eh₂-stems, n-stems, nt-stems, r-stems and s-stems. Within each of these, numerous subclasses with their own inflectional peculiarities developed by late PIE times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 29 | b3137186539fc79136cce019fc4ee995d2a625e33f31c5420f2cb6739b2129f8 | 235 | 67 |
Grammatical categories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 30 | df4145c1a6daf7f9d80632ea30388fab67b302d4c69cd70a199107f37c651c5a | 22 | 3 |
PIE nouns and adjectives (as well as pronouns) are subject to the system of PIE nominal inflection with eight or nine cases: nominative, accusative, vocative, genitive, dative, instrumental, ablative, locative, and possibly a directive or allative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 31 | 43d399ef3ef43c65b42b1169558621712e7e6ca1e9d9452db6f80c246aa3e8b2 | 248 | 58 |
The so-called strong or direct cases are the nominative and the vocative for all numbers, and the accusative case for singular and dual (and possibly plural as well), and the rest are the weak or oblique cases. This classification is relevant for inflecting the athematic nominals of different accent/ablaut classes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 32 | 83f311b8d49ba282e54859e5b3c6a1667cd6392ed31dfc48c695046fd02bfe65 | 316 | 66 |
Number | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 33 | ae32d58c0f5aa29ad33b35174db50b18189c473126f8ce2d0c6bce3c7243b7cf | 6 | 1 |
Three numbers were distinguished: singular, dual and plural. Many (possibly all) athematic neuter nouns had a special collective form instead of the plural, which inflected with singular endings, but with the ending in the direct cases, and an amphikinetic accent/ablaut pattern (see below). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 34 | 0385ec2596bb12e28f5ac557d21d45c36efba1bbd5325c0bfc3fc42af15c2576 | 292 | 62 |
Gender | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 35 | 845193a370efab572b8e33bb06b1018427ee70eb1a3d51dd4c92d5fbf6be3415 | 6 | 1 |
Late PIE had three genders, traditionally called masculine, feminine and neuter. Gender or noun class is an inherent (lexical) property of each noun; all nouns in a language that has grammatical genders are assigned to one of its classes. Originally, there probably were only an animate (masculine/feminine) and an inani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 36 | a08ac43020218a5438cb0d9f345c1ef80c3b3295457b0f1b6c2646dbb9bc2c9b | 659 | 135 |
The feminine ending is thought to have developed from a collective/abstract suffix that also gave rise to the neuter collective. The existence of combined collective and abstract grammatical forms can be seen in English words such as youth = "the young people (collective)" or "young age (abstract)". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 37 | 92444a1f45b31219cd968266955c95117aa9858fa4b1bc85ebd68e99678f77bb | 301 | 58 |
Remnants of this period exist in (e.g.) the eh₂-stems, ih₂-stems, uh₂-stems and bare h₂-stems, which are found in daughter languages as ā-, ī-, ū- and a-stems, respectively. They originally were the feminine equivalents of the o-stems, i-stems, u-stems and root nouns. Already by late PIE times, however, this system was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 38 | b1459dcffe5fd793b12396d0aee4ebe57d2904ae7d35f7f42397b9e6646f1601 | 848 | 208 |
Grammatical gender correlates only partially with sex, and almost exclusively when it relates to humans and domesticated animals. Even then, those correlations may not be consistent: nouns referring to adult males are usually masculine (e.g father, brother, priest), nouns referring to adult females (e.g. mother, sister... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 39 | 3aa0ff48cfe41bd349170dbd1a673de058243a2cbcafe05ec6ee2523b2f53f3f | 628 | 129 |
An alternative hypothesis to the two-gender view is that Proto-Anatolian inherited a three-gender PIE system, and subsequently Hittite and other Anatolian languages eliminated the feminine by merging it with the masculine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 40 | 35cb16d104ae9fa751cf31eabecf5212ae753a75deaa4803b97f0756924b22b0 | 222 | 44 |
Case endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 41 | 0757615ee6d8b448db4ebabf9d5d307107a55c06136e31743ec81b41b5d4f8f4 | 12 | 2 |
Some endings are difficult to reconstruct and not all authors reconstruct the same sets of endings. For example, the original form of the genitive plural is a particular thorny issue, because different daughter languages appear to reflect different proto-forms. It is variously reconstructed as , etc. Meanwhile, the dua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 42 | a0657afb3c6f5b9eeea7ea5c30eed888f3bcc20c82d5adcbdac446fc07184945 | 528 | 92 |
The following shows three modern mainstream reconstructions. Sihler (1995) remains closest to the data, often reconstructing multiple forms when daughter languages show divergent outcomes. Ringe (2006) is somewhat more speculative, willing to assume analogical changes in some cases to explain divergent outcomes from a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 43 | 05151ea0efb68ce895d012689ce4717bb29cb70a901baf02d9b34c61148e4f4b | 383 | 81 |
The thematic vowel ablauts to only in word-final position in the vocative singular, and before in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. The vocative singular is also the only case for which the thematic nouns show accent retraction, a leftward shift of the accent, denoted by . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 44 | f0b6dc919e561efd38cdaa5e4e8b4daaa03775460d6e9379786373575bf6a8cd | 287 | 63 |
†The dative, instrumental and ablative plural endings probably contained a but are of uncertain structure otherwise. They might also have been of post-PIE date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 45 | b0cf3a2858c981b25b72ac1aef68abc1b679e0e16503e6fc3bce24989c78a8ca | 161 | 34 |
§For athematic nouns, an endingless locative is reconstructed in addition to the ordinary locative singular in . In contrast to the other weak cases, it typically has full or lengthened grade of the stem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 46 | 59ed6c5318913fe90e7932a6883ba5aed030d4c8240946d71fbcab080fd8389e | 204 | 42 |
An alternative reconstruction is found in Beekes (1995). This reconstruction does not give separate tables for the thematic and athematic endings, assuming that they were originally the same and only differentiated in daughter languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 47 | f010baecf9c457f577037112bb17e4daf465d6d5af5b9afe852677cdbb668326 | 237 | 43 |
Athematic accent/ablaut classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 48 | 0e88bcfe39d39549c7f752a23845c3cdbc52ba79985f0b136e892d2121a14701 | 31 | 8 |
There is a general consensus as to which nominal accent-ablaut patterns must be reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European. Given that the foundations for the system were laid by a group of scholars (Schindler, Eichner, Rix, and Hoffmann) during the 1964 Erlanger Kolloquium, which discussed the works of Pedersen and Kuiper ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 49 | 1816b29fcefee361db824875ce15635c6d318cfd9144beb3d57e9c4b25fe26fd | 420 | 96 |
Early PIE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 50 | 24c55b2935e979fa04546b512682ebe3d13b0bcc82b7d95af15b82d5ea16031d | 9 | 3 |
Early PIE nouns had complex patterns of ablation according to which the root, the stem and the ending all showed ablaut variations. Polysyllabic athematic nominals (type ) exhibit four characteristic patterns, which include accent and ablaut alternations throughout the paradigm between the root, the stem and the ending... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 51 | 3f07e4b4c2a75e04ce25f29b7a2c2573e3d0806ade4e343407a15c21243db731 | 321 | 63 |
Acrostatic (< + , i.e. "stationary on the beginning"): The accent stays on the root. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 52 | 9d75bc6929b93c95b604a1ed632659b96419bf72dd7a35ffd99e34b046126fe8 | 85 | 24 |
Proterokinetic (< + , i.e. "moving towards the earlier [i.e. the syllable closer the root]"): The best evidence for the reconstruction of this type comes from ἄγυιᾰ, gen. ἀγυιᾶς 'street' (< ideal *h₂éǵ-u-ih₂- ~ *h₂ǵ-u-yéh₂-) and ὄργυιᾰ gen. ὀργυίᾱς 'fathom' (< ideal *h₃réǵ-u-ih₂- ~ *h₃rǵ-u-yéh₂-) in Greek and bé < *gw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 53 | a6a052dae6108af5f2d89143b8daa89e3fba02d4b965fda33646a5a50b1611cf | 374 | 166 |
Hysterokinetic (< , i.e. "moving towards the latter [of the syllables following the root]"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 54 | 80201f4367ca9852e4992f4a1a043c93f75f1a8fedbf9508b76861611228a379 | 92 | 22 |
Amphikinetic (< , i.e. "moving towards both sides"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 55 | f7313f4eb571225bc7492c9776708a75d3f20e184e4ef98fd8e0d39c77b43389 | 52 | 16 |
Root nouns (type ) show a similar behavior but with only two patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 56 | 417f18552b0109b96e0f00eb808567b144862dd93839bf74f39c6710b4a9acb6 | 70 | 15 |
The patterns called "Narten" are, at least formally, analogous to the Narten presents in verbs, as they alternate between full () and lengthened grades (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 57 | b189ec5504eb9f95b0332dcde2e4bdafa1717e6dfac23f123b928865d0a7b379 | 155 | 32 |
Notes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 58 | ae6e77a0b1bbdfa20d1845e15e49ca0a3e79c064ec8a7803d7a8fde25a7bd93f | 6 | 2 |
For the strong cases of proterokinetic nominals, the accent is placed on the penultimate syllable of the stem. If there is only one suffix, the root will be the penultimate syllable; when there is more than one suffix, the penultimate syllable will be a suffix, and the root will appear unaccented and in the zero grade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 59 | 8ecbc8d43dd7dc95c88daf83b418de4d153a0ce499625533ef999b3d5594d126 | 320 | 68 |
There is an unexpected o-grade of the suffix in the strong cases of polysyllabic amphikinetic nominals. Another unusual property of this class is the locative singular having a stressed e-grade suffix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 60 | d2d5dce977c827530e701863ecb46e925a9a45133f83a1cd30556a3111d1e531 | 201 | 43 |
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