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The classification of the amphikinetic root nouns is disputed. Since those words have no suffix, they differ from the amphikinetic polysyllables in the strong cases (no o-grade) and in the locative singular (no e-grade suffix). Some scholars prefer to call them amphikinetic and the corresponding polysyllables holokinet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 61 | f35d7f25743ffa6f661d9ae1f0592a12abe54f1010f755ad0910d67b0b255b80 | 360 | 80 |
Some also list mesostatic (meso = middle) and teleutostatic types, with the accent fixed on the suffix and the ending, respectively, but their existence in PIE is disputed. The classes can then be grouped into three static (acrostatic, mesostatic, teleutostatic) and three or four mobile (proterokinetic, hysterokinetic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 62 | 46b590f3b3d8d3fe57698b5961b39415bdffbf3d01949c60ac02ba3dea5d37d6 | 358 | 82 |
"Late PIE" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 63 | b93ab9a92fac4d7a5f4c118c9815a96a5aec474067e1162d654d9767c89cd149 | 10 | 5 |
By late PIE, the above system had been already significantly eroded, with one of the root ablaut grades tending to be extended throughout the paradigm. The erosion is much more extensive in all the daughter languages, with only the oldest stages of most languages showing any root ablaut and typically only in a small nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 64 | d0d231bd2610e05151ab772c745bec90bf26c83c873e208d64c1d31942f53887 | 344 | 66 |
Vedic Sanskrit dā́ru 'wood', gen. drṓs < PIE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 65 | 2f3b78f215a09dac3487104e04aac67a36500bc45c8ce091c8856cd7bc35cd6e | 44 | 18 |
Old Irish ben 'woman', gen. mná < PIE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 66 | 08c4ae6bb76e4db4c725beb2260a28063e0601271d4c0bbcf166ffdb1967f49d | 37 | 13 |
Old Avestan zyā̊ 'winter', gen. zimō < PIE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 67 | ac3e964bb3b5a43a07854994bbdbecf96d1dc739a059fe0b04431749729b8345 | 42 | 17 |
Ancient Greek Zdeús 'Zeus', gen. Di(w)ós, Vedic Sanskrit d(i)yāúḥ 'heaven', gen. diváḥ, dyōḥ, both < PIE 'sky, day, god' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 68 | d769433674aa9d349807a5b922ce19cf102aba6480e1b88f4a94763a6f88f6b9 | 121 | 52 |
Proto-Germanic reconstructed *tan(þ)s 'tooth' gen. *tundiz < PIE , with the nominative stem preserved in Old Norse tǫnn, Old Saxon tand, Old English tōþ, and the genitive stem in Gothic tundus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 69 | 2deefce29317599c172e221ff70a861f8e82d2ca1af1e9408b58d7bc9c4d6079 | 193 | 57 |
The most extensive remains are in Vedic Sanskrit and Old Avestan (the oldest recorded stages of the oldest Indic and Iranian languages, c. 1700-1300 BC); the younger stages of the same languages already show extensive regularization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 70 | 322783582779b185a203216f3c1f70b07f9d78eb485b6828ce9bb27106701a71 | 233 | 52 |
In many cases, a former ablauting paradigm was generalized in the daughter languages but in different ways in each language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 71 | 134e0434b887271da00cf21110b9a1f3ea75c28b7ed9001272798f0f6fe94c5e | 124 | 24 |
For example, Ancient Greek dóru 'spear' < PIE nominative 'wood, tree' and Old English trēo 'tree' < PIE genitive reflect different stems of a PIE ablauting paradigm PIE , PIE nominative and genitive , which is still reflected directly in Vedic Sanskrit nom. dā́ru 'wood', gen. drṓs. Similarly, PIE can be reconstruct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 72 | a55b718813eca4c48ffd6346246f0122d5c066470e248b34c79539828556cc3a | 696 | 182 |
An ablauting paradigm can also clearly be reconstructed from 'foot', based on Greek pous gen. podós (< ) vs. Latin pēs gen. pedis (< ) vs. Old English fōt (< ), with differing ablaut grades among cognate forms in different languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 73 | 146db278518706eebdafaab83bf604d0b04dd0eb17624bc523e6073d77f76e78 | 234 | 58 |
In some cases, ablaut would be expected based on the form (given numerous other examples of ablauting nouns of the same form), but a single ablaut variant is found throughout the paradigm. In such cases, it is often assumed that the noun had showed ablaut in early PIE but was generalized to a single form by late PIE or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 74 | 38f129d1665cc72e9f4d0824cec139b07f6f8d6f21e1f198c7460d45ef2a7f19 | 340 | 74 |
An example is Greek génus 'chin, jaw', Sanskrit hánus 'jaw', Latin gena 'cheek', Gothic kinnus 'cheek'. All except the Latin form suggest a masculine u-stem with non-ablauting PIE root , but certain irregularities (the position of the accent, the unexpected feminine ā-stem form in Latin, the unexpected Gothic stem kinn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 75 | 9f4f139078d1723f696b84fb2713feff8c21c52a17f208df8b5db69cfee297a8 | 577 | 152 |
Another example is 'night'; an acrostatic root paradigm might be expected based on the form, but the consistent stem is found throughout the family. With the discovery of Hittite, however, the form /nekʷts/ 'in the evening' was found, which is evidently a genitive; it indicates that early PIE actually had an acrosta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 76 | 42f805d63872471f702c3f179d0079024ca6ce3eab604aa92a30cbafddc68e38 | 402 | 96 |
Leiden model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 77 | 553003b62947f48cd8c5500a531a8f9e7902d6d06549786286bb0aef1c611f5f | 12 | 3 |
Kuiper's student Beekes, together with his colleague Kortlandt, developed an alternative model on the basis of Pedersen's and Kuiper's works, described in detail in . Since the scholars who developed it and generally accept it are mostly from the University of Leiden, it is generally dubbed the Leiden model. It states ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 78 | ec8912050f1e1da3dc43adf8e31da8dfcc768d54a175a5e665a3567086062e01 | 475 | 99 |
For root nouns, accentuation could have been either static or mobile: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 79 | bb23dbc87d490bbfc04e81ffaa5b0160d661f20af5b060a22039f943a721e7f8 | 69 | 14 |
The thematic stem type was a recent innovation, with a thematic vowel *-o- originating from the hysterodynamic genitive singular form of athematic inflection, which had in pre-PIE the function of ergative. That is why there are o-stems but no e-stems and is suggested to be why thematic nouns show no ablaut or accentual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 80 | 77a6afe6c9eeab8ecebb74a3da1bfde10555501d64a710f6a581cb99e8fcef29 | 492 | 106 |
Both models share (acro)static and proterodynamic patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 81 | 0b7291bb3bc91326630a81cc95343263b55d2e32882d1a6158c59a15132a74ac | 59 | 14 |
The hysterokinetic and amphikinetic patterns are reconstructed only in the Erlangen model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 82 | 4fbe71e87857034aeddd7244bacea7f061bc926af49da8ab3eceb06dfe0526ff | 90 | 16 |
The hysterodynamic model exists only in the Leiden model and represents an earlier stage of the hysterokinetic and amphikinetic patterns of the Erlangen model. The reconstruction of the paradigm is not based only on internal reconstruction. It is synchronically still attested in the Hittite paradigm of the word for "ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 83 | 083a00755182f8438e0a9e1790badca883a5452bfd4c20e8430934e1f00a5e22 | 410 | 87 |
The Leiden model describes a stage, Early PIE, that is relatively older than the Erlangen model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 84 | 65f41ea60ce3b9bd1d020312941ebdcdbaf59942b45da5f82c8721a53cd56c5e | 96 | 20 |
The Leiden model has a one-to-one correlation between the presence of the full grade vowel and the position of the accent, which indicates a historical connection between the two. At the stage of the Leiden model, there was only one phonemic vowel, as *e was always accented, and the new vowel, *o, was always unaccented... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 85 | 13f3834cf49dffe1ddcaec949bbe181eb57cff9f13279611cb96844d9a4a3be4 | 372 | 79 |
Heteroclitic stems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 86 | 1eaa26284da2a83fcd69350d3c97d2b8fd419d3d5b5cb457cd161561a34e1c22 | 18 | 5 |
Some athematic noun stems have different final consonants in different cases and are termed heteroclitic stems. Most of the stems end in in the nominative and accusative singular, and in in the other cases. An example of such r/n-stems is the acrostatic neuter 'water', genitive . The suffixes and are also attested... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 87 | 75d4ca72dffefb617f57a3f9d81c2af397adab09611b96f1e0265deaa2dd8a74 | 436 | 116 |
Derivation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 88 | 8a1186f9e6f10876519d61bb0105332f2160870bba785ecba895769a68b9ad95 | 10 | 2 |
PIE had a number of ways to derive nominals from verbs or from other nominals. These included | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 89 | 3fbf9bc43a7f4d9862b60feda118fb65ccd9c8cd59acf5a924bf37e63f186fe4 | 93 | 21 |
simply adding a nominal ending to a verbal root, e.g. 'house' from 'build', | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 90 | 263adfe9cc6b321a691a07e4595975f88a401a08b57b767bad2ba3fddb3fb841 | 77 | 23 |
accent/ablaut alternations of existing nominals, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 91 | cb00151408f5515250c395e7cf9e04bcdf4dd0653cdf95909671993a7b0bd14a | 48 | 11 |
derivational prefixes (including reduplication) and suffixes added to verbal roots or nominal stems, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 92 | 1f6115fd0dd78d0e24be65c1c4d876e7dfe3cd23bbbfe695bfc17322de779edd | 100 | 18 |
and combining lexical morphemes (compounding). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 93 | 3bf6c39d33f2686e36f18c4d23244834a247b87af752ddb51f370df58dd74e76 | 46 | 10 |
Accent/ablaut alternations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 94 | a3d1ea50eb2f4f4f8192584fd942af6d05a46fd2670304b3616c3c7a806bb8ba | 26 | 6 |
From athematic nouns, derivatives could be created by shifting the accent to the right and thus switching to another accent/ablaut class: acrostatic to proterokinetic or amphikinetic, proterokinetic to amphikinetic or hysterokinetic, etc. Such derivations signified "possessing, associated with". An example is proteroki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 95 | 92d90966ddae437ae7363f34a8ae2d2447b7260bef10173ffdc6f76d6f0697f2 | 429 | 103 |
Another ablaut alternation is 'horned' from 'horn, roe'. Many PIE adjectives formed this way were subsequently nominalized in daughter languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 96 | cfcb9d9698c1795806d6d3276649608b860e921a1b7a83d507a547b28cf0f085 | 147 | 33 |
Thematic nominals could also be derived by accent or ablaut changes. Leftward shift of the accent could turn an agentive word into a resultative one, e.g. 'sharp', but 'a slice' (from 'to cut'); 'carrier', but 'burden' (from 'carry'). A special type of ablaut alternation was vṛddhi derivation, which typically len... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 97 | ed3503ab1a26d6bfccf93c9d60748665a6fef5b8d85d60ae31b4216fe0293164 | 383 | 99 |
Affixation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 98 | 8147c083480dc7dc62b51afc0dd8ff6b8230bbcc364b83e67a7e41e877206189 | 10 | 3 |
These are some of the nominal affixes found in Proto-Indo-European | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 99 | 001d62ddc16fa5e184317a6d02e076c038155c7b402c420464cba367ac818064 | 66 | 16 |
• -o: forms action or agent nouns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 100 | 178c634907a39e87b9b1b49792f2ebea26abd28c18af78782f05d72fbab1099b | 34 | 10 |
• -u: unproductive suffix of uncertain function. Only used in a few old nouns such as *gón-u (knee) and *dór-u (wood). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 101 | 74bd8c12c41c0e3b4fc75ba1185fa9b4ffc9cb1414ae04c5aca8a577ae387a88 | 118 | 36 |
• -it: marks elemental foodstuff such as *mél-it (honey), *sép-it (wheat) and *h₂élbʰ-it (barley). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 102 | 70a5dd929b43ec8bff0c548684547db4e6c063ff662b6538a446995eae3b7075 | 98 | 39 |
• -men: forms abstractions. This is probably a reduced form of the noun *men-s (mind). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 103 | 2179ceb7390d9d358d0789516fa9586b9422e287fdb3201cc8640c36b7cb8caa | 86 | 23 |
• -ter: forms agentives ("-er"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 104 | 4da7ce5375aa5f2f3034fbcbef99f123bd11e5cd345974ee6274bd24eb1112b5 | 32 | 11 |
Compounding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 105 | 3c766bdc39b7ac76993a897e0ef961fdf1487da08fae16181f5d4d5a0fed20e7 | 11 | 2 |
PIE had a number of possibilities to compound nouns. Endocentric or determinative compounds denote subclasses of their head (usually the second part), as in English "smalltalk" or "blackbird". Exocentric or possessive compounds, usually called bahuvrihis, denote something possessing something, as in "Flatfoot = [somebo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 106 | ec61bdf34f376869523574739814e6ea86c3d7721e9b542854507d3520520f42 | 924 | 214 |
Adjectives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 107 | 9efad6591d5adf6ea0b58128b67d7994cdd56e66eb8fa4f90dc977fd9eec6ced | 10 | 2 |
Adjectives in PIE generally have the same form as nouns, although when paradigms are gender-specific more than one may be combined to form an adjectival paradigm, which must be declined for gender as well as number and case. The main example of this is the o/eh₂-stem adjectives, which have masculine forms following mas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 108 | 5bbfe0f4d18229d2d86ddb893a3c40764cad772d0916e7616d65b1c159d72056 | 419 | 93 |
Caland-system adjectives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 109 | 50c15e80a4dc6d9665d235e1aa00d1b78f941f27bec74f6447826c8e7c91b8a1 | 24 | 5 |
A number of adjectival roots form part of the Caland system, named after Dutch Indologist Willem Caland, who first formulated part of the system. The cognates derived from these roots in different daughter languages often do not agree in formation, but show certain characteristic properties: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 110 | ddd3242a60bdbf52ce78788deb3ea47ab8aaa251687a46cc79987f4ffc87abf6 | 292 | 56 |
Adjectives are formed using zero-ablaut ro-stems, u-stems or nt-stems: (zero grade of the root ) > Ancient Greek eruthrós 'red'; > *argrós > Ancient Greek argós 'white, bright'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 111 | e0ac6651fe8cd17f93a0ba5377bc656106cc57f0d473a3ea91032ff6ba9229ba | 179 | 58 |
Adjectives are sometimes formed using i-stems, especially in the first part of a compound: Ancient Greek argi-kéraunos 'with bright lightning'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 112 | 07b8e5b0b69c8f955bcf6a14603105e1de95829fe381380ff04d0e96d7f19db3 | 143 | 33 |
There are often corresponding stative verbs in : > Latin rubeō 'be red'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 113 | eccbd56180f44c0acb74dde1239ca29c0569df6d1e507e9a21bc3a6479081716 | 73 | 19 |
Comparison | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 114 | d6e51dbf5d5f87c347e122ef1108028b6f1e7e95f0776b2b7493b692e1834b0c | 10 | 1 |
Comparative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 115 | 2d1ee5c1d57c416268190fd2f7b2efd69f7ba15a35807fd4e70e862719178b49 | 11 | 1 |
Suffixes *-yos- and *-tero- | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 116 | b919d24ecdbf695a96f79fe7789446a2e607a0ba0e4425148c996ab8e40c9917 | 27 | 10 |
The comparative form ("bigger, more beautiful") could be formed by replacing an adjective's suffix with ; the resulting word is amphikinetic: 'big' (Latin magnus) → 'bigger' (Latin maior, maius), weak cases . A second suffix, , originally expressed contrast, as in Ancient Greek pó-tero-s 'which (of two)' or dexi-teró... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 117 | 7d0ffb44a66068fd5b635cf0f8b0f10710c775b44b4de940af4ec3647a5090b5 | 556 | 140 |
Superlative | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 118 | 132d181b54df33e8c9a015cc7c13665d076d3a60764314bf447988ed0265c7c4 | 11 | 3 |
Suffixes *-m̥mo- / *-m̥h₂o- and *-isto- / *-isth₂o- | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 119 | 4ec1c98cb43daddefd04d70fe9c43329a61a3afd20ebceebdfd2b9c3462b94c0 | 51 | 26 |
PIE probably expressed the superlative ("biggest, most beautiful") by adding a genitive plural noun to the adjective. Instead of 'the greatest of the gods', people said 'great of (=among) the gods'. Still, two suffixes have been reconstructed that have superlative meaning in daughter languages: one is or , the other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 120 | a957ad7a72ffc8e65174da101738168429b0bf9145c962f16659796180e9d8c1 | 455 | 91 |
Sample declensions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 121 | 3c9cf57e8b69f8facd025a93b86e5fa8206b374eb1883ad616c5147c22be7835 | 18 | 3 |
The following are example declensions of a number of different types of nouns, based on the reconstruction of Ringe (2006). The last two declensions, the o-stems, are thematic, and all others are athematic. Morpheme boundaries (boundaries between root, suffix, and ending) are given only in the nominative singular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 122 | a58640d25efce5f35d7035239445ec6813c63690925f70d1f55a3081943d0fc6 | 315 | 73 |
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 123 | f01a9310dcd750221fa08f7c3562050ad9cffdf0106c989fbbbc7008bc8d4357 | 10 | 1 |
Notes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 124 | 942f1524b8fce4352f8a28b8cffe8c12220b667874b6634dfd422715d45b2e44 | 5 | 1 |
Citations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 125 | bb26d75c74787c3cefcf0ce8a1d6644340c2a855e0eb73d535d497df5aafa2c7 | 9 | 2 |
Bibliography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 126 | ba9e3c4c76aa91caa41e9265542d1d896a290d76797afe3007cd7e7b6abacfd5 | 12 | 1 |
(PB) / (HB) (alk. paper) / (EB) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 127 | 586264e1f928db875203c6ae2b3f9c9904bcb969e995dd31a897b7bd68d9b9d8 | 33 | 18 |
Noun | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 128 | 4cba37783ec70241ee3f0eba0fcde415f3ac74fcc801ef5d78ce146c1ee89a91 | 4 | 1 |
Declension | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European%20nominals | 8265328 | 129 | 3abbc3ee6af5c34dfb0e81198aae7e43c62d8738c36288f9f1e0b6262881ab25 | 10 | 2 |
Walter Andrew Bell (January 4, 1889 – 1969) was a Canadian geologist. He worked for the Geological Survey of Canada for over 40 years and authored or co-authored 70 publications. Most of them concerning Carboniferous stratigraphy, paleobotany and paleontology of Atlantic Canada. He also contributed significantly to cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 1 | 6af43990c7baf126d2075ed84860e0eef77b584cb304a66b8b6bac1da219ce30 | 443 | 99 |
Early life | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 2 | 81331ce680b765dc88bc11a9c8e2af79fa83345c796bab2d202d246f95062a79 | 10 | 2 |
Bell was born to Scottish Presbyterian parents in St. Thomas, Ontario. He attended Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where he specialized in Geological Engineering. In 1911, he obtained a MSc in Geology from Yale University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 3 | f68544f48782139d2c2d8faf18be5ae259fe09a60224a9adc4a8898ddd68bf8a | 231 | 49 |
Career | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 4 | 600d67802d4d3c3d52774f4d804edceb42f402d147d210ec6bc5fcb3f1ceea12 | 6 | 1 |
In 1911, Bell began his work with the Geological Survey of Canada examining the Carboniferous plants of Joggins near the Bay of Fundy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 5 | 86d770e0386028e4215c587d7f48551eb1c9be3927771cb410c0488ef60d1470 | 134 | 33 |
His scientific work was interrupted by World War I. From 1916 to 1919, he served with the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery and fought at Ypres, Vimy and Arras. After the war, Bell stayed in England for several months independently examining British fossils before returning to his studies at Yale. In 1920, he receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 6 | 78988bb85588a8eb246a3fc4391d15e7fc622ce5fbc4b33f69374152b4411eeb | 348 | 81 |
After school he returned to the Geological Survey of Canada full-time. He concentrated his research on the structure, stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Lower Carboniferous Horton and Windsor groups of Nova Scotia. Bell was not a believer in the theory of continental drift, but his findings of the fossil plants prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 7 | ca253fa0994ddb54b4229382157b65c61393f19be11a56ae7cd515612176986f | 445 | 85 |
Bell's 1949 publication on fossil plants from Alberta was expansive as Bell was able to supplement his own collections with those collected 50 years earlier by Dawson, Selwyn, and Tyrrell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 8 | 436dcc42f8cb76441feb62e3badbab3a8e1cf95a670acc25cc36c9a38ffec137 | 188 | 43 |
In 1950, Bell was promoted from Assistant Palaeobotanist to Director. As Director he encouraged and strengthened paleontological and stratigraphic studies. In 1953, Bell allowed George Hanson to take over as Director. In the final seven years before his death, his publications included 220 illustrated plates of fossil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 9 | 58738b17a771b48c185a23369ae63cad1865d6d8fe370e4a319531ae0a5aaad6 | 347 | 75 |
In 1969, Bell died. He was buried at Alma, Pictou County, Nova Scotia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 10 | 0947ee80e2d6bb286e8716a70f7f94d1174511e46d5e616751782160fb007a69 | 70 | 23 |
Legacy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 11 | 7c53f42da1ec4ede8e2f7271fabb6bd79dd24305ddd08e85ffa1aee1cd5e426e | 6 | 1 |
In 1965, he was awarded the Geological Association of Canada's highest honour, the Logan Medal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 12 | b400383910efc9403e06e2f1433769ef0bd92bd5cbad1ca06f2fb44496069031 | 95 | 24 |
In 1968 the Saint Mary's University Geology Society was founded as the W.A Bell Geology Club. Subsequently, the name was changed to the D.Hope-Simpson Geology Club, in honour of the first chairperson of the Geology Department, Dr. David Hope-Simpson. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 13 | 45267e7c65e2da03ce3da5738d7f79ee0c43a392b3a8bab4446db46711c2d64a | 250 | 59 |
In 1995, the Walter A. Bell Memorial Symposium has held in North Sydney. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 14 | cf16d78d20cb4640f7f85ac29c8a9c4f3b9d6367ebb2e94e864705bae985928a | 72 | 20 |
Often cited papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 15 | 3bd22d5365828d350ba39774bead8a4cf5f97083ce754db55a009663eedadf17 | 18 | 3 |
Bell, W. A., 1957, Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 16 | 4436f4f801d4f8b60e487b945a51506a9328162d436b29f28c0308f547ab9170 | 136 | 32 |
Notes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 17 | a00546fb0e78845e47da572e169f967e13ddcb48aff567fe8943d12118a1f7fc | 5 | 1 |
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 18 | 525770de02d4617eb31ee17e00c997d5df8286e739ff2f286ba3fcb4f50962d9 | 10 | 1 |
Zodrow, Erwin L. 1997. Walter A. Bell (Geological Survey of Canada; 1920-1954): Founding father of the Canadian Carboniferous stratigraphy and pioneering briostratigrapher. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 95:3-5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 19 | b4f89b1d35e46128dc1a616f178e36b44cf18735b810b3709dac6928c4495881 | 219 | 70 |
von Bitter, Peter H. Walter Andrew Bell (1889-1969): Canadian Carboniferous Stratigrapher, Palaeobotanist and Palaeontologist par excellence. Geoscience Canada. 24(3):135-142. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 20 | fba5179ea323810d984d0579e0e966ee1739f805ebf8fa1efb676511ce19ba36 | 175 | 58 |
Zaslow, Morris. 1975. Reading the Rocks. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 21 | 6287cfe1071959958f0f8b9561d7f1aa9b6d300012be06347b6330e8c093c7cf | 82 | 24 |
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 22 | 7228501e9208f59d641970ede56bc1cb9c7f8b9f741b64cab6c698784db1e319 | 14 | 2 |
Nova Scotia Museum- Bell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 23 | ffd95c69a5ac503cc2fea4cbc725d862fe7a26464d4d7aa3c5ddb2bfb8e7b733 | 24 | 5 |
Saint Mary's University Geology Society History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 24 | f540590a9c4ac8e509d369ab820e8e3b2bf1f0b8ec7f1e7fae7fb1c103f977f0 | 47 | 8 |
Marie Stopes (1880-1958) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 25 | 4bef90a48f9e5e5455e1e1188cdb4f8e2d4f17d43e76c857304d04a0f9576d70 | 24 | 14 |
Paleontology at the GSC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 26 | a2e6bd7786dc7dbea5625a0f2fcf6c2e033bc8d83c5c119fe94a5487a19a0f4e | 23 | 6 |
The First 150 years of the Geological Survey of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 27 | 46334d322ac4cdd1a28f2e66781de36dd04c585c9559aece56d645e8ca608a21 | 54 | 13 |
GEOSCIENCE CANADA September 1997, Volume 24 Number 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 28 | 65b97d34cb132c46e2d12a450666608cdc202377ddce859aaf60412087f741cb | 52 | 19 |
1889 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 29 | 225466f405732708aa33c9b3c4d1d065041dfd77a37b94eff086cc4deb1e3a02 | 11 | 5 |
1969 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 30 | fbe5688f47c21658dcbb3732fd01b927bc9ebdf128deb4eaad65ceeec967a63d | 11 | 5 |
20th-century Canadian geologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20A.%20Bell | 8265331 | 31 | 6a1bb6a5170e5ab006488d3f9de28b65a174213080ea428e2223f421e804ed32 | 32 | 8 |
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