Split (1)

train · ~135M rows (showing the first 16.1M)

paragraph_text stringlengths 1 28.1k	original_url stringlengths 31 199	original_id stringlengths 2 8	paragraph_number int64 1 9.56k	combined_id stringlengths 64 64	length int64 1 28.1k	length_tokens int64 1 9.42k
Placoderms of Australia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindabellaspis	8265751	12	7dce0aae0bdedb058d713def4b3f8e8030271bf6b6635f5781b40737eb5b4178	23	6
Jesse Miller (1800August 20, 1850) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Jacksonian member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1833 to 1836.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	1	87d968bc208b021c3821263568fedfa195349c353b626b95c24c1646bf753116	169	53
Jesse Miller (father of William Henry Miller) was born near Landisburg, Pennsylvania. He was the first clerk to county commissioner of Perry County, Pennsylvania, from 1820 to 1823. He was sheriff of Perry County from 1823 to 1826. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1826 until February...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	2	8541cf3ad316822a44581570f31ca53c9207e173ef06fc87168b4281a962033f	432	126
Miller elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses and served until his resignation on October 30, 1836. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Invalid Pensions during the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses. He was the First Auditor of the United States Depar...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	3	6b4b4c93a5c23b72d1bc1e718e248dc6c1365df791c2d5379665846ce5fb222c	608	154
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	4	98336bbdb6b59c5f618b9c1fe1a8a6668db7faa1cb88f7fcb21e9492f3af5ce0	10	1
Sources	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	5	4b5f1c099eba9b199173b0d3f527ac830bc7eafdcd8de3a82e455cd73c805d6e	7	1
The Political Graveyard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	6	7639e0917928a1b5b89699eb0684f98ba7f4f45f8a6cd448d55d1da25991e4ea	23	4
External links	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	7	a31fc252ff65e6e64d1ad40d10c81942716346b41c1ef369789f1e88adce5016	14	2
\|-	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	8	030f8372fd4d9241d706bfeedaabbd19576de81fd8286fbd3d733fad53d61696	2	1
1800 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	9	08f08ea9986fc012d650afeb58ee72c164204063c630e12198f3ef4925a519e9	11	5
1850 deaths	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	10	7f85ac1af656f3b6cc932de0f093a2fd168e81638edb70b597905b1705767c45	11	5
Burials at Harrisburg Cemetery	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	11	2c3fab0492c65a695e7e3839332acc0d83a11a4cccef1be153bb2c1456ab1b39	30	5
Pennsylvania sheriffs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	12	4d7078530d7495dd63b9d475b864b28bc75bcac9d11d6861eb90f8952a22d58f	21	3
Date of birth unknown	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	13	c6c0793ee71a627e6c8a933f140524f330518475135ebd5c3b90ad92aacf503e	21	4
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	14	231e2abd1cb0db6fea3601df45282705a5ffebf2bb8d421c32e70dd6463bc726	52	7
Pennsylvania state senators	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	15	6628d28b10764a04863d77bb64e2b4a2bc54b8a91d64a7c0169185a529a0b305	27	3
Secretaries of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	16	a180b47e0e994dad66019e3bcb31220dfd91420a2393d5ea7adb08cf557f7bc7	47	7
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	17	528e35284b4303de0ee4bc5d81bc5555fa99e01c70959f7bd5d0ae472dc90baf	82	12
19th-century American politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Miller%20%28politician%29	8265766	18	4ce443d391ab75424e2056a4bedea441c65aa077fd50e408ca1c430a96f30f04	33	7
The second HMS Whirlwind was a W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy and was built by Hawthorn Leslie and was launched on 30 August 1943. She saw service during World War II and the Cold War.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	1	4d4c061cf4b1bbba6928026bec914ca5d4f4a9e62edcfc1ffcbddc30ac87b64c	198	50
Design and construction	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	2	e2344effae2bbf38dfb820a2930521de17d5715b8459b786e808b50ccb6348ab	23	3
Whirlwind was one of eight W-class destroyers ordered as the 9th Emergency Flotilla on 3 December 1941. The W-class were War Emergency Programme destroyers, intended for general duties, including use as anti-submarine escort, and were to be suitable for mass-production. They were based on the hull and machinery of the ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	3	7bb3389d660e4b935e01279f6ae77c9dddbc8339fd40a49b36ab5beaf4700ed3	760	174
Whirlwind was laid down at Hawthorn Leslie's Hebburn, Tyneside shipyard on 31 July 1942, was launched on 30 August 1943 and was completed on 20 July 1944.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	4	1ea04e9ca2f1e4e54a7cb5f299ea26807086a0b23d616cea31ea17ee6285ea03	154	57
The W-class were long overall, at the waterline and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a draught of mean and full load. Displacement was standard and full load. Two Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers supplied steam at and to two sets of Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines, which drove two ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	5	39493893bac1117729f3266e27a85f3fcaba2ec0d158bead1522eb64dbb0ff34	464	112
The ship had a main gun armament of four 4.7 inch (120 mm) QF Mk. IX guns, capable of elevating to an angle of 55 degrees, giving a degree of anti-aircraft capability. The close-in anti-aircraft armament for the class was one Hazemayer stabilised twin mount for the Bofors 40 mm gun and four twin Oerlikon 20 mm cannons....	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	6	8ee2fcccbad95afe07a1e9e39899dd7f88301258dda12eb38f25e1d704f74950	507	137
Whirlwind was fitted with a Type 276 surface warning radar on the ship's lattice foremast, together with a high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF) aerial, with a Type 291 air warning radar on a pole mast aft. A Type 285 fire control radar integrated with the ship's high-angle gun director, while the Hazemayer mount ha...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	7	88dd12a799bceee7f60c8c5c3be4e1a07570e8a37bfbd45b9c064555b0e835ab	405	107
Royal Navy service	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	8	dc4f79ba98826ef92f771fc727c07c9e099dfc63d4c9a83a3eb70f0355d26926	18	3
On commissioning, when the ship was assigned the pennant number R87, Whirlwind was allocated to serve with the Eastern Fleet, and left Britain in October 1944. While on passage, she was briefly diverted to operations in the Mediterranean, escorting the battleship during a bombardment of the island of Milos in the Aege...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	9	b10d413f01c18d3626ec49c4ee703c49cbf6b4199f075254af378cf1d8b322c1	1,008	242
Following service in the Second World War, Whirlwind was based at Rosyth in 1947 and 1948 as a boys training ship. Between 1952 and 1953 she was converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate by Palmers, with the new pennant number F187.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	10	86fa82fcc351477458b8addd12650acc9739d48a64b6663feb970d063946266f	243	75
She recommissioned on 28 July 1953 and was allocated to the 5th Frigate Squadron for service in the Mediterranean. In 1954 she participated in the recovery of the wreckage of the crashed de Havilland Comet off the island of Elba. In 1956 she was part of the Royal Navy force deployed to the Eastern Mediterranean as par...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	11	4fc0495635d549a9c5fe19bd892aa9cff4163d465265f71c76ba93fcd6110f53	511	135
In 1961 Whirlwind recommissioned to the 8th Frigate Squadron for service at Home and in the West Indies. In December 1962 Whirlwind was at Bermuda during the talks between British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and American President John F. Kennedy that resulted in the Nassau Agreement which allowed Britain to purcha...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	12	7d2bd89d02eab55ad546ef6e442fa7cfb3605682680a109e77a3d50fd6cb313a	581	119
Decommissioning and disposal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	13	805a58eaf34f5db55258132177cc84efe8261bb12061f53380a1ca8500c242b3	28	5
In 1966 Whirlwind was placed on the disposal list. On 12 August 1969 she was towed from Portsmouth to Pembroke Dock for use as a target. She foundered at her moorings in Cardigan Bay on 29 October 1974 while in use as a target.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	14	c4c7183f07536cf36988b91724334c80a7e8ce347b73b95a7557750d1959282c	228	68
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	15	6434a5b965d1d1105ac76340735b831aeb8c4f4b1d9773c2f8902508d17e1dd2	10	1
Publications	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	16	481c5b4b6b3abff0826512ba73ca5c5a9d3ea836467bd7c127b01aff7941242f	12	1
W and Z-class destroyers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	17	22ac77caebba389b1a137667be251d50b4dc42279835b1f8b7c89ff79e06424a	24	7
1943 ships	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	18	da37e2db92d7fc0446e2694a8814f4671641bb2933e10f646955f6cb436272e1	10	5
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	19	d9fcb943eae19795ff09927b7fae48cf3a495e7d9bd15603d75171fdec52bf3a	45	9
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	20	e6838a043e015b1059e11052d78d16442c3a5b91e4c38bd1506c4177fa443157	41	8
Type 15 frigates of the Royal Navy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	21	f8ada63874e0fd12ef10d51266020410b4d3eb8f859d159c743122e8fc8597f3	34	10
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	22	c5355cf6d80db78f3b5d778d1826bac0165b91ae9b69ac528cc9879372098519	39	8
Ships sunk as targets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	23	918954b3a00d91aaf0c0ef3c6c3343855ad23e6cda74c9eea6a5244a01a60fe8	21	4
Maritime incidents in 1974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	24	eb8c53bcb658294e84f72e0be1be1cf34260e67084f2570679937062ede01acc	26	8
Shipwrecks of Wales	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Whirlwind%20%28R87%29	8265768	25	6cd385309adb7447a95c5003fe66ac35f78d91e7b32d1006da1a79b3d7c14061	19	6
HMS Wakeful was a W-class destroyer of the Royal Navy launched in 1943. She saw service during the Second World War and was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate. She was sold for scrap in 1971.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	1	6a41d4c5b14ffccc5c27cc7039f8658fb1e7f0962f1120c17d940d06d7de2c9a	217	60
Construction	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	2	a27d02bbd262adda586ced316d9e6747acc83c8d4838848a4e76cd98266e348d	12	1
HMS Wakeful was a W-class destroyer ordered from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Govan, Glasgow on 3 December 1941 as part of the 9th Emergency Flotilla. She was laid down on 3 June 1942 under the provisional name of Zebra, but was renamed Wakeful in January 1943, exchanging names with a destroyer also...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	3	4a6f330611599603d46e760fb892800e60abf1b48fe546a9dd641216efecb706	563	136
Service history	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	4	b93afdb54fae7600a6d3a3a0dac1b6cd94a76c048f74616abb69618c5a903fcf	15	2
Second World War	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	5	906be735bfab240b80e1f4d568c65fd447f8cd7cd681038eab62c5395762492c	16	3
Wakeful joined the Home Fleet on 17 February 1944 for sea trials and working up, before entering active service in March and forming part of the 27th Destroyer Flotilla when more ships of the class became available. While serving with the Home Fleet the Flotilla was deployed to support Operation Tungsten, where she se...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	6	42759c691a33755b987e165b3cfc517d7eacb6cbfed389bcffde6026f2754392	541	129
Throughout June and July 1944 she was refitted for redeployment to the Eastern Fleet remaining with the 27th Destroyer Flotilla for operations in the Indian Ocean based at Trincomalee. In October 1944 the Eastern Fleet initiated diversionary air attacks on the Nicobar Islands during the US amphibious assault of Leyte....	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	7	9c1b8452e0adcb10aaeb038f0dd036591448529a7d0cec781a564e51116d398e	448	104
In January 1945 she took part in Operation Meridian One as an escort during air attacks on refineries at Pladjoe, and then took part in Operation Meridian Two as an escort during air raids on Soengi-Gerong near Palembang. In March 1945 the British Pacific Fleet joined Admiral Raymond Spruance's United States Fifth Fle...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	8	fe4624f98c01fc508c4be8479a835ac215eb34308fa5c0edd8540202ba704c22	901	209
Post war	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	9	edc3b924baab48c90aae32a84161de4a1835c1da645c00b2d6efd1a995daf9e2	8	2
Between 1948 and 1950 her captain was Commander Royston Wright.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	10	feac16f59ef65ea7d91cbf9b4e671da4234aea25e684988512a634126b9e0e54	63	21
Wakeful was used as a Boys Training ship until she was converted to a Type 15 anti-submarine warfare frigate by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company between 1951 and 1953. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	11	586aa06914cd2066405cda87ff49fddda7d97621700515193f193eb9d4d65b0f	271	66
She was assigned the new pennant number F159 and served in the Mediterranean as a part of the 5th Frigate Squadron until 1957. During this time she took part in Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French assault on Port Said to take control of the Suez Canal. In 1959 she recommissioned as leader of the Portsmouth Squadron, ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	12	645ecac00e19ebb5a3d69e82857dc51f255b3ca16ffd21c0cc4365cd01e6c50a	1,091	253
In April 1964 she was part of the 2nd Frigate Squadron and took part in 'Navy Days' in Portsmouth during that year. In the same year Wakeful was used for the filming of the opening scenes of The Bedford Incident, including Sidney Poitier's initial flypast and landing from a Whirlwind helicopter, when her pennant number...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	13	1738f6e554d953abb0fc0c2098a5ab4948550aa6ea7d514a0150128bdfc94704	412	99
Between 1966 and 1967 she was fitted with experimental satellite communication equipment and stabilisers for trials. In 1968 she took part in 'Navy Days' at Portsmouth Dockyard and at this time was part of the 2nd Frigate Squadron. On 31 October 1967 she escorted the RMS Queen Mary out of Southampton on her final voyag...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	14	ac11ebcd392fd0f85c645a23eeedc04351bc876e20fc585a897ce38a774288b5	351	88
In August 1968 she took part in the Western Fleet Review that sailed 50 ships in a review of the fleet carried out by the newly promoted Admiral of the Fleet Sir Varyl Begg on his retirement.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	15	71b5aab3942e9dcfb87f503cf87f6e3b8e7cca7445f26ea27effa16a010e81d6	191	46
HMS Wakeful (Commanded by Lt.Cdr. David Whitehead) also went up the Ouistreham Canal for the 25th Anniversary of D Day in June 1969. Later that year she was replaced by . and Lieutenant Commander David Whitehead was transferred to HMS Grenville as her new commanding officer at this time.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	16	231f3b7b5fc722316a05253e6a94a967b8dbacdd1dcd4ea72c8031a247985cbb	288	70
Decommissioning and disposal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	17	51ba04f01cc443dba22657d074a004f9535c41c89fb35c4cd0824f8b047fbdf4	28	5
In 1970 Wakeful was put on the Disposal List, and on 26 February left Portsmouth for de-equipping. She was sold to Thos. W. Ward for scrapping on 10 July 1971 and arrived in tow at Inverkeithing for demolition on 5 July that year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	18	d9bb4feb6ef1df15d320a7ee0e4420401adf517c270d4bfa0e0d1a2dadf04a02	230	67
Affiliations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	19	b18283294ebab52736e19a2221852042e7d31523800fff5e35a8e89946180544	12	2
Official affiliation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	20	c837670729b64d2aad3e7907a5159e1830a6f183e7f8f489a2a653dcf7f70c55	20	2
Darwen, Lancashire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	21	f00a1c17120feec37df9f3612946aa03e289aa235644dfd80f316eea5b458b7c	18	4
Notes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	22	f24b064062c45aa1fe436d4b01516175b8657cc6cacd500ec6db5f4ddc353ab2	5	1
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	23	9ee721ff4c67f0e237000a25cfd176f8d53644577a43a06e022e646d136c795f	10	1
External links	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	24	716fe4b6ac6c96a1bd64c55d24184463de652d2609a31e367a56f9ebba82a86c	14	2
HMS Wakeful at uboat.net	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	25	6dfe24c0acfc341b3df26d05e1324b42def75c96c7c34e9bd7d61f264f630342	24	8
HMS Wakeful at naval-history.net	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	26	cf98faf304c1c10c7ae30192b64e8832f8f32a3f5a9f9f6fecceb6f4e7e536d6	32	9
W and Z-class destroyers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	27	0ea2ee5a7241492f3e935ce540ffaefce49d5e921500c16cb6714b815190289b	24	7
Ships built on the River Clyde	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	28	7509e4cc4bbb293088f6851b90167728779ea236b6cf0fee583538d0a00f8064	30	6
1943 ships	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	29	b02ce890020eb3c39a53738f7fd436efe2111f3e37a48844d9d18e9c4a38dcb9	10	5
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	30	ee519a20ee0fe90c486b8141e505b28d317caf844d20925ee4aa0e8e798c820e	45	9
Cold War destroyers of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	31	1d9479f0d594c911eab9ba01e1041d54067b3a6005f6c09843367abed3b6b25b	41	8
Type 15 frigates of the Royal Navy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	32	05fcbd742494b3427ad09b1b40fdbe1de115785f84e68bedbc2fb85d36cd64a6	34	10
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Wakeful%20%281943%29	8265778	33	cdc2bc815f5ab1abb1d3c9ba9638ce986fb889d5c39f296b695d5116fd146f54	39	8
Walther Ludwig Julius Kossel (4 January 1888 – 22 May 1956) was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond (ionic bond/octet rule), Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect. Walther was the son of Albrecht Kossel who won...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	1	a78984b581d7d10949640b8427a9557e0fee216cc343007b0f9e14a1fff8093c	371	99
Career	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	2	393fe1ce2049443967ab2baf762fd7a7e5555c239fb5c287adac435c4003d32c	6	1
Kossel was born in Berlin, and began studies at the University of Heidelberg in 1906, but was at the University of Berlin during 1907 and 1908. In 1910, he became assistant to Philipp Lenard, who was also his thesis advisor. Kossel was awarded his Ph.D. in 1910, and he stayed on as assistant to Leonard until 1913.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	3	31049740459fd46aad7566b56b9b306c3725177a3d3e4485063e10e18a9f3388	317	99
In 1913, the year in which Niels Bohr introduced the Bohr model of the atom, Kossel went to the University of Munich as assistant to Arnold Sommerfeld, under whom he did his Habilitation. Under Sommerfeld, Munich was a theoretical center for the developing atomic theory, especially from the interpretation of atomic sp...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	4	40bced44cb2fbccd45887541f5b51e0bfcbd32c21eb71d74022709ef55af9d41	1,424	328
In 1921, Kossel took an appointment as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the University of Kiel. In 1928, he put forth his kinetic theory of crystal growth, which became known as the Kossel-Stranski model – Iwan N. Stranski independently proposed the same model.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	5	75ef3dd6f2e5eccbfe44866551b2e3e01f9c75f791570384b64cee19334a19fb	277	70
In 1932, Kossel took the appointment as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the Technische Hochschule Danzig. During his tenure there in 1934, he discovered x-ray lattice interference of spherical waves in crystals during the bombardment of single-crystal copper with a high-energy electron beam.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	6	e68538a843d9665f462ec9267d8c02af77726bc21ec3b75fb4cf30c5351aba5c	308	66
In 1933 he signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	7	1ff2c14696126990d372ac8cd9238605330ac7915d6ca50f1fcbe52fad794e46	153	34
In 1944, he was awarded the Max-Planck medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	8	9efddb3e74004d59d5179404d1e5147b3fd91a25c1a296b3b580750b762afb9d	88	22
In 1945, Kossel became professor of theoretical physics and director of the Physics Institute at the University of Tübingen, where he was granted emeritus status in 1953.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	9	4b763881d2a04ea0ad2fec48574e7a6aa24632083d974ade5292bfb9c75ece3c	170	39
Kossel died in Tübingen, and is buried, as is his father, Albrecht, in the Bergfriedhof, Heidelberg.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	10	f8969c4d30361c1b6fadc2d08b1dc3e5670f462ef3f62edbb13b3fc8b512a93b	100	26
Selected bibliography	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	11	3b0f6ed80921ac0ee87db102d440a57361329fb4fb6b5d444c720026d7591b55	21	2
Walther Kossel Bemerkung zur Absorption homogener Röntgenstrahlen, Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges (2) 16 898-909 (1914). Received 27 September 1914, published in issue No. 20 of 30 October 1914. As cited in Mehra, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, p. 795.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	12	d75cf25f604b836ed24351bab410898e6fdc59e61c2fcea25e5881bebf5e1ffe	242	102
Walther Kossel Bemerkung zur Absorption homogener Röntgenstrahlen. II, Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges (2) 16 953-963 (1914). Received 23 October 1914, published in issue No. 22 of 30 November 1914. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 919.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	13	b854423542711339cbfdca78a44b0ef70a3b7d8bf9039819c5dd46bd1cf32f00	245	104
Walther Kossel Bemerkung zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenstrahlen, Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges (2) 18 339-359 (1916). Received 31 August 1916, published in issue No. 15-18 of 30 September 1916. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 919.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	14	62532eb181837856d46c7ec7dae9ef3e65f1a07fb0e2f39639d428010e929d5e	243	106
Walther Kossel, “Uber Molkulbildung als Frage der Atombau”, Ann. Phys., 1916, 49:229-362.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	15	4d1b6495e46e5c9793bebf2175843b5e71ada9469dc1c8945fe444d58b8b279d	89	39
Notes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	16	a9b1ce1c0ca1a15d2deb67577ea35e98323079a6a639eb3605c95c95b25cf143	5	1
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	17	a6b4d9994444648921a94d851472d2d4cd314f57d2711b5ab182c33ad7b8092a	10	1
Borisenko, Victor E. and Stefano Ossicini What is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology(Wiley-VCH, 2004)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	18	50c8fa3d90b41e561661267d6cb0736a869dadd68dd635b41a3291a4ed1ff9cd	134	41
Cao, Gouzhong Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications (Imperial College Press, 2004)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	19	25c98fe8cf62af5d57ba19ebf3f180a2c2f6e8bee97a2bd725cbb2e61c007c70	118	28
Gerhard Herzberg translated from German with the help of the author by J. W. T. Spinks Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure (Dover, 1945)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	20	cbc2346bcd91f2b6bef884f07985344e8cc39606626e795dff119093fc541bac	136	37
Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. (Springer, 2001)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	21	e51728061f9af2961cbb5145ac21adb7388489fc8f20416a2e3724a0cbd269e3	238	67
Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887-1925. (Springer, 2001)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	22	ad1014535d17360681288984d96d3e5630f06f6504e846d858cad4406ce3628b	211	59
Pauling, Linus The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals: An Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry (Cornell, 1960)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Kossel	8265781	23	d160d43ac05b4a3638eaed03bdf8bc2dfd2c26dd209311fdd155c85efd739f0e	154	34

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.