id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
values | context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
|
{
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"the Senate"
]
}
|
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe56f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
Which type of power is vested in Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe570
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe571
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe572
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
Who appoints judges to the presidency?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad387dc604f3c001a3fe573
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."
|
What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
What kind of courts did congress establish?
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"legislative courts"
]
}
|
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
|
{
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"judicial power of the United States"
]
}
|
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe579
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57a
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
Which form do legislative courts take?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3887d604f3c001a3fe57d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
|
Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?
|
{
"answer_start": [
396
],
"text": [
"President"
]
}
|
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who can call congress into emergency session?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
}
|
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who serves as president of the Senate?
|
{
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"The Vice President"
]
}
|
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
How does Congress exercise a check over the President?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad38948604f3c001a3fe58f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.
|
Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Who has the power to issue a pardon?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
}
|
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Who has the power to issue a reprieve?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
}
|
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d1
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d2
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d3
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Who appoints judges with the President's approval?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d4
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.
|
Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who is the commander and chief of the Army?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The president"
]
}
|
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who has the power to declare ware?
|
{
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
}
|
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?
|
{
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"the Senate"
]
}
|
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe71f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe720
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad394a7604f3c001a3fe721
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
|
Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
Who is responsible for judicial review?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Courts"
]
}
|
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
What is the court case that established judicial review?
|
{
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"Marbury v. Madison"
]
}
|
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe771
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe772
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
In which case did the Constitution establish a precedent for judicial review?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe773
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
Through which type of review does the President check the executive and legislative branches?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe774
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
In which case did the Supreme Court establish a precedent for Federalist Papers?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39601604f3c001a3fe775
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.
|
What abolished the principle that a court could strike down unconstitutional laws?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
|
Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
|
{
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
]
}
|
5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
|
Which court is the only one able to determine constitutionality?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b6
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
|
Which power are inferior courts unable to exercise?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b7
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
|
Which courts' decisions, other than Supreme Court, are binding across the country?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39730604f3c001a3fe7b8
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.
|
Which is the only court unable to determine constitutionality?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
Who can limit judicial review of a law?
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
}
|
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
|
{
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
]
}
|
5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e1
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
Who lacks the ability to review the constitutionality of laws?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e2
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
Who lacks the power to set the jurisdiction of courts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e3
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
The Supreme court has power to set jurisdiction of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e4
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
Who has the ability to determine whether a Supreme Court is constitutional or not?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39813604f3c001a3fe7e5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.
|
The only constitutional limit on the Supreme Court's power to set jurisdiction relates to which body?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de41c54396321400ee2726
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Who presides over an impeachment trial?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Chief Justice"
]
}
|
5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f6
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f7
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Who has an unlimited role in this regard?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f8
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39891604f3c001a3fe7f9
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.
|
Which rules do not grant authority to the President?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"James Madison"
]
}
|
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?
|
{
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Federalist 51"
]
}
|
5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe825
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Who wrote in the Constitution that legislative authority is predominate?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe826
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe827
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Who wrote that it was possible to give equal power of self defense to each department?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe828
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the judicial branch of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3994a604f3c001a3fe829
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."
|
Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the executive branch of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de445a4396321400ee273e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?
|
{
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
}
|
5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a3
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
Between who and the Senate has dominance of one branch of government been a struggle?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a4
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
After which war did Republicans hold a minority in Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
After which war did Democrats hold a majority in Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a6
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
Which act was passed to make Congress subordinate to the President?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39bb0604f3c001a3fe8a7
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.
|
The Tenure of Office Act says Congress is subordinate to who?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
How many bills did George Washington veto?
|
{
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
How many bills did James Monroe veto?
|
{
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"one"
]
}
|
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
|
{
"answer_start": [
515
],
"text": [
"twelve"
]
}
|
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
Who was the seventh President of the United States?
|
{
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"Andrew Jackson"
]
}
|
5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c7
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
Which president vetoed six bills?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c8
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
Who was the last president to use veto as a political weapon?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8c9
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto to make him the least likely president to veto a bill?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8ca
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
Who stated "Andrew Jackson has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39d1e604f3c001a3fe8cb
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
|
Who defied the Supreme Court by enforcing Supreme Court Removal?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de466e4396321400ee2757
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress
|
{
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"fifteen"
]
}
|
56de466e4396321400ee2758
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
|
{
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"Tenure of Office Act"
]
}
|
5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f5
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f6
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
Who vetoed several bills passed by the Radical Democrats?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f7
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
How many of Johnson's fifteen vetoes did Congress override?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f8
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
How many of Congress' 29 vetoes did Johnson override?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39da6604f3c001a3fe8f9
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
|
Through which act did Jackson attempt to curb presidential power?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
|
{
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
]
}
|
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
]
}
|
5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea4f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
What did Cleveland's impeachment do to the presidency?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea50
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
Who's impeachment was perceived as having helped the presidency?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea51
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
Which body of government because subordinate to the presidency?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea52
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
After Grover Cleveland, who was the first Democratic President?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a323604f3c001a3fea53
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.
|
Who was the first Republican President after Johnson?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?
|
{
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"Franklin Roosevelt"
]
}
|
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
|
{
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"Congress"
]
}
|
5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Which presidents have tried to decrease the power of the presidential office?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
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