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stringlengths 151
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| question
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|---|---|---|---|---|
5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Who claimed the president was not permitted to do whatever wasn't allowed by law?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea6f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea70
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Who had considerable power during the Great Recession?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a3c6604f3c001a3fea71
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
|
Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"national security"
]
}
|
5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Who used the Supreme Court as a basis for expansion of power?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Who claimed that executive privilege did not shield him from legislative oversight?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Which president refused to spend money that was appropriated by the Supreme Court?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Into which tapes was there an ongoing civil investigation?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a4a3604f3c001a3fea8f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
|
Which president followed Congress' plan for appropriated government programs?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4bd44396321400ee27a8
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"checks and balances"
]
}
|
5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
What does combination of powers mean?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
What does not apply to the judicial branch?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
What does not apply to any branch of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98e
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
Branches are free to act in which way on all issues?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a050604f3c001a3fe98f
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
|
The Judicial branch of government is the only one to which what is applied?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4ce74396321400ee27b2
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
|
Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
]
}
|
5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe955
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
|
The regulation of Congress is an example of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe956
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
|
While Supreme Court holds these powers, who does it delegate them to?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe957
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
|
In practice, what is delegated to Congress?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39f4a604f3c001a3fe958
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.
|
What is Congress unable to withdraw?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
]
}
|
56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"the Florida Supreme Court"
]
}
|
5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe917
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
In which supreme court is an example of the third view at the State level?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe918
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Where is an example of the second view at the National level found?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe919
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe91a
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Which court is the only one able to regulate attorneys appearing before the Supreme Court?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39e61604f3c001a3fe91b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
|
Which court is the only one able to license attorneys appearing before New Hampshire Supreme Court?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe899
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
|
Which branch may be historically claimed to be the strongest of the branches of government?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89a
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
|
Which power of the judiciary is explicitly granted in the Constitution?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89b
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
|
How many times prior to Dred Scott v. Sandford had the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89c
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
|
How many times before World War I has the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad39b2c604f3c001a3fe89d
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.
|
Before the Civil War, the Marbury had exercised its power to strike down what type of acts only twice?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9bd
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
|
What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9be
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
|
Who claimed that separation of powers deteriorated the unique political structure in the US?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9bf
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
|
What do many political scientists attribute the large number of active interest groups in the US to?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9c0
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
|
What does John W. Kingdon attribute the small number of interest groups in the US to?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5ad3a0e1604f3c001a3fe9c1
|
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
|
Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]
|
Who attributes the small number of active interest groups to the separation of powers?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de29c64396321400ee2617
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What is the latin word for architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"Architectural"
]
}
|
56e4607b39bdeb1400347930
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
}
|
56e4607b39bdeb1400347931
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\""
]
}
|
56e4607b39bdeb1400347932
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
Architecture involves the creation of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"buildings and other physical structures"
]
}
|
56e4607b39bdeb1400347933
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
|
{
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"as works of art"
]
}
|
56e4607b39bdeb1400347934
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
|
{
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"Historical civilizations"
]
}
|
5acf951e77cf76001a68535c
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What is the french word for architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf951e77cf76001a68535d
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What is the Italian word for architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf951e77cf76001a68535e
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What do you call the destruction of buildings?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf951e77cf76001a68535f
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
What structures never be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf951e77cf76001a685360
|
Architecture
|
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
|
Civilizations from the past will never be identified by what surviving structures?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2b2d4396321400ee261d
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"De architectura"
]
}
|
56de2b2d4396321400ee261e
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Roman architect Vitruvius"
]
}
|
56de2b2d4396321400ee261f
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
When did Vitruvius create these plans?
|
{
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"1st century AD."
]
}
|
56de2b2d4396321400ee2620
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What are the three principles every plan should consider?
|
{
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight."
]
}
|
56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"De architectura"
]
}
|
56e462c98c00841900fbaf70
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
Who was the author of De architectura?
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
]
}
|
56e462c98c00841900fbaf71
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What was Vitruvius' profession?
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"architect"
]
}
|
56e462c98c00841900fbaf72
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
|
{
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"firmitas, utilitas, venustas"
]
}
|
56e462c98c00841900fbaf73
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
|
{
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight"
]
}
|
5acf961377cf76001a685394
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What is the youngest architecture plans that has survived?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf961377cf76001a685395
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
Who created the most recent surviving architecture plans?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf961377cf76001a685396
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What was written in the 2nd century AD?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf961377cf76001a685397
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What was Vitruvius' fourth principles for a well made building?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf961377cf76001a685398
|
Architecture
|
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
|
What is the commonly seen French translation of the three principles?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
When were the styles of arts created?
|
{
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"16th century"
]
}
|
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
|
{
"answer_start": [
679
],
"text": [
"Vasari"
]
}
|
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
801
],
"text": [
"Italian, French, Spanish and English"
]
}
|
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
|
{
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"architect"
]
}
|
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
|
{
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Leon Battista Alberti"
]
}
|
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
|
{
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"proportion"
]
}
|
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
|
{
"answer_start": [
393
],
"text": [
"the Golden mean"
]
}
|
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
|
{
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"16th"
]
}
|
5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e4
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
What was created in the 17th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e5
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
Who wrote Lives of the Least Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e6
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
By the 16th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e7
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles rejected?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf99ad77cf76001a6853e8
|
Architecture
|
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
|
Who wrote Re Re Aedificatoria?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2cf84396321400ee262f
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
Who wrote the book Contrasts?
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"
]
}
|
56de2cf84396321400ee2630
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What year was Contrasts written in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"1836"
]
}
|
56e464f48c00841900fbaf83
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What was the name of Pugin's book?
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Contrasts"
]
}
|
56e464f48c00841900fbaf84
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
In what year was Contrasts written?
|
{
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"1836"
]
}
|
56e464f48c00841900fbaf85
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What world did Pugin dislike?
|
{
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"modern, industrial world"
]
}
|
56e464f48c00841900fbaf86
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
|
{
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"Gothic"
]
}
|
5acf9bfc77cf76001a68548e
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What book was written in the 18th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9bfc77cf76001a68548f
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
Who wrote Contrasts in the 17th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9bfc77cf76001a685490
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
When did Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin paint the artwork called Contrasts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9bfc77cf76001a685491
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What world did Pugin like?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9bfc77cf76001a685492
|
Architecture
|
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
|
What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly non-Christian?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2d214396321400ee2633
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
]
}
|
56e472028c00841900fbaf8b
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"John Ruskin"
]
}
|
56e472028c00841900fbaf8c
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
What was Ruskin's career?
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"art critic"
]
}
|
56e472028c00841900fbaf8d
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
|
{
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"1849"
]
}
|
56e472028c00841900fbaf8e
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
|
{
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"to his mental health, power, and pleasure"
]
}
|
5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b4
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
Who wrote Eight Lamps of Architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b5
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
When did John Ruskin write the Seven Lamps of Architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b6
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
What book came out in the 18th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b7
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
What subject did John Ruskin teach in college?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9c5077cf76001a6854b8
|
Architecture
|
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
|
Who said "art which never disposes and adorns the edifices"
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"not"
]
}
|
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"the aesthetic"
]
}
|
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
|
{
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"it is in some way \"adorned\""
]
}
|
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