id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
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stringlengths 151
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| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
|
{
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"string courses or rustication"
]
}
|
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dc
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dd
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854de
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854df
|
Architecture
|
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
|
What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"20th-century"
]
}
|
56e4744d39bdeb140034793a
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"Le Corbusier"
]
}
|
56e4744d39bdeb140034793b
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
|
{
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"Architect"
]
}
|
56e4744d39bdeb140034793c
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
When did Le Corbusier live and write?
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"20th-century"
]
}
|
56e4744d39bdeb140034793d
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
|
{
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"heart"
]
}
|
56e4744d39bdeb140034793e
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"I am happy"
]
}
|
5acf9d2177cf76001a685508
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9d2177cf76001a685509
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550a
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
What job did Le Corbusier quit?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550b
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete"
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550c
|
Architecture
|
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
|
Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture"
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2e2d4396321400ee2644
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
|
{
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Function"
]
}
|
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
|
{
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
]
}
|
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
|
{
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
]
}
|
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
|
{
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
]
}
|
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
|
{
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"both popularity and skepticism"
]
}
|
5acf9df677cf76001a68554c
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What term replaced Vitruvius' term "nonutility"?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9df677cf76001a68554d
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What was the term "criteria" replaced by?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9df677cf76001a68554e
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9df677cf76001a68554f
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9df677cf76001a685550
|
Architecture
|
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
|
What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
|
{
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."
]
}
|
56e478328c00841900fbafa7
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"philosophies"
]
}
|
56e478328c00841900fbafa9
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"their approach to building design"
]
}
|
56e478328c00841900fbafaa
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Which philosophy followed structuralism?
|
{
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"poststructuralism"
]
}
|
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a6
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a7
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a8
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Which philosophy came before structuralism?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a9
|
Architecture
|
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
|
Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de308f4396321400ee266e
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"late 20th century"
]
}
|
56e4793839bdeb140034794e
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"sustainability"
]
}
|
56e4793839bdeb140034794f
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
To what should a building be friendly?
|
{
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"environment"
]
}
|
56e4793839bdeb1400347950
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
|
{
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"non-sustainable power sources"
]
}
|
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e8
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e9
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855ea
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
To what should a building be not friendly?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855eb
|
Architecture
|
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
|
What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
|
{
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"shelter, security, worship"
]
}
|
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
|
{
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"knowledge"
]
}
|
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What was building considered?
|
{
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"a craft"
]
}
|
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What was the most valued type of building craft called?
|
{
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"architecture"
]
}
|
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
|
{
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"building materials"
]
}
|
5acfa19577cf76001a685602
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa19577cf76001a685603
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa19577cf76001a685604
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What was building never considered?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa19577cf76001a685605
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
What was the least valued type of building craft called?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa19577cf76001a685606
|
Architecture
|
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
|
Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
|
{
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"vernacular buildings"
]
}
|
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
Why did the economy begin to expand?
|
{
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"a surplus in production"
]
}
|
56e47fc539bdeb1400347954
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"trial and error"
]
}
|
56e47fc539bdeb1400347955
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
|
{
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"vernacular"
]
}
|
56e47fc539bdeb1400347956
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
|
{
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"rural"
]
}
|
56e47fc539bdeb1400347957
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
|
{
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"urbanization"
]
}
|
56e47fc539bdeb1400347958
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
|
{
"answer_start": [
581
],
"text": [
"rapidly"
]
}
|
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560c
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560d
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
Why did the economy stop expanding?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560e
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560f
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1d377cf76001a685610
|
Architecture
|
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
|
In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
]
}
|
56e481598c00841900fbafc3
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What are two examples of past civilizations?
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
]
}
|
56e481598c00841900fbafc4
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"the divine and the supernatural"
]
}
|
56e481598c00841900fbafc5
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What does architectural monumentality often represent?
|
{
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"political power"
]
}
|
5acfa1f777cf76001a68561e
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1f777cf76001a68561f
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What are three examples of past civilizations?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1f777cf76001a685620
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa1f777cf76001a685621
|
Architecture
|
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
|
What does architectural monumentality never represent?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
Name one Asian architectural writer.
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Kao Gong Ji"
]
}
|
56e4839b39bdeb1400347968
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"China"
]
}
|
56e4839b39bdeb1400347969
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"7th–5th centuries BCE"
]
}
|
56e4839b39bdeb140034796a
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
|
{
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"
]
}
|
56e4839b39bdeb140034796b
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
India produced which early architectural text?
|
{
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Shilpa Shastras"
]
}
|
5acfa2f177cf76001a685678
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
Who wrote late Asian writings?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa2f177cf76001a685679
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567a
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
What was written in 4th century BCE?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567b
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567c
|
Architecture
|
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
|
India produced which modern architectural text?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3d844396321400ee26d0
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
|
{
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
]
}
|
56de3d844396321400ee26d1
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
|
{
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Buddhist architecture"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"3rd century BCE"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
|
{
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"the macrocosm and the microcosm"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"the Shastras"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
|
{
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Buddhist"
]
}
|
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
|
{
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
]
}
|
5acfa33e77cf76001a685694
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa33e77cf76001a685695
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa33e77cf76001a685696
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa33e77cf76001a685697
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5acfa33e77cf76001a685698
|
Architecture
|
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
|
What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de3de54396321400ee26d5
|
Architecture
|
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
|
What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
|
{
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"European architecture"
]
}
|
56e485f58c00841900fbafdd
|
Architecture
|
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
|
When was Islamic architecture first seen?
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"7th century CE"
]
}
|
56e485f58c00841900fbafde
|
Architecture
|
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
|
In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
|
{
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"Byzantium"
]
}
|
56e485f58c00841900fbafdf
|
Architecture
|
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
|
What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
|
{
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"religious and social needs"
]
}
|
56e485f58c00841900fbafe0
|
Architecture
|
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
|
What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
|
{
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"pointed arch"
]
}
|
56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702
|
Architecture
|
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
|
What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals."
]
}
|
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