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56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95
Architecture
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
{ "answer_start": [ 250 ], "text": [ "string courses or rustication" ] }
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dc
Architecture
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854dd
Architecture
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854de
Architecture
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9cb577cf76001a6854df
Architecture
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "20th-century" ] }
56e4744d39bdeb140034793a
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
{ "answer_start": [ 112 ], "text": [ "Le Corbusier" ] }
56e4744d39bdeb140034793b
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
{ "answer_start": [ 368 ], "text": [ "Architect" ] }
56e4744d39bdeb140034793c
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
When did Le Corbusier live and write?
{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "20th-century" ] }
56e4744d39bdeb140034793d
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
{ "answer_start": [ 296 ], "text": [ "heart" ] }
56e4744d39bdeb140034793e
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
{ "answer_start": [ 319 ], "text": [ "I am happy" ] }
5acf9d2177cf76001a685508
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9d2177cf76001a685509
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550a
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
What job did Le Corbusier quit?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550b
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete"
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9d2177cf76001a68550c
Architecture
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture"
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de2e2d4396321400ee2644
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
{ "answer_start": [ 245 ], "text": [ "Function" ] }
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
{ "answer_start": [ 380 ], "text": [ "aesthetic, psychological and cultural" ] }
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
{ "answer_start": [ 222 ], "text": [ "Vitruvius" ] }
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
{ "answer_start": [ 287 ], "text": [ "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building" ] }
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
{ "answer_start": [ 119 ], "text": [ "both popularity and skepticism" ] }
5acf9df677cf76001a68554c
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What term replaced Vitruvius' term "nonutility"?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9df677cf76001a68554d
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What was the term "criteria" replaced by?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9df677cf76001a68554e
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9df677cf76001a68554f
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9df677cf76001a685550
Architecture
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
{ "answer_start": [ 104 ], "text": [ "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ] }
56e478328c00841900fbafa7
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
{ "answer_start": [ 10 ], "text": [ "philosophies" ] }
56e478328c00841900fbafa9
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
{ "answer_start": [ 66 ], "text": [ "their approach to building design" ] }
56e478328c00841900fbafaa
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Which philosophy followed structuralism?
{ "answer_start": [ 144 ], "text": [ "poststructuralism" ] }
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a6
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a7
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a8
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Which philosophy came before structuralism?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acf9f1977cf76001a6855a9
Architecture
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de308f4396321400ee266e
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "late 20th century" ] }
56e4793839bdeb140034794e
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "sustainability" ] }
56e4793839bdeb140034794f
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
To what should a building be friendly?
{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "environment" ] }
56e4793839bdeb1400347950
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
{ "answer_start": [ 450 ], "text": [ "non-sustainable power sources" ] }
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e8
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855e9
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855ea
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
To what should a building be not friendly?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa14d77cf76001a6855eb
Architecture
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "shelter, security, worship" ] }
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
{ "answer_start": [ 187 ], "text": [ "knowledge" ] }
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What was building considered?
{ "answer_start": [ 275 ], "text": [ "a craft" ] }
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What was the most valued type of building craft called?
{ "answer_start": [ 289 ], "text": [ "architecture" ] }
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "building materials" ] }
5acfa19577cf76001a685602
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa19577cf76001a685603
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa19577cf76001a685604
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What was building never considered?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa19577cf76001a685605
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
What was the least valued type of building craft called?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa19577cf76001a685606
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
{ "answer_start": [ 312 ], "text": [ "vernacular buildings" ] }
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
Why did the economy begin to expand?
{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "a surplus in production" ] }
56e47fc539bdeb1400347954
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
{ "answer_start": [ 80 ], "text": [ "trial and error" ] }
56e47fc539bdeb1400347955
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
{ "answer_start": [ 227 ], "text": [ "vernacular" ] }
56e47fc539bdeb1400347956
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
{ "answer_start": [ 435 ], "text": [ "rural" ] }
56e47fc539bdeb1400347957
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
{ "answer_start": [ 514 ], "text": [ "urbanization" ] }
56e47fc539bdeb1400347958
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
{ "answer_start": [ 581 ], "text": [ "rapidly" ] }
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560c
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560d
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
Why did the economy stop expanding?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560e
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1d377cf76001a68560f
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1d377cf76001a685610
Architecture
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Egypt and Mesopotamia" ] }
56e481598c00841900fbafc3
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What are two examples of past civilizations?
{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Egypt and Mesopotamia" ] }
56e481598c00841900fbafc4
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
{ "answer_start": [ 136 ], "text": [ "the divine and the supernatural" ] }
56e481598c00841900fbafc5
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What does architectural monumentality often represent?
{ "answer_start": [ 267 ], "text": [ "political power" ] }
5acfa1f777cf76001a68561e
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1f777cf76001a68561f
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What are three examples of past civilizations?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1f777cf76001a685620
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa1f777cf76001a685621
Architecture
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
What does architectural monumentality never represent?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
Name one Asian architectural writer.
{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "Kao Gong Ji" ] }
56e4839b39bdeb1400347968
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
{ "answer_start": [ 64 ], "text": [ "China" ] }
56e4839b39bdeb1400347969
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
{ "answer_start": [ 79 ], "text": [ "7th–5th centuries BCE" ] }
56e4839b39bdeb140034796a
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra" ] }
56e4839b39bdeb140034796b
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
India produced which early architectural text?
{ "answer_start": [ 106 ], "text": [ "Shilpa Shastras" ] }
5acfa2f177cf76001a685678
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
Who wrote late Asian writings?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa2f177cf76001a685679
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567a
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
What was written in 4th century BCE?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567b
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa2f177cf76001a68567c
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
India produced which modern architectural text?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de3d844396321400ee26d0
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
{ "answer_start": [ 458 ], "text": [ "pantheistic religion" ] }
56de3d844396321400ee26d1
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
{ "answer_start": [ 174 ], "text": [ "Buddhist architecture" ] }
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
{ "answer_start": [ 299 ], "text": [ "3rd century BCE" ] }
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
{ "answer_start": [ 400 ], "text": [ "the macrocosm and the microcosm" ] }
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
{ "answer_start": [ 353 ], "text": [ "the Shastras" ] }
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
{ "answer_start": [ 174 ], "text": [ "Buddhist" ] }
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
{ "answer_start": [ 458 ], "text": [ "pantheistic religion" ] }
5acfa33e77cf76001a685694
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa33e77cf76001a685695
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa33e77cf76001a685696
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa33e77cf76001a685697
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acfa33e77cf76001a685698
Architecture
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences
{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56de3de54396321400ee26d5
Architecture
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
{ "answer_start": [ 376 ], "text": [ "European architecture" ] }
56e485f58c00841900fbafdd
Architecture
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
When was Islamic architecture first seen?
{ "answer_start": [ 34 ], "text": [ "7th century CE" ] }
56e485f58c00841900fbafde
Architecture
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
{ "answer_start": [ 117 ], "text": [ "Byzantium" ] }
56e485f58c00841900fbafdf
Architecture
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "religious and social needs" ] }
56e485f58c00841900fbafe0
Architecture
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
{ "answer_start": [ 346 ], "text": [ "pointed arch" ] }
56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702
Architecture
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "abbeys and cathedrals." ] }