id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringclasses 442
values | context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8b
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.
|
What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"SDST"
]
}
|
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8c
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.
|
In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?
|
{
"answer_start": [
665
],
"text": [
"11%"
]
}
|
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8d
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.
|
How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1164
],
"text": [
"40 minutes"
]
}
|
56e76d0b00c9c71400d77118
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
|
What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"violent crime rate"
]
}
|
56e76d0b00c9c71400d77119
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
|
How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
|
{
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711a
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
|
How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
|
{
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"one"
]
}
|
56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711c
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
|
In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"1970s"
]
}
|
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa7
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
|
There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
|
{
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"heating"
]
}
|
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa8
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
|
In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"carbon monoxide detectors"
]
}
|
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa9
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
|
If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
|
{
"answer_start": [
538
],
"text": [
"the first days of spring and autumn"
]
}
|
56e76f9037bdd419002c3faa
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
|
What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"lights"
]
}
|
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fab
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
|
What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
|
{
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"hazardous materials"
]
}
|
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb1
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
|
What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"outdoor exercise"
]
}
|
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb2
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
|
What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
|
{
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"vitamin D"
]
}
|
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb3
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
|
What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
|
{
"answer_start": [
511
],
"text": [
"Gordon Gund"
]
}
|
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb4
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
|
What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
|
{
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"skin cancer"
]
}
|
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb5
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
|
Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"rise earlier"
]
}
|
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fea
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.
|
What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"circadian rhythm"
]
}
|
56e777fc37bdd419002c3feb
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.
|
In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"Kazakhstan"
]
}
|
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fec
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.
|
Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
|
{
"answer_start": [
713
],
"text": [
"Dmitri Medvedev"
]
}
|
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fed
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.
|
According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?
|
{
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"three"
]
}
|
56e779ea37bdd419002c4007
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.
|
Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
|
{
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"higher"
]
}
|
56e779ea37bdd419002c4008
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.
|
Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
|
{
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"before dawn"
]
}
|
56e779ea37bdd419002c4009
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.
|
What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"air pollution"
]
}
|
56e77c7137bdd419002c4027
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.
|
During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
|
{
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"twice"
]
}
|
56e77c7137bdd419002c4028
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.
|
What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
683
],
"text": [
"confusion"
]
}
|
56e77c7137bdd419002c4029
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.
|
What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"change their clocks"
]
}
|
56e77c7137bdd419002c402a
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.
|
What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
|
{
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"multiple DST rules"
]
}
|
56e7825400c9c71400d771e9
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
|
What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"1993"
]
}
|
56e7825400c9c71400d771ea
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
|
For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"one hour"
]
}
|
56e7825400c9c71400d771eb
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
|
Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
|
{
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"software developers"
]
}
|
56e7825400c9c71400d771ec
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
|
What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
828
],
"text": [
"Coordinated Universal Time"
]
}
|
56e7825400c9c71400d771ed
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
|
What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
907
],
"text": [
"Unix-based"
]
}
|
56e7834800c9c71400d771fd
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.
|
Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
|
{
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"weekly"
]
}
|
56e7834800c9c71400d771fe
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.
|
What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
|
{
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"complexity"
]
}
|
56e7834800c9c71400d771ff
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.
|
What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Some clock-shift problems"
]
}
|
56e7851100c9c71400d77213
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
|
What does DST inherit from standard time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"disadvantages"
]
}
|
56e7851100c9c71400d77214
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
|
Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"magnify"
]
}
|
56e7851100c9c71400d77215
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
|
Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
|
{
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56e7851100c9c71400d77216
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
|
What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"sun-exposure guidelines"
]
}
|
56e7851100c9c71400d77217
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
|
When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
|
{
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"time zone"
]
}
|
56e787fb37bdd419002c40bf
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
|
What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Richard Meade"
]
}
|
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c0
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
|
In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"daylight savings time"
]
}
|
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c1
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
|
Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
|
{
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"daylight saving time"
]
}
|
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c2
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
|
Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
|
{
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"American Heritage"
]
}
|
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c3
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
|
Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
|
{
"answer_start": [
921
],
"text": [
"daylight time"
]
}
|
56e78a2e00c9c71400d7726f
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
|
Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"daylight saving"
]
}
|
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77270
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
|
What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
|
{
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"summer time"
]
}
|
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77271
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
|
What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"zomertijd"
]
}
|
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77272
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
|
What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
|
{
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"ora legale"
]
}
|
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77273
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
|
What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
|
{
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"solar time"
]
}
|
56e78bd100c9c71400d77283
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
|
What usually changes when a place observes DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The name of local time"
]
}
|
56e78bd100c9c71400d77284
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
|
What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"standard"
]
}
|
56e78bd100c9c71400d77285
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
|
In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Pacific Daylight Time"
]
}
|
56e78bd100c9c71400d77286
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
|
When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
|
{
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"British Summer Time"
]
}
|
56e78bd100c9c71400d77287
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
|
What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
|
{
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"summer"
]
}
|
56e78dab37bdd419002c411f
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.
|
What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"spring forward, fall back"
]
}
|
56e78dab37bdd419002c4120
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.
|
What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"mnemonic"
]
}
|
56e78dab37bdd419002c4121
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.
|
What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
|
{
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"which direction to shift clocks"
]
}
|
56e790f337bdd419002c4153
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
|
What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Changes to DST rules"
]
}
|
56e790f337bdd419002c4154
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
|
What year did DST rules change in North America?
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"2007"
]
}
|
56e790f337bdd419002c4155
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
|
What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"upgrades"
]
}
|
56e790f337bdd419002c4156
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
|
In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"email"
]
}
|
56e790f337bdd419002c4157
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
|
Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"corporate information technologists"
]
}
|
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f7
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
|
What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"UTC"
]
}
|
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f8
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
|
By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"time zone differences"
]
}
|
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f9
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
|
In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
|
{
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"operating systems"
]
}
|
56e793ad00c9c71400d772fa
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
|
Where do computers usually use UTC?
|
{
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"internally"
]
}
|
56e793ad00c9c71400d772fb
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
|
What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
|
{
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"local time"
]
}
|
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a4
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.
|
Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"the IANA time zone database"
]
}
|
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a5
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.
|
What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
|
{
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"date/time"
]
}
|
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a6
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.
|
What's another name for the IANA database?
|
{
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"zoneinfo"
]
}
|
56e798c700c9c71400d77347
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
|
The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"historical and predicted clock shifts"
]
}
|
56e798c700c9c71400d77348
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
|
IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
|
{
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"system maintenance"
]
}
|
56e798c700c9c71400d77349
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
|
What environment variable defines a location's name?
|
{
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"TZ"
]
}
|
56e798c700c9c71400d7734a
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
|
What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
|
{
"answer_start": [
799
],
"text": [
"timezone-independent epoch time"
]
}
|
56e798c700c9c71400d7734b
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
|
What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
|
{
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"tztab"
]
}
|
56e79ae000c9c71400d77379
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
|
Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
|
{
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"one"
]
}
|
56e79ae000c9c71400d7737a
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
|
When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"whenever DST rules change"
]
}
|
56e79ae000c9c71400d7737b
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
|
What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?
|
{
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"time for the eastern United States starting in 2007"
]
}
|
56e79ae000c9c71400d7737c
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
|
What years will a new TZ value apply to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
355
],
"text": [
"all years"
]
}
|
56e79ae000c9c71400d7737d
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
|
What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
|
{
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"older timestamps"
]
}
|
56e79ed037bdd419002c4267
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
|
Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"specifying the name of a location"
]
}
|
56e79ed037bdd419002c4268
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
|
When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"when DST rules change"
]
}
|
56e79ed037bdd419002c4269
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
|
If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
|
{
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56e79ed037bdd419002c426a
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
|
If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"1987"
]
}
|
56e79ed037bdd419002c426b
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
|
On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"2006"
]
}
|
56e7a23000c9c71400d77443
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
|
What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
|
{
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"1995"
]
}
|
56e7a23000c9c71400d77444
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
|
Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
|
{
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"marked Israel as not having DST"
]
}
|
56e7a23000c9c71400d77445
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
|
How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
|
{
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"twice a year"
]
}
|
56e7a23000c9c71400d77446
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
|
What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
|
{
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law"
]
}
|
56e7a23000c9c71400d77447
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
|
Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
|
{
"answer_start": [
747
],
"text": [
"the Gregorian calendar"
]
}
|
56e7a89837bdd419002c42dc
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
|
What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"local time"
]
}
|
56e7a89837bdd419002c42dd
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
|
Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?
|
{
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"a rescue boot disk"
]
}
|
56e7a89837bdd419002c42de
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
|
As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"a single system-wide setting"
]
}
|
56e7a89837bdd419002c42df
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
|
In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
|
{
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"2008"
]
}
|
56e7a89837bdd419002c42e0
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
|
Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
|
{
"answer_start": [
720
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56e7aac737bdd419002c42f0
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).
|
What file system do recent Windows versions use?
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"NTFS"
]
}
|
56e7aac737bdd419002c42f1
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).
|
Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?
|
{
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"UTC"
]
}
|
56e7aac737bdd419002c42f3
|
Daylight_saving_time
|
The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).
|
What file system do most removable devices use?
|
{
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"FAT"
]
}
|
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