id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f977339e9bad19000a0969 | Marshall_Islands | Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan J... | When did the first mosque in Majuro open? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"September 2012"
]
} |
56f9776f9e9bad19000a096f | Marshall_Islands | The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific. | What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)"
]
} |
56f9776f9e9bad19000a0970 | Marshall_Islands | The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific. | Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"College of the Marshall Islands"
]
} |
56f977939b226e1400dd1480 | Marshall_Islands | The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips. | Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Majuro"
]
} |
56f977939b226e1400dd1481 | Marshall_Islands | The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips. | What airfield operates in Kwajalein? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Bucholz Army Airfield"
]
} |
56f7c172a6d7ea1400e17268 | Szlachta | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | What class was slackta in Poland? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"noble class"
]
} |
56f7c172a6d7ea1400e17269 | Szlachta | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"King Casimir III the Great"
]
} |
56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726a | Szlachta | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland"
]
} |
56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726b | Szlachta | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive? | {
"answer_start": [
482
],
"text": [
"1569–1795"
]
} |
56f7c172a6d7ea1400e1726c | Szlachta | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. | {
"answer_start": [
574
],
"text": [
"Ducal Prussia"
]
} |
56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17272 | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges... | What is another name for folwarks? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"manor farms"
]
} |
56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17273 | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges... | Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud. | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"obscurity and mystery"
]
} |
56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17274 | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges... | Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth. | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"late 18th century"
]
} |
56f7c32ba6d7ea1400e17275 | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges... | WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined. | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"political and legal privileges"
]
} |
56f7c49eaef2371900625bdb | Szlachta | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"1772 to 1795"
]
} |
56f7c49eaef2371900625bdc | Szlachta | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on. | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"Russian Empire"
]
} |
56f7c49eaef2371900625bdd | Szlachta | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | When was the March constitution implemented. | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"1921"
]
} |
56f7c49eaef2371900625bde | Szlachta | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | What did the Mach constitution do? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished"
]
} |
56f7c49eaef2371900625bdf | Szlachta | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. | {
"answer_start": [
396
],
"text": [
"Second Polish Republic"
]
} |
56f7c511aef2371900625be5 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | What was the notion for all polish nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"social equals"
]
} |
56f7c511aef2371900625be6 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | What ethnic saying is this traditional from? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Polish saying"
]
} |
56f7c511aef2371900625be7 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"regardless of their financial status"
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625beb | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What german word does the term szlachta come from? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"slahta"
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bec | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What does slahta mean? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"\"(noble) family\""
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bed | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What is the polish name for knight? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"rycerz"
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bee | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | German name for knight? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"Ritter"
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bef | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | Where does the word her derive from in german? | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"Erbe"
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625bff | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"German \"schlachten\""
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c00 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What does schlachtan mean in german? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"(\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\")"
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c01 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Schlacht"
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c02 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What does schlacht mean? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"battle"
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c03 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech"
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c09 | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"magnates"
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0a | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is the singular version of magnates? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"magnat"
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0b | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is another name referring polish nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"możny"
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0c | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is the plural version of mozny? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"możni"
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0d | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What other country besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"Lithuania"
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c13 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"szlachta"
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c14 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"formalized, hereditary"
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c15 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | Who is referred to as nobilitas? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"hereditary szlachta"
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c16 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What is the legal status of nobilitas? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"equivalent in legal status of the English nobility"
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1b | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What simple word does the term szlachta translate too? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"nobility"
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1c | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What were the non noble land owners referred too as? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"szlachta"
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1d | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"by courtesy or error"
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1e | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What does szlachta mainly denote? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"old-Commonwealth nobility"
]
} |
56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17298 | Szlachta | In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding... | Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals"
]
} |
56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17299 | Szlachta | In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding... | Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"szlachta"
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c23 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What ultimately determined nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"hereditary juridical status"
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c24 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"to become tenants of the wealthier gentry."
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c25 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"no"
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c26 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"retained all their constitutional prerogatives"
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2b | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"obscure"
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2c | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"odwieczna"
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2d | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians"
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2e | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
614
],
"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2f | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was important and unique about regional leaders? | {
"answer_start": [
662
],
"text": [
"had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens"
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729d | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):"
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729e | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | In this theory, what was the upper class? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants"
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729f | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHen did they find the polish kingdom? | {
"answer_start": [
836
],
"text": [
"about the fifth century."
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a0 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat caste system does the hindu society have? | {
"answer_start": [
1284
],
"text": [
"military caste"
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a1 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | Who shares the same caste system as Hindu? | {
"answer_start": [
1255
],
"text": [
"The szlachta"
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c35 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure"
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c36 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"Middle Ages and in the early modern period"
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c37 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | The polish anem and cry ritualized what? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"the ius militare,"
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c38 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"define knightly status"
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3d | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Around the 14th century"
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3e | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"defend the country"
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c42 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What contributed to the long standing traditions? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"geography"
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c43 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was governing the polish tribes? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"wiec"
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c44 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the wiec? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"an assembly of free tribesmen"
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c45 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"an elected prince"
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c46 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the governing position limited to? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"elites"
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4c | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What ruled over the tribes? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"clans (ród)"
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4d | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What did the clans people all have in common? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"theoretically descending from a common ancestor"
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4e | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What gave them a sense of solidarity? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"related by blood or marriage"
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4f | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What were stronghold called? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"grόd"
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c50 | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What was the territory occupied by a single tribe? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"opole"
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a7 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | WHo established an elite knightly retinue? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mieszko I of Poland"
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a8 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"(c. 935 – 25 May 992)"
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a9 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"preserving the unity of his state"
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172aa | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Who also established this retinue as well? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"Mieszko I's successors"
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172b9 | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"rycerz"
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172ba | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"knight"
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bb | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What people did the rycerstwo class represent? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes"
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bc | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What positive did the szlachta class receive? | {
"answer_start": [
678
],
"text": [
"gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues."
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bd | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
1005
],
"text": [
"could serve as officials in state administration."
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e172ff | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen was the period of Division? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314"
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17300 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What stemmed the period of division? | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons"
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17301 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What tribe was the prior social structure from? | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"Polish"
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17302 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen did the Piast dynasty appear? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"850 A.D."
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17303 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | Polish nation ruled by what dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"Piast dynasty,"
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cce | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did some Mozni regard themselves with? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"co-proprietors of Piast realms"
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625ccf | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"attempted to deprive them of their independence"
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cd0 | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"możni"
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731b | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | WHat were nobles named in german language? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"die beste leuten"
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731c | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the nobles named in lithuanian? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"ponai"
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731d | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the higher nobility named? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'"
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731e | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | The kunigai were subordinate to who? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"King of Lithuania."
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731f | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What word is used to denominate nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
725
],
"text": [
"бояре"
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17325 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"Polish szlachta"
]
} |
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