id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec6 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family"
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec7 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood"
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec8 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | How many documents should the new elected king sign? | {
"answer_start": [
320
],
"text": [
"two documents"
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec9 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa? | {
"answer_start": [
607
],
"text": [
"basic laws of the Commonwealth"
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ecf | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | The crown tribunal was created when? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1578"
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed0 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | Who created the crown tribunal? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"king Stefan Batory"
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed1 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | What was the crown tribunal supposed to do? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court"
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed2 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"the nobility class"
]
} |
56f83048aef2371900625ed3 | Szlachta | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"Lithuanian Tribunal"
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625ed9 | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"gain legal privileges over their peers"
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625eda | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What were most szlachtas class? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates"
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edb | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | What is another name for magnates? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"Crimsons"
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edc | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | A proper magnates own what? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"own at least 20 villages or estates."
]
} |
56f83111aef2371900625edd | Szlachta | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"magnates"
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17473 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"1%"
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17474 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"200–300"
]
} |
56f83190a6d7ea1400e17475 | Szlachta | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"30–40"
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e17479 | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | Magnates recieved gifts often from who? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"monarchs"
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747a | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What significantly increased the magnates wealth? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Magnates"
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747b | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What terms were these gifts given? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"temporary leases"
]
} |
56f831eba6d7ea1400e1747c | Szlachta | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"never returned"
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625eed | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"magnates"
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625eee | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | When did the right to create ordynacja's happen? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"late 16th century"
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625eef | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | What did the right to create ordynacja's entail? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this"
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625ef0 | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | What did the powerful families do with the kings estates? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"often rivalled"
]
} |
56f83269aef2371900625ef1 | Szlachta | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | What was an important power basis for the magnates? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"estates of the king"
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17481 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | When did the sovereignty of szlachta end? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"1795"
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17482 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Partitions of Poland"
]
} |
56f832afa6d7ea1400e17483 | Szlachta | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"szlachta"
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17491 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Nicholas I"
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17492 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"62.8%"
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17493 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | When and who abolished the serfdom? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"Russian Poland on February 19, 1864"
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17494 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | Who could the ex serfs sell their land to? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta"
]
} |
56f83350a6d7ea1400e17495 | Szlachta | In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants p... | How much land was held by the peasants? | {
"answer_start": [
985
],
"text": [
"48.9%"
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0b | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What was different between the polish nobility and others? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy"
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0c | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What happened to nobility at expense of the king? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"actually gained power"
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0d | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What did the political system eventually evolve into? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"oligarchy"
]
} |
56f83483aef2371900625f0e | Szlachta | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | What did the ruler strive for? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"absolute monarchy"
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2b | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | How much of the total population was polish common wealth? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"10–12%"
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2c | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"8%"
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2d | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | Polish szlachta usually incorporated who? | {
"answer_start": [
729
],
"text": [
"most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania"
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2e | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania? | {
"answer_start": [
939
],
"text": [
"1–3%"
]
} |
56f83b2faef2371900625f2f | Szlachta | Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispos... | What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy? | {
"answer_start": [
1330
],
"text": [
"March Constitution of Poland"
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f53 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | What class was polands nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"closed class"
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f54 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | Who could rise into polish ennoblement? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Many low-born individuals"
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f55 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"enormous influence"
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f56 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm? | {
"answer_start": [
462
],
"text": [
"any nobleman"
]
} |
56f8410daef2371900625f57 | Szlachta | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | What is is called to nullify proceedings? | {
"answer_start": [
631
],
"text": [
"liberum veto"
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f67 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | Children inherited polish nobility from whom? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"noble mother and father"
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f68 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | What does an individual do to attain ennoblement? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"special services to the state"
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f69 | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | WHo could naturalize a polish noble? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"Polish king"
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f6a | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | What is another name for ennoblement? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"nobilitacja"
]
} |
56f84216aef2371900625f6b | Szlachta | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | WHat is another name for polish noble? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"indygenat"
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17555 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"equals"
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17556 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | Was was unique about the dignities? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"not hereditary"
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17557 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form? | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"ritual"
]
} |
56f85140a6d7ea1400e17558 | Szlachta | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | Nobles held land form whom? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"other lords were only peers \"de iure\""
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17567 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | Who could compose the polish landed gentry? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"any nobility that owned lands"
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17568 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | whats is another name for polish landed gentry? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"(ziemianie or ziemiaństwo"
]
} |
56f852d0a6d7ea1400e17569 | Szlachta | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | Did all hold title of nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"no"
]
} |
56f85351aef2371900625fd9 | Szlachta | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | What was very important to the polish nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Coats of arms"
]
} |
56f85351aef2371900625fda | Szlachta | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | What kind of system was the coats of arms? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"heraldic system"
]
} |
56f85351aef2371900625fdb | Szlachta | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"differing in many ways"
]
} |
56f85351aef2371900625fdc | Szlachta | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | Where did polish knightshood originate? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany"
]
} |
56f8542caef2371900625fe1 | Szlachta | The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their... | What is the most notable difference between countries? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"minorities would be given the noble title"
]
} |
56f8542caef2371900625fe2 | Szlachta | The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their... | Coat of arms would be shared with who else? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"most families sharing origin"
]
} |
56f8542caef2371900625fe3 | Szlachta | The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their... | How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan? | {
"answer_start": [
433
],
"text": [
"on the basis of similarity of arms"
]
} |
56f8542caef2371900625fe4 | Szlachta | The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their... | Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"low and did not exceed 200"
]
} |
56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17581 | Szlachta | Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used. | What was rarely used? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"brisure"
]
} |
56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17582 | Szlachta | Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used. | Where did the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} |
56f8547aa6d7ea1400e17583 | Szlachta | Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used. | Where did men get their coat of arms usually? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"their fathers"
]
} |
56f85519a6d7ea1400e17591 | Szlachta | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Sarmatism"
]
} |
56f85519a6d7ea1400e17592 | Szlachta | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | Where did the name sarmatism originate? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians"
]
} |
56f85519a6d7ea1400e17593 | Szlachta | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture? | {
"answer_start": [
575
],
"text": [
"served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility"
]
} |
56f85519a6d7ea1400e17594 | Szlachta | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"peace and pacifism"
]
} |
56f85519a6d7ea1400e17595 | Szlachta | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | What languages were freely mixed? | {
"answer_start": [
802
],
"text": [
"Polish and Latin"
]
} |
56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759b | Szlachta | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | What two religions were most common? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Roman Catholic or Orthodox"
]
} |
56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759c | Szlachta | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | What was the minority group in the polish nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"Muslims"
]
} |
56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759d | Szlachta | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity? | {
"answer_start": [
867
],
"text": [
"ennoblement"
]
} |
56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759e | Szlachta | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic"
]
} |
56f855e8a6d7ea1400e1759f | Szlachta | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble? | {
"answer_start": [
525
],
"text": [
"Jews"
]
} |
56f7fa54aef2371900625d18 | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | During which period was Vigil a poet? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"Augustan"
]
} |
56f7fa54aef2371900625d19 | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | How many major works of literature is Virgil known for? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
56f7fa54aef2371900625d1a | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"Aeneid"
]
} |
56f7fa54aef2371900625d1b | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | What is Virgil's full name? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Publius Vergilius Maro"
]
} |
56f7fa54aef2371900625d1c | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"Appendix Vergiliana"
]
} |
56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17355 | Virgil | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Aeneid"
]
} |
56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17356 | Virgil | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"Iliad and Odyssey"
]
} |
56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17357 | Virgil | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | Who is the main character in the Aeneid? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"Aeneas"
]
} |
56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17358 | Virgil | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid? | {
"answer_start": [
287
],
"text": [
"fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy"
]
} |
56f7fb3ea6d7ea1400e17359 | Virgil | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"Virgil"
]
} |
56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e1735f | Virgil | Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about... | Who was Virgil's editor? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Varius"
]
} |
56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17360 | Virgil | Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about... | Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"Servius and Donatus"
]
} |
56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17361 | Virgil | Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about... | What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing"
]
} |
56f7fd15a6d7ea1400e17362 | Virgil | Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about... | Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic? | {
"answer_start": [
472
],
"text": [
"problematic"
]
} |
56f7fe64aef2371900625d4a | Virgil | The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius s... | In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Andes"
]
} |
56f7fe64aef2371900625d4b | Virgil | The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius s... | In which cities did Virgil attend schools? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples"
]
} |
56f7fe64aef2371900625d4c | Virgil | The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius s... | What other career did Virgil consider? | {
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"rhetoric and law"
]
} |
56f7fe64aef2371900625d4d | Virgil | The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius s... | Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to? | {
"answer_start": [
433
],
"text": [
"equestrian landowning"
]
} |
56f7fe64aef2371900625d4e | Virgil | The tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists. Modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius s... | Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"humble"
]
} |
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