id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17326 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did the polish szlachta become more of? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"polonized"
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17327 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"they were of Roman extraction"
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17328 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
851
],
"text": [
"šlėkta"
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17329 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | Who forbid the use of the word slekta? | {
"answer_start": [
896
],
"text": [
"Lithuanian linguists"
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfc | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | WHo was first invloved in the polonization? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"the highest members of the nobility"
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfd | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | Who imposed various sanction on the people? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"Russian Empire"
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfe | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas"
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cff | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What did the russian officials announce as a sanction? | {
"answer_start": [
512
],
"text": [
"\"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\""
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625d00 | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What language was banned from printing on books? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"Lithuanian language."
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d06 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d07 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"multicultural and multilingual"
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d08 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"principalities of Halych and Volhynia"
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d09 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"intermarried"
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17343 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Polish and Lithuanian nobility"
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17344 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What social pressure was pressing down the people? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"convert to Catholicism"
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17345 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"Union of Brest"
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17346 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What year was the union of brest | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"1596"
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d36 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"by monarch"
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d37 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What right was reversed by sijm? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"ennoblement"
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d38 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What would be given to the enobled one? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"undifferentiated coat of arms"
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d39 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"sejm"
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d3a | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What clan was given the privileged of enoblement? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"szlachta clan"
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17371 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,"
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17372 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century. | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"two ennoblements per year"
]
} |
56f80258a6d7ea1400e17373 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"heraldic sources"
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17381 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"1,600"
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17382 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | When did theys tart recording the ennoblements? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"14th century onward"
]
} |
56f803c3a6d7ea1400e17383 | Szlachta | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | When were most ennoblements implemented? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"final years of the late 18th century"
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a5 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | WHo reformed the grand duchy army? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Vytautas the Great"
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a6 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"bajorai"
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a7 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR? | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors"
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a8 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | What is an example of noble family name? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"Goštautai,"
]
} |
56f815cea6d7ea1400e173a9 | Szlachta | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | Who gave the coat of arms to others? | {
"answer_start": [
746
],
"text": [
"Union of Horodlo"
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbd | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | Who defined the significant legislative changes? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries"
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbe | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"1374 exemption from the land tax,"
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dbf | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | What did the 1425 requirement entail? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms"
]
} |
56f816a9aef2371900625dc0 | Szlachta | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from? | {
"answer_start": [
401
],
"text": [
"rights of commoners"
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc5 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | What was a rarest rare to become a noble? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"service to the state"
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc6 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"really usurpers, being commoners,"
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc7 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | Who denounced many nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"Hieronim Nekanda Trepka"
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc8 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | When did the denouncing of many nobles take place? | {
"answer_start": [
532
],
"text": [
"first half of the 16th century"
]
} |
56f81745aef2371900625dc9 | Szlachta | Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who move... | What did the nobles lose by being denounced? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer"
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173af | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"many rights"
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b0 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | What was the nobilities commonwealth? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b1 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | WHo elected the king? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"not of the king or the ruling dynasty"
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b2 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty"
]
} |
56f81878a6d7ea1400e173b3 | Szlachta | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom? | {
"answer_start": [
739
],
"text": [
"dynasty's female-line descendants."
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dcf | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | When did kings grant privileges to the nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"at the time of their election to the throne"
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd0 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What specified the kings privileges? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"king-elect's Pacta conventa"
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd1 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What was also in exchange during he election of the throne? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax"
]
} |
56f81977aef2371900625dd2 | Szlachta | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | What did nobles get in from the king during election? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"privileges"
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd7 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1355"
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd8 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Buda King Casimir III the Great"
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dd9 | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Louis I of Hungary"
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625dda | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | What was promised by Buda King Casimer? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes"
]
} |
56f81cabaef2371900625ddb | Szlachta | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts? | {
"answer_start": [
427
],
"text": [
"the king and the court"
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cd | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1374"
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173ce | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | WHy did King louis approve the privilege? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga"
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173cf | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"exempted the entire class from all but one tax"
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d0 | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"abolished"
]
} |
56f81ed1a6d7ea1400e173d1 | Szlachta | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war? | {
"answer_start": [
773
],
"text": [
"King to pay indemnities"
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e1 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"King Władysław II Jagiełło"
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e2 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1422"
]
} |
56f81fbba6d7ea1400e173e3 | Szlachta | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | What happened to the right to mint coinage? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"ceded"
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e07 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"at Kraków in 1433"
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e08 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"Brześć Kujawski privilege"
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e09 | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest"
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e0a | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? | {
"answer_start": [
470
],
"text": [
"warrant from a court of justice"
]
} |
56f8220daef2371900625e0b | Szlachta | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon"
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17405 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | When were the Nieszawa statutes granted? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1454"
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17406 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | What did the Nieszawa statues clarify? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks"
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17407 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | THe nobility was protected from what? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"judicial abuses"
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17408 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Whos power was curbed? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"magnates"
]
} |
56f8245fa6d7ea1400e17409 | Szlachta | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | Why did the szlachta demand privileges? | {
"answer_start": [
608
],
"text": [
"their participation in the Thirteen Years' War."
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741d | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | When did the first free election take place? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"1492"
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741e | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | What was different about later elections then first free election? | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"no restrictions on the choice of candidates."
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e1741f | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | Who only voted in the election of 1492? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"senators"
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17420 | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | Who won the election of 1492? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"John I Albert"
]
} |
56f82667a6d7ea1400e17421 | Szlachta | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"Jagiellonian Dynasty"
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e1742f | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"King John I Albert"
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17430 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"On April 26, 1496"
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17431 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"increasing"
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17432 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | Who was allowed to leave the village? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"one son (not the eldest)"
]
} |
56f8274ca6d7ea1400e17433 | Szlachta | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"owning land"
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e89 | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"23 October 1501"
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8a | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"Union of Mielnik"
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8b | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | Where was the coronation Sejm founded? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"Union of Mielnik"
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8c | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | What did the actof of milno do? | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility"
]
} |
56f82b14aef2371900625e8d | Szlachta | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | What right was given to the nobles? | {
"answer_start": [
618
],
"text": [
"disobey the King or his representatives"
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9d | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"3 May 1505"
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9e | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"King Alexander I Jagiellon"
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625e9f | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility"
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea0 | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | What happened to the notabilities political position? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"greatly strengthened"
]
} |
56f82bcfaef2371900625ea1 | Szlachta | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | What has happened to the legislative power? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"legislative power from the king to the Sejm."
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea7 | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | What was the movement called also known as execution of laws? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"\"executionist movement"
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea8 | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | What were the intentions of executionists movement? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country"
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625ea9 | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"return many leased crown lands to the king,"
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eaa | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"1605"
]
} |
56f82cb7aef2371900625eab | Szlachta | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | What happened when Jan Zamoyski died? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"movement lost its political force."
]
} |
56f82fdaaef2371900625ec5 | Szlachta | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Sigismund II Augustus"
]
} |
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